UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, TAXILA

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

TECHNICAL REPORT WRITING

FINAL EXAM- SPRING 2020

SESSION: 2k17 SEMESTER: 6th

TIME ALLOWED: 4.00 TOTAL MARKS: 40
DATE: 19-08-2020

NAME: RIFSHAN EJAZ ROLL NO: 17-EE-01 SECTION: A

Question 1: PLO CLO LL

Marks: 15 12 1 A1

A. Describe the types of audience recognized by writers to do successful technical writing.

(450-500 words) (10 marks).
When we do technical writing, we consider our audience means we consider WHO is the reader
and WHAT is their level of understanding?
There are four types of audience recognition:
• High-tech audience
• Low-tech audience
• Lay audience
• Multiple audience
High-tech audience:
This type of audience includes experts those have the same experience and knowledge level as of
writer. They also share the same capacity of understanding. They can thoroughly understand all
the technical terms, abbreviations, acronyms and need little details or background knowledge
unless there is a new topic. They are the expert of it and seeking new knowledge or updates.
For example, if you are an electrical engineer working on power system project and writing a
letter to a employer of another company working on same project then the reader will be of the
same understanding and knowledge level.
Low-tech audience:
This type of audience has less level of education and understanding as compared to writer’s
level. It includes subordinates, technicians, and bosses etc. They need more background
knowledge and have some know how about the writing. Such audience have not worked closely
on your subject of writing means they are familiar with it but actually have different job. They
can understand some acronyms, abbreviations, and other technical terms.
For example, if you are writing a memo to your boss you must consider the reader as a low-tech
audience.
Lay audience:
This type of audience has zero knowledge, experience and understanding level of what you are
writing. It includes customers, clients, or lay users of technical products. They do not understand
your technical terms, acronyms, abbreviations etc. You have to provide a vast background
knowledge and all the details needed. Each and everything need to be well defined and
comprehended.
For example, if you are writing a user manual of electrical
Multiple audience
This is the case in which you are writing to a multiple audience that includes experts, bosses, lay
users, clients, customers, subordinates, and technician etc. Well this is a difficult case because
you must consider a minimum knowledge-level audience. You must provide all information that
can address everyone especially lay audience.
In some cases, you have to consider the priority audience.
 B. Describe the importance of audience recognition in different types of technical writing
(letter, reports, manuals etc.). (250-300 words) (5 marks)

When we do technical writing, we must consider our audience. We should consider the questions
like WHO is going to read it? WHAT is their understanding, knowledge, interest level and their
culture?
We consider that our audience is high-tech, low-tech, or lay. Even it can be multiple audience
like in case of instruction manual. It can have different culture, language etc.
Letter: If you are writing a letter to same level employee of another company, you must not
include detailed information because the reader is already familiarized with all the acronyms,
abbreviations, and technical terms. But if you include a detailed background etc then it will not
be precise and will be degraded. It will leave a bad impression of your company.
Memo: If you are writing a memo to your boss about your ongoing project and consider him or
her as high-tech instead of low-tech audience then it will create a trouble for you. You must give
the detailed background and all the abbreviations etc. Otherwise the boss will not be able to
understand and analyse your work.
User manual: If you are writing a user manual of a mobile phone than you must consider your
audience as lay audience. Even the user may know how to use it. But there can be a case in
which a user is purchasing mobile phone for the very first time. It should be translated in
different languages if the product is going to be sold in different countries. Moreover, safety
alerts are given according to audience.

Question 2: PLO CLO LL

Marks: 15 10 2 A2

Write a progress report following the criteria for writing progress reports. The subject of this
report can involve a project or activity at work.
To: Hajra Umer
From: Rifshan Ejaz
Date: August 19, 2020
Subject: First Quarterly Report— Vehicle Movement Based Road Lights using
PIC16F877A IC

INTRODUCTION
Purpose of Report
In response to your August 2, 2020 request, following is our first quarterly report on project
Vehicle Movement Based Road Lights using PIC16F877A IC. The system is basically for road
lights that remains always ON even when there is no vehicle on road. So, using our system lights
will be ON after detecting a vehicle on road otherwise remains OFF. Our team was assigned this
project on March 10, 2020. The main objectives of this project are:
1. To analyse the already working street-light systems
2. To Simulate the idea of Vehicle Movement Based Street Lights using PIC16F877A IC on
a software first.
3. To execute the new idea on streets and then on Roads including Motorways and GT
roads.
DISCUSSION
Work Accomplished
In the first quarter, we have accomplished the following milestones:
1. Background: Our team has thoroughly studied the background of all street-light systems
including automatic street-light system using microcontrollers. Islamic banking.
2. Software Prototype: Our team has developed a software-based prototype in which we have
completed the coding of microcontroller PIC16F877A using software “micro C pro” and its
simulation.
3. PCB Prototype: We have developed a PCB prototype on which we implemented the whole
circuitry used for out project. It showed that our circuit is working and the whole system is
ready to be executed on large scale.

Work Remaining
The remaining milestones of project are:
1. Street prototype: The PCB prototype will be first implemented on small streets and the
working of the systems will be checked.
 2. Small Road Execution: Then the project will be implemented on small roads on a small
scale. It will smooth the way for final implementation.
3. Motorways and GT Road Execution: Finally, the system will be implemented on large
scale means on Motorways and GT roads.
Problems Encountered
Because of Covid-19, our country was in lockdown situation. In such circumstances our team
was not able to implement the structure on streets and roads for last 3 to 4 months. Moreover,
permission from government to implement it on Large scale is still pending that is also because
of pandemic.

CONCLUSION/RECOMMENDATION
Out team has started the work again after lockdown. We request our admin to complete the
process of permission from government and release fund so we can continue working without
any problem.
 PLO CLO LL
8 3 A3
Question 3:
Marks: 10

Explain the importance of ethical considerations such as hazard/safety alerts, clear graphics and
appropriate language while writing instructions and user’s manuals. (450-500 words)

While writing user and instruction manual we must consider our audience as lay audience. We
must give a detailed manual with all information. We must provide the complete procedure with
knowledge of all safety alerts and precautions. We must consider the culture and language of our
audience. Also, sometimes our audience is not familiarized with technical terms, acronyms, and
abbreviations, so we need to provide such details.
Clear Graphics
For technical procedure and description there must be some clarification using graphics like
diagrams and pictures etc. All the graphics must be clear, symmetric to the text and most
important labelled accurately. If possible, there should be graphics for each step of procedure and
precautions. It not only makes it easy for readers but are also visually appealing.
Graphics helps to clarify things for readers especially for lay audience. They keep the reader
involved.
Hazard/safety Alerts
Hazard Alerts are the safety tips for readers that can be followed to protect them from any
danger. Some specific words with different colours can be used for these alerts like:
DANGER: It is used to alert the user about potential for death or serious injury. (in white letters
on the background designated as the safety red color)

CAUTION: It is used to provide alerts of destruction of equipment or touching something. (in

black letters on a color that corresponds with the safety yellow background)

NOTE: It is used to emphasise on an important point. (in white letters on a background described
as a safety blue color)
WARNING: It is used to help users to recognize, understand, and avoid potential harm or injury
to which that specific safety warning message refers. (in black letters on a background described
as a safety orange color)
The position of the safety alert symbol is defined in this way that it helps attract attention to the
signal word and, consequently to the warning message itself.

Appropriate language
As disused before, audience consideration is very important in technical writing. If the audience
is high-tech we don’t need to clarify each and every thing. There is no need of detailed
information.
But for low-tech or lay audience, everything should be crystal clear. The culture to where the
product is being launched should also be considered.