Application of Utility-Connected Battery Energy

Storage System for Integrated Dynamic Services

Mehdi Ghazavi Dozein, Pierluigi Mancarella
School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering
The University of Melbourne
Melbourne, Australia
[email protected], [email protected]

Abstract—The rapid uptake of renewable energy sources (RES) BESS is a rapidly emerging solution used for different
and displacement of synchronous generators is introducing a purposes, such as peak demand management [9], mitigation of
number of security challenges, particularly in terms of frequency RES intermittency [10], black start [11], and primary frequency
and voltage stability, whose interactions in RES-dominated response (PFR) provision [12], [13]. Among available battery
systems are to be fully understood yet. This paper models and technologies for PFR provision, most interest today is in lithium
discusses the application of utility-connected battery energy ion (Li-ion) batteries given their overall good cost, lifetime, fast
storage system (BESS) for provision of integrated dynamic response, and low self-discharge performance [8], [14]. In the
services, i.e., simultaneous provision of primary frequency/active context of BESS participation into dynamic services, four main
power and voltage/reactive power control. To investigate how
sets of studies have been published. Previous research has
BESS should respond to system contingencies, a detailed BESS
mostly focused on the impact of PFR on BESS features such as
dynamic model is presented along with comprehensive
discussions on interaction of frequency and voltage responses and lifetime [15] or battery performance-degradation in a given
proposing suitable control signal generation algorithms. timeframe (e.g., in the order of hours) [13]. The second set of
Simulation results illustrate the BESS capability to provide investigations refers to optimize BESS size for PFR provision
integrated dynamic services as proposed, highlighting the in order to maximise BESS profitability [16]. The third set has
significance of response prioritization. focused on grid integration of BESS along with other types of
renewables, especially wind and solar power plants, to increase
Index Terms-- Utility-connected battery, Battery energy storage the controllability of combined system output and participate it
system, Integrated dynamic services, Battery converter-based into PFR provision [10], [13]. Finally, in terms of voltage
dynamic model, Utility-scale battery storage control, few works have used BESS, mainly in photovoltaic
(PV) penetrated distribution networks, in order to prevent over-
I. INTRODUCTION voltage condition due to high PV generation. In these works,
Synchronous generators (SGs) have traditionally provided voltage control is achieved through BESS active power
grid stability services to support secure system operation. charge/discharge management [17], [18]. However, voltage-
However, grid integration of renewable energy sources (RES) related dynamic services from BESS through reactive power
is pushing numerous SGs off the market, therefore raising injection/absorption have not been fully discussed.
several stability concerns [1], for example in terms of new From the literature review, it emerges how BESS have
requirements for frequency control ancillary services (FCAS) mainly been treated as a source of active power support.
[2] to prevent frequency instability [3]. In addition to frequency However, as elaborate earlier there is also a need for voltage
stability issues, low-carbon energy systems are more likely to and reactive power support to compensate loss of SG in future
face system strength issues [4]: basically, SGs play a major role power systems, particularly in low system-strength areas. The
in supporting system voltages by contribution to the short- capability of utility-scale BESS to provide voltage control as
circuit level as well as their reactive power capabilities [5]; well as reactive power support for the system has not been
therefore, low system strength resulted by SG reduction widely explored so far. What is more, as voltage deviations and
generally leads to increased volatility and even possibility of frequency excursions might happen at the same time following
instability of grid voltages during normal and disturbance disturbances, the interaction of active and reactive power
conditions [4]. Consequently, it is essential to come up with support needs to be well understood. This paper evaluates
potential mitigation solutions to provide frequency stability utility-connected battery capabilities in provision of integrated
supports as well as voltage control services (i.e., multiple dynamic services, such as voltage control, reactive power
dynamic services) to compensate lack of adequate online SG in response, and PFR, particularly following system disturbances
future power systems. Several alternative solutions have been in weak grids. Using converter-based dynamic models, this
proposed to provide short-term dynamic services, such as paper aims to capture the BESS dynamic behavior while
utilization of demand-side management [6], flexible AC responding to system contingencies. It will be discussed how
transmission systems (FACTS) installation [7], and use of dynamic voltage response can interact with frequency response
utility-connected battery energy storage system (BESS) [8].

‹,(((
and how this interaction may affect active and reactive power Considering both the GSC and the external system as AC
reference generation strategy in converter-level control loops. voltage sources, the GSC, inductive filter, and external system
Finally, given the great interest in the Australian electricity resemble the equivalent circuit shown in Fig. 2. The voltages
industry, BESS capability in provision of integrated dynamic ‫ݑ‬௖௟௔ , ‫ݑ‬௖௟௕ , ‫ݑ‬௖௟௖ correspond to GSC terminal on the AC side,
responses is investigated in a real-world Australian grid. The while ‫ݑ‬௟௔ , ‫ݑ‬௟௕ , ‫ݑ‬௟௖ represent the grid voltages.
main contributions of this work can be expressed as:
• Modelling of BESS capability in provision of
integrated short-term dynamic services;
• Investigation on the possible dynamic interactions
from provision of integrated services;
• Understanding of the impact of service prioritization
Figure 2. Equivalent electrical circuit of GSC, inductive filter, and external
on BESS integrated dynamic responses; system [19]
• Proposal of suitable control signal generation Let suppose the battery is in charging mode, thus the current
algorithms. flows from the grid to GSC. Therefore, the voltage-current
equations of GSC can be formulated as follows:
II. BESS DYNAMIC MODEL
݀݅௟௤
In this work, a detailed converter-based dynamic model of ‫ݑ‬௟௤ െ ‫ݑ‬௖௟௤ ൌ ‫ݎ‬௟ ൈ ݅௟௤ ൅ ‫ܮ‬௟ ൈ ൅ ߱௦ ൈ ‫ܮ‬௟ ൈ ݅௟ௗ (1)
BESS is employed to capture the accurate battery dynamic ݀‫ݐ‬
݀݅௟ௗ
behaviour. The battery dynamic model, shown in Fig. 1, is ‫ݑ‬௟ௗ െ ‫ݑ‬௖௟ௗ ൌ ‫ݎ‬௟ ൈ ݅௟ௗ ൅ ‫ܮ‬௟ ൈ െ ߱௦ ൈ ‫ܮ‬௟ ൈ ݅௟௤ (2)
comprised of four parts: 1) DC-AC grid-side converter (GSC), ݀‫ݐ‬
2) DC-link capacitor, 3) DC-DC storage-side converter (SSC), Where ‫ݎ‬௟ and ‫ܮ‬௟ characterise the inductive filter located at the
and 4) battery model [19]. Fig. 1 also presents converter-level GSC terminal, ߱௦ is system frequency, and ݅௟௤ , ݅௟ௗ are the
control loops which are responsible to maintain the operating quadrature and direct components of grid currents.
active power and reactive power outputs at the desired stable Furthermore, ‫ݑ‬௟ௗ and ‫ݑ‬௟௤ are d-q components of grid voltage,
levels ܲ ‫ כ‬and ܳ‫ כ‬. In Fig. 1, PI blocks stand for proportional- while ‫ݑ‬௖௟ௗ and ‫ݑ‬௖௟௤ represent d-q components of GSC terminal
integral controllers. Also, the BESS synchronises with the on the AC side.
external system (the grid) by deployment of the phase lock loop
(PLL) synchronisation unit. B. DC-link voltage dynamic equation
For simplicity, the GSC internal power losses are neglected;
therefore, the power flowing through GSC can be obtained by
following expression:
͵
ܲ௖௚ ൌ ൈ ሺ‫ݑ‬௖௟ௗ ൈ ݅௟ௗ ൅ ‫ݑ‬௖௟௤ ൈ ݅௟௤ ሻ (3)
ʹ
Under lossless switching assumption, the power flowing
through SCC (ܲ௖௦ ), can be calculated as follows:
ܲ௖௚ െ ܲ஽஼ ൌ ܲ௖௦ (4)
Where ܲ஽஼ is capacitor power which can be expressed by
ͳ ݀
ܲ஽஼ ൌ
‫ܧ ܥ‬ (5)
ʹ ݀‫ݐ‬
Figure 1. BESS structure including power conversion systems and their
associated control loops [19] Where E is DC-link voltage and C is DC-link capacitor.
Furthermore, time-dependent value of DC-link voltage can be
For modelling and control design purposes, it is convenient
written as
to write the dynamic equations in d-q reference framework [19],
which is shown below. This transformation from generic three- ௧
ͳ
phase time-varying electrical variables to a d-q reference ‫ ܧ‬ൌ ‫ܧ‬଴ ൅ ൈ න ሺ݅஽஼௖௟ െ ݅஽஼௦ ሻ ݀‫ݐ‬ (6)
‫ܥ‬ ଴
framework, the well-known Park Transformations (PT), Where ‫ܧ‬଴ is DC-link voltage at time ‫ ݐ‬ൌ Ͳ, ݅஽஼௖௟ is the DC
greatly simplifies the mathematics and facilitates result
current at the DC side of GSC, and ݅஽஼௦ is the DC current
assessment [19]. The detailed modelling below is taken from
flowing in the SCC circuit. The set of equations presented thus
[19].
far represent the dynamic model of GSC and DC-link. It also
A. GSC voltage-current differential equations includes the electrical circuits that interface the battery with the
external system on the AC side. These dynamic equations can
The grid-side converter accounts for DC-link voltage also be used to design GSC control loops1.
control as well as battery output reactive power management.
1 See [19] for more details.

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C. Battery and SSC dynamic models reactive power to the system according to the reactive power-
Because of its simplicity and maturity, the so-called voltage droop response in order to maintain the desired voltage
Shepherd model is often used to model battery dynamics [19]. level [21].
As shown in Fig. 1, the Shepherd model consists of a voltage
B. Consideration on converter-level control loops
source connected to a series resistance. According to the
discharge curve of a battery cell, if the battery works within its There are two issues to be considered about the battery
“nominal zone”, the cell voltage can be considered as a constant dynamic model and relevant controls. First, the performance of
value [19]. SSC and GSC control loops is heavily dependent on accurate
voltage angle estimation by PLL [4]. In fact, the BESS might
A stable and constant DC-link voltage (‫ )ܧ‬is essential for not be able to keep the desired active power and reactive power
proper operation of SSC. As previously stated, GSC is outputs when PLL is unable to track voltage variations [4]. In
responsible to keep the DC-link voltage constant. Assuming the the case of high terminal voltage violations, the battery might
DC-link voltage to be constant, the system shown in Fig. 3 has not be able to keep the stable equilibrium point [4]. Secondly,
one state variable, namely, the battery current ݅. The equation ܲ ‫ כ‬and ܳ ‫ כ‬determine the battery operating points and these
to address the dynamics of battery current can therefore be values are built according to active power-frequency and
formulated as follows: reactive power-voltage characteristics, defined by grid-code,
݀݅ respectively. Indeed, the grid code determines how utility-size
‫ܮ‬ ൅ ‫ݑ‬௧ ൌ ‫ݑ‬௢ (7) BESS should respond to the frequency and voltage
݀‫ݐ‬
‫ݑ‬௧ ൌ  ‫ܧ‬௕௔௧௧ ൅ ܴ௕௔௧௧ ൈ ݅ (8) disturbances. However, we will show later that the battery may
not be able to follow the grid code for provision of dynamic
‫ݑ‬௢ ൌ ݀ ൈ ‫ܧ‬ (9) responses due to maximum power transfer limit. In this respect,
In the above equations, d is time-dependent duty cycle for the maximum power transfer constraint can be formulated as
SSC which varies between 0 and 1 to handle SSC input/output (10), where ܵ௠௔௫ is the maximum power limit of converter [4],
active power. Equations (7)-(9) can capture the dynamic [22].
behaviour of coupling DC-DC converter/battery. For further ଶ
ሺܲ ‫ כ‬ሻଶ ൅ ሺܳ ‫ כ‬ሻଶ ൌ  ܵ௠௔௫ (10)
details, reader can again refer to [19] to see how SSC control
C. Provision of integrated dynamic services
loops can be designed.
In light of the above, active and reactive power reference
III. BESS CONTROL signals can be generated through active power-frequency and
reactive power-voltage characteristics, respectively. However,
A. Active and reactive power reference signal generation and what needs understanding yet is the BESS behavior when there
dynamic responses is an interaction of the responses. For example, following a
Several studies indicate that utility-scale BESS could be contingency, there might be a simultaneous need for frequency
used to support system frequency as well as grid voltage level support (i.e., the system might be subject to frequency
[20], [21]. In terms of frequency support, BESS can deliver instability) as well as voltage support (i.e., the system might
primary frequency response (PFR) through active power- face voltage instability) by the BESS. As previously stated, the
frequency droop [20]. Also, the active power-frequency battery’s dynamic behavior highly depends on terminal voltage
characteristic must have a dead-band to reduce the stress on stability [4]. So, point of common coupling (PCC) voltage
BESS, to guarantee smooth system behaviour, and to avoid instability might prevent the battery to actually deliver on its
possible oscillations [20]. Although there is no common frequency support requirements according to its theoretical
standard to parametrise active power-frequency droop capability or it might even result in unit disconnection [4].
characteristic for utility-size BESS, different values have been Therefore, the BESS should prioritize injection/absorption of
used for dead-band and frequency droop. For example, the reactive power in order to support grid voltage while this is
BESS dead-band could correspond to the normal frequency beyond the normal operating band. However, this strategy
operating band [21] so that the battery is used for provision of might limit the BESS capability to provide frequency support
contingency response. As an example of BESS frequency droop because of the converter’s maximum power transfer constraint
characteristic, the German grid code demands that full BESS [4]. This interaction of dynamic responses depends on the size
battery capacity be delivered if the frequency deviates more of contingency as well as how much the grid is suffering from
than േͲǤʹHz beyond the dead-band [20]. From the voltage “low system strength” [4]. The majority of previous research
support point of view, BESS must control their terminal voltage work has focused on BESS frequency support capability and
through reactive power regulation in every feasible operating mainly used control strategies which prioritize frequency
condition [21]. Following a contingency, if the voltage deviates support; then, if there were remaining available capacity for its
within the normal operating band, BESS should manage their reactive power counterpart without exceeding the inverter
reactive power output through dynamic power factor control current limit, the BESS could also be able to support the system
characteristics (e.g., PQ capability diagrams) [22]. For voltage. Considering response priority, the strategy used for
example, in Australia this dynamic behavior is called “voltage active and reactive power reference signals generation changes.
control response” by AEMO when referring to the reactive This paper proposes the reference signal generation strategy,
power support of a generating unit to control voltage during illustrated in Fig. 3, which considers priority of responses
normal operations [21]. If the contingency takes the voltage according to terminal voltage conditions. If the voltage
outside the normal operating band, BESS should deliver disturbance (οܸ) is within the normal operating band, the

,(((0LODQ3RZHU7HFK
battery gives priority to frequency support. Conversely, if οܸ drop by injecting 4.8 MW active power. From the voltage point
leaves the normal operating band, the battery gives priority to of view, Fig. 7 shows the battery terminal voltage in phase A
reactive power support and, in case there is remaining capacity, with and without the battery providing PFR. As it can be seen,
this may also be used to respond to possible frequency when the battery provides frequency response, the voltage
excursions (ο݂). improves, which can be explained for two reasons: 1) PFR from
the battery reduces the current flowing through the Yadnarie-
Port Lincoln overhead transmission line, thereby reducing
voltage drop along the line. Also, the battery injects 190 kVAr
reactive power into the system, thus avoiding the voltage from
going down further. More specifically, Fig. 8 shows how the
battery injects reactive power by power factor control: the
BESS voltage control response takes around 15 ms to reach its
steady-state point. This time delay complies with the NEM grid
code requirement that the response time is to be less than 60 ms
[21].
Figure 3. The proposed reference signal strategy which considers priority of
responses according to PCC voltage condition

IV. CASE STUDIES

The Eyre Peninsula transmission grid in South Australia is
considered as case study application, as shown in Fig. 4. The
case study network is the end tip of the Australian National
Electricity Market (NEM) power system and it is connected to Figure 4. Single-line diagram of the Eyre Peninsula grid
the rest of system through the 132 kV Cultana substation. In this
TABLE I. GENERATION AND LOAD DATA [23]
area, the main system through the Cultana substation responds
to any possible contingency. The load-generation snapshot at Active Power Reactive
Type Name
(MW) Power (MVAr)
16:30 of 11/01/2016 presented in Table I is considered to run Cultana 0 0
the simulation [23]. In the study, the 5 MW grid-scale BESS Middleback 3.6 1.7436
connected to Port Lincoln substation is supposed to provide Load
Yadnarie 6.0798 2.9446
short-term dynamic response services. For frequency response, Wudinna 9.2030 4.4572
the active power-frequency characteristic parameters, േͲǤͳ Hz Port Lincoln 20.2347 9.8001
Sleaford 0 0
is assumed as the frequency dead-band. Also, the battery is Mount Millar 18.5 0
assumed to reach its maximum active power capacity if the Generation
Cathedral Rocks 3.6 0
frequency variation reaches േͲǤ͵ Hz [20]. For voltage control
response, the BESS is equipped with circular PQ strategy
curves [22] being able to exchange maximum reactive power of
200 kVAr with the system. The reactive power-voltage droop
characteristic proposed by AEMO is considered while the
voltage is beyond normal operating band. According to this
characteristic, BESS must supply additional capacitive reactive
current (reactive injection) of 6% of the maximum current for
each 1% reduction of PCC voltage below 90 % of normal
voltage. Furthermore, battery must inject full capacity reactive
power if voltage terminal is less than 65% normal voltage [21].
Finally, other required values for simulation, such as battery
model parameters, are taken from [19]. Two studies are carried
out below, namely, to assess how utility-size battery can Figure 5. System frequency with and without battery participation in PFR
participate in frequency support as well as voltage support
services (Case I) and the interactions of the integrated responses
(Case II).

A. Case I: Load increment at the Yadnarie substation

In this case, 20 MW load increment at the Yadnarie
substation happens at time ‫ ݐ‬ൌ Ͷs. Fig. 5 compares the system
frequency curve in two cases: 1) frequency support is provided
by the main grid through the Cultana substation; 2) the battery
cooperates with the system to arrest the frequency. As Fig. 5
shows, battery participation in PFR reduces the frequency nadir
and brings the frequency back into normal operational band
faster. Also, Fig. 6 illustrates how battery responds to frequency Figure 6. Battery active power response to frequency drop

,(((0LODQ3RZHU7HFK
 capacity participates into voltage support (resp. frequency
support). However, how responses are prioritized could matter
significantly while the battery is providing integrated dynamic
responses.

Figure 7. Battery terminal voltage in phase A with and without battery

participation in frequency response
Figure 9. System frequency curve following the case-II contingency

Figure 8. Battery reactive power output following the load increment

B. Case II: Phase-to-phase-to-ground short-circuit at the Figure 10. Battery voltages in the three phases during the short-circuit
Wuddina substation To better assess the response priority impact on BESS
In this case we show how a severe transient disturbance ability in dynamic service provision, two further scenarios are
such as a phase-to-phase-to-ground short-circuit can challenge then considered: 1) the reference signal strategy gives priority
the stable operation and integrated dynamic response of the to frequency support (Scenario 1) [12] and 2) the reference
BESS. This fault is assumed to be cleared after 2 frequency signal strategy shown in Fig. 2 gives priority to reactive power
cycles (i.e., it lasts from 4 to 4.04). Such severe contingency can support if voltage violates its normal band (Scenario 2). Fig.
result in large excursions of voltage angle according to the
11 and Fig. 12 compare active power support and reactive
nonlinear power-angle relationship. This angle oscillation
power support from battery in two aforesaid scenarios,
depends on both the initial operating state of the system and the
severity of the disturbance [5]. The angle variations (οߜ) might respectively. As shown in Fig. 9, while the battery gives
ௗఋ priority to frequency support, the control loops are not able to
take the frequency out of normal operating band since ο݂ ൌ keep the active power output stable, thereby oscillations are
ௗ௧
[5]. This is the reason why the system experiences a frequency observed. Furthermore, the battery reaches its steady-state
violation following the fault, as shown in Fig. 9. Furthermore, point at time ‫ ݐ‬ൌ ͶǤͲͺsecond, which is after the fault clearance
the system is likely to face voltage instability due to drastic line time (i.e. ‫ ݐ‬ൌ ͶǤͲͶ second). In fact, battery is not able to
current increment following short-circuit events [5]. It is shown participate into frequency control effectively using the
in Fig. 10 that the battery terminal voltage in the three phases designed control mechanism while the terminal voltage is
undergoes significant voltage drop along with voltage
suffering from voltage instability.
unbalance.
According to active power- frequency droop characteristic,
the battery must respond to frequency violations to arrest the
frequency and brings the frequency back to normal band. In
addition to frequency support, the battery must give priority to
voltage support by injecting reactive power according to the
reactive power-voltage droop characteristic. It can be seen that
the battery is not able to follow active power-frequency droop
characteristic and reactive power-voltage droop characteristic
both at the same time due to maximum power transfer limit.
Therefore, the battery can only give priority to frequency
support (resp. voltage support) and by using its remaining Figure 11. Battery active power output in the two different scenarios of
integrated dynamic response with service prioritization

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