‫ روی ﻟﯾﻧﮏ زﯾر ﮐﻠﯾﮏ ﮐﻧﯾد و ﯾﺎ ﺑﮫ وﺑﺳﺎﯾت "اﯾﺑوک ﯾﺎب" ﻣراﺟﻌﮫ ﺑﻔرﻣﺎﯾﯾد‬،‫ﺑرای دﺳﺗرﺳﯽ ﺑﮫ ﻧﺳﺧﮫ ﮐﺎﻣل ﺣل اﻟﻣﺳﺎﺋل‬

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1.4 Perform the following unit conversions:

3
0.0353 ft 3 12 in.
(a) 1 L  61 in.3 ←
1L 1 ft

1 kJ 1 Btu
(b) 650 J  0.616 Btu ←
103 J 1.0551 kJ

3413 Btu/h 1 h 778.17 ft  lbf ft  lbf

(c) 0.135 kW  99.596 ←
1 kW 3600 s 1 Btu s

g 1 kg 1 lb 60 s lb
(d) 378  50 ←
s 10 3 g 0.4536 kg 1 min min

1 lbf/in. 2 10 3 Pa lbf
(e) 304 kPa  44.09 ←
6894.8 Pa 1 kPa in. 2

3
m 3 3.2808 ft 1h ft 3
(f) 55  0.54 ←
h 1m 3600 s s

km 10 3 m 3.2808 ft 1 h ft
(g) 50  45.57 ←
h 1 km 1m 3600 s s

1 lbf 1 ton
(h) 8896 N  1 ton ←
4.4482 N 2000 lbf

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1.5 Perform the following unit conversions:

3
1 cm 3 1m 1L
(a) 122 in. 3
 2L←
0.061024 in.3 10 2 cm 10 - 3 m 3

1 kJ
(b) 778.17 ft  lbf  1.0551 kJ ←
737.56 ft  lbf

1 kW
(c) 100 hp  74.57 kW ←
1.341 hp

lb 1 h 1 kg kg
(d) 1000  0.126 ←
h 3600 s 2.2046 lb s

lbf 6894.8 Pa 1 N/m2 1 bar

(e) 29.392  2.027 bar ←
in.2 1 lbf/in. 2 1 Pa 105 N/m2

ft 3 0.028317 m3 1 min m3
(f) 2500  1.18 ←
min 1 ft 3 60 s s

mile 1.6093 km/h km

(g) 75  120.7 ←
h 1 mile/h h

2000 lbf 4.4482 N

(h) 1 ton  8896 N ←
1 ton 1 lbf

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1.6 Which of the following food items weighs approximately one newton?

a. a grain of rice
b. a small strawberry
c. a medium-sized apple
d. a large watermelon

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1.7 A person whose mass is 150 lb weights 144.4 lbf. Determine (a) the local acceleration of
gravity, in ft/s2, and (b) the person’s mass, in lb, and weight, in lbf, if g = 32.174 ft/s2.

(a) Fgrav = mg →

Fgrav 144.4 lbf 32.174 lb  ft/s2

g  = 30.97 ft/s2
m 150 lb 1 lbf

(b) Mass value remains the same. So

 ft  1 lbf
Fgrav = mg = (150 lb) 32.174 2  = 150 lbf
 s  32.174 lb  ft/s2

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1.8 The Phoenix with a mass of 350 kg was a spacecraft used for exploration of Mars.
Determine the weight of the Phoenix, in N, (a) on the surface of Mars where the acceleration of
gravity is 3.73 m/s2 and (b) on Earth where the acceleration of gravity is 9.81 m/s2.

KNOWN: Phoenix spacecraft has mass of 350 kg.

FIND: (a) Weight of Phoenix on Mars, in N, and (b) weight of Phoenix on Earth, in N.

SCHEMATIC AND GIVEN DATA:

m = 350 kg
gMars = 3.73 m/s2
gEarth = 9.81 m/s2

ENGINEERING MODEL:
1. Acceleration of gravity is constant at the surface of both Mars and Earth.

ANALYSIS: Weight is the force of gravity. Applying Newton’s second law using the mass of
the Phoenix and the local acceleration of gravity

F = mg

(a) On Mars,

 m  1N
F  (350 kg)  3.73 2  = 1305.5 N
 s  1 kg  m/s 2

(b) On Earth,

 m 1N
F  (350 kg)  9.81 2  = 3433.5 N
 s  1 kg  m/s 2

Although the mass of the Phoenix is constant, the weight of the Phoenix is less on Mars than on
Earth since the acceleration due to gravity is less on Mars than on Earth.

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1.11 At the grocery store you place a pumpkin with a mass of 12.5 lb on the produce spring
scale. The spring in the scale operates such that for each 4.7 lbf applied, the spring elongates one
inch. If local acceleration of gravity is 32.2 ft/s2, what distance, in inches, did the spring
elongate?

KNOWN: Pumpkin placed on a spring scale causes the spring to elongate.

FIND: Distance spring elongated, in inches.

SCHEMATIC AND GIVEN DATA:

m = 12.5 m

ENGINEERING MODEL:
1. Spring constant is 4.7 lbf/in.
2. Local acceleration of gravity is 32.2 ft/s2.

ANALYSIS:
The force applied to the spring to cause it to elongate can be expressed as the spring constant, k,
times the elongation, x.
F = kx

The applied force is due to the weight of the pumpkin, which can be expressed as the mass (m) of
the pumpkin times acceleration of gravity, (g).

F = Weight = mg = kx

Solving for elongation, x, substituting values for pumpkin mass, acceleration of gravity, and
spring constant, and applying the appropriate conversion factor yield

12.5 lb  32.2 ft2 

x
mg
  s  1 lbf
= 2.66 in.
k  lbf  lb  ft
 4.7  32.174 2
 in.  s
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1.17 A communications satellite weighs 4400 N on Earth where g = 9.81 m/s2. What is the
weight of the satellite, in N, as it orbits Earth where the acceleration of gravity is 0.224 m/s2?
Express each weight in lbf.

KNOWN: Weight of communications satellite on Earth.

FIND: Determine weight of the satellite, in N, as it orbits Earth where the acceleration of
gravity is 0.224 m/s2. Express the satellite weight, in lbf, on Earth and in orbit.

SCHEMATIC AND GIVEN DATA:

WSat(Earth) = 4400 N
gEarth = 9.81 m/s2
gorbit = 0.224 m/s2

ENGINEERING MODEL:
1. Gravitational acceleration on Earth is constant at 9.81 m/s2.
2. Gravitational acceleration at orbital altitude is constant at 0.224 m/s2.

ANALYSIS: Weight of the satellite is the force of gravity and varies with altitude. Mass of the
satellite remains constant. Applying Newton’s second law to solve for the mass of the satellite
yields

W = mg → m = W/g

On Earth,
m = WSat(Earth)/gEarth

(4400 N) 1 kg  m/s 2
m = 448.5 kg
 m 1N
 9.81 
 s2 

Solving for the satellite weight in orbit,

WSat(orbit) = mgorbit

 m  1N
WSat(orbit)  (448.5 kg)  0.224 2  = 100.5 N
 s  1 kg  m/s 2

Although the mass of the communications satellite is constant, the weight of the satellite is less at
orbital altitude than on Earth since the acceleration due to gravity is less at orbital altitude than
on Earth.

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To determine the corresponding weights in lbf, apply the conversion factor, 1 lbf = 4.4482 N.

1 lbf
WSat(Earth)  (4400 N) = 989.2 lbf
4.4482 N

1 lbf
WSat(orbit)  (100.5 N) = 22.6 lbf
4.4482 N

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1.21 A 2-lb sample of an unknown liquid occupies a volume of 62.6 in.3 For the liquid
determine (a) the specific volume, in ft3/lb, and (b) the density, in lb/ft3.

KNOWN: Volume and mass of an unknown liquid sample.

FIND: Determine (a) the specific volume, in ft3/lb, and (b) the density, in lb/ft3.

SCHEMATIC AND GIVEN DATA:

m = 2 lb
V = 62.6 in.3

ENGINEERING MODEL:
1. The liquid can be treated as continuous.

ANALYSIS:
(a) The specific volume is volume per unit mass and can be determined from the total volume
and the mass of the liquid

V 62.6 in.3 1 ft 3
v  = 0.0181 ft3/lb
m 2 lb 1728 in.3

(b) Density is the reciprocal of specific volume. Thus,

1 1
  = 55.2 lb/ft3
v ft3
0.0181
lb
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1.23 The specific volume of 5 kg of water vapor at 1.5 MPa, 440oC is 0.2160 m3/kg. Determine
(a) the volume, in m3, occupied by the water vapor, (b) the amount of water vapor present, in
gram moles, and (c) the number of molecules.

KNOWN: Mass, pressure, temperature, and specific volume of water vapor.

FIND: Determine (a) the volume, in m3, occupied by the water vapor, (b) the amount of water
vapor present, in gram moles, and (c) the number of molecules.

SCHEMATIC AND GIVEN DATA:

m = 5 kg
p = 1.5 MPa
T = 440oC
v = 0.2160 m3/kg

ENGINEERING MODEL:
1. The water vapor is a closed system.

ANALYSIS:
(a) The specific volume is volume per unit mass. Thus, the volume occupied by the water vapor
can be determined by multiplying its mass by its specific volume.

 m 3 
V  mv  (5 kg) 0.2160 = 1.08 m3
 kg 
 

(b) Using molecular weight of water from Table A-1 and applying the appropriate relation to
convert the water vapor mass to gram moles gives

 
m  5 kg  1000 moles

n  = 277.5 moles
M  kg  1 kmol
 18.02 
 kmol 

(c) Using Avogadro’s number to determine the number of molecules yields

 molecules 
# Molecules  Avogadro' s Number  # moles   6.022  10 23 (277.5 moles)
 mole 

# Molecules = 1.671×1026 molecules

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1.27 Three kg of gas in a piston-cylinder assembly undergo a process during which the
relationship between pressure and specific volume is pv0.5 = constant. The process begins with
p1 = 250 kPa and V1 = 1.5 m3 and ends with p2 = 100 kPa. Determine the final specific volume,
in m3/kg. Plot the process on a graph of pressure versus specific volume.

KNOWN: A gas of known mass undergoes a process from a known initial state to a specified
final pressure. The pressure-specific volume relationship for the process is given.

FIND: Determine the final specific volume and plot the process on a pressure versus specific
volume graph.

SCHEMATIC AND GIVEN DATA:

State 1 State 2
Process 1→ 2
Gas Gas
pv0.5 = constant

m1 = 3 kg m2 = 3 kg
p1 = 250 kPa p2 = 100 kPa
V1 = 1.5 m3

ENGINEERING MODEL:
1. The gas is a closed system.
2. The system undergoes a polytropic process in which pv0.5 = constant.

ANALYSIS:
The final specific volume, v2, can be determined from the polytropic process equation

p1v10.5= p2v20.5

Solving for v2 yields

1
 p  0.5
v2 = v1  1 
 p2 

Specific volume at the initial state, v1, can be determined by dividing the volume at the initial
state, V1, by the mass, m, of the system

V1 1.5 m 3
v1 =  = 0.5 m3/kg
m 3 kg

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Substituting values for pressures and specific volume yields

1
 m 3  250 kPa  0.5
v2 =  0.5   = 3.125 m /kg
3

 kg  100 kPa 

The volume of the system increased while pressure decreased during the process.

A plot of the process on a pressure versus specific volume graph is as follows:

Pressure versus Specific Volume

260
240
220
Pressure (kPa)

200
180
160
140
120
100
0.50 1.00 1.50 2.00 2.50 3.00 3.50
Specific Volume (m^3/kg)

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1.28 A closed system consisting of 4 lb of a gas undergoes a process during which the relation
between pressure and volume is pVn = constant. The process begins with p1 = 15 lbf/in.2, v1 =
1.25 ft3/lb and ends with p2 = 53 lbf/in.2, v2 = 0.5 ft3/lb. Determine (a) the volume, in ft3,
occupied by the gas at states 1 and 2 and (b) the value of n. (c) Sketch Process 1-2 on pressure-
volume coordinates.

KNOWN: Gas undergoes a process from a known initial pressure and specific volume to a
known final pressure and specific volume.

FIND: Determine (a) the volume, in ft3, occupied by the gas at states 1 and 2 and (b) the value
of n. (c) Sketch Process 1-2 on pressure-volume coordinates.

SCHEMATIC AND GIVEN DATA:

State 1 State 2

Gas
Gas

m = 4 lb p2 = 53 lbf/in.2
p1 = 15 lbf/in.2 v2 = 0.5 ft3/lb
v1 = 1.25 ft3/lb

ENGINEERING MODEL:
1. The gas is a closed system.
2. The relation between pressure and volume is pVn = constant during process 1-2.

ANALYSIS:
(a) The specific volume is volume per unit mass. Thus, the volume occupied by the gas can be
determined by multiplying its mass by its specific volume.

V = mv
For state 1
 ft 3 
V1  mv1  (4 lb)1.25 = 5 ft3
 lb 
 
For state 2
 ft 3 
V2  mv2  (4 lb) 0.5  = 2 ft3
 lb 


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(b) The value of n can be determined by substituting values into the relationship:

p1(V1)n = constant = p2(V2)n

Solving for n
n
p1  V2 
 
p2  V1 

 p1  V 
ln    n ln  2 
 p2   V1 

 p1  ln  15 lbf/in. 
2
ln    53 lbf/in. 2 
n  2   = 1.38
p
V   2 ft 
3
ln  2  ln  3 
 V1   5 ft 
 

(c) Process 1-2 is shown on pressure-volume coordinates below:

Process 1-2
60
State 2
50
Pressure (lbf/in.2)

40

30

20 State 1

10

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Volume (ft3)

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1.31 A gas contained within a piston-cylinder assembly undergoes four processes in series:

Process 1-2: Constant-pressure expansion at 1 bar from V1 = 0.5 m3 to V2 = 2 m3

Process 2-3: Constant volume to 2 bar

Process 3-4: Constant-pressure compression to 1 m3

Process 4-1: Compression with pV−1 = constant

Sketch the process in series on a p-V diagram labeled with pressure and volume values at each
numbered state.

p (bar)

2 4• •3

1 • •
1 2

V (m3)
0.5 1 2

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1.36 Liquid kerosene flows through a Venturi meter, as shown in Fig. P1.36. The pressure of
the kerosene in the pipe supports columns of kerosene that differ in height by 12 cm. Determine
the difference in pressure between points a and b, in kPa. Does the pressure increase or decrease
as the kerosene flows from point a to point b as the pipe diameter decreases? The atmospheric
pressure is 101 kPa, the specific volume of kerosene is 0.00122 m3/kg, and the acceleration of
gravity is g = 9.81 m/s2.

KNOWN: Kerosene flows through a Venturi meter.

FIND: The pressure difference between points a and b, in kPa and whether pressure increases or
decreases as the kerosene flows from point a to point b as the pipe diameter decreases.

SCHEMATIC AND GIVEN DATA:

patm = 101 kPa

g = 9.81 m/s2
L = 12 cm

Kerosene • •
v = 0.00122 kg/m3 a b

ENGINEERING MODEL:
1. The kerosene is incompressible.
2. Atmospheric pressure is exerted at the open end of the fluid columns.

ANALYSIS:
Equation 1.11 applies to both columns of fluid (a and b). Let hb be the height of the fluid above
point b. Then hb + L is the height of the fluid above point a. Applying Eq. 1.11 to each column
yields

pa = patm + g(hb + L) = patm + ghb + gL

and

pb = patm + ghb

Thus, the difference in pressure between point a and point b is

p = pb – pa = (patm + ghb) – (patm + ghb + gL)

p = –gL