Chapter 17 - Lean Operating Systems
Chapter 17 - Lean Operating Systems
Friendly Version
User Name: Trong Nghia Ho
email Id: [email protected]
Book: OM
© 2007 Cengage Learning Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this work may by reproduced or used in any form or by any means
graphic, electronic, or mechanical, or in any other manner without the written permission of the copyright holder.
Chapter 17 : Lean Operating Systems
(pp. 3700)
Lean Operating Systems: Chapter Objectives
Learning Outcomes
After studying this chapter you should be able to:
171 Explain the four principles of lean operating systems.
172 Describe the basic lean tools and approaches.
173 Explain the concept of Lean Six Sigma and how it is applied to improving operations performance.
174 Explain how lean principles are used in manufacturing and service organizations.
175 Describe the concepts and philosophy of justintime operating systems.
What Do You Think?
Can you cite any personal experiences in your work or around your school where you have observed similar inefficiencies (how about
your dorm or bedroom)?
Heath Korvola/UpperCut Images/Getty Images
Lean Operating Systems: Chapter Overview
A Michigan hospital manager noted, “Our hospital pharmacy processes are out of control. Patient health is at stake,” noted a Michigan
hospital manager. A study of pharmacy outcomes revealed that technicians were spending 77.4 percent of their time locating products,
medication errors were high, and the current 14stage process had some unnecessary steps, resulting in a total lead time of 166 minutes to
fill a hospital prescription. Teams with names like “Paper Pushers” and “Zip Scripts” were formed and trained in lean operating methods
and principles. Their objective was to apply lean principles to enhance the ability to deliver medications safely to hospital patients. After
redesigning the system, the pharmacy realized a 33 percent reduction in time to get medications to patients, and reduced the number of
process steps from 14 to 9 simply by removing nonvalueadded steps. Patients have experienced a 40 percent reduction in pharmacy
related medication errors, and the severity of those errors has decreased.1
P. 370
Lean thinking refers to approaches that focus on the elimination of waste in all forms, and smooth, efficient flow of materials and
Lean thinking refers to approaches that focus on the elimination of waste in all forms, and smooth, efficient flow of materials and
information throughout the value chain to obtain faster customer response, higher quality, and lower costs. Manufacturing and service
operations that apply the principles of lean enterprise are often called lean operating systems . Lean concepts were initially developed
and implemented by the Toyota Motor Corporation, and lean operating systems are often benchmarked with “the Toyota Production
System (TPS).”
In the opening scenario, the lean teams greatly improved hospital pharmacy processes, enhanced patient health, and reduced liability risk
to the hospital. For example, with only one printer for prescription labels in the pharmacy, labels were not always printed in the same order
that the physical goods were available. This created confusion, and pharmacy technicians occasionally placed labels on the wrong bottles
and bags. After applying lean thinking and methods, processing time and quality were greatly improved.
Lean thinking is playing a large role in sustainability efforts. Lean thinking helps to drive a culture of waste elimination and
environmental sustainability. At a recent conference of the Association for Manufacturing Excellence, Interface Americas, a LaGrange,
Georgia, manufacturer of commercial carpet, tile, and
As a result of the application of lean principles to pharmacy systems, patients have experienced a 40 percent reduction in pharmacy
related medical errors. Dmitry Kalinovsky/Shutterstock.com
P. 371
Any activity, material, or operation that does not add value in an organization is considered waste.
interior fabrics, cited numerous examples of waste elimination activities that resulted from lean thinking, including over $300 million in
cost avoidance from waste elimination, a 70 percent reduction of manufacturing waste sent to landfills, a 60 percent reduction in
greenhouse gas emissions, and over 1 million pounds of carpet diverted from landfills.2
171 Principles of Lean Operating Systems
Lean operating systems have four basic principles:
1. elimination of waste,
2. increased speed and response,
3. improved quality, and
4. reduced cost.
As simple as these may seem, organizations require disciplined thinking and application of good operations management tools and
approaches to achieve them.
Eliminate Waste
Lean, by the very nature of the term, implies doing only what is necessary to get the job done. Any activity, material, or operation that
does not add value in an organization is considered waste. The goal is zero waste in all valuecreation and support processes in the entire
does not add value in an organization is considered waste. The goal is zero waste in all valuecreation and support processes in the entire
value chain. Exhibit 17.1 shows a variety of specific examples. The Toyota Motor Company classified waste into seven major categories:
1. Overproduction: for example, making a batch of 100 when there are orders for only 50 in order to avoid an expensive setup, or making a
batch of 52 instead of 50 in case there are rejects. Overproduction ties up production facilities, and the resulting excess inventory simply
sits idle.
2. Waiting time: for instance, allowing queues to build up between operations, resulting in longer lead times and more workinprocess.
3. Transportation: the time and effort spent in moving products around the factory as a result of poor layout.
Exhibit 17.1 Common Examples of Waste in Organizations
Excess capacity
Inaccurate information
Clutter
Planned product obsolescence
Excessive material handling
Overproduction
Producing too early
Long distance travelled
Retraining and relearning time and expense
Excess inventory
Long changeover and setup times
Scrap
Rework and repair
Long, unproductive meetings
Poor communication
Waiting time
Accidents
Too much space
Spoilage
Excessive energy use
Unnecessary movement of materials, people, and information
Equipment breakdowns
Knowledge bottlenecks
Nonvalueadded process steps
Misrouting jobs
Wrong transportation mode
4. Processing: the traditional notion of waste, as exemplified by scrap that often results from poor product or process design.
5. Inventory: waste associated with the expense of idle stock and extra storage and handling requirements needed to maintain it.
6. Motion: as a result of inefficient workplace design and location of tools and materials.
7. Production defects: the result of not performing work correctly the first time.
Increase Speed and Response
Lean operating systems focus on quick and efficient response in designing and getting goods and services to market, producing to
customer demand and delivery requirements, responding to competitors’ actions, collecting payments, and addressing customer inquiries
or problems. Perhaps the most effective way of increasing speed and response is to synchronize the entire value chain. By this we mean
that not only are all elements of the value chain focused on a common goal but that the transfer of all physical materials and information is
coordinated to achieve a high level of efficiency. A champion of lean practices would argue “be fast or last” and “synchronize value chain
coordinated to achieve a high level of efficiency. A champion of lean practices would argue “be fast or last” and “synchronize value chain
operations.”
P. 372
Getting Suppliers to Become Lean and Sustainable
Procter & Gamble and health care giant Kaiser Permanente are rating suppliers on energy and water use, recyclables, waste, and
greenhouse gases, and using these “scorecards” to make decisions on which suppliers use. Kaiser Permanente, for example, wants to know
the percentage of postconsumer waste in every medical product it buys. Some of the questions these companies are asking of suppliers
include:
What percent of energy consumed is generated from renewable resources? (Kaiser Permanente)
How many metric tons of hazardous and nonhazardous waste are produced? (Procter & Gamble)
As the chief procurement officer at Kaiser Permanente stated, “We're sending a message to vendors loud and clear.”3
Improve Quality
Lean operating systems cannot function if raw materials are bad, processing operations are not consistent, materials and tools are not
located in the correct place, or machines break down. Poor quality disrupts work schedules and reduces yields, requiring extra inventory,
processing time, and space for scrap and parts waiting for rework. All these are forms of waste and increase costs to the customer.
Eliminating the sources of defects and errors in all processes in the value chain
Michael Dwyer/Alamy
greatly improves speed, reduces variability, and supports the notion of continuous flow. All of the concepts and methods of quality
management, such as product and process design simplification, root cause analysis, mistakeproofing, and statistical process control, are
employed to improve quality.
Reduce Cost
Certainly, reducing cost is an important objective of lean enterprise. Anything that is done to reduce waste and improve quality often
reduces cost at the same time. More efficient equipment, better preventive maintenance, and smaller inventories reduce costs in
manufacturing firms. Simplifying processes, such as using customer labor via selfservice in a fastfood restaurant, depositing a check using
an automatic teller machine, and completing medical forms online before medical service, are ways for service businesses to become leaner
and reduce costs.
172 Lean Tools and Approaches
Meeting the objectives of lean enterprise requires disciplined approaches for designing and improving processes. Organizations
use several tools and approaches to create a lean organization. We describe some of these here.
172a The 5Ss
Workers cannot be efficient if their workplaces are messy and disorganized. Efficient manufacturing plants are clean and well organized.
Firms use the “5S” principles to create this work environment. The5Ss are derived from Japanese terms: seiri (sort), seiton (set in order),
Firms use the “5S” principles to create this work environment. The5Ss are derived from Japanese terms: seiri (sort), seiton (set in order),
seiso (shine), seiketsu (standardize), and shitsuke (sustain).
P. 373
Sort refers to ensuring that each item in a workplace is in its proper place or identified as unnecessary and removed.
Set in order means to arrange materials and equipment so that they are easy to find and use.
Shine refers to a clean work area. Not only is this important for safety, but as a work area is cleaned, maintenance problems such as
oil leaks can be identified before they cause problems.
Standardize means to formalize procedures and practices to create consistency and ensure that all steps are performed correctly.
Finally, sustain means to keep the process going through training, communication, and organizational structures.
172b Visual Controls
Visual controls are indicators for operating activities that are placed in plain sight of all employees so that everyone can quickly and
easily understand the status and performance of the work system. Visual signaling systems are known as andon, drawing from the
Japanese term from which the concept first originated. For example, if a machine fails or a part is defective or manufactured incorrectly, a
light might turn on or a buzzer might sound, indicating that immediate action should be taken. Many firms have cords that operators can
pull that tell supervisors and other workers that a problem has occurred. Some firms, such as Honda (on the manufacturing floor) and
JPMorgan Chase (at its call centers), use electronic “scoreboards” to keep track of daily performance. These scoreboards are located where
everyone can see them and report key metrics such as volume, quality levels, speed of service, and so on.
172c Single Minute Exchange of Dies (SMED)
Long setup times waste manufacturing resources. Short setup times, on the other hand, enable a manufacturer to have frequent changeovers
and move toward singlepiece flow, thus achieving high flexibility and product variety. Reducing setup time also frees up capacity for
other productive uses. Single Minute Exchange of Dies (SMED) refers to the quick setup or
Lean Operations for Luxury Bags
Louis Vuitton is one of the world's most recognizable luxury brands, and has grown significantly in recent years. When Louis Vuitton was
building a new factory in Marsaz, France, it had to find other ways to increase production in its existing factories. One way was
implementing lean thinking. Luxury bags are produced in low volume, but the production process can benefit from recognizing the
common features across items and making sure that work is coordinated. By reorganizing teams of about 10 workers in Ushaped clusters,
Vuitton was able to free up 10 percent more floor space in its factories and was able to hire 300 new people without increasing facility
size. At Vuitton's shoe factory in Italy, robots now fetch the foot molds around which a shoe is made instead of workers walking back and
forth from their workstations to the shelves, resulting in a considerable gain in time.4
Peter Horree/Alamy
P. 374
changeover of tooling and fixtures in processes so that multiple products in smaller batches can be run on the same equipment. SMED
was pioneered by Toyota and other Japanese manufacturers and has been adopted by companies around the world.
172d Small Batch and SinglePiece Flow
172d Small Batch and SinglePiece Flow
One of the practices that inhibits increasing speed and response in manufacturing or service processing of discrete parts such as a
manufactured part, invoices, medical claims, or home loan mortgage approvals is batching —the process of producing large quantities of
items as a group before they are transferred to the next operation. Batching is often necessary when producing a broad goods or service
mix with diverse requirements on common equipment. When making different goods, manufacturers often need to change dies, tools, and
fixtures on equipment, resulting in expensive and timeconsuming setups and teardowns. For services, preprinted forms or software may
have to be changed or modified. By running large batches, setups and teardowns are reduced, providing economies of scale. However, this
often builds up inventory that might not match market demand, particularly in highly dynamic markets.
A better strategy would be to use small batches or singlepiece flow. Singlepiece flow is the concept of ideally using batch sizes of one.
However, to do this economically requires the ability to change between products quickly and inexpensively.
172e Quality and Continuous Improvement
Quality at the source requires doing it right the first time, and therefore eliminates the opportunities for waste. Employees inspect, analyze,
and control their own work to guarantee that the good or service passed on to the next process stage conforms to specifications.
Continuous improvement initiatives are vital in lean environments, as is teamwork among all managers and employees.
An important synergy exists between quality improvement and lean thinking. Clearly as an organization continuously improves its
processes, it eliminates rework and waste, thus making the processes leaner. Moreover, as an organization tries to make itself leaner
Setup Time Reduction from 9.2 Hours to 9 Minutes
Many companies have made remarkable improvements in reducing product setup times, making smallbatch or singlepiece flow a reality
in job shop environments. Yammar Diesel reduced a machining line tool setting from 9.2 hours to 9 minutes; a U.S. chain saw
manufacturer reduced setup time on a punch press from more than 2 hours to 3 minutes; and a midwestern manufacturer was able to cut
equipment setup time on a 60ton press from 45 minutes to 1 minute.
by eliminating nonvalueadded activities and simplifying processes, it reduces the number of opportunities for error, thus improving
quality at the same time!
Quality at the source requires doing it right the first time, and therefore eliminates the opportunities for waste.
172f Total Productive Maintenance
Total productive maintenance (TPM) is focused on ensuring that operating systems will perform their intended function reliably. The
goal of TPM is to prevent equipment failures and downtime—ideally, to have “zero accidents, zero defects, and zero failures” in the entire
life cycle of the operating system.5 TPM seeks to
maximize overall equipment effectiveness and eliminate unplanned downtime,
create worker “ownership” of the equipment by involving them in maintenance activities, and
foster continuous efforts to improve equipment operation through employee involvement activities.
Because of its importance in lean thinking, TPM has been called “lean
P. 375
maintenance.” Lean maintenance is more than preventing failures of equipment and processes; it now includes maintenance and backup
systems for software and electronic network systems such as the Internet or wireless networks.
173 Lean Six Sigma
Six Sigma is a useful and complementary approach to lean production. For example, a cycletimereduction project might
involve aspects of both. Lean tools might be applied to streamline an order entry process. This application leads to the discovery that
significant rework occurs because of incorrect addresses, customer numbers, or shipping charges and results in high variation of processing
time. Six Sigma tools might then be used to drill down to the root cause of the problems and identify a solution. Because of these
similarities, many practitioners have begun to focus on Lean Six Sigma, drawing upon the best practices of both approaches. Both are
driven by customer requirements, focus on real dollar savings, have the ability to make significant financial impacts on the organization,
and can easily be used in nonmanufacturing environments. Both use basic root cause, process, and data analysis techniques.
However, some differences clearly exist between lean production and Six Sigma. First, they attack different types of problems. Lean
production addresses visible problems in processes, for example, inventory, material flow, and safety. Six Sigma is more concerned with
less visible problems, for example, variation in performance. In essence, lean is focused on efficiency by reducing waste and improving
process flow, whereas Six Sigma is focused on effectiveness by reducing errors and defects. Another difference is that lean tools are more
intuitive and easier to apply by anybody in the workplace, whereas many Six Sigma tools require advanced training and expertise of
specialists, particularly in statistical analyses, commonly called Black Belts and Master Black Belts. For example, most workers can easily
understand the concept of the 5Ss, but may have more difficulty with statistical methods. Thus, organizations might be well advised to
start with basic lean principles and evolve toward more sophisticated Six Sigma approaches. However, it is important to integrate both
approaches with a common goal—improving business results. Often Lean Six Sigma is an important part of implementing a strategy built
upon sustainability.
174 Lean Manufacturing and Service Tours
lean manufacturing plants look significantly different from traditional plants. They are clean and organized, devoid of long and
complex production lines and high levels of workinprocess, have efficient layouts and work area designs, use multiskilled workers who
perform both direct and indirect work such as maintenance, and have no incoming or final inspection stations. Next, we “tour” a
manufacturing firm to examine how it focuses on the four major lean objectives.
174a Timken Company
The Timken Company (www.timken.com ) is a leading global manufacturer of highly engineered bearings and alloy steels and related
products and services for three major markets—industrial, automotive, and steel. Timken employs about 18,000 employees in over 50
factories and more than 100 sales, design, and distribution centers located throughout the world. Timken places increasing emphasis on
Preand postproduction services, such as integrated engineering solutions to customer requirements.
PRNewsFoto/The Timken Company
Like most manufacturers, Timken faced intense, survivalthreatening, global competition, and like many others, it placed itself on the
leading edge of the U.S. industrial revival. In 1989, the company launched “Vision 2000,” a program of lean production initiatives that
developed throughout the 1990s. A key element was
P. 376
Service organizations can benefit significantly from applying lean principles.
increased productivity through lean manufacturing operating principles and technologies, some of which we highlight next.
Eliminate Waste
Timken's automotive business uses a “Boot Camp” in which a certain factory identifies several improvement opportunities, and Timken
employees and managers from other sites then try to solve these specific problems at the host factory. The problems often focus on
removing nonvalueadded steps from processes, reducing process and equipment variation, and eliminating waste. The boot camp
approach allows “fresh eyes” to evaluate improvement opportunities and present solutions to host plant management.
Increase Speed and Response
Timken has focused on improving its product development process—a nonmanufacturing, informationintensive process—with the
objective to radically reduce the total cycle time for new product development with fewer errors and to be more responsive to customer
requests, competitor capabilities, and marketplace changes. Timken's objective of an integrated supply chain also focuses on agility to
better meet customer wants and needs.
Timken exploited computeraided design and computeraided manufacturing (CAD/CAM) to better meet customer needs and improve
design for manufacturability. It developed flexible manufacturing systems to facilitate rapid, costeffective changeover from one product
to another, combining the advantages of batch and mass production. Lean manufacturing's most distinguishing characteristic at Timken,
however, was the authority and responsibility it gave to people on the shop floor. Initiatives aimed at empowering shop floor employees
included more open communication, enhanced training, widespread adoption of a team approach to problem solving and decision making,
and changes in measures of performance and rewards.
Improve Quality
Total quality and continuous improvement have long been areas of focus for Timken. Through programs like Breakthrough and
Accelerated Continuous Improvement, thousands of improvement ideas have been implemented, saving millions of dollars. Quality
Accelerated Continuous Improvement, thousands of improvement ideas have been implemented, saving millions of dollars. Quality
standards are determined for all manufacturing processes, and worldwide quality audits make sure that these standards are being met. Each
plant is certified to ISO 9000 or other quality certifications. Timken has applied Six Sigma tools to minimize process variation. One
initiative was to improve machine operator efficiency and reduce variability. Workstation processes were standardized and machine
operator walking and movement time were eliminated or reduced. The result was improved quality and reduced scrap.
Reduce Cost
Timken redefined its mission statement in 1993 to be “the best performing manufacturing company in the world as seen through the eyes
of our customers and shareholders.” Timken factories, suppliers, and customers share information using the Internet. Purchasing, order
fulfillment, manufacturing strategy implementation, Lean Six Sigma, and logistics have been brought together to create an “integrated
supply chain model.” The purpose of this focus is to reduce asset intensity, improve customer service and systems support, respond faster
to customer needs, and better manage inventory levels.
In the late 1990s, Timken decided to integrate its lean manufacturing practices and Six Sigma initiatives into one unified program, Lean
Six Sigma. The objective of Timken's Lean Six Sigma program is “to identify and deliver value to our customers and shareholders by
improving the flow of product and information through waste elimination and variation reduction.” All manufacturing processes are
flowcharted and the DMAIC problemsolving framework is used to generate process improvements. The automotive business achieved a
net documented savings of $7 million from Lean Six Sigma projects in one year alone.
Service organizations can benefit significantly from applying lean principles. Lean principles are not always transferable to “frontoffice”
services that involve high customer contact and service encounters. In these situations, the service provider and firm do not have
P. 377
complete control over creating the service. Different customers, serviceencounter situations, and customer and employee behaviors cause
the creation and delivery of the service to be much more variable and uncertain than producing a manufactured good in the confines of a
factory. However, “backoffice” service processes, such as hospital laboratory testing, check processing, and college application
processing, are nearly identical to many manufacturing processes. Time, accuracy, and cost are all important to their performance, and
therefore they can clearly benefit from the application of lean principles.
The following discussion shows how lean concepts have been used at Southwest Airlines.6
174b Southwest Airlines
Since its inception, Southwest Airlines has shown lean performance when compared to other major airlines. It has consistently been
profitable while other major airlines have not. What is even more significant is that Southwest has historically operated small planes and
shortdistance flights and therefore cannot capitalize on the economies of scale available to larger airlines.
The vast majority of total airline cost focuses on operations management activities: traffic servicing (13 percent), aircraft servicing (7
percent), flight operations (47 percent), reservations and sales (10 percent), and passenger inflight service (7 percent). Note that the first
three are lowcontact (backoffice) operations, whereas passenger inflight service and reservations and sales are highcontact service
management functions. Therefore, taking a lean approach to all operations is vital to airline performance. Southwest is clearly a lean
airline—it does more with less than any other airline competitor. Let us examine some of the reasons.
REUTERS/Jeff Haynes/Landov
Eliminate Waste
In the airline industry, idle time is the largest form of waste. Southwest locates its planes at noncongested airports to help it minimize
airplane turnaround time. Fewer ancillary services reduce the opportunity for waste and inefficiencies. Southwest also enjoys a much
lower employee turnover rate than its competitors, resulting in lower training costs.
All the resources at Southwest work to keep the airplanes in the air earning revenue—the primary focus of its strategy. The more time spent
on the ground, the less revenue. It relies on motivated employees, a culture focused on the customer, and teamwork to accomplish this
strategy. Southwest employees are crosstrained and organized into teams to accomplish all key operational activities. For example, all
employees cooperate to ensure timely takeoffs and landings; it is not unusual to see pilots helping load baggage if this will get the plane
off on time. This maintains smooth system schedules and reduces the need for reschedules and reticketing, both of which are a form of
rework. As one example, in as little as 15 minutes, Southwest can change the flight crew; deplane and board 137 passengers; unload 97
bags, 1,000 pounds of mail, and 25 pieces of freight; load another 123 bags and 600 pounds of mail; and pump 4,500 pounds of jet fuel
into the aircraft.7
Increase Speed and Response
Southwest uses a much simpler structure and operating system than its competitors. It uses only one type of aircraft—the Boeing 737—
making it easier to schedule crews, perform maintenance, and standardize such activities as boarding, baggage storage and retrieval, and
cabin operations. It books direct flights from point A to B and does not rely on the hubandspoke system used by competitors. This makes
it easier for many customers to get to their destinations, instead of, for instance, flying from Orlando to Cincinnati or Detroit and then
connecting back to Nashville. A simple operating structure reduces the time it takes to make decisions and allows employees to focus on
the key drivers of airline performance such as turnaround time. For example, if Southwest can turn its planes around on average in at most
½ hour while competitors take 1 hour, then, assuming a 90minute flight, approximately one to two more flights per day per plane can be
made. This can be a significant economic and strategic advantage.
Southwest was the first airline to introduce ticketless travel. Customers simply get a confirmation number
P. 378
and show up on time. A significant proportion of customers book their flights directly on Southwest.com . No inflight fullservice meals
are provided either, simplifying cabin operations and eliminating the need to stock meals, which increases the time to clean up from the
previous flight and prepare for the next flight. Instead, Southwest was the first airline to offer continental breakfast in the gate area, and
flight attendants serve drinks and peanuts using specially designed trays. If a customer misses a flight, he or she can use the ticket for a
future flight with no penalty; this reduces paperwork and processing, contributing to a leaner operation.
Improve Quality
Simplified processes reduce variability in flight schedules, a major source of customer complaints, and therefore improve customers’
perceptions of quality and satisfaction. Southwest encourages carry on baggage; hence, there is less opportunity for losing, misrouting, or
damaging baggage. Peopleoriented employees are carefully chosen and empowered to both serve and entertain passengers.
Reduce Cost
Short setup and turnaround time translates into higher asset utilization and reduces the need for costly inventories of aircraft. Southwest
does not have assigned seating; customers wait on a firstcome, firstserved basis and board in zones. This lowers costs, and only a few
employees are needed to coordinate passenger boarding. In addition, rather than carry the high overhead costs of airplane maintenance and
repair, Southwest outsources these tasks to third parties.
175 JustinTime Systems
justintime (JIT) was introduced at Toyota during the 1950s and 1960s to address the challenge of coordinating successive
production activities. An automobile, for instance, consists of thousands of parts. It is extremely difficult to coordinate the transfer of
materials and components between production operations. Traditional factories use a push system , which produces finishedgoods
inventory in advance of customer demand using a forecast of sales. Parts and subassemblies are “pushed” through the operating system
based on a predefined schedule that is independent of actual customer demand. In a push system, a model that might not be selling well is
still produced at the same predetermined production rate and held in finishedgoods inventory for future sale, whereas enough units of a
model in high demand might not get produced.
Another problem was that traditional automobile production systems relied on massive and expensive stamping press lines to produce car
panels. The dies in the presses weighed many tons and specialists needed up to a full day to switch them for a new part. To compensate for
long setup times, large batch sizes were produced so that machines could be kept busy while others were being set up. This resulted in
high workinprocess inventories and high levels of indirect labor and overhead.
Toyota created a system based on a simple idea: produce the needed quantity of required parts each day. This concept characterizes a pull
system , in which employees at a given operation go to the source of required parts, such as machining or subassembly, and withdraw the
units as they need them. Then just enough new parts are manufactured or procured to replace those withdrawn. As the process from which
parts were withdrawn replenishes the items it transferred out, it draws on the output of its preceding process, and so on. Finished goods are
made to coincide
JIT for the Bookless Bookshelf
Traditionally, the supply chain for books has been a “push” system, physical goods produced and delivered to bookstores for sale to
consumers. Despite the promulgation of eBooks and the demise of traditional bookstores such as Borders, many people still like to turn
pages. As bookstores become leaner, many books are not available. For example, HarperCollins Publishers estimates that 25 to 80 percent
of its paperback titles are not available in bookstores because of space considerations. However, the publisher is leveraging the JIT
concept by using the Espresso Book Machine, distributed by On Demand Books LLC. This is a desksized machine that can custom print a
book in only a few minutes. HarperCollins is using it to make about 5,000 paperback books available to bookstores using this technology.
P. 379
with the actual rate of demand, resulting in minimal inventories and maximum responsiveness.
JIT systems are based on the concept of pull rather than push. In a JIT system, a key gateway workstation (such as final assembly)
withdraws parts to meet demand and therefore provides realtime information to preceding workstations about how much to produce and
when to produce to match the sales rate. By pulling parts from each preceding workstation, the entire manufacturing process is
synchronized to the final assembly schedule. JIT operating systems prohibit all process workstations from pushing inventory forward only
to wait idle if it is not needed.
A JIT system can produce a steady rate of output to meet the sales rate in small, consistent batch sizes to level loads and stabilize the
operating system. This dramatically reduces the inventory required between stages of the production process, thus greatly reducing costs
and physical capacity requirements (see the box on Conmed, Inc.).
Many suppliers are asked to provide materials on a JIT basis to reduce inventories. Arriving shipments are sent directly to production. To
accomplish this, suppliers often locate their parts warehouses close to final assembly factories. At the other end of the supply chain,
distribution centers and retail stores are located close to their customers to speed up delivery.
175a Operation of a JIT System
A simple generic JIT system with two process cycles—one for the customer and a second for the supply process—is shown in Exhibit 17.2.
Conceptually, the customer can be an internal or external customer, and the customersupply configuration in Exhibit 17.2 can be chained
together to model a more complex sequence of production or assembly operations. In this process, the customer cycle withdraws what is
needed at the time it is needed according to sales. The supply cycle creates the good to replenish only what has been withdrawn by the
customer. The storage area is the interface and control point between the customer and supply cycles.
Slips, called Kanban cards (Kanban is a Japanese word that means “visual record” or “card”), are circulated within the system to initiate
withdrawal and production items through the production process.
Exhibit 17.2 A TwoCard Kanban JIT Operating System © Cengage Learning 2013
P. 380
AKanban is a flag or a piece of paper that contains all relevant information for an order: part number, description, process area used,
time of delivery, quantity available, quantity delivered, production quantity, and so on. Because of this, a JIT system is sometimes called a
Kanban system.
The Kanban system begins when the customer buys or uses the good and an empty container is created. The withdraw Kanban (step 1)
authorizes the material handler to transfer empty containers to the storage area. Withdraw Kanbans trigger the movement of parts. The
material handler detaches the withdrawordering Kanban that was attached to the empty container and places the Kanban card in the
storage area or on the Kanban receiving post, leaving the empty container(s) (step 1). A material handler for the supply cycle places a
production Kanban on the empty container and this authorizes the gateway workstation to produce parts (step 2). Production Kanbans
trigger the production of parts. The container holds a small lot size of parts. Without the authorization of the production Kanban, the
gateway workstation and all other workstations may be idle. The gateway workstation must be scheduled to meet the sales rate, and it
pulls parts from all other workstations. The other workstations in the process do not need to be scheduled because they get their
production orders from the production Kanban that pulls parts through the supply process. The supply process returns a full container of
parts to the storage area with the production Kanban attached (step 3). The Kanban process is complete when the material handler for the
customer process picks up a full container of parts and takes the production Kanban
Conmed, Inc.: JIT and Lean Keep Jobs in the USA
Conmed, Inc. was evaluating moving its surgical device manufacturing operations from New York to China. Instead, it overhauled its
operating systems using JIT and lean practices. Conmed designed a JIT system to build only as many products as customers need based on
actual demand, rather than a threeto sixmonth forecast. It calculated that every 90 seconds, hospitals worldwide use of one of its
disposable surgical devices for inserting and removing fluids around joints during arthroscopic surgery. So that is exactly how long it
takes one new device to roll off the assembly line. “The goal is to link our operations as closely as possible to the ultimate buyer of the
product,” says David Johnson, vicepresident of global operations. The 600worker Utica, New York, factory is now organized in a
compact Ushaped set of workstations instead of one long assembly line. As a result, extensive piles of inventory have been replaced by
just a few JIT containers, freeing up capital for other uses and reducing the need for financing.8
card off the container. Normally, the material handler drops off a withdrawal Kanban and empty container when picking up a full
container of parts.
JIT practice is to set the lot size or container size equal to about 5 to 20 percent of a day's demand or between 20 to 90 minutes worth of
demand. The number of containers in the system determines the average inventory levels. The following equation is used to calculate the
number of Kanban cards (K) required:
where K = the number of Kanban cards in the operating system.
d = the average daily production rate as determined from the master production schedule.
w = the waiting time of Kanban cards in decimal fractions of a day (that is, the waiting time of a part).
p = the processing time per part, in decimal fractions of a day.
C = the capacity of a standard container in the proper units of measure (parts, items, etc.).
α = a policy variable determined by the efficiency of the process and its workstations and the uncertainty of the workplace, and therefore a
form of safety stock usually ranging from 0 to 1. However, technically, there is no upper limit on the value of α.
The number of Kanban cards is directly proportional to the amount of workinprocess inventory. Managers and employees strive to
reduce the number of cards in the system through reduced lead time (p or w), lower a values, or through other improvements. The maximum
authorized inventory in the operating system is K × C.
P. 381
Solved Problem
Babbitt Manufacturing uses a Kanban system for a component part. The daily demand is 800 brackets. Each container has a combined
waiting and processing time of 0.34 days. The container size is 50 brackets and the safety factor (a) is 9 percent.
a. How many Kanban card sets should be authorized?
b. What is the maximum inventory of brackets in the system of brackets?
c. What are the answers to (a) and (b) if waiting and processing time is reduced by 25 percent?
d. If we assume onehalf the containers are empty and onehalf full at any given time, what is the average inventory in the system for the
original problem?
Solution
a. Using Equation 17.1:
Thus, six containers and six Kanban card sets are necessary to fulfill daily demand.
b. The maximum authorized inventory is K × C = 6 × 50 = 300 brackets.
c.
Thus, five containers and five Kanban card sets are necessary to fulfill daily demand. The maximum authorized inventory is now K × C = 5
× 50 = 250 brackets.
d. The average inventory under this assumption is 300/2 = 150 brackets. Many variables in the JIT system determine whether this
assumption is valid or not. For example, for a given combination of daily demand, processing and waiting times, and other process
inefficiencies and uncertainties, it is possible for more or fewer containers to be empty (full).
175b JIT in Service Organizations
Although JIT has had its biggest impact in manufacturing, many service organizations are increasingly applying it. At the Nashua
Corporation, for example, a JIToriented study of administrative operations reduced ordercycle time from three days to one hour, office
space requirements by 40 percent, and errors by 95 percent and increased productivity by 20 percent.9 One overnight packagedelivery
service saw its inventory investment climb from $16 million to $34 million with conventional inventory management techniques.10
Implementing JIT reduced its inventory investment, but the company's major objective was to increase profits by providing a 99.9 percent
level of service to its customers. Before JIT implementation, its service level—computed by dividing the number of items filled weekly by
the number of items requested—was 79 percent. After JIT, the level was 99 percent, and the firm looked forward to meeting its goal. Baxter
International is another service company that has experienced the benefits of a JIT system.
Mario Ruiz//Time Life Pictures/Getty Images
Some of the characteristics of a welldesigned JIT system are summarized in Exhibit 17.3.
However, lean principles can't be blindly implemented in services without considering their effects on customers, as Starbucks is
discovering. Starbucks began to roll out “better way” initiatives—a series of process improvements using lean principles. Starbucks
initiated a “lean team” that goes around the country with a Mr. Potato Head toy used in a lean training program for Starbuck managers.
Managers learn how to assemble the toy in less than 45 seconds and apply the learnings to their store processes. However, customer
service encounters may have suffered, as one customer wrote: “Customers come into Starbucks—at least they did—to experience
something that could only happen without lean, friendly banter with the barista, sampling coffee or a pastry, etc. Lean is best suited to
assembly lines and factories, not so for managing human interaction, which is never a repeatable routine.”11
P. 382
Exhibit 17.3 Example JIT Characteristics and Best Practices
Setup/changeover time minimized
Excellent preventive maintenance
Mistakeproof job and process design
Stable, level, repetitive master production schedule
Phantom bill of materials with zero lead time
Fast processing times
Clean and uncluttered workspaces
Very little inventory to hide problems and inefficiencies
Use production cells with no wasted motion
May freeze the master production schedule
Use reusable containers
Outstanding communication and information sharing
Keep it simple and use visual controls
High quality approaching zero defects
Small repetitive order/lot sizes
Minimize the number of parts/items
Minimize the number of bill of materials levels
Facility layout that supports continuous or singlepiece flow
Minimize distance traveled and handling
Clearly defined performance metrics
Minimize the number of production, inventory, and accounting transactions
Good calibration of all gauges and testing equipment
Employees trained in quality management concepts and tools
Excellent employee recognition and reward systems
Employee crosstraining and multiple skills
Empowered and disciplined employees
Lean Operating Systems: Discussion Questions
1. Provide some examples of different types of waste in an organization with which you are familiar, such as an automobile repair
shop or a fastfood restaurant.
2. Compare the lean service system of Southwest Airlines to a fullservice airline such as United Airlines or British Airways on the
following: (a) airplane boarding process, (b) cabin service, (c) ticket transfer to other Southwest flights, (d) frequent flyer program,
(e) baggage handling, (f) seat assignment system, and (g) service encounters.
3. Recycle Technologies manufactures and sells recycled antifreeze that is 20 percent cheaper and has a carbon footprint about 80
percent smaller than new antifreeze made from original raw materials. The company is trying to reduce waste in the traditional
antifreeze supply chain. Would you buy this recycled antifreeze and put it into your vehicle? Explain the pros and cons of your
decision.
4. Do you think applying operations management concepts and methods such as Six Sigma and lean principles can reduce U.S. health
care costs? Explain. Provide examples that show how OM can help the U.S. health care industry.
5. What types of “setups” do you perform in your work or school activities? How might you reduce the setup times?
Lean Operating Systems: Problem and Activities
1. Interview a manager at a local company that uses JIT. Report on how it is implemented and the benefits the company has realized.
2. Research JIT practices and how they impact purchasing. How do you think JIT systems affect purchasing functions and practices?
Answer this question in a short paper of no more than two typed pages.
3. Research and briefly describe one or two lean initiatives in service organizations and then make an argument for or against adopting
lean principles in service businesses. What is different about applying lean in a factory versus a service situation? Describe your findings
in a twopage paper.
4. Research and write a short paper on the impact of global supply chains on JIT.
5. Choose one of the lean tools and approaches from Section 2 of this chapter and research and write a short paper (two pages maximum)
on how organizations use this tool, and provide specific examples.
6. Search the Internet for manufacturing or service tours similar to the ones in this chapter. Classify a toured company's practices according
to the four
P. 383
lean principles in a manner similar to the examples in the chapter.
7. Search the Internet for images of visual controls. Select five of them and explain how they contribute to achieving one of the four
principles of lean operating systems.
8. A catalog orderfilling process can be described as follows.12 Telephone orders are taken over a 12hour period each day. Orders are
collected from each person at the end of the day and checked for errors by the supervisor of the phone department, usually the following
morning. The supervisor does not send each oneday batch of orders to the data processing department until after 1:00 p.m. In the next step
—data processing—orders are invoiced in the oneday batches. Then they are printed and matched back to the original orders. At this
point, if the order is from a new customer, it is sent to the person who did the customer verification and setup of new customer accounts.
This process must be completed before the order can be invoiced. The next step—order verification and proofreading—occurs after
invoicing is completed. The orders, with invoices attached, are given to a person who verifies that all required information is present and
correct to permit typesetting. If the verifier has any questions, they are checked by computer or by calling the customer. Finally, the
completed orders are sent to the typesetting department of the print shop.
a. Develop a flowchart for this process (see Chapter 7).
b. Identify opportunities for improving the process using lean principles.
9. A team at a hospital studied the process of performing a diagnostic CT scan. The current process can be described as follows.13 The CT
tech enters a “send for patient” request into a computer when the CT is available for the next patient. The computer prints a request for
transport and an orderly is assigned to take the patient for the scan. The orderly walks to radiology and gets the ticket and patient
information. The orderly takes the elevator to the patient's unit and goes to the nurse's station, locates the nurse in charge, and obtains the
patient's chart. He or she signs out the patient and walks to the patient's room and waits for a nurse to help transfer the patient. The patient
is transferred to a mobile bed and then taken to the elevator and brought to radiology. The chart is given to the CT technician while the
is transferred to a mobile bed and then taken to the elevator and brought to radiology. The chart is given to the CT technician while the
patient waits in the hall. When the CT is ready, the patient is moved to the CT machine and the scan is performed. The orderly is called
back to take the patient back to his or her room.
Draw a flowchart of this process, identify the valueadded and nonvalueadded activities, and describe how lean thinking can be applied
to shorten the throughput time to perform the CT scan.
10. Some companies use a technique called heijunka, which is a Japanese term that refers to production smoothing in which the total
volume of parts and assemblies is kept as constant as possible. Research and write a short paper (two pages maximum) about this technique
and how it relates to lean principles. Try to find a case study of a company that has used it.
11. Research and write a short paper (two pages maximum) on applications of the 5S principles in a service organization, such as a
hospital. If possible, provide some pictures that illustrate the results of using the 5S principles.
12. Tooltron Manufacturing uses a Kanban system for a component. Daily demand is 800 units. Each container has a combined waiting
and processing time of 1.2 days. If the container size is 50 and the alpha value (α) is 15 percent, how many Kanban card sets should be
authorized? What is the maximum authorized inventory?
13. Lou's Bakery has established that JIT should be used for chocolate chips due to the high probability of the kitchen heat melting the
chips. The average demand is 130 cups of chocolate chips per week. The average setup and processing time is ½ day. Each container holds
exactly 2 cups. The current safety stock factor is 5 percent. The baker operates six days per week.
a. How many Kanbans are required for the bakery?
b. What is the maximum authorized inventory?
c. If the average setup and processing time is reduced to ⅜ of a day due to better training and retention of experienced employees, what are
the new answers to (a) and (b)?
14. Due to rapid changes in technology, a telecommunications manufacturer decides to produce a router using JIT methods. Daily demand
for the router is 10 units per day. The routers are built on racks that hold four at a time (i.e., the container size). Total processing and
waiting time is 3.75 days. The process manager wants a safety factor of only 5 percent.
a. How many Kanbans are required?
b. What is the maximum authorized router inventory?
c. If you assume that onehalf of the racks are empty and onehalf are full at any given time, what is the average inventory of routers?
d. What are the new answers to (a) through (c) if, due to process improvements, the total processing and waiting time is reduced from 3.75
to 2.75 days?
P. 384
15. An automobile transmission manufacturer is considering using a JIT approach to replenishing its stock of transmissions. Daily demand
for transmission #230 is 25 transmissions per day, and they are built in groups of six transmissions. Total assembly and waiting time is
three days. The supervisor wants to use an alpha value (a) of 1, or 100 percent.
a. How many Kanbans are required?
b. What is the maximum authorized inventory?
c. What are the pros and cons of using such a high alpha (a) value?
Lean Operating Systems: Community Medical Associates Case Study
Community Medical Associates (CMA) is a large health care system with 2 hospitals, 25 satellite health centers, and 56 outpatient clinics.
CMA had 1.5 million outpatient visits and 60,000 inpatient admissions the previous year. Just a few years ago, CMA's health care delivery
system was having significant problems with quality of care. Long patient waiting times, uncoordinated clinical and patient information,
and medical errors plagued the system. Doctors, nurses, lab technicians, managers, and medical students in training were very aggravated
with the labyrinth of forms, databases, and communication links. Accounting and billing were in a situation of constant confusion and
constantly correcting medical bills and insurance payments. The complexity of the CMA information and communication system
overwhelmed its people.
Today, CMA uses an integrated operating
system that consolidates over 50 CCMA databases into one. The Oklahoman, Steve Gooch/AP Photo
Prior to redesigning its systems, physicians were faced with a complex array of appointments and schedules in order to see patients in the
hospital, centers, and clinics. For example, an elderly patient with shoulder pain would get an X ray at the clinic but have to set up an
appointment for a CAT scan in the hospital. Furthermore, the patient's blood was sent to an offsite lab while physician notes were
transcribed from tape recorders. Radiology would read and interpret the X rays and body scans in a consultant report. Past and present
medication records were kept in the hospital and offsite pharmacies. Physicians would write paper prescriptions for each patient. Billing
and patient insurance information was maintained in a separate database. The patient's medical chart was part paperbased and part
electronic. The paper medical file could be stored at the hospital, centers, or clinics. Nurses handwrote their notes on each patient, but their
notes were seldom input into the patient's medical records or chart.
“We must access one database for lab results, then log off and access another system for radiology, then log off and access the CMA
pharmacy system to gain an integrated view of the patient's health. If I can't find the patient's records within five minutes or so, I have to
abandon my search and tell the patient to wait or make another appointment,” said one doctor. The doctor continued, “You have to
abandon the patient because you have to move on to patients you truly can diagnose and help. If you don't abandon the patient, you might
make clinical decisions about the patient's health without having a complete set of information. Not having all the medical information
fast has a direct impact on quality of care and patient satisfaction.”
Today, CMA uses an integrated operating system that consolidates over 50 CMA databases into one. Health care providers in the CMA
system now have access to these records through 7,000 computer terminals. Using many levels of security and some restricted databases,
all patient information is accessible in less than two minutes. For example, sensitive categories of
P. 385
patient records, such as psychiatric and AIDS problems, were kept in superrestricted databases. It cost CMA $4.46 to retrieve and
transport a single patient's paperbased medical chart to the proper location, whereas the more complete and quickly updated electronic
medical record costs $1.32 to electronically retrieve and transport once. A patient's medical records are retrieved on average 1.4 times for
outpatient services and 4.8 times for inpatient admissions. In addition, CMA has spent more money on database security, although it has
not been able to place a dollar value on this. Electronic security audit trails show who logs on, when, how long he or she views a specific
file, and what information he or she has viewed.
The same doctor who made the previous comments two years ago now said, “The speed of the system is what I like. I can now make
informed clinical decisions for my patients. Where it used to take several days and sometimes weeks to transcribe my patient medical
notes, it now takes no more than 48 hours to see them pop up on the CMA system. Often my notes are up on the system the same day. I'd
say we use about onehalf the paper we used with the old system. I also find myself editing and correcting transcription errors in the
database—so it is more accurate now.”
The next phase in the development of CMA's integrated system is to connect it to suppliers, outside labs and pharmacies, other hospitals,
and to doctors’ home computers.
Case Questions for Discussion
1. Explain how CMA used the four principles of lean operating systems to improve performance.
2. Using the information from the case, sketch the original paperbased value chain and compare it to a sketch of the modern
electronic value chain that uses a common database. Explain how the performance of both systems might compare.
3. What is the total annual record retrieval cost savings with the old (paperbased) versus new (electronic) systems?
4. Does this CMA improvement initiative have any effect on sustainability? If so, how? If not, why?
5. Using lean principles, can you simultaneously improve speed and quality while reducing waste and costs? What are the tradeoffs?
Explain your reasoning.
P. 386
Lean Operating Systems: Reviewcard/OM4 Chapter 17 Lean Operating Systems: Learning Outcomes
171 Explain the four principles of lean operating systems.
Lean operating systems have four basic principles:
1. elimination of waste,
2. increased speed and response,
3. improved quality, and
4. reduced cost
The Toyota Motor Company classified waste into seven major categories:
The Toyota Motor Company classified waste into seven major categories:
1. Overproduction: for example, making a batch of 100 when there are orders for only 50 in order to avoid an expensive setup, or
making a batch of 52 instead of 50 in case there are rejects. Overproduction ties up production facilities, and the resulting excess
inventory simply sits idle.
2. Waiting time: for instance, allowing queues to build up between operations, resulting in longer lead times and more workin
process.
3. Transportation: the time and effort spent in moving products around the factory as a result of poor layout.
4. Processing: the traditional notion of waste, as exemplified by scrap that often results from poor product or process design.
5. Inventory: waste associated with the expense of idle stock and extra storage and handling requirements needed to maintain it.
6. Motion: as a result of inefficient workplace design and location of tools and materials.
7. Production defects: the result of not performing work correctly the first time.
Lean operating systems focus on quick and efficient response in designing and getting goods and services to market, producing to
customer demand and delivery requirements, responding to competitors’ actions, collecting payments, and addressing customer inquiries
or problems.
172 Describe the basic lean tools and approaches.
The 5Ss are derived from Japanese terms: seiri (sort), seiton (set in order), seiso (shine), seiketsu (standardize), and shitsuke (sustain).
Sort refers to ensuring that each item in a workplace is in its proper place or identified as unnecessary and removed.
Set in order means to arrange materials and equipment so that they are easy to find and use.
Shine refers to a clean work area. Not only is this important for safety, but as a work area is cleaned, maintenance problems such as
oil leaks can be identified before they cause problems.
Standardize means to formalize procedures and practices to create consistency and ensure that all steps are performed correctly.
Finally, sustain means to keep the process going through training, communication, and organizational structures.
Visual signaling systems are known as andon, drawing from the Japanese term from which the concept first originated. For example, if a
machine fails or a part is defective or manufactured incorrectly, a light might turn on or a buzzer might sound, indicating that immediate
action should be taken. Many firms have cords that operators can pull that tell supervisors and other workers that a problem has occurred.
P. RC_35
Single Minute Exchange of Dies (SMED), pioneered by Toyota and other Japanese manufacturers, refers to quickly changing tooling and
fixtures to reduce setup time and achieve higher flexibility and productivity.
Batching is often necessary when producing a broad goods or service mix with diverse requirements on common equipment. By running
large batches, setups and teardowns are reduced, providing economies of scale. However, this often builds up inventory that might not
match market demand, particularly in highly dynamic markets. A better strategy would be to use small batches or singlepiece flow.
However, to do this economically requires the ability to change between products quickly and inexpensively.
Quality at the source eliminates opportunities for waste and is a fundamental approach in lean thinking.
The goal of total productive maintenance is to prevent equipment failures and downtime—ideally, to have “zero accidents, zero defects,
and zero failures” in the entire life cycle of the operating system.
Many companies are actively recovering and recycling parts (sometimes called green manufacturing).
173 Explain the concept of Lean Six Sigma and how it is applied to improving operations performance.
Six Sigma is a useful and complementary approach to lean production. Lean Six Sigma draws upon the best practices of both approaches;
however, they attack different types of problems. Lean production addresses visible problems in processes, for example, inventory,
material flow, and safety. Six Sigma is more concerned with less visible problems, for example, variation in performance.
174 Explain how lean principles are used in manufacturing and service organizations.
Lean manufacturing plants look significantly different from traditional plants. They are clean and organized, devoid of long and complex
production lines and high levels of workinprocess, have efficient layouts and work area designs, use multiskilled workers that perform
both direct and indirect work such as maintenance, and have no incoming or final inspection stations. Lean principles are not always
transferable to “frontoffice” services that involve high customer contact and service encounters. Different customers, serviceencounter
situations, and customer and employee behaviors cause the creation and delivery of the service to be much more variable and uncertain
than producing a manufactured good in the confines of a factory. However, “backoffice” service processes, such as hospital laboratory
testing, check processing, and college application processing, are nearly identical to many manufacturing processes.
175 Describe the concepts and philosophy of justintime operating systems.
Justintime (JIT) was introduced at Toyota during the 1950s and 1960s to address the challenge of coordinating successive production
activities. Toyota created a system based on a simple idea: Produce the needed quantity of required parts each day. Then just enough new
parts are manufactured or procured to replace those withdrawn. As the process from which parts were withdrawn replenishes the items it
transferred out, it draws on the output of its preceding process, and so on. Finished goods are made to coincide with the actual rate of
demand, resulting in minimal inventories and maximum responsiveness.
A JIT system can produce a steady rate of output to meet the sales rate in small, consistent batch sizes to level loads and stabilize the
operating system. This dramatically reduces the inventory required between stages of the production process, thus greatly reducing costs
and physical capacity requirements. In a JIT process, the customer cycle withdraws what is needed at the time it is needed according to
sales. The supply cycle creates the good to replenish only what has been withdrawn by the customer. The storage area is the interface and
control point between the customer and supply cycles.
Slips, called Kanban cards (Kanban is a Japanese word that means “visual record” or “card”), are circulated within the system to initiate
Slips, called Kanban cards (Kanban is a Japanese word that means “visual record” or “card”), are circulated within the system to initiate
withdrawal and production items through the production process. The number of Kanban cards is directly proportional to the amount of
workinprocess inventory. Exhibit 17.3 summarizes key characteristics and best practices for JIT systems.
Exhibit 17.3 Example JIT Characteristics and Best Practices
Setup/changeover time minimized
Excellent preventive maintenance
Mistakeproof job and process design
Stable, level, repetitive master production schedule
Phantom bill of materials with zero lead time
Fast processing times
Clean and uncluttered workspaces
Very little inventory to hide problems and inefficiencies
Use production cells with no wasted motion
May freeze the master production schedule
Use reusable containers
Outstanding communication and information sharing
Keep it simple and use visual controls
High quality approaching zero defects
Small repetitive order/lot sizes
Minimize the number of parts/items
Minimize the number of bill of materials levels
Facility layout that supports continuous or singlepiece flow
Minimize distance traveled and handling
Clearly defined performance metrics
Minimize the number of production, inventory, and accounting transactions
Good calibration of all gauges and testing equipment
Employees trained in quality management concepts and tools
Excellent employee recognition and reward systems
Employee crosstraining and multiple skills
Empowered and disciplined employees
© Cengage Learning 2013
P. RC_36
Lean Operating Systems: Reviewcard/OM4 Chapter 17 Lean Operating Systems: Key Terms
171
Lean thinking refers to approaches that focus on the elimination of waste in all forms, and smooth, efficient flow of materials and
information throughout the value chain to obtain faster customer response, higher quality, and lower costs.
Manufacturing and service operations that apply the principles of lean enterprise are often called lean operating systems.
172
The 5Ss are derived from Japanese terms: seiri (sort), seiton (set in order), seiso (shine), seiketsu (standardize), and shitsuke (sustain).
Visual controls are indicators for operating activities that are placed in plain sight of all employees so that everyone can quickly
and easily understand the status and performance of the work system.
Single Minute Exchange of Dies (SMED) refers to the quick setup or changeover of tooling and fixtures in processes so that
multiple products in smaller batches can be run on the same equipment.
Batching is the process of producing large quantities of items as a group before they are transferred to the next operation.
Singlepiece flow is the concept of ideally using batch sizes of one.
Total productive maintenance (TPM) is focused on ensuring that operating systems will perform their intended function reliably.
175
A push system produces finishedgoods inventory in advance of customer demand using a forecast of sales.
A pull system is one in which employees at a given operation go to the source of required parts, such as machining or subassembly,
and withdraw the units as they need them.
A Kanban is a flag or a piece of paper that contains all relevant information for an order: part number, description, process area
used, time of delivery, quantity available, quantity delivered, production quantity, and so on.
Footnotes
1. Patricia Houghton, “Improving Pharmacy Service,” Quality Digest, October 18, 2007.
2. “Lean Sustainability Good Business,” http://leaninsider.productivitypress.com/2007/12/leansustainabilitygoodbusiness.html.
2. “Lean Sustainability Good Business,” http://leaninsider.productivitypress.com/2007/12/leansustainabilitygoodbusiness.html.
3. Damian Joseph, “Score Two for Sustainability,” FastCompany, November 2010, p. 54.
4. Marty Lariviere, “Lean Operations for Luxury Bags,” The Operations Room, June 28, 2011,
http://operationsroom.wordpress.com/2011/06/28/leanoperation; “At Vuitton, Growth in Small Batches,” The Wall Street Journal, June
27, 2011.
5. Seiichi Nakajima, “Explanation of New TPM Definition,” Plant Engineer, 16, 1, pp. 33–40.
6. R. Ellis and K. Hankins, “The Timken Journey for Excellence,” presentation for the Center of Excellence in Manufacturing
Management, Fisher College of Business, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, August 22, 2003. Also see Timken's 2003 Annual
Report and “From Missouri to Mars—A Century of Leadership in Manufacturing,” http://www.timken.com.
7. “Lean and Pharmacies,” Quality Digest, October 2006, http://www.qualitydigest.com.
8. P. Engardio, “Lean and Mean Gets Extreme,” BusinessWeek, March 23 & 30, 2009, pp. 60–62.
9. Paul E. Dickinson, Earl C. Dodge, and Charles S. Marshall, “Administrative Functions in a JustinTime Setting,” Target, Fall 1988, pp.
12–17.
10. R. Inman and S. Mehra, “JIT Implementation Within a Service Industry: A Case Study,” International Journal of Service Industry
Management, 1, 3, 1990, pp. 53–61.
11. http://www.qualitydigest.com/print/8704, August 11, 2009.
12. Modeled after an example in Soren Bisgaard and Johannes Freiesleben, “Six Sigma and the Bottom Line,” Quality Progress, 37, 9,
September 2004, pp. 57–62.
13. Adapted and modified from Nancy B. Riebling, Angelo Pellicone, Antz Joseph, and Charles Winterfeldt, “CT Scan Throughput,”
iSixSigma Magazine, January/February 2010.
P. RC_35
© 2007 Cengage Learning Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this work may by reproduced or used in any form or by any means
graphic, electronic, or mechanical, or in any other manner without the written permission of the copyright holder.