A.

SYNTACTIC FUNCTIONS OF NOUNS AND NOUN PHRASES

1. Subject

Lan is a teacher.
 S V

 Noun (proper noun Lan) = subject

My coach is happy.
S  V
=> Determiner (My) + Noun (coach) = NPs subject
 

Small children often insist that they can do it by themselves.

S  V
=> Adjective (Small) + Noun (children) = NPs subject

The man in car is Julia’s father.

  S V

=> Deterniner (The) + Noun (man) + PreP (in car) = NPs subject

2 Object (O)
- Direct Object (Od) :  Will you put the cart?
  Od

She kissed her children.
Od
- Indirect Object (Oi)
She gave the dog a bone. 
Oi  Od
=> She gave a bone to the dog. She gave a bone to what?the dog: Oi
 

The groom bought his new bride a wedding present. 

Oi Od

=> The groom bought a wedding present for his new bride.

=> The groom bought a wedding present for whom? => his new bride: Oi
- Object of preposition (Op): Hoa is looking after her cousin.
- Cognate Object (Ocog): is the object deriving from the verb. Only intransitive
verbs have their cognate object.
- I dream a wonderful dream last night.
- She lives a happy life.
3. Complement
- Subject complement (Cs):
 The man was a nurse. (Người đàn ông đó là một y tá.)

Cs
=> động từ kết nối (was) + bổ nghĩa chủ từ “the man” là “a nurse”.
 

He has just become a father. (Anh ấy vừa trở thành một ông bố.)

Cs
=> động từ kết nối (become) + bổ nghĩa chủ từ “he” là “a father”.
 

- Object complement (Co) là một cụm từ theo sau và bổ nghĩa cho túc từ trực
tiếp (direct object).
 

I consider Loki my favorite cat. (Tôi nghĩ Loki là con mèo mà tôi yêu thích
nhất.)
Od Co
=> “my favorite cat” là cụm danh từ theo sau bổ nghĩa cho túc từ trực
tiếp “Loki”.
 

We elected you team leader. (Chúng tôi đã bầu anh làm đội trưởng.)

Od Co
=> “team leader” là cụm danh từ theo sau bổ nghĩa cho túc từ trực tiếp “you”.

- Prepositional complement (Cp):

The cat ran under the car.  Danh từ đứng sau giới từ để bổ ngữ giới từ.
Cp
I wrote on the paper.
4. Attribute : qualify another noun

5. Appositive:

6. Adverbial:

7. in the phrases functioning as adverbs (almost go with preposition)

B. VERBS AND VERBS PHRASES

1. Compare phrasal verbs to prepositional verbs:

Phrasal verbs are a group of multi-word verbs made from a verb plus another
word or words.

Phrasal verbs are made of:

verb + adverb

Phrasal verbs can be:

*Intransitive (no direct object)

*Transitive (direct object)

Here are some examples of phrasal verbs:

Phrasal Meaning Examples:

verbs
Direct object

Intransitive Get up Rise from bed I don’t like to

phrasal get up.
verbs
Break down Cease to He was late
function because his
car broke
down.

Transitive Put off Postpone We will have the meeting.

phrasal to put off
 verbs Turn down Refuse They turned my offer.
down

Prepositional verbs are a group of multi-word verbs made from a verb plus
another word or words.

Prepositional verbs are made of:

verb + preposition

Because a preposition always has an object, all prepositional verbs have direct
objects.

Here are some examples of prepositional verbs:

Prepositional Meaning Examples:

verbs
Direct object.

Believe in Have faith in the I believe in God.

existence of

Look after Take care of He is looking after the dog.

Talk about Discuss Did you talk about me?

Wait for Await John is waiting for Mary.

* Prepositional verbs cannot be separated. That means that we cannot put the
direct object between the two parts. For example, we must say "look after the
baby". We cannot say "look the baby after". But It’s possible with phrasal verbs

Prepositional verbs are Who is looking after This is possible.

inseparable the baby?

Who is looking the This is not

baby after? possible.

Exercise 4:
Came down Check in

Put up Take out

Look after Turn down

Take off Look into

Cross over Found out

Carry in Believe in
1. Transitive Verbs
A verb is transitive when the action is carried across to a receiver:
The farmer grows potatoes. Elvis sang ballads.
The receiver is called the direct object. It answers the question “What?” or
“Whom? after the verb

1. Transitive verbs describe direct actions which impact on people or things.

(Ngoại động từ diễn tả hành động trực tiếp tác động lên người hoặc vật)

Ví dụ:
The cat killed the mouse. (Con mèo đã giết con chuột).
 
 
2. Transitive verbs need foreign element which is a noun or pronoun to
complete the sentence meaning. (Ngoại động từ luôn cần thêm yếu tố bên
ngoài là một đại (danh) từ theo sau để hoàn thành nghĩa của câu.)
 
Ví dụ:
Đúng: The cat killed the mouse. (Con mèo đã giết con chuột).
Sai: The cat killed.
 
 
3. Nouns following the transitive verbs are the direct object. It answers the
question “what?” or “whom?” after the verb. (Danh từ theo sau ngoại động
từ là tân ngữ trực tiếp.)
(Trong ví dụ trên mouse là tân ngữ trực tiếp của killed).
 
 
Some verbs are both transitive verbs and intransitive verbs. Their mean can
change. (Một số động từ vừa có thể là nội động từ lại vừa có thể là ngoại động
từ, nghĩa của chúng có thể thay đổi.)
Answer, Ask, Help, Read, Touch, Wash, Write

Ví dụ:

 
Ngoại động từ Nội động từ
She opened the door. (Cô ấy mở The door opened. (Cửa mở).
cửa) The bus stopped. (Chiếc xe buýt
The driver stopped the bus. (Tài xế dừng lại).
dừng xe buýt lại).  
He rings the bells. (Ông ấy rung The bell rings. (Chuông reo).
chuông).
The glass broke. (Cốc bị vỡ).
The boy broke the glass. (Cậu bé
làm vỡ cốc). His lecture bagan at 8 pm. (Bài
giảng của ông ta bắt đầu lúc 8h tối).
He began his work at 8pm. (Anh ấy
bắt đầu công việc lúc 8h). The fire lit quickly. (Lửa cháy
nhanh).
I lit the fire. (Tôi đốt lửa).
Flowers grow in their garden. (Hoa
They grow flowers in the mọc ở trong vườn).
garden. (Họ trồng hoa trong vườn).
Water boils at 100 degree. (Nước sôi
Mary boiled the water for the ở 100 độ C).
tea. (Mary đun sôi nước để pha trà).
 

4. On the other hand, many transitive verbs can have cognate object which has
the same form with verb. (Mặt khác, nhiều nội động từ có thể có tân ngữ láy
(cognate object); đó là những tân ngữ có cùng hình thức với động từ.)
 
Ví dụ:
Mary laughed a merry laugh.          [to laugh ↔ a laugh]
Mary nở một nụ cười vui vẻ.
 

The old man lived a happy life.        [to live ↔ a life]

Ông lão đã hưởng một cuộc sống hạnh phúc.
 

The little boy slept a sound sleep.    [to sleep ↔ a sleep]

Chú bé ngủ một giấc ngủ ngon.
 
 
5. Furthermore, some transitive verbs are used as intransitive verbs, in which
subject does not make the action of the sentence. (Ngoài ra, một số ngoại
động từ lại được dùng như nội động từ, trong đó chủ từ không làm chủ hành
động trong câu.)

Allow (cho phép ) 

Blame (trách cứ ,đổ lổi ) 
Enjoy (thích thú ) 
Have (có ) 
Like (thích) 
Need (cần ) 
Name (đặt tên ) 
Prove (chứng tỏ ) 
Remind (nhắc nhỡ ) 
Rent (cho thuê ) 
Select (lựa chọn ) 
Wrap (bao bọc ) 
Rob (cướp ) 
Own (nợ ) 
Greet (chào ) 
4. Compare intensive verbs to extensive verbs; stative to dynamic verbs
Intensive verbs are concentrated to one, fixed structure. Words or phrases
following an intensive verb function as subject complements; i.e., they
complement the subject (they tell us about the subject), they work with the
subject, not the verb.

Extensive verbs are not concentrated to a fixed structure. Words or phrases

following an extensive verb function as the verb's object; they work with the
verb, not the subject.
Stative and Dynamic Verbs

Introduction

Verbs in English can be classified into two categories: stative verbs

and dynamic verbs. Dynamic verbs (sometimes referred to as "action verbs")
usually describe actions we can take, or things that happen; stative verbs usually
refer to a state or condition which is not changing or likely to change. The
difference is important, because stative verbs cannot normally be used in the
continuous (BE + ING) forms. This will explain the differences between the two
types of verb, and give lots of examples of each kind.

Dynamic verbs

There are many types of dynamic verbs, but most of them describe activities or
events which can begin and finish. Here are some examples:

Dynamic
Type Examples
Verb

She plays tennis every Friday.

play activity
She's playing tennis right now.

The snow melts every spring.

melt process
The snow is melting right now

When one boxer hits another, brain damage

can result. (This suggests only ONE punch.)
momentary
hit When one boxer is hitting another, brain
action
damage can result. (This suggests MANY
repeated punches.)

Dynamic verbs, as you can see from the table above, can be used in the simple
and perfect forms (plays, played, has played, had played) as well as the
continuous or progressive forms (is playing, was playing, has been playing, had
been playing).

Stative verbs

Stative verbs usually refer to a state or condition which is quite static or

unchanging. They can be divided into verbs of perception or cognition (which
refer to things in the mind), or verbs of relation (which describe the
relationships between things). Here are some examples:

Stative
Type Examples
Verb

hate perception I hate chocolate.

believe perception She believes in UFOs.

contain relation The box contains 24 cans of soda.

own relation Yong owns three motorbikes.

Note that we CANNOT use these verbs in the continuous (progressive) forms;
you CAN'T say "*Yong is owning three cars." Owning is a state, not an action,
so it is always in the simple form.

Example verbs

Here some common stative and dynamic verbs. The lists may help you to
understand what types of verbs are likely to be stative and what types are
commonly dynamic.

love; hate; like; see; hear; sound; think (meaning "have an
Stativ
opinion"); mind (meaning "care
e
about"); recognize; seem; have (meaning
Verbs
"own"); prefer;doubt; consist of; mean

Dyna
eat; drink; go; type; read; write; listen; speak; watch; say; grow; w
mic
ork; sleep; cook; talk
Verbs

Exercise 1
1 . stative 3. dynamic
2. dynamic 4. stative, dynamic
5. stative 8. stative, dynamic, dynamic
6. dynamic 9. stative, dynamic
7. dynamic, stative 10. dynamic
Exercise 2
1. monotransitive 6. complex transitive
2. intensive 7. intensive, dynamic
3. intransitive 8. intransitive
4. ditransitive 9. stative
5. complex transitive 10. intensive

Exercise 3
1. (a)
=> It was admitted that a mistake had been made.
2.(b)
=> The mistake was considered to be very serious.
3.(a)
=> You are considered to be one of our most loyal supporters.
4.(a)
=> It was recognized that you have had great difficulties.
5.(b)
=> You are found to be innocent of all the changes.
6.(b)
=> Your companion is known to be a trouble maker.
7.(b)
=> Your story has been proved to be completely accurate.
8.(b)
=> However, you are thought to be, at times, indiscreet.
9.(b)
=> You are expected to show a little more tact.
10.(a)
=> It is regretted that we must make this criticism.
11.(b)
=> Two planes have been reported to be missing.
12.(b)
=> You were meant to complete this form , and return it to the Town Hall.