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Experiment No 3
Aim: Case study to Implement a Bluetooth network and list down applications to transfer a
file from one device to another.
Introduction:
Bluetooth is a wireless technology standard whose purpose is to connect gadgets without a
cable. The Bluetooth module is a tiny part of the chip in a device, which lets it wirelessly
communicate with a Bluetooth module on any other devices. Bluetooth was invented by a
team of engineers working for Ericsson, the networking giant. Ericsson's Dutch electrical
engineer Jaap Haartsen is credited as the inventor of Bluetooth. Haartsen has said he
developed the standard in 1994, but hadn't yet found a name for it. Although Ericsson had
invented it, it still needed other companies to adopt Bluetooth across devices. The name
actually came from a partner company, Intel, whose employee Jim Kardach suggested it.
Bluetooth is named after the 10th century king of Denmark and Norway, Harald Bluetooth.
The king famously united Danish tribes into one kingdom, much like the Bluetooth
technology unites communication protocols.
Working of Bluetooth:
Bluetooth works on radio waves, specifically in the 2.4GHz spectrum. This short-range
frequency is commonly used by most appliances that need wireless connectivity, including
Wi-Fi routers. What makes Bluetooth different is the use of a technique called frequency
hopping. It's a bit technical, but there's a simple explanation. Bluetooth uses 79 bands of
radio waves in the aforementioned 2.4GHz frequency. When you send data, Bluetooth first
divides this data into smaller packets. These packets are sent individually over those 79
bands, and Bluetooth is smart enough to change bands rapidly so that no one line gets
clogged. That's the main platform of the technology. With the smart "hopping" of data
transfers, Bluetooth can simultaneously connect up to eight devices and allow them to talk
to each other.
Features:

 It operates in the 2.4GHz frequency band without having a license for wireless
communication.
 Up to 10-100 meters data can be transfer in real time.
 Close proximity & accuracy is not required for Bluetooth as in case of infrared data
(IrDA) communication device. Bluetooth does not suffer from interference from
obstacles such as walls while infrared suffers due to obstacles.
 Bluetooth supports both point-to-point and point-to-multipoint wireless connections
without cables between mobile phones and personal computers.
 Data transfer rate of blue tooth varies from version to version. Data rate of 1 Mbps
for Version 1.2 Up to 3 Mbps for Version 2.0.
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Architecture of Bluetooth:
Piconets:
The first type of Bluetooth network is called as a piconet or a small net. It can have at the
most eight stations. One of them is called as a master and all others are called as Slaves. All
the slave’s stations are synchronized in all aspects with the master. A piconet can have only
one master station shows piconet. A master can also be called as a primary station and
slaves are the secondary station. The first type of Bluetooth network is called as a piconet or
a small net. It can have at the most eight stations. One of them is called as a master and all
others are called as Slaves. All the slave’s stations are synchronized in all aspects with the
master. A piconet can have only one master station shows piconet. A master can also be
called as a primary station and slaves are the secondary station.

Scatternet:
Scattenet is formed by combining various piconets. A slave in one piconet can act as a
master or primary in other piconet. Such a station or node can receive messages from the
master in the first piconet and deliver the message to its slaves in other piconet where it is
acting as master. This node is also called bridge slave. Thus, a station can be a member of
two piconets. A station cannot be a master in two piconets.
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Bluetooth Protocol Architecture (Stack):

Radio Layer
• The Bluetooth radio layer corresponds to the physical layer of OSI model.
• It deals with ratio transmission and modulation.
• The radio layer moves data from master to slave or vice versa.
• It is a low power system that uses 2.4 GHz ISM band in a range of 10 meters.
Baseband Layer:
• Baseband layer is equivalent to the MAC sublayer in LANs.
• Bluetooth uses a form of TDMA called TDD-TDMA (time division duplex TDMA).
• Master and slave stations communicate with each other using time slots.
• The master in each piconet defines the time slot of 625 µsec.
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• In TDD- TDMA, communication is half duplex in which receiver can send and receive data
but not at the same time.
Advantages and Disadvantages of Bluetooth:
Advantages:
• It avoids interference from other wireless devices.
• It has lower power consumption.
• It is easily upgradeable.
• It has range better than Infrared communication.
• The Bluetooth is used for voice and data transfer.
• Bluetooth devices are available at very cheap cost.
• No line of sight hence can connect through any obstacles.
• Free to use if the device is installed with Bluetooth.
• The technology is adopted in many products such as head set, in car system, printer, web
cam, GPS system, keyboard and mouse.
Disadvantages:
• It can lose connection in certain conditions.
• It has low bandwidth as compared to Wi-Fi.
• It allows only short-range communication between devices.
• Security is a very key aspect as it +can be hacked.

Applications of Bluetooth:
First Case Study:
Title: 25 Years of Bluetooth Technology [1]
Authors: Sherali Zeadally, Farhan Siddiqui, Zubair Baig
Abstract:
Bluetooth technology started off as a wireless, short-range cable replacement technology
but it has undergone significant developments over the last two decades. Bluetooth radios
are currently embedded in almost all computing devices including personal computers,
smart phones, smart watches, and even micro-controllers. For many of us, Bluetooth is an
essential technology that we use every day. We provide an insight into the history of
Bluetooth and its significant design developments over the last 25 years. We also discuss
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related issues (including security) and Bluetooth as a driving technology for the Internet of
Things (IoT). Finally, we also present recent research results obtained with Bluetooth
technology in various application areas.

Second Case Study:

Title: Seamless file sharing for Android devices [2]
Authors: MinSeok Jeon, Sun-Kyum Kim, Ji-Hyeun Yoon, Jinhee Jo, Sung-Bong Yang
Abstract:
The performance of mobile devices, especially smart phones, has been quickly improved for
the last few years. Most users take advantage of highly efficient smart phones, and consume
the contents in the smart phones longer time than other devices usage time. As a result,
users frequently share the contents and the needs of file sharing via smart phones have
been increased considerably. Existing peer-to-peer sharing frequently incurs disconnections
and retransmissions. A Web hard-based sharing needs to pay expensive cost for using high-
volume file servers as well. In order to overcome such problems, we propose an application
for seamless file sharing for the Android devices. The seamless service manager and the file
manager in the proposed application share files seamlessly by choosing faster and more
stable network automatically - one of the Bluetooth and the WI-FI. We expect that the
proposed application could be a cost effective and reliable solution for file sharing among
mobile devices.

References:
[1] https://doi.org/10.3390/fi11090194
[2] DOI:10.1109/WF-IoT.2014.6803153