Physical Features and Collection of Rocks along Lantapan Manupali River

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A Research Paper Presented to Lantapan Stand Alone Senior Highschool

Lantapan, Bukidnon, Philippines

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In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for the Practical Research STEM 11

By:
Irish Flores
John Paul Buya
Jessa Kris Carawana
Maicha Jane Quiachon
Xyla Alexa Delos Reyes

July 2019
 TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE PAGE i
ABSTRACT ii
TABLE OF CONTENTS iii
INTRODUCTION
Background of the Study
Statement of the Problem
Objectives of the Study
Significance of the Study
Scope and Delimitation of the Study
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
Establishment of the Study Area
Rocks
Physical Features of Rocks
METHODOLOGY
Research Design
Entry Protocol
Location and Duration of the Study
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION
RECCOMMENDATION
BIBLIOGRAPHY
APPENDICES
DOCUMENTATION
 Introduction

Background of the Study

The municipality of Lantapan is located in the heart of Bukidnon. Burton (2005) states
that Bukidnon has mountainous topography, which is why the vicinity of Lantapan is mostly
composed of mountains, hills, running waters and rivers.

Manupali River is the only river running through the Lantapan municipality that
contributes to Pulangi River. Ilk’s of different species are found along the river, from trees,
shrubs, vines, animals and rocks that come from the cliffs and mountains.

Rocks are extant object and is found everywhere, they are naturally formed solids in
Earth. According to the module Classification//Characterization of Some Rock Features (2017)
“rocks are generally composed of an assemblage of mineral” of which rocks are composed of
one or more. Rocks are classified into three types, Igneous, Sedimentary and Metamorphic. They
form from a continuous cycle that goes through cooling, heating and pressure, compaction and
cementation. In addition, a rock may come from volcanic eruptions and later on change in the
breaking down and loosening the surface of minerals of rocks so they can be transported away by
agents of erosion such as water, wind and ice which is called weathering.

Rocks have different features. They are distinguished in different size, shape, hardness,
luster, texture, and color. Most elements are produced from the extraction of rocks. Starting from

“We obtain nearly all of the raw materials with which we founded our civilization from rocks
(Zalasiewicz, 2016).” Despite the fact that they are everywhere around us, we only pay less
attention on how essential they are to our society. However, this study will be conducted to make
use and know more of rocks.

Statement of the Problem

The study investigated the physical features of rocks along Lantapan Manupali River.

Specifically, it aims to answer the following questions:

1. What are the rocks present in Manupali River?

2. What are the physical features of rocks present in Manupali River?
Objectives of the Study

Study about rocks are not as rampant as any other subjects or topics. Besides, it is a rare
topic. Also, the researchers of today are much into technology advancement (i.e. computers,
chips and machines) and local area resources are taken for granted: especially in the local
vicinity of Lantapan, Manupali River. With this, the researcher’s aims to know the rocks that are
present in our local area and know, evaluate its physical features, and present the data of which
local citizens and other researchers can make use of possible advantages this rocks contain.

Significance of the study

This study conducts collection of rocks along Manupali River and its physical features.
The gathered data will bring awareness to both local citizens and students of LSASH about rocks
in the local vicinity. It will also increase awareness of science enthusiast and geologist to the
rocks present at Manupali River with a possibility of discovering new rocks and knowledge of its
location. Furthermore, this study will also benefit the future researchers with topics inline with
rocks.

Scope and Delimitation of the Study

This study is limited only to the physical features and collection of rocks along Manupali
River. The scope area if this study is in the local area of Lantapan, Manupali River.
 Review of Related Literature

Establishment of the Study Area

“The Manupali River, a major tributary of Pulangi River, starts in the mountains of
Lantapan, Bukidnon, picking up tributaries along the way from the Kalatungan and Kitanglad
Mountain Ranges. It forms part of the natural boundary of the Valencia City and Lantapan. It
flows eastward towards Malaybalay city, eventually joining the Pulangi River in Valencia City
(Dacumos, 2012).”

Manupali River, Lantapan has a great possibility of gathering rocks especially

sedimentary rock because Egnar et al.( 2017) argues that “erosion in the upper landscape of the
Pulangi watershed, which includes the Manupali River was causing sedimentation and siltation.”

“The soils of Manupali Watershed are mostly volcanic in origin. Clay materials forming minerals
identified in the soil were halloysite, gibbsite, geothite, hematite, and cristobalite (Deharme-
Calalang and Colinet, 2014) as cited in Puno et al. (2018).”

Rocks

"The scientific definition of rock is, it is a natural occuring solid cohesive aggregate of
one or more mineral or mineral materials (Hibei, 2014).”

“There are three different types of rocks: the igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic
rocks. Igneous rocks are formed from magma that slowly cools with in the Erath’s crust.
Sedimentary rocks are formed by the accumulation of different sized sediments and usually
occurs at the bottom of bodies of water while the metamorphic rock are igneous or sedimentary
rocks that have been ‘changed' or ‘transformed’ by intense pressure or extreme heat (Geology,
n.d.).” “These three rock types are further classified based on the chemistry, environment of
formation and how they are formed (Hibei 2014)”

“Rock is combination of minerals and minerals are what rocks are made of .
(Geology,n.d)”. “The minerals are ones found in rocks have been essential to all forms of life.
The rocks vary greatly in chemical composition. Silicates are the most common mineral while
others constitute less than 10% of Earth’s crust, the most common being, carbonates, oxides,
sulphides and phosphates. (Gadd, 2007)”. “Mineral is naturally occuring substance, an inorganic
substance has an orderly internal structure and has fixed chemical composition. Most minerals
form by inorganic process but some identical in all respect to inorganically formed minerals are
produced by organic process. (Mineral properties, 2012)”. Minerals can be identified by there
color, odor, luster, transparency, streak, cleavage, hardness. (Geology, n.d.)”
 Ehlers and Blatt (1997) states that “there are many difference of rocks. He defines rocks
as stuff which makes up the earth is made off. A more acceptable scientific definition of rocks is
that, a rock is a natural occurring solid cohesive aggregate of one of minerals materials.”

“Igneous comes from the word ‘ignis’ meaning fire, it is therefore not surprising that
igneous rocks are associated with volcanic activity and their distribution is controlled by plate
tectonic (Carson et al., 2008).”

“And another one is the sedimentary rocks, it makes up to 66% of the earth’s crust with
34% being the igneous and the metamorphic, igneous rock however forms the majority of the
34% (Ehlers and Blatt, 1997) as cited in .”

It is also possible that three types of rocks can be present in the river. “The magma
(molten rock under the surface) hardens into igneous rock. The igneous rock then breaks apart
over time through the process of weathering. These bits of broken rock are washed away by rains
and deposited in a river (oregonstate, n.d.).”

“These pieces of igneous rock are cemented together with other bits of rocks and form a
sedimentary rock called conglomerate (ibid.).”

Gradually these sedimentary rock could be buried underneath through geological process.
In turn, they form into a metamorphic rock (ibid.).

Physical Features of Rocks

Based to the module Classification//Characterization of Some Rock Features (2017), a

rock is classified according to its geological name (type of rock), orientation of
foliation/bedding/layering, anisotropy, (schistosity, foliation, bedding), weathering or alteration,
strength. It also includes other characteristics of rocks: - Folding, colour, mineral size and
texture, porosity, density. In addition, “for various other purposes, including those for
engineering usage, rocks have been classified on the basis of their properties, such as strength,
void index, degree of weathering, etc. (ibid.).” However this study will focus only on the
following features:
Color. “According to Benson (1986) “rocks properties value are generally as average
parameter., “Since the arrangement of the individual can affect the physical properties of rock,
such as permeability or angle of internal fiction, it is necessary to describe them so that their
significance can be assess (Classification//Characterization of Some Rock Features, 2017).”

“Colours is one of the most obvious characteristics of rock stratum and therefore one of
the most basic and useful in the description of a rock to both the specialist and layman alike
(ibid.).”