“Challenges Encountered by Senior High Students of Bacolod City National High School

on Web Based Teaching”

A Research Proposal
Bacolod City National High School

TUBLE, Christopher John M.

BRIONES, Reydan D.
BAYONETA, Julius Ian Gabriel T.
HUDIEREZ, Robert Grey A.
CAÑAFUEGO, Johnel John G.
 Chapter 1
Introduction

One of the most recent public health emergencies of global concern is the COVID-19

pandemic, which started in Wuhan, China, and infected almost every country globally. This

disease is caused by a novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2, previously known as 2019-nCoV) and

has received global attention from the rapid spread of infection and how to repel and hinder

further contamination completely. Symptoms include cough, fever, and shortness of breath

which can be transferred through close contact with an infected person by coughing, sneezing,
[1][2][3]
respiratory droplets, or aerosols . The sudden outbreak of this deadly disease paralyzed the
[4]
world's activities . Each country responded swiftly by introducing policies, protocols, and

guidelines to protect its economy and its citizens [5][6][7].

3.The global pandemic forced the world-wide education system to develop a mechanism
[8]
to protect teachers and students . Teaching and learning activities usually carried out through

face-to-face meetings have turned into virtual meetings using various online learning

applications [9]. This is a situation that requires unity among humanity. There is a need to protect

and save students, faculty, academic staff, communities, societies, and the nation as a whole [10].

2.In mid-March 2020, the Philippine government placed its largest island Luzon and

other major cities under lockdown. It declared a state of calamity in the country for six months
[11][12]
on 17 March, ordering the suspension of classes in all levels . As infections and deaths

continue to rise daily, the Department of Education mandated all public schools to restructure
[13]
their curriculum, train faculty, and prepare students for the new normal . Through its Basic

Education Learning Continuity Plan (BE-LCP) under DepEd Order No. 012, s. 2020, the schools

can adopt may be one or a combination of the learning delivery modalities such as distance
learning, blended learning, or homeschooling depending on the local health conditions, the

availability of resources, and the particular context of the learners in the school or locality [14].

However, various studies and reports show that not all Filipino students are ready for

these learning modes. It seems that whatever mode of learning a student chooses, the overall

process faced unanticipated challenges [15]. Some stated that they are forced to cope with the new

normal while others do not have resources like books, internet connectivity, laptops at home, or
[16]
supportive parents . In some cases, students face several barriers to their full participation in

coursework units because of addiction to online gaming, motivation to attend online classes,

drives to complete modules, and the lack of technical competency and proficiency [17][18]. Students

who prefer web-based learning experienced boredom and frustration because of the stay-at-home

order. Accordingly, researchers have already begun to document stress and anxiety disrupt

students from completing their daily academic routines [19][20].

With the current health condition, everyone faces challenges, and the Bacolod City

National High School - Senior High School Department is not an exception. With the

implementation of primary education learning modalities, various problems emerged. The

researchers being enrolled in online learning modalities would like to study students' challenges

in web-based teaching. This study is new, so there are limited information and researches along

with this topic. Thus, the result will be valuable as it will become recent related literature for

future researchers. Moreover, it will serve as a good source of information for school

administrators to develop interventions relative to students who preferred online learning.

 Objectives

This study aims to determine the challenges encountered in web-based teaching by Senior

High School students of Bacolod City National High School for School Year 2020-21.

Specifically, it aims:

1. to describe the profile of the respondents in terms of sex, grade level, average

monthly family income.

2. to determine the prevalent challenges encountered by Senior High School students of

Bacolod City National High School in web-based teaching in technological,

academic, and social aspects.

3. to ascertain if significant difference occurs on the prevalent challenges encountered in

web-based teaching by the respondents when grouped according to their profile.

Hypothesis

With the aforementioned inferential objective, it is inferred that there is no significant

difference on the prevalent challenges encountered in web-based teaching by the respondents

when grouped according to their profile.

Theoretical Framework

The researchers decided to anchor this study on the behaviorism theory by John Watson
[21]
around 1924 . Some students do not have access to resources for digital education. The

researchers realized that the effect of studying alone is different than learning in a classroom

where teachers and students are physically present to help. In the final analysis, there really are

difficulties that students may encounter in the new normal in terms of efficient learning.
 The behaviorism theory suggests that one vital factor in learning is the environment. It

tells that it is more efficient when students are studying or learning while they are able to witness

what is supposed to be done around them. This is related to the study being conducted because

the environment, which is the classroom, is removed due to the new normal making it harder for

students to communicate as the means for that matter is done digitally.

In spite of this, students are still able to learn by digital means. Learning may reside in
[22]
non-human appliances . This is the central idea for connectivism theory. It affirms that

technologies have enabled users across the World Wide Web and within themselves to learn and

exchange knowledge in ways that were not feasible before the digital era. This is in contrast to

the first theory that expresses the negativity in the field of online learning. This is also related to

the study because the participants being observed are undergoing online learning as of the

moment. Despite the absence of the classroom as an environment, learners acquire knowledge by

electronic method nevertheless. Ultimately, the pupils are responsible for what they learn.

Online classes have been the ideal and primary source of education during this pandemic.

However, the researchers have to take into consideration that there are factors that make it

challenging to execute. The very first step to online learning is access. No matter how well the

instruction is designed, if the learner cannot gain access to the course learning materials via the

technology due to physical or financial constraints, the instructional design is rendered useless

and non-existent [23].

 Conceptual Framework

Demographic Profile

Sex Prevalent Challenges on

Grade level Online Modality
Average Monthly Family Income

Figure 1. Schematic Diagram of the Conceptual Framework

In this study, the prevalent challenges encountered by Senior High School students of

Bacolod City National High School in Web-based teaching will be determined considering the

technological, academic, and social constructs. Likewise, the description of the profile of the

respondents will be based on their sex, grade level, and average monthly family income. It is

hypothesized that the extent of challenges on web-based teaching the students may vary or differ

based on profile groupings.

Scope and Delimitations

This research study primarily focuses on determining the challenges encountered in web-

based teaching by Senior High School STEM Students (Grade 11 or 12) of Bacolod City

National High School for School Year 2020-21. The data will be gathered using a researcher-

made survey questionnaire to each respondent who preferred the online modality. The

respondents' profile describes only their sex, grade level, family income and at the same time, the

prevalent challenges will be confined only to the technological, academic, and social issues. The

tests' results will be statistically treated to determine if there is a significant difference in the
prevalent challenges encountered in web-based teaching by the respondents when grouped

according to their profile.

The study will be conducted in the second-semester academic year 2020-2021.

Definition of Terms

To avoid misunderstanding and confrontation, and also for the appreciation of our

study, it is necessary to conceptually and operationally define the terms.

Average monthly family income. This term refers to a calculation based on reported

income of respondents’ family. Average income data can be for one occupation, industry,

discipline, household, age, and educational level or based on other statistics [24].

As used in the study, it refers to the gross family income of the participants. It will be

grouped into the following category: 15000 and below (low), 15001 to 20000 (average), 20001

and above (high).

Challenges. The term refers to a difficult task, a situation, or something a person faced

that needs great mental, physical, or financial effort in order to be done successfully and

therefore tests a person’s ability [25].

As used in this study, the term refers to a problem encountered by senior high school

students of Bacolod City National High school in technological, academic, and social constructs.

Grade Level. Conceptually and operationally, this term refers to the two (2) years

(Grades 11 and 12) of senior high school education following the completion of four (4) years of

Junior High School (JHS) [26].

 Senior High School (SHS). Conceptually and operationally, the term refers to the third stage

of compulsory basic education. It shall serve as a specialized higher level secondary education,

consisting of different tracks, strands and specializations that learners may choose from

depending on their aptitude and interests, and school capacity [27].

Sex. Conceptually and operationally, the term refers to the biological or genetic and

physical identity of a person, which can be specified whether one is male or female [28]

Web-based teaching. This term refers to a hypermedia-based instructional program

which utilizes the attributes and resources of the World Wide Web to create a meaningful

learning environment where learning is fostered and supported [29].

Operationally, this term refers to one of the basic education learning continuity plans

adopted by the Bacolod City National High School-Senor High School department.

Chapter 2
Review of Related Literature

This chapter shows a review of related literature, which is supported by studies relevant

to this investigation. It focuses on classifying Web-based teaching and presenting challenges

encountered by students in online learning.

Web-Based Teaching

Web-based teaching for schools and educational institutions has existed for over a decade

now. However, in developing countries like the Philippines, it was never adopted or

implemented correctly. Due to the outbreak of Coronavirus, many countries are undergoing a

lockdown period. This platform has picked up its pace, even in remote parts of the country.
 Both teachers and students are working hard to adjust to this new reality. They are

making all efforts to make sure that learning online will produce output just like in the traditional

or face-to-face set-up. Despite their efforts, students are facing diverse problems. Everyone is

aware that the world will not be the same after the pandemic. Notably, with technology and

online tools, teaching-learning activities are successfully delivered [30].

The social and communicative interaction between teacher and student has been an

essential part of classroom teaching. Electronic education has changed due to a favorable online

environment due to increased Internet connectivity, speed, and accessibility. The teaching

methods can be altered to cope with the information society. Traditional chalk and talk can no

longer adapt to the changing society. In addition to passing down the tradition, new ideas should

also be introduced. In the informational age, the internet becomes an essential living element.

Synchronous Web-based teaching breaks through the obstacle of space provides instant and

multiple communication channels and creates an alternative creativity learning environment.

Online classes cannot replace physical ones by any means. But due to the Corona pandemic, all

the schools across the globe are compelled to adopt online classes [31][32].

As Web-based instruction increases in the educational and training domains, many people

have recognized the importance of evaluating its effects on student outcomes such as learning,

performance, and satisfaction. These results are often compared to conventional classroom

instruction to determine which method is "better." Besides bringing new challenges to traditional

education and training, web-based teaching platforms also provide a wealth of information

sources and application channels for corporate education and training. Studies have proven that

in the service industry, using web-based teaching to conduct employee training for service staff

had a substantial impact on improving their learning performance [33][34].

 Effective studying in web-based learning environments (web-LEs) requires cognitive

engagement and regulation of learning activities. There are numerous questions on designing and
[35]
implementing how the students will master the web-based learning demands . Students from

blended learning encountered challenges on lack of access to computers and internet connection
[36]
. The use of new technology brings about quality. It maintains the students’ interest, which is

the best way to keep their communication with the teachers during the current critical situation
[37]
. The synchronous web-based learning environment provides a good platform for both pupils

and educators [38].

Challenges Encountered by students in Online Learning

The Covid-19 pandemic brought extraordinary disruption to education. Schools now have

a different education pattern where one cannot physically attend classes but has to attend classes

virtually, a new problem occurs. Students' common issues are internet connectivity problems,

family income, a basic understanding of technology, and other such problems [39].

Unlike face-to-face courses, online courses present a unique challenge as the only social
[40]
presence between the faculty and the student is via the Internet . Most people faced internet
[41]
problems and did not have the knowledge to use and solve problems related to technology .

Furthermore, knowing these learner attributes may assist faculty in designing quality online

courses to meet students’ needs [42].

Online courses and programs continue to grow in higher education settings. Yet various

questions remain like the viability and veracity of online learning, particularly from the learner
[43]
perspective . There is a significant problem with the one-size-fits-all approach for external

students who feel or experience isolation. Compared to their internal counterparts, these students

often face several barriers to their full participation in coursework units. These barriers may not
be experienced by those engaging in these same units via face-to-face or blended enrollment

modes. Therefore, they present another type of learner to consider in the planning and

implementing learning activities online. The barriers to participation appear particularly evident

in groupwork activities. The social challenges are mainly related to the lack of human interaction

between teachers and students. While the lack of physical spaces at home to receive lessons and

the lack of support of parents who are frequently working remotely in the same areas are also

considered problems [44][45].

Findings reveal several technological, academic, and social challenges in web-based

[46] [47]
teaching . Online students are less likely to participate in social activities . This social
[48]
isolation can result in cognitive decline . his is in opposition to online learners' desired traits,
[49]
who are self-motivated, self-sufficient, and responsible . Additionally, while students enjoy

studying at their own pace, they see being accountable for their learning and handling their time

as a challenge [50].

Literature reveals that students' most common challenges in using online teaching

include, but were not limited to, the inability to have access to modern equipment, interrupted or
[51]
weak internet connection, learners' low motivation level, and attention deficit . It shows that

students prefer to attend face-to-face classes rather than online courses because of the challenges
[52]
they encounter with this learning method . Notwithstanding, students described flexibility and

convenience as key factors of the learning experiences in a virtual classroom. Implications for

administrators and course designers in understanding student perspectives of online classes and

best practices for conducting asynchronous classes are provided [53].

Meanwhile, the students in Vietnam encountered several challenges when attending the

flipped classroom, such as difficulty in self-regulated learning, heavy learning workload, lack of
 [54]
immediate support, and deficiency of ICT resources . In India, teachers cited that students felt

isolated, found the class boring, failed to get 100% attention, and encountered technological

problems during their online classes [30].

Chapter 3

Methodology

This chapter covers the methods of research, the locale of the study, the participants of

the study, sample size, sampling techniques, research instrument, data-gathering procedure, and

data analysis procedure.

Research Design

This study will use a descriptive research method. This research design is use to describe

a population, situation, or phenomenon accurately and only observe and measure the variables
[55]
. With a descriptive research method, the researcher will determine the challenges encountered

in Web-based teaching by Senior High School students of Bacolod City National High School

for School Year 2020-21. Likewise, the researchers will ascertain if there is a significant

difference in the prevalent challenges encountered in web-based teaching by the respondents

when grouped according to their profile.

Respondents of the Study

The participants of the study will be the Science, Technology, Engineering, and

Mathematics Senior High Students of Bacolod City National High School who are using online

class modality.
Sampling Technique

The researchers will use Stratified Random Sampling in determining the sample size.

Stratified random sampling is a method of sampling that involves the division of a population
[56]
into smaller groups known as strata . In stratified random sampling or stratification, the strata

are formed based on members' shared attributes or characteristics. The researches will use this

sampling technique to identify the sample size of to represent the whole population between the

subgroups since the population is heterogeneous. After stratifying the population, respondents

will be chosen by draw lots. This is to ascertain everyone have an equal chance to be the

respondent.

Table 1. Distribution of SHS enrolled in Web-based According to Year Level

Grade Level Section Sex N n

Pollux Male 18 13
Female 18 13
11 Albireo Male 23 17
Female 15 11

Anthracite Male 23 17
Female 12 9
12 Brilliant Male 4 2
Female 4 2
107 84

Research Instrument
 The researchers use a researchers-made survey questionnaire as a data collection

instrument. It will enable the researchers to adequately gather the needed information to

complete the study and ensure credibility. It will be divided into two parts.

The first part of the questionnaire will gather data on the profile of the participants in

terms of sex, grade level, and average monthly family income. The second part will focus

determining the prevalent challenges encountered by the respondents using technological,

academic, and social construct. It will be answerable using the five-point Likert scale: 5

(Always), 4 (Often), 3 (Sometimes), 2 (Rarely), and 1 (Never).

Validity of the Instrument

Validity explains how well the collected data covers the actual area of investigation, and
[57]
it is basically meaning to measure what is supposed to be measured . One way of achieving

content validity involves a panel of subject matter experts considering the importance of

individual items within an instrument. In this study, the instrument will be subjected to content

validation which was developed by C. H. Lawshe. The Content Validation Ratio (CVR) numeric

value will be solved to determine the instrument’s degree of validity. One rule of thumb suggests

that a CVR of at least 0.78 is necessary to deem an item or scale as valid. Considering the

present health condition, the researchers will conduct the validity test using social media

platforms such as e-mail and Facebook messenger for the month of March 2021.

Reliability of the Instrument

In establishing the reliability of the instrument, the researcher will subject the validated

instrument to dry-run testing. In this process, thirty (30) students from Accountancy and

Business Management (ABM) strand of Bacolod City National High School Senior High
Department who are in the online class modality will be the respondents. Cronbach Alpha

reliability index will be the basis of measure of internal consistency. This tool is considered to be

a measure of scale reliability.

Data Gathering Procedure

After the validity and reliability test of the instrument, approval to administer the

questionnaire through online platforms will be sought from the school principal of Bacolod City

National High School Senior High Department. After the permission is granted, the researchers

will migrate the questions to google form and link will be sent to the respondents. The researcher

will see to it that prior of answering the online survey, the participants will be briefed of the

purpose of the study and how are they going to answer it. The online survey will run for a month,

the Google Forms portal will be closed and the data will be collected after the set date. The

researcher will review the forms one by one in order to make sure that questions are answered

properly.

Once the data are collected, it will be coded, tabulated, and tallied by the researchers with

the help of the statistician.

Data Analysis Procedure

The quantitative data that will be obtained from the survey will be tabulated and analyzed

using statistical tools.

For problem number 1 which is to describe the profile, frequency and percentage will be

used. For problem number 2 which is to determine the prevalent challenges encountered by the

students on web-based teaching, weighted mean and rank will be used. For problem number 3
which is to determine if significant difference occur on the prevalent challenges experienced by

the students on web-based teaching, t-test and Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) will be used.

Results of the survey will be presented both in narrative and tabular forms. Analyses will

be categorized into two major parts. It starts with the descriptive analysis of problem 1and 2.

Then, an inferential analysis for problem 3.

The data serve as supporting facts to the text; thus, the table will be placed after the text

that presents and interprets the data in the table. The number of the table where the data are being

described or discussed will be mentioned for reference. Moreover, data interpretation will

explain the meaning of the data in a table with emphasis on the highlights and trends. The

findings will further relate to the results of related studies and to the theoretical or conceptual

framework.

The completed research will be submitted to the Office of the Principal for reference

and/or as baseline information for policy formulation.

Ethical Consideration

In conducting the study, research ethics would be taken into account. Since participation

is entirely optional, nobody will be obligated to be involved. The survey questionnaires will be

accompanied by a cover letter describing the study’s goal and the respondent’s consent that they

allow the researchers to use the gathered data for research purposes. The participants' identities

will be kept private, and no monetary compensation will be given. Participants in the research

has the right to stop at any point during the activity. Furthermore, after the study will be

completed, the filled questionnaire will be discarded through shredding.

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