Star Delta Starter, Maximum Torque &

Efficiency Proofs for Induction Motor

Submitted by: Mostafa Faisal Aboelezz 17107443

Submitted to: Prof/ Ahmed Kadry
Eng/ Mohamed Hamza
Table of Content:
• Introduction
• Main Components of Star Delta Starter
• Working of Star Delta Starter
• Terminal Connections in Star and Delta Configurations
• Types of Star Delta Starter and their Advantages and Disadvantages
• Star Delta Starter Advantages and Disadvantages
• Maximum Torque Proofs
• Maximum Efficiency Proofs
Introduction:

What is Star Delta Starter?

The most common method for starting a three-phase induction motor is with a star delta
starter. During the starting period of star delta starting, an induction motor is connected
in via a star connection. Once the motor has reached the required speed, it is
connected in via a delta connection.

Main Components of Star Delta Starter:

1) Contactors: The Star- Delta starter circuit comprises of three contactors: Main, star
and delta contactors.

2) Timer: The contactors are regulated by a timer incorporated with the started.

3) Interlock Switches: Interlock switches are connected between star and delta
contactors of the control circuit as a safety measure so one can’t activate delta
contactor without deactivating star contactor.

4) Thermal Overload Relay: A thermal over-load relay is likewise consolidated into

star-delta control circuit to ensure the motor from intemperate heat which might expedite
motor finding fire or wearing out.
Working on Star Delta Starter:

» At first the primary contactor and the star contactors are shut.
» After a time interval the timer signs to the star contactor to head off to the open
position.
» The primary, delta contactors to head off to the shut position, accordingly
structuring delta circuit. At the time of starting, every stator stage gets voltage
VL/v3, where VL is the line voltage.
» The line current drawn by the motor at starting is decreased to one-third as
contrasted with starting current with the windings associated in delta.
» Since the torque advanced by an induction motor is corresponding to the square
of the applied voltage.
» Star- delta starter decreases the starting torque to one- third of that possible by
immediate delta starting.
» The timer controls conversion from star connection to delta connection. ¬ A timer
in star delta starter for a 3-phase motor is intended to do the move from star
mode.
» Utilizing which the motor runs on a decreased voltage and current and produces
less torque.
» To the delta mode indispensible for running the motor at its full power.
» Utilizing high voltage and current to transform a high torque.

Terminal Connections in Star and Delta

Configurations:

Star Configuration:

∆ L1, L2 and L3 are the 3-phase line voltages, which are given to primary
contactor.
∆ The main motor coils are U, V and W.
∆ In star mode of motor windings, the primary contactor associate the mains to
essential winding terminals U1, V1 and W1.
∆ The star contactor shorts the auxiliary winding terminals U2, V2 and W2.
∆ Notwithstanding when the primary contactor is shut, supply arrives at terminals
A1, B1, C1.
∆ Consequently the motor windings are energized in star-mode.
∆ The timer is initiated in the meantime moment when star contactor is energized.
∆ After the timer achieves the specified time period.
∆ The star contactor is de-energized and delta contactor is energized.
The point when Delta Contactor closes:

Ω The motor winding terminals U2, V2 and W2 get associated with V1, W1 and U1
individually through the shut contacts of primary contactor.
Ω For delta association, fulfilling end of one winding is to be joined with beginning
end of the other winding.
Ω The motor windings are reconfigured in delta by supplying line voltage L1 to
winding terminals W2 and U1, line voltage L2 to winding terminals U2 and V1.
Ω The line voltage L3 to winding terminals V2 and W1.

Induction Motor Winding Terminals Connected in Star and Delta

Configuration:
Types of Star Delta Starter:

There are two types of Star Delta Starter: 1) Open

2) Close

1) Star Delta Open Transition Starter:

• It is the most widely recognized strategy for star-delta starting.

• In this strategy motor windings are open throughout the transition time of altering
the windings from a star mode with a delta mode.
• The star-delta open move starter uses 3 motor contactors and a move delay
relay.

Advantages Disadvantages
1) Open transition starter is very easy to Open transition makes a surge of current
implement in terms of cost and circuitry. and torque at change over,which stuns
the system both electrically and
2) It does not require additional voltage mechanically:
educing equipment. a) Electrically: the outcome of the
momentary peaks in current could cause
force vacillations or misfortunes.
b) Mechanically: the expanded torque
coming about because of the current
spike could be sufficient to harm system
components (snap a drive shaft)
2) Star Delta Closed Transition Starter:

» The transfer from the star to delta modes is made without disengaging motor
from the line.
» A couple of components are added to dispose of or decrease the surge
connected with the open transition.
» The extra components incorporate a contactor and few transition resistors.
» The transition resistors consume the present stream throughout the winding
changeover.
» A fourth contactor is additionally used to place the resistor in circuit before
opening the star contactor.
» Afterward evacuating the resistors once the delta contactor is closed.
» The control circuit is more confounded because of the need to complete resistor
exchanging.

Advantages Disadvantages
i)There is a reduction in the incremental In addition to requiring more switching
current surge, which results from devices,the control circuit is more
transition. complicated due to the need to carry out
ii)Thus closed transition starter has a resistor switching.
smooth change over. The added circuitry leads to significant
rise in the cost of the installation.
Full load current in Open Transition and Closed Transition:

Block Diagram:

Star Delta Starter Advantages:

1) Inexpensive
2) No heat is produced, or tap changing device needs to be used, hence efficiency
increases.
3) Starting current reduced to 1/3 of direct online starting current.
4) Produce high torque per ampere of line current.

Star Delta Starter Disadvantages:

A) Starting torque is reduced to 1/3 of full load torque.
B) A particular set of motors required.
Maximum Torque Proofs:
Maximum Efficiency Proofs:

When the core loss is considered a part of the rotational loss the power input to
the motor using the approximate equivalent circuit, is:

𝑷𝒊𝒏 =3𝑽𝟏 𝑰𝟐 cos𝜃

where 𝜃 is the power-factor angle between the applied voltage 𝑉 and the rotor
current 𝑰𝟐 the power output is:

𝑷𝒐𝒖𝒕 =3𝑽𝟏 𝑰𝟐 cos𝜃−3𝑰𝟐𝟐 (𝑹𝟏 + 𝑹𝟐 )−𝑷𝒓

The motor efficiency is:

𝟑𝑽𝟏 𝑰𝟐 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽 − 𝟑𝑰𝟐𝟐 (𝑹𝟏 + 𝑹𝟐 ) − 𝑷𝒓

𝜼=
𝟑𝑽𝟏 𝑰𝟐 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽

Differentiating 𝜂 with respect to 𝑰𝟐 , and setting the derivative equal to zero, we

obtain:

3𝑰𝟐𝟐 (𝑹𝟏 + 𝑹𝟐 )=𝑷𝒓

As the proofs for the maximum efficiency of an induction motor. It simply states
that the efficiency of an induction motor is maximum when the sum of the stator
and the rotor copper losses is equal to the rotational loss.