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Practical-2Magnetization Characteristics

The document describes an experiment to obtain the magnetization characteristics of a magnetic material by measuring its B-H curve. A B-H curve plots the flux density (B) of a magnetic circuit against the applied magnetic field strength (H). It shows how B increases with H and reaches saturation, at which point further increases in H no longer affect B. The experiment involves measuring the current (I) and voltage (V) output of a transformer as the input voltage is varied, to obtain points for plotting the B-H curve relationship between V and I.

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Jay Sathvara
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66 views

Practical-2Magnetization Characteristics

The document describes an experiment to obtain the magnetization characteristics of a magnetic material by measuring its B-H curve. A B-H curve plots the flux density (B) of a magnetic circuit against the applied magnetic field strength (H). It shows how B increases with H and reaches saturation, at which point further increases in H no longer affect B. The experiment involves measuring the current (I) and voltage (V) output of a transformer as the input voltage is varied, to obtain points for plotting the B-H curve relationship between V and I.

Uploaded by

Jay Sathvara
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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GANPAT UNIVERSITY

U. V. PATEL COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING


DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

SUBJECT: 2ES103 BASIC ELECTRICAL


ENGINEERING (BEE)

BASIC ELECTRICAL
ENGINEERING
LABORATORY
Experiment 2
AIM: To obtain the magnetization characteristics of a given
magnetic material.
B-H CURVE
• A B-H curve plots changes in a magnetic circuit's flux density to magnetic field

strength, as the magnetic field strength is gradually increased or decreased.

• The resulting shape indicates how the flux density increases or decreases due to the

gradual alignment of the magnetic domains (atoms, that behave like tiny magnets)

within the magnetic circuit material.


• Magnetic field strength (H): the magneto motive force per unit length of a magnetic circuit. H =
mmf/l = Ni/L, H α i
• magneto motive force (mmf) is provided by a current-carrying coil, wound around that magnetic
circuit.
• Magneto motive force is the product of the current flowing through the coil and the number of turns,
expressed in amperes (although often spoken as "ampere turns"). Mmf = NI
• The magneto motive force gives rise to the magnetic flux within the magnetic circuit, the intensity of
which is termed flux density (symbol B), expressed in teslas. B = Flux/cross section area Ø (phi) /sq
m.
• The complete B-H curve is usually described as a hysteresis loop. The area contained
within a hysteresis loop indicates the energy required to perform the 'magnetize -
demagnetize' process.
SOME TERMS RELATED
TO B-H CURVE

1) MAGNETIC SATURATION

2) RETENTIVITY

3) COERSIVE FORCE

4) MAGNETIC HYSTERESIS
MAGNETIC SATURATION
• when a magnetization current flows through a
coil the domains in the coil get aligned.
• When all the domains have aligned, the B-H
curve reaches a plateau and the magnetic
circuit is said to be saturated.
• At this point, any further increase in
magnetic field strength has no further effect on
the flux density.
• This is known as magnetic saturation point.
Saturation occurs because the random haphazard arrangement of the molecule structure within
the core material changes as the tiny molecular magnets within the material become "lined-up".

• You may notice that the flux density increases in proportion to the field strength until it reaches
a certain value were it can not increase any more becoming almost level and constant as the
field strength continues to increase.

• This is because there is a limit to the amount of flux density that can be generated by the core as
all the domains in the iron are perfectly aligned. Any further increase will have no effect on the
value of M, and the point on the graph where the flux density reaches its limit is called
Magnetic Saturation, also known as Saturation of the Core.
RETENTIVITY
• The ability to retain some magnetism in the core after magnetization has stopped is called
Retentivity or Remanence while the amount of flux density still present in the core is called
Residual Magnetism.
• The reason for this that some of the tiny molecular magnets do not return to a completely
random pattern and still point in the direction of the original magnetizing field giving them a
sort of "memory".
• One way to reduce this residual flux density to zero is by reversing the direction of the
current flowing through the coil, thereby making the value of H, the magnetic field strength
negative.
COERSIVE FORCES
• To reduce the flux density we need to reverse the current flowing through the coil, the
magnetizing force which must be applied to null the residual flux density is called
coersive forces.
• It reverses the magnetic field rearranging the molecular magnets until the core
becomes unmagnetized.

• For materials having low Retentivity (i.e. soft ferromagnetic materials) coercive
forces are also low and for materials having high Retentivity (hard ferromagnetic
materials) coercive forces are large.
MAGNETIC HYSTERESIS
• The lag or delay of a magnetism due to the magnetization
properties of a material by which it firstly becomes
magnetized and then de-magnetised is known as magnetic
hysteresis.
HOW HYSTERESIS LOOP WORKS?

• The Magnetic Hysteresis loop shows the


behavior of a ferromagnetic core
graphically as the relationship between B
and H is non-linear.

• Starting with an unmagnetised core both


B and H will be at zero, point 0 on the
magnetization curve.
1) 0 – a: If the magnetization current, i is increased in a positive direction to some value the
magnetic field strength H increases linearly with i and the flux density B will also
increase.

2) a – b: if the magnetizing current in the coil is reduced to zero the magnetic field around
the core reduces to zero but the magnetic flux does not reach zero due to the residual
magnetism present within the core.
• To reduce the flux density at point b to zero we need to reverse the current flowing through
the coil.

• An increase in the reverse current causes the core to be magnetised in the opposite
direction and increasing this magnetisation current will cause the core to reach saturation
but in the opposite direction, point d on the cure which is symmetrical to point b.
• If the magnetizing current is reduced again to zero the residual magnetism present in the
core will be equal to the previous value but in reverse at point e.

• Again reversing the magnetizing current flowing through the coil this time into a positive
direction will cause the magnetic flux to reach zero, point f on the curve and as before
increasing the magnetization current further in a positive direction will cause the core to
reach saturation at point a.

• Then the B-H curve follows the path of a-b-c-d-e-f-a as the magnetizing current flowing
through the coil alternates between a positive and negative value such as the cycle of an
AC voltage.

• This path is called a Magnetic Hysteresis Loop.


Let’s start the experiment….
APPARATUS:
(1) MULTIMETER (2) CLAMP METER
(3) Single phase transformer (230V/115V)
(4) Single phase variac
(5) Connecting Wires
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
PROCEDURE
1. Connect the circuit as shown in the figure.
2. Supply the required voltage.
3. Gradually increase the input voltage with the help of a variac.
4. For the variations of voltage measure the primary current and secondary A.C voltage.
Let’s understand with the video…
Let’s understand with the video…
Let’s understand with the video…
Let’s understand with the video…
OBSERVATION TABLE
Sr. No. Current I α H Voltage V α B
1 0.10 86.5
2 0.2 98.7
3 0.25 102.9
4 0.3 105.6
5 0.35 108
6 0.4 110.9
7 .45 113
8 .5 115
9 0.55 117.7
10 0.6 119
11
12
13
14
15
GRAPH:
• Plot the BH curve between V and I
B

H
CONCLUSION:

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