PAMANTASAN NG CABUYAO

College of Education, Arts, and Sciences

Katapatan Subd. Banay-Banay, City of Cabuyao, Laguna

Course Code: MAT101

Course Title: Mathematics in the Modern World
Learning Material for Week #: 10-11
Course Intended Learning Outcomes:
1. Appreciate the nature and beauty of mathematics.
2. Use different types of reasoning to justify statements and arguments made about
mathematics and mathematical concepts.
3. Apply logical reasoning in making sound decisions.
4. Use a variety of statistical tools to process and manage numerical data.
5. Use mathematics in other areas such as finance, voting, health and medicine, business,
environment, arts and design, and recreation.

Data Management

Lesson Objectives:
At the end of the lesson students must be able to:
• describe the importance of the central tendency in real life situations
• use a Mean, Median, and Mode to process and manage numerical data
• calculate the mean, median, and mode with different types of data

Lesson Coverage
• Mean, Median, and Mode for Ungrouped and Grouped Data

Measures of Central Tendency

* The Three Measures of Central Tendency - Most common use is the mean, median and mode.

Mean, Median, and Mode for Ungrouped Data

Computation of the Mean

The mean or arithmetic mean, or arithmetic average is defined as the sum of the values
in the data group divided by the number of values.
For ungrouped data, that is, data that is not arranged in a for frequency distribution, the
mean (usually symbolized by x) is the sum of all items divided by the total number of items. This

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 PAMANTASAN NG CABUYAO
College of Education, Arts, and Sciences
Katapatan Subd. Banay-Banay, City of Cabuyao, Laguna

mean is known as the simple arithmetic mean if it is unweighted, that is, the relative importance
of each item value is not taken into consideration.

Formula:
∑𝑥
𝑋̅ =
𝑁

where :
X - mean
N - number of scores or measures
∑ - summation

Example. Last year the five sales representative of Insurance sold the following number of
education plans : 26, 19, 37, 14, 15. Find the mean.

∑𝑥 26+19+37+14+15
𝑋̅ = 𝑁 = 5
111
=
5

= 22.2

Example. The prices of certain pens are set at P10, P15, P18, P20 and P24. The arithmetic
mean of these five figures would be:

∑𝑋
X = 𝑁

P10+ P15+ P18+ P20 + P24 8 87

= = = P17.40
5 5

Weighted Arithmetic Mean

There are times, when some values are given more importance than others. The mean derived
in this case is known as the weighted arithmetic mean. Let us compute a properly weighted
arithmetic mean considering the fact that 10,000 pens were each sold at P10; 8,000 pens each at
P15; 5,000, P18; 4,000, P20; and 2,000, P24. We will now have:

∑(𝑊𝑋)
X = 𝑁

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 PAMANTASAN NG CABUYAO
College of Education, Arts, and Sciences
Katapatan Subd. Banay-Banay, City of Cabuyao, Laguna

(10,000∗ P10)+ (8,000∗ P15)+ (5,000∗P18)+ (4,000∗ P20)+(2,000∗P24)

= 29000

(P100,000 + P120,000 + P90,000 + P80,000+ P48,000)

= 29000

𝑃438,000
= = P 15.10
29,000

Median is the middle value when data is in ascending or descending order. If there is an even
number of observations, get the mean of the two middle most values.

Finding the Median from Ungrouped Data

1. When N is odd, the median is the middle score.
Example : 21 16 14 11 9 8 7

* There are 7 scores and the median is 11.

2. When N is even, the median is the average of the two middle scores.
Example : 22 19 15 14 11 8 8 5
14 + 11
= 12.5
2

3. When several scores have the same value as the midscore.

Example : 16 16 14 12 9 9 9 7 6
Median is 9.

MODE - The mode is the most frequent value in a set of data.

Finding the Mode from Ungrouped Data
1. A set of numbers 12, 13, 14, 16, 16, 16, 19, 20 has 16 as its mode.
2. A set of numbers 46, 50, 53, 56, 59 has no mode.
3. A set of numbers 5, 5, 7, 9, 9, 9, 10, 10, 10, 13 has modes of 10 and 9 and is
called bimodal

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 PAMANTASAN NG CABUYAO
College of Education, Arts, and Sciences
Katapatan Subd. Banay-Banay, City of Cabuyao, Laguna

Mean, Median, and Mode for Grouped Data

Computation of the mean from grouped data

Data which are arranged in a frequency distribution are called grouped data. When the
number of items is too large, it is best to compute for the measures of central tendency and
variability using the frequency distribution.

The formula is:

∑𝑓𝑋
X = 𝑁

where:
f represents the frequency
X the class mark; and
N the total frequency

Class Intervals f X fX

118-126 3 122 366

127-135 5 131 655

136-144 9 140 1260

145-153 12 149 1788

154-162 5 158 790

163-171 4 167 688

172-180 2 176 352

N= 40 5879

5879
X = = 146.975 or 147
40

Computation of the median from grouped data

In order to compute the median from grouped data, we also have to determine the value which
divides the distribution into two equal parts. Thus, we consider the "less than'" cumulative
frequency.

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 PAMANTASAN NG CABUYAO
College of Education, Arts, and Sciences
Katapatan Subd. Banay-Banay, City of Cabuyao, Laguna

The median is the sum of the lower limit of the median class and a fractional part of the class
interval size.

𝑁
− ∑𝑓𝑚−1
Median = Lm + ( 2 )𝑖
𝑓𝑚

where:
Lm is the lower limit of the median class;
∑ fm – 1 is the sum of all frequencies before the median class frequency or the
cumulative frequency before that of the median class; and
fm is the frequency of the median class
i size of class intervals

Class Interval f < cum f

118-126 3 3

127-135 5 8

136-144 9 17

145-153 12 29

154-162 5 34

163-171 4 38

172-180 2 40

𝑁
The median class is the class interval where the 2 𝑡ℎ item is found.

𝑁
In our example, the 2 𝑡ℎ item is the 20th item. The value of this 20th item is within the
cumulative frequency of 29. Therefore, the median class is 145-153. In the data given above,
the lower limit for the median class is 145. The frequency of the median class is 12, and the
cumulated frequency before the median class is 17.

The Median class is then computed as follows:

𝑁
− ∑𝑓𝑚−1
2
Median = Lm + ( )𝑖
𝑓𝑚

N= =40
Lm = 145
∑ fm – 1 = 3+5+9
fm =12
i =9

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 PAMANTASAN NG CABUYAO
College of Education, Arts, and Sciences
Katapatan Subd. Banay-Banay, City of Cabuyao, Laguna

40
−17
Median = 145 +( 2 12 ) 9

20−17
=145 +( )9
12
3
=145 +(12) 9
=145+2.25
=147.25

Computation of the mode from grouped data

The mode in a frequency distribution is within the class interval with the highest frequency. The
class interval with the highest frequency is known as the modal class. A crude mode may be
determined by taking the class mark with the highest frequency. However, this rough
approximation may be improved by considering the frequencies adjoining the modal class
frequency. We then have the formula

∆1
Mode = Lmo + (∆1+∆2) 𝑖

where:
Lmo is the lower limit of the modal class (this is the class interval with the highest frequency);
∆1 is the difference between the highest frequency and the frequency just above it; and
∆2 is the difference between the highest frequency and the frequency just below it.
i size of class intervals

Class Intervals f

118-126 3 2

127-135 5 4

136-144 9 5

145-153 12 12

154-162 5 9

163-171 4 5

172-180 2 3

Note that the modal class is the interval 145-153. The highest frequency is 12 and its adjoining
frequencies are 9 and 5. Substituting these into the above formula

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 PAMANTASAN NG CABUYAO
College of Education, Arts, and Sciences
Katapatan Subd. Banay-Banay, City of Cabuyao, Laguna

∆1
Mode = Lmo + (∆1+∆2) 𝑖

Lmo = 145
∆1 = 12-9
∆2 = 12-5
i =9

3
=145 + (3+7) 9

3
=145 +(10) 9

=145+2.7
=147.7

Suggested videos to watch:

Mean, Median, and Mode of Grouped Data & Frequency Distribution Tables Statistics
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zjHfAhcU6kE

Mean, Median, and Mode (Grouped Data). https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wrGYheq0whk

Source:
De Leon et al. Fundamental Statistics. Sinag-Tala Publishers, Inc. Manila
Elbo, Morris