GENERAL REQUIREMENTS FOR WRITING PRACTICAL RECORD FILES

AIM: Here write the name of the experiment (what you are going to find out)
APPARATUS REQUIRED: Mention all the component, device, instruments you are going to use.
THEORY OR PRINCIPLE: For every experiment, there is a principle involved and formulas to be used for
calculation. (Either you can get it from your teacher or take help from lab manual)
PROCEDURE: Here, you have to write a brief description of the method and steps you followed for doing
the particular experiment. The sentences should be in past tense and it should not be in instructional
language (like it is given in lab manual, don’t copy them as it is.).
OBSERVATIONS AND CALCULATIONS:
For this, you can use specific format for each experiment. No scribbling, no overwriting in entering data
of the observations. It should be neat and clear.
Calculations needs formulas, mentioned in the theory. Substitute the values in the formula and write only
final value (don’t show steps of calculations)
You can use left blank page for the figure, related circuit diagram, observation and calculations.
RESULT: Write final value the quantity or quantities or the conclusion of the result.
PRECAUTIONS: At least three.
SOURCES OF ERROR: At least three.
(For last two parts, you can take help from lab manual, but mention only those points, that you really
followed while doing that experiment)
On the top left corner, write the date of experiment.

Index page also, you have to fill (mention briefly about the aim of the experiment),
with date of experiment and page number.
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 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS FOR WRITING EXPERIMENT DETAILS DURING PRACTICAL EXAMINATION
EVERY STUDENT HAS TO DO TWO EXPERIMENTS IN THREE HOURS (ONE FROM EACH SECTION)
AIM: Here write the name of the experiment (what you are going to find out). It will be given.
APPARATUS REQUIRED: Mention all the component, device, instruments you are going to use.
THEORY OR PRINCIPLE: For every experiment, there is a principle involved and formulas to be used for
calculation.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM: Draw neat circuit diagram for the experiment given.
PROCEDURE:Not Required. (So no need to write this sub heading)
OBSERVATIONS AND CALCULATIONS:
For this, you can use specific format for the experiment given. No scribbling, no overwriting in entering
data of the observations. It should be neat and clear.
Calculations needs formulas, mentioned in the theory. Substitute the values in the formula and write only
final value (don’t show steps of calculations)
RESULT: Write final value the quantity or quantities or the conclusion of the result.
PRECAUTIONS: At least three.
SOURCES OF ERROR: At least three.

ALL THE BEST

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 SECTION: A
Experiment: 1
AIM:To determine unknown resistance by plotting a graph between Voltage and Current, using Ohm’s
law circuit.
Apparatus Required:Resistance coil, battery eliminator, ammeter, voltmeter, rheostat, one-way key,
connecting wires.
Theory:As per Ohm’s law, when external conditions are kept same, then the current across the wire/coil
is directly proportional to the voltage (or p.d.) applied.
i.e. VαI
Or V = RI, where R is a constant, called electrical resistance.
Or R = V/I
The graph between V and I is a straight line. The slope of this graph gives the measure of resistance.
i.e R = (V2 – V1)/(I2 – I1)
Procedure: ………………………………………..
…………………………………………………………….
Circuit Diagram:
 OBSERVATION TABLE

S.No Voltage (V) Current (I) Resistance (R) Mean

“In Volt” “In amp.” “In Ohm”
1 0.25 28 x 10-3 8.92
2 0.5 60 x 10-3 8.33
3 0.75 88 x 10-3 8.52
4 1.0 100 x 10-3 10.0 9.24 Ω
5 1.25 125 x 10-3 10.0
6 1.5 160 x 10-3 9.37
7 1.75 180 x 10-3 9.72
8 2.0 220 x 10-3 9.09

Results: From formula R = 9.24 Ω

From graph R = (V2 – V1)/(I2 – I1) = ……………..Ω
Precautions: 1
2.
3.
Sources of error: 1.
2.
3.
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Experiment: 2
AIM:To determine resistance of a coil by using Meter bridge.
Apparatus Required:Meter bridge apparatus, Resistance coil, Resistance box (0 – 100 Ω), battery
eliminator, galvanometer, one-way key, connecting wires.
Theory:In the Meter bridge circuit, if l is the balancing length, then from balanced Wheat-Stone bridge
condition,
R/X = xl/x(100-l), where x is the resistance per unit length of the Meter bridge wire.
So, X = (100-l)R/l
Procedure: ………………………………
…………………………………………………
Circuit Diagram:
OBSERVATION TABLE

S.No. Known Resistance Balancing Length 100 - l S = (100-l)R/l Mean

R l
1 5Ω 37 63 8.513 S1 = 8.729
2 10 Ω 53 47 8.867
3 15 Ω 63 37 8.809
After interchanging
R&S
1 5Ω 30 70 11.666 S2 = 10.842
2 10 Ω 50 50 10.0
3 15 Ω 58 42 10.862

Final mean Resistance S = (S1 + S2)/2 = (8.729+10.842)/2 = 9.875 Ω.

Results: Resistance of the coil, S = 9.875 Ω

Precautions: 1
2.

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 Experiment: 3
AIM: To verify Series and Parallel combination by using Meter bridge.
Apparatus Required: Meter bridge apparatus, Two Resistance coils, Resistance box (0 – 100 Ω), battery
eliminator, galvanometer, one-way key, connecting wires.
Theory:If R1 and R2 are the resistances connected in series, then the equivalent resistance of
thecombination is given by, RS = R1 + R2
When these resistances are connected in parallel, then the equivalent resistance of the combination is
given by
1/RP =1/R1 + 1/R2
RP = (R1R2) / (R1 + R2)
Procedure: ………………………………
…………………………………………………
Circuit Diagrams:
For single ResistanceFor Series Combination

For Parallel Combination

OBSERVATION TABLE

S.No. Known Balancing 100 - l S = (100-l)R/l Mean

Resistance Length
R l
For R1 1 10 Ω 52 48 9.2 R1 = 9.5Ω
2 20 Ω 67 33 9.8
For R2 1 10Ω 51 49 9.6 R2 = 9.5 Ω
2 20 Ω 68 32 9.4
For RS 1 10Ω 34.5 65.5 18.9 RS = 19.05 Ω
2 20 Ω 51 49 19.2
For RP 1 10Ω 68 32 4.7 RP = 4.7 Ω
2 20 Ω 81 19 4.69

Conclusion:
In Series: From formula, RS = R1 + R2 = 9.5 + 9.5 = 19.0Ω
From Experiment, RS= 19.05Ω
In Parallel: From formula, RP = (R1R2) / (R1 + R2)
= (9.5x9.5)/(9.5 + 9.5)
= 4.75Ω
From Experiment, RP= 4.7Ω
The values calculated from formulas and by experiment are very close, both for Series and Parallel
combinations.
Hence Formulas are verified.
Note: In the table, only specimen values are given.
Precautions:
1.
2.
Sources of error:
1.
2.

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 Experiment: 4
AIM: To compare the emf of two given primary cells using potentiometer.
Apparatus Required: Potentiometer,Lechlanche cell, Daniel cell, Resistance box (0 – 100 Ω), battery
eliminator, Rheostat, galvanometer, two-way key, jockey, connecting wires.
Theory: If l1 and l2 are the balancing lengths, when the cells of emf E1 and E2 are introduced in the circuit
one after the other,
Then emf, E1α l1
Emf, E2 α l2
So, E1/E2 = l1/l2
Procedure: ………………………………
…………………………………………………
Circuit Diagrams:

OBSERVATION TABLE
 S.No Balancing Length E1/E2 = l1/l2 Mean
For E1 For E2
1 762 646 1.17
2 714 605 1.18 1.18
3 658 557 1.18

Precautions:
1.
2.
Sources of error:
1.
2.

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Experiment: 5
AIM: To determine the international resistance of a given primary cell using potentiometer.
Apparatus Required: Potentiometer,Lechlanche cell/ Daniel cell, Resistance box (0 – 100 Ω), battery
eliminator, galvanometer, Rheostat, Jockey, one-way key, connecting wires.
Theory: If l1 and l2 are the balancing lengths, when the key S, shown in figure, is kept open and closed,
one after the other.
Then emf, E α l1
And,Terminal potential, V α l2
So, E/V = l1/l2
Then, the internal resistance, r = (E/V – 1)R
r = (l1/l2 – 1)R
Procedure: ………………………………
…………………………………………………

Circuit Diagrams:
OBSERVATION TABLE
 S.No Known Resistance Balancing Length ( in cm ) r = (l1/l2 – 1)R Mean
.
R When key S is open When key S is closed
1 10 Ω 824 684 2.04
2 20 Ω 776 705 2.01 2.023 Ω
3 30 Ω 712 667 2.02

Result: Internal resistance of the given cell is 2.023 Ω.

Precautions:
1.
2.
Sources of error:
1.
2

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Experiment: 6
AIM: To determine resistance of a galvanometer by Half-deflection method.
Apparatus Required: Two Resistance boxes (0 – 1000Ω& 0 – 10000 Ω), battery eliminator, galvanometer,
one-way key, connecting wires.
Theory:In a circuit, consisting of a battery eliminator, a very high resistance R and a galvanometer in
series, if θ is the deflection in the galvanometer, then a resistance S, which is required to be connected in
parallel with the galvanometer that makes the deflection in the galvanometer θ/2, is the resistance of the
galvanometer (provided there is no noticeable change in the value of current in the main circuit).
That is G = S
Procedure: ………………………………
…………………………………………………
Circuit Diagrams:

OBSERVATION TABLE

S.No High Resistance R Deflection in the Low Resistance S G=S Mean

. galvanometer
1 7600 Ω 10 130 Ω 130 Ω
2 5300 Ω 14 130 Ω 130 Ω 130Ω
3 4000 Ω 18 130 Ω 130 Ω
4 3400 Ω 20 130 Ω 130 Ω

Result: The resistance of the galvanometer is 130 Ω.

Precautions:
1.
2.
Sources of error:
1.
2.

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 SECTION: B
Experiment: 7
AIM: To find the focal length of a convex lens by plotting a graph between object distance u and image
distance v.
Apparatus Required: Optical bench, Clamp, Two needles, Convex lens, Meter Scale.
Theory:For a lens, object distance u, image distance v and focal length f are related by the relation,
1/v - 1/u = 1/f
f = uv/( u-v )
Procedure: ………………………………
…………………………………………………

Image of the Object Pin

Object Pin Image Pin

OBSERVATION TABLE:

S.No. Object distance, u Image distance, v f = uv/( u-v ) Mean

1 -18.5 cm 25.0 cm 10.6 cm
2 -20.1 cm 23.0 cm 10.7 cm
3 -21.0 cm 20.0 cm 10.2 cm 10.5 cm
4 -20.0 cm 21.0 cm 10.2 cm
5 -23.0 cm 20.1 cm 10.7 cm
6 -25.0 cm 18.5 cm 10.6 cm

Result:
From Graph: 2f = 21.1 cm
f = 10.55 cm
From Formula, f = 10.5 cm

Prcautions:
1.
2.
Sources of error:
1.
2.

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Experiment: 8
AIM: To determine angle of minimum deviation for a given prism, by plotting a graph between angle of
incidence and angle of deviation.
Apparatus Required: Drawing board, White sheet of paper, Glass triangular prism, Drawing pins, Scale ,
protractor, graph paper.
Theory: For a prism, initially angle of deviation decreases with increase in angle of incidence, but after
attaining a minimum value, say δm, angle of deviation increases with further increase of angle of
incidence.
For a prism, if δ = δm,
Then i = e and r1 = r2
Procedure: ………………………………
…………………………………………………
Ray Diagrams:
 Angle of deviation, δ
Angle of incidence, i
35o 44o
40o 41o
45o 39o
50o 38o
55o 39o
60o 42o
Prcautions:
1.
2.
Sources of error:
1.
2.

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