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9 rv{ .1_v
MrJ VDf
Vt2t^X +.\*) $e- UoLby- fueE +<
%a ,*ho"r4
jvo<.i-, (uv'voaf

n& f,r.*'n- Sovtce oN rA\AfurL-

r r Vorq,"^r'g

/
 oOpocraoional Amplifiers and
Linear ICs

Current Srnks

Two current sink circuits

are irustratettr in Figs. (r-5(a)
the currenr sources in Figs. and (b). These are simiiar
6-ili
oil? o,.*p,',r0, )i n
to
and an n-channer MosFir
ur. *o*'uu*,r. rrr* {l, rp*,t;;;iit..o.rits
nbiporar rransistor
sign approach for each is th* and the de-
sarne ur;;the current
source circuits.

p * *O-f V'
'.o+v
I

t
'vcc
=It-Ie lr
ll t -t
IV D- tl
,

iJ'
8or

- lJ
,EE

l,
I'F =

{a) Cur.rent sink using a :-

brpolar lransrstor (b) Current sink using a
power tu10SFET
Figure 6'5 A current sink circuit. u:ilg. , bipolar transisror
current because rhe emitter has a constant sink
currenl is treti at ,iil: il
givesasinkcurrentpreciselyequalto.r,..*,.i,iii,Iu,n*,, of a MOSFET (or a FEI)

6.3 PREC'S'O'U CURRENT S,'U'( ANDSOURCE

ctRcutTs
The precision current sink circuit
in Fig. 6-6 is ,h. ,:T:.: the precision
source in Fig' 6-2 except vortage
that an n-charinel p"*riurdseET
the op-amp output' A constant (0,) has been added at
voltage i, ,uintuiieTat the
secti'n 6- r ' In the case of ri!. 6-6, output as explained in
i'he ;r,rut ;;,"r, ar the
FET is held.constant. Thus] the source terminar of the
curent tfrrough Rs is held constant
MOSFET drain current is a constant and the
quantity.
The current source circuit in Fig.
6'7 isa modified form of the circuit
6-6. A p-channel MOSFET is useo in Fig.
terchanged in order to maintain
fi, e,r;;;;;;;nB Dr and l?, have been in-
a constan-t vottagi across Rs in its
Thus, once again, the drain .urr.n, new position.
of the MosFEr is herd constanr.
 Ch. 6 Miscellaneous Op-Amp Linear Applications
-

l-a+v*
I
R, li

,l l ,, -,,
.P'
I r*r o,
R4
20 ko

v EE D
R3
68 kO -l5 V ,rotn

Figure 6-6
Precision cunent sink using
I
a precision voltage source and power
MOSFET.

F3 *V cc

Fo'
tllo="
't
R,.i
6.7 Precision culrent source u$-
I? Figure
ing a precision voltage source and a
powerMOSFET.o
o. e

To design a precision current source or sink circuit, the voltage drop across R5
is first deteniinedin the same way as Vnr is calculated in Example 6-3' Then the rest
of the circuit is designed as for the precision voltage source in Example 6'2'
Example 6-4
a load which
Design a precision current sink, as in Fig. 6-6; to providg 75 TA througtr
has a maiimum resistance of 50 O. The supply voltage is 15 V and a 741 t
op-amp is
to be used.

Solution
For the MOSFEI, Vps(r..) = Vcc = 15 V

and Ip(."r) = /r = 75 nrA

 @
Ch. 6 Miscellaneous Op-Amp Linear Applications
-
voltage drop -/,Rr, whichis
also the negative voltage at op-amp output. If the cur-
rent direction is reversed, the output voltage becomes posiiive,

#urrent Amplifier
In Fig. 6-9(a), resistor flz has been adcled ro rhe circuit of Fig. 6_g. The currenr
through /tz is

/'Rl
I.:L
'P.R:=
So, the output current is Rr/Rz times the input current and the circuit is a current
amplifier if Rr > ft2. WhereR: )
Rr, the ciicuit is a current attenuator.
n
R,
- '+

nent

{a) Current amplifier/attenuator (b) Currentamplif ier witn gain

independent of load

Figure 6'9 Current amplifieriattenuator circuits with grounded and floating loads. For the
grounded load circuit, the current gain depends upon the resistance
of load iz, For the floating
load circuit, the gain is independent of the load resistance.

ing One disadvantage of the circuit in Fig. 6-9(a) is that the current gain/attenua-
Lnal tion-is dependent on the resistance of Rz, *[ich is the load resistance. litn.
fouJ.un
ent be floating (ungrounded), then the. circuit shown in Fig. 6-9(b) can be
used. HQre,
put the load current is
ea
It= I,* Iz

=/,+1"&
" "R:

n=*(,-fr) (6-4)

Note that the resistance of the load is not involved in Eq. 6-4. So, the circuit
l1)Il- Fig. 6-9(b) operates as a curent amplifier with a gain which is independent of the
an
9f
load resistance. Of course the voltage drop across the load must not bL so hrge that
.JIJ-
the op-amp output attempts to exceed its maximum output voltage range.
 Operational Amplifiers and Linear ICs

The VN2222L n-channel power IvIOSFET has Vos(,.,) = 60 V, Io(,*) = 150 mA, and
Ro(on) = 7.5 O. So, the VN22?.2L is a suitabie clevice far
et.
Vr.(.,.") = /1 X ii,-1,o.1 = 75 mA X 50 fl
= i.'is \r

For satisfactory operation of f r,

let trbsr*,n) = (Ir,,(oro,,,) + I \1 - ('75 nrA x 7.S 0) + I V

.o
o
o
- i.6v
and l,;,s(*-r - Vcc -- 111.(n'".) - Vost*in)

-15V*3.75V-1.6V
--,q.6 v

-_V*r_9.6V
nt=7,=r5;nA
= 128 f)
Use Rs = 120 O. Then.

Vns=ltlRs=75mAxl20{)
=9V
I

The circuit in Example 6-2 was designed for V, = 9 V. So, the remaining component
I

{ calculations for the current sink are exactly as for Exarnple 6-2.

64
rl,

CARBETUT AMPLIFIERS
11'

l
C u r re nt-to -V olt a ge Con yerter

The current-to-voltage converter circuit in Fig. 6-8 can be thought of as ah inverting

amplifier without an input resistor. Because the op-amp noninverting input terrninal
is grounded, the inverting input remains at ground level. So, the input current
source is effectively short-circuited to.ground. With /, much larger than the input
bias current of the op-amp, virtually all of /, flows through resistor Rr to producl a

Figure 6.8 Current-to-voltage con-

verter circuit which behaves like an
inverting umplifiei without an input resis-
tor.

L*
 .-l

@ I
i

Ch. 6 Miscellaneous Op-Amp Linear Applications

-
Potential Divider
uired
/r P (/r(n,u^t lbr AI)

let Ii = 50 g.A
Vrnr * nr) = *
Vho lATo = 10 V -1- 107c

- llV
11V
R, * R: =
,-.^UO
== 120 k()

+ R:) = 4$ k0 (upe 50 kO standard value potentiometer)

Rz-= 201a ol'(rqr

Rr = (8r * Rr) - ft' -' ]r6;k0 - '50 kO

(use 1.50 k0 standard value, and recalculate /r)
= tr70 k0
)spect
V,rt r *2, ll v
eep it ,,I-.-=-rq,+R, ro + 50 ko)
trso

=55pA
Vct- - Vtnr
' R'' 18 V - ll V
,\3 - lt 55 pA

= 12? kO (use 120 kfi standard value)

6.8'ruSTR UMENTAT'O'U AMPLIFIER

Diflerentiat lnput/Output Amplifier

which u:ttptt a differential input
Figure 6-13 shows the circuit of an amplifier
voltage and produces a differential output.
As will be explained' this circuit has cer-
introduced in Section 3'6' To under'
tain advantages ove; if,. aiftttnce amplifier moment
stand the operation of int differential
input/output amplifier' assume for the
thar rhe junction of ,rririott Rz and R,
in fig.
-as
O-tl it gtounded' Op-amp Ar together
with resistorc n, unJ'ir';;;H fu*tion a noninverting amplifier' The.lnqut
Rz and the voltage gain would be
voltage to Ar wouil b; developed across
(R, + Rr)lRr, Simiia'fy, if the junct':.n.o{ resistors nl-Tl^I'
was grounded' op-
behave as a noninvsrting amplifier with
a
amD Az and resistort ii, u'a Rr would
,oltugt gain of (R, + nr)lRr'
Now consider ttre operation of the complete
circuif Becauseoflheooninvgrt:
resistors, the vdltage it the junction
ing amplifier configuration of Ar and e, unJtit
ofRrandR2isequaltoinputvoltage.vl'AJ'o,'l'voltageatthejunctionofRzand
Rz is the voltage across resistor
d both
[r;il;l; input
'ortugt "''conttqitntly'
Vnz = yr - v2 = % (the differential
input)

I
 Operirrionai Arnpiifiers and Linear ICs

4..1.
i
I
I
I

i
I

Vn, ;Rr
i

I
i

1,,
Y
I
j

Voz B2
I
I

I
{-
I

\" at

t-
I

F'igure S-trJ Differcntialinpur/ourput

anipiiiier wliir-h a.cceprs a differentlal in-
pul voitage anti ampiifies it to produce a
ihffer*ntiai output. With rt. = li,, the
vcitage gain i.e d, = (2.R, r- R:)/R,.

T'his gives rhe current thrnugh ftz as

v,

.,}1,
11 --ft:-*

i[ ;' The diflerenriai output vohage is,

.il' v,=VRr *VnztVnl

= I:(Rr '1. Rz * fir)

= *(*' +,?2 + Rr)

l(z

The circuit rlifferential voitage gain is,

i_ vo R1 * fr2 -.f. Rr
r"ltrJ:l) - --=--_ (6-s)

Nl"mally
Y,= ft:
.Rr
Rz

qn ,1 :fi, + /?,
. !,trltti - (6-5)
f.

Notc that thc voltage gain can be aitered b1, adjusting a singie resistor; R2.
I-ike atl amplifiers rvith a" differential inpui, the common mode gain of the dif-
fi:rentral inputioutput arnplifier is an irnportant quantity, Suppose the two inputs are
coflnectrd together and a common rnode noise vcltage (!',) is appiied to the two as
 I:*Y:':*Y: ol:Tii":: lryYY'l - ll1
shown in Fig. 5-14. The junction of frr anctr R: rvill be ai the same.voltage as the
noninverting input terminal oi,4r, and the.junction of fi: and Rr wili be at tlie sarne
voltage as the noninverting input of Az. 'l'hat is, both resistor.junctions ivill be at v,
.rolts with respect to ground.'Ihere will be rrc current flow through Rr, R:, or R:,
il
and the output voitage of each amplifier lvitrl bre \'., volts. 'fhis meanri the common rl
,l

mode gain is il
I

A,,(.*) : i
,1
(6-7)

So, common mode signals rvill be passed ttrrough but not ampiified hy tiie riifferen-
tial inputioutput anrplifier.

-l
B2i
I

,l,i il
I

I
I I

_,lllJ"
I

I
i' I

,,| ll
I

Figure 6-14 A cornmon ntode voltage

I

I:
i

rll i
:1-:
I applied to a differential iilpuiioutput am-
piifier
I
/ rr ta!irr -l
is reproduced at tiie output.

The clifferentiai input/outpul arnplifier is norrnally used in conjunction with the

difference amplifrer discussed in Section ,3-6. The t''vi; circuits are reproduced in
Fig, 6-15 for comparison. The resistance at each input terrninai of the differential
inputioutput ampiifier is extremely high because of the noninverting anrplifier
-- configuration. The input resistarrcr;r of the dilfurence ampiifier is R, = fir at input ter-
minal l, and Ri = (ft. + Rr) at terminai 2. fhe voltage gain of the ilifferentiai
input/output arnplifier can be changed by adjusting oniy one resistcr: R2, Changing
the gain of the diiference amplifier requires that R: and fi, lle adiusted togetirer to
maintain equatr arlplifrcation of both inputs. The common mode gain of the differen-
tial input/output arnplifier is 1, comparerl to a coinnron mode gain of zero for the dif-
ference amplifier. As illustrated in Fig. 6-15, the differential inputioutput arnplifler
S operates u,ith a floating load, rvhile the difference arnplifier uses a grounded load,
 Operatronai Amplifiers and Llnea;" ICs

I
I
I

i
I
I
p=a
I
I
tr) 1 1;

I L'
i
6=F.+'.i- 83
I
5
!

I
-vta I
I I
I

I
+
I

(bi A oifference ampiifier has reiatively

R. r-\ lc,a input resistances, a hi*oh eommon
mocie signal attenuation, and a grounded
ioad.
Y
tf

(a) A differential input/output amplifier has

very high input resistances, a common
mode gain of l, and a floating load.
Voltage gain is controlled by one resistor,

Flgure 6.15 Comparison of a differential input/output amplifier and a differcncc amplifier.

I nstrumentation Amplifier Ci rcuit

The instrurnenmtion amplifier circuit shown in Fig. 6-16 is a combination of the dif-
fercntial input/output amplifier (stage 1) and the difference amplifier (stage 2). The
difference amplifier uses the differential output voltages from the differential input/
output amplifier to drive a gounded load, as illustrated. For instrumentation pur-
poses, most loads have one grounded terminal, otherwise gxound loops and static
electricity could cause problems. So, the ability to drive a $ounded load is neces-
sary. The differential input/output stage offers a very high input resistance at each
irrput terminal. The voltage gain of the complete circuit is,

A,=A,rxAuz
where A,r is the voltage gain of stage 1 and A,2 is the stage 2 gain.

o,=-f* R"*[ 2R' R. (6-8)

The overall voltage gain can be controlled by adjustment of rtz. The common mode
'signa? attenuation for the instrumentation amplifier is that provided by the difference
amplifier. A-s discussed in Section 3-6, this can be rnaximized by making resistor Rr

.l
 Ch. 6 _.- Miscellaneous
Op-Anrp Linear
+,-' - staq6
Applications
1.- __._

s,!va,,w'u',u;n
+
i ,T adiust

t R^
- I

V
I

R, )/ co^^on
^o6" + *

lf dc offiet
adjust
"EF

Figure GI6 Instr,,-o-.^.,- :

amptifi er,;;r, ;:'j:T::.tation-a,npri rier cor
un't ain ,.i..;r;,H:"::-:f a. differential
lustabrc ,or,.n.
-"'5c ,lil
gain' "
common ;;;;
rrr
srrirring ;;IJt;i#I': jj,:: lHl;,JJl.l:
-1,,1, ; ji,1.,iij,,i,
;1.1,ji#i :j,;,ff
L'|co ro an ad.iusrab/e
; ;: L i ;f bias uorta!.
^
I
dc o u,p u, r o,,
ag e

,rr,.r5'.ji"fl,;rirfiil[
Exampre 6-7
Design an instrum
;;ffi J T. i.l,ffi , T
,",,,;;,.: i' [:: [31: il ;J :llJil::T t ji ffi I T.,_ln ;, " o u,

Stage I
let A,,, o 4.,,
= V; = vGx)
=30
Ict
lt D ler^o,t
l2 = I(l0/ar**r
= .50 ,,.A

R, = V,.- t5 mV
12 .50 rrA
= 300() (use 500 .f)
variablel
Fq.r-0.
4t(arrr = 3I, 1 -&
R:
 ,i,

:i riii
a!il

\ry Operatrona I

D 27uo1i11 -
R .,:-[A,.r,,, - ll--
1I
which gives. ]
== 3.9 kO (standard value)

R, = 1(L = 3.9 ko
Stage 2
tl -, A, li = 9fi) x l-5 rriV

'- 13 5 V

/stn,,nr 7- lat*u*)

lct
/, = l(X)/a,,,.,., '' 50 /rA

li, -
13.5 V
n,. I ()t[
k() (standard value)
= 170
/{. 270 ko
/(r
A,. 30
(use 8'2 k() + 820 O or 9' l kf)
:t 57o
.. 9 kf)
Rn =i1,.=9k()
: R, a ?(\'k, : 270 kO + 2010
11.

: kO (use a 220 k0 frxed. resis6y'

216 kf) to 324
anct a l(X) k0 variable)

-----
ir-l grated Ci u it lnstru ffientation AmPlifier

nstru ,,1.,1itrr),,,,,,\.r. irr\,ir\iiirrr)lr.'1,1.,:i1*l:.t,;]::::::":[:Jl;tj,t-.:'

I iii c':'y::':?l'
:lll: i I ;l I ll i l,\,1 Jl : :,;', :,i,il . iioo
I

:1 ff iX,ll' ;
{:- l'7 I

JII ::' :llilN' :.-'';il'; ; n.

"; n,' o"a
I:. jl? i:\,:::^lJl'[ :i
clrcull,
ili'in ;,,;:s; i ji"-:::::li
R,' rhe cquation T:.'l.l,:['l
nents: so iH "lliJi-:)\, :l,lf tbr vortage
cuit is set bY
.::l:h:"i\;,]".:;.,i';;;r,tn' 1

sirlilar to [ii1
2R r 'i Rt;
= --*-''-"-*'
R,;

,,. k( the equation r lir; bccomes'

With R, = 1.5
ko

= 50 0 give a voltage g

It'R,, i:; lct't as irrlinitr'' tilc nul'acturer to Yield a co

,,pfrn^r,r,u,.'li' i 0ti{) lt:::"":,11:',1 natccl at Pin 9, which r

to a bias v
I"H()()36 an input iurPcdar
 Ch. 7 Signal Processing Circuits
-
INTRODUCTION

The use of operational amplifiers can improve the performance of a wide variety of
signal proceising circuits.-In rectifier circuits, the voltage drop that occurs with an
or-Oinuiy semicdnductor rectifier can be eliminated to give precision rectification.
Wavefoims can be limited and clamped at precise levels when op-amps are employed
in clipping and clamping circuits. The errors that occur with peak detectors and
sampie-and-hold circuits can also be minimized by the use of op-amps.

of
t- 7-I PREC'S'OIU HALF.WAYE RECT'F'ERS ,.
tr
TI r.. lli"'l I f-;

.* . , ,",1
;

)n -, ratlng- Precipio
Sat'u n^ Rectifier
L.0r",t"''t, t-"! i,,i f ,,,'r.tl
ill.rir:l"t
!

)n t., j'pxr -,..,*r.i.l

d- t\I:"

rs,

1v cc

lSr

Ifu +t
(a) Saturating precision half"wave rectifier circuit

*V,,

Ifu ,t
{b) Saturating precision half-wave rectifier with voltage gain

Figure 7-1 trnclgding a <Iiode at the output of a voltage follower or a noninverting

amplifier converts the circuit into a precision half-wave rectifier. Because the op-
amp output saturates when the cliorie is reversed. there is a relatively long recovery
tirne.
{fl
-+r---
Operaiiuiai Arupli{iers and Linr:ar ICs

iiiauixi arrrj thc output vultage ibilolvs the inpr:t. Ree:aii ihat negative feeclback
causes
thc voltagt at tlre invcltintrl input tcrnrinal io folloiv that at the noninverting
termi-
r:ai' lliltctr the output o1'the circuit and the inverting terminal ffre conlinon,lhe
out.
put toliows the input within nlicrovoits" The diotJe forward voltage rlrop
r"s not in-
voive,.i.
'!\hiie
. ttre input r,'ohage is in its negative half-cycle the op-amp outpgt is nega-
[i','e arld the diode
is reverse biased. Consequently, the feedback prritr iu intr.ruptld,
tll* iirverting input tr:rrninai
renrains at grouilcl level (hecause R. is groundecl), ancl
th'* on'-amp outpuf is saturatr:cl in a negativr: rjirection" The neg.rti'ue half-cyclc
of tn*
ilput dues not pass to thc output; ii is ciipped off. lf the diode polarity rs revcrsed in
Fiq, 'l-1(n), thc negative half-cycle,of the input r,vaveform will be paised to the out
put and thc positivi: 1-161f-6:1,c1* lviil be dippect off.
'l'ire advarjtagfls. ot' the ofi-anlp precision
rectifier circuit over a sirnple diode
tecri{,ierr are (tr) no dictle vciltage drop betrveen irrpur and output, (2)
the.tritity to
rtxtify verv small voltaqes (less thar the typic:al 0,7 V tliode forward voltage drip),
13) arnplificatir,rn, il required, and (4) lour output inrpeclance. Items (l) an6'fZ)
inAi-
catr: thilt thr: precision rectiiier- is a close approximaiion to an ideal ctiode,
\4rhile the input u'ztvefortl is in its negative half-cycrie, the outpr.lt of the r:rp-
anlp in Fi.E. 7-l(a) is saturated in a ncgatil'e direction. Some tinle is iequired to g.t
the op-amir out of satutation ancl ttris wii! lirnit the frequency response oi thc
.-ircuit.
For.hlgh frr:quency perfbrmance, a ,ronsaturating preririr*'r*ctiiier circuit must
be
rmed.
F'igurc 7-l(Lr) shows tlte circuit of a precision rectifier with voltage gain. This
is a ntrninverting amplifier with the cliode includecl" The circuit is designectiiiactly
as
a noninverting amplilieil, excepI that ttre current nhroush i?r antl Rz should be a
rnini-
ntunl ol'about 100 p.A to r:nsure that the diode is operating coneftly in the absence
'o{ a loarJ cuirent. A nrininrutn diorJe i:un'ent of 500 is a goo,J design objective.
,uA

&frum*i Fremrmrmrn ffiesffffer

'L'he pre:r:rsion
rc) Fig. 7-2 user an invarring ampiifior cc.,nflgurition.
Diqrilr,: f.i, 15 rr:vur" ialr-:rJ;trd is forward biased rvh,;n tlie op-antp olltput termi-
u;rl is ,rrosilii,r:. ?his r:Lt;ns t,'ililll : input signal is negative, V[hilc Oz is tbrward
trinsed, the circuit out

If Rr cquals R,, V,, eqr.lais -l'i

cl ing the tive half-c1,cie of the iirput. If &z is
greeter than 1lr , the rurtput is an ;ll ifir'J (in anel lraif*,'rave rsctiiied,r ve.rsion
of the inpur.
Durrng the positive hal{'-cl'cie of i}\
input, ttrc op-an}p output terminai goes
negative, causirtg Dz to be rr)verse biased.
put wotlid
wouid helre $aturated
\trout l)1 in the r:ircui{, the op-amp out-
saturateri ln
in a negative
neg,ative direction.
clirection. *lowevur. tlrr: negative voltage at the
,up-afirpouiprrt lb5ward hiases i-,,. 'I'hi, tencJs to
I
tire op-amrp invening inpr.rt ter-
J
 ?+,
Ch. 7 -"-- Signal I'rocessing Ciicuits

n2

VA

.L
{
\

fl,
V D1
EE

R4
\

{
v8
th
Figure 7-3 Two-output ision half recti{ier. Dr is lbrward biased during
the positive half-cycle, D2 ing the ve hall-cvcle, in each case, the circuit
trehaves as an inverting

with the op-amp to perform as an nverting The output at terminal A is

.R\
= -(-7r);
Rr

l1

c
With Di reversed, no current flows in 'esistor Rai with R+ connected to the vir-
s
tual ground at the op-arnp inverting i , the output terminal B is zero.
The circuit in Fig. 7-3 is seen t bea rectifier with positive half-
S
cycles of output at terminal A, and ve haif-cycles terminal B.

,
)

7-2 PfrECISIAN FULL.WAVE NECTIFIEfrS

t,-',; LHalf-Wave Rectifier and Summing Circuit

The left side of the circuit in Fig. 7-4 is a prgcision half wave rectifier as in Fig. 7-2
but with the diodes reversed. The right side is an inverting summing amplifier cir-
cuit, (explained in Section 3-5). The input voltage is applied to terminal A of the
summing amplifier and to the input of the precision rectifier. Note that resistor Rz in
the precision half-wave rectifier circuit has twice the resistance of rtr, so the rectified
voltage applied to terminal B of the summing amplifier is -2 V, as illustrated.
 Operational Arriplifiers and i_rnear ICs

fermirral
l Ra A
llr=2R, I 1k{) vo ltage
I

I
Terminal
D
I

I
voltage
I
I

iRu
I B lko lll
lil
I
lrri

I
1t
_rln_
I 1 ^ ..
vurPLrt.
I
I
I
:Il
I

Figure 7'4 F'ull*vave precision rectifier consisiing of a summing cilcuit arrcl precision
a haif-
wave rectifier rvhich has e voltage gain of 2, During the input pcsitive
tralf-cycie, -2Vi is
sunulled with l1 and the rcsult is invr:rted. During the rregaiir,e half-cycle,
14 and zero arc
surnmed and inveneci,

. . During the positive half-cycle of the irrput, the voltage at terrrinal A,is *14,
while that at ternrinal B is *2 l,i. The output fioui tfte summlng
circuit with ft, no :
is',
R..
v-
"R+-=(I/A + yB)

= -Ru(v,-2v)
R+

IT,
-'" t/
__
- ,,
1?*

During the negative half'-cycie of the input, l| : -*Vi, and ya = 0. Consequently,

the output is

1' R6,
V, = _-_,_12, _; tii
ko

-- &u
Ro"'
o
u If iror*.n that the output is a full-wave rectified r,,ersiLln of the input voltage. If
resistor 1{r e(uals ft+ and 1ts, the circuit has an overall vcltage gain oIi.
whrn"no l,
 o
o

Ci:, ? --- Srgnal Processingtircur['s

greater than R* &ild Id:, anlplilication and rectification both occur. A precisicn full-
ivave rectifier circuit is also knorvn as an absolut{ vLihrc t:ircuit,'Ihis rneans the cir-
Terminal cuit output is the absolure velue of the input peak voltage regardless of the input po-
A
voitage
larity.
Exarnple 7-?
I-)esign a precisicln hrll-wave fLlctiiler circuit a.s in Fig. 7'4, to produce a 2 V qe.ak 9yf
Terminal
0'5 V and a freq'.iency of 1 MHz' Use
I liut fiorn a sinc wave input with a peak value of
voltage b,ipolar op-amps with a supply voltage of :! i5 V.

Solutiom
lt D h(,,u*)

Jutput
let /r = 500 pA (lbr Bdequate diode current)

s' =l= #,*

= I k(l (standard value)

Ri = Zfir = 2 k0 (use fwo 1 kO resistors in series)

R:r tr=
= Iirli I kgii 2kfX ;

= 670 t) (use 6ti0 il starrdard value)

/?+ = fis = Rr = I kO (starrdard value)

For ttre output to be 2 V when the input is 0.5 V,

4-l/i,
=R+ -2-jL x
Ru =Yv,X R5 =' 0.5 \'
r rt()

= ,tr k0 (use 3.9 k'() srandard value)

8, = Ro li d, lln, = 1 k() ll I ko il :.s ko

= 443 0 (use 47Cr {} standartl value)

For cliocles Dr and ,Dr,Vr > 30 \/, Bfld l"rii,,urr = 0,i !,s as in Exemple 7-1'
Con:pensate Ar as a voltage follou'er, anci A: for a gain of

ft. + R..ii.,t:
-u

,f'

Wigtu FUII-$Wave Precdsforu tr t tt# il,i { r i ,i', n' r

{''W
,ffiectffier

A precision rectifier that uses a ting amplifier configuration to present a

high input irnpedance to tire signal is shown in Fig, 7-.5. t3p-amp Ar together r,vith
resistors fi: ancl R4 Constitutes a noninverting alrpiifier, aS dofs A:, I{s and fi0. How-
ever, diodes Dr ancl Dr also alfect the operiltion of the circuit.
e. If Corisider what clccurs during the positive half of the input waveforrt, The
to is oi.It.p!,rt terminal of .42 is positive, i)2 is Dr is reversed. The