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Math 10 Lesson 4 Lesson Proper

The document discusses the remainder theorem and its applications. The remainder theorem states that the remainder of dividing a polynomial p(x) by x-c is equal to p(c). It can be used to determine if a binomial x-c is a factor of a given polynomial p(x) using the factor theorem.

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Zadd Dadulla
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37 views

Math 10 Lesson 4 Lesson Proper

The document discusses the remainder theorem and its applications. The remainder theorem states that the remainder of dividing a polynomial p(x) by x-c is equal to p(c). It can be used to determine if a binomial x-c is a factor of a given polynomial p(x) using the factor theorem.

Uploaded by

Zadd Dadulla
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Lesson 4:

THE REMAINDER THEOREM


• The remainder can be determined using two methods- the long division and the synthetic
division. The remainder is the quantity left after a number or expression can no longer be
divided exactly by another number or expression . The remainder is 0 if the number or
expression can be divided exactly by the divisor.
Example 1: Divide 2𝑥 3 − 7𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 + 4 by x – 4 using the long division and synthetic
division.
⁕ Long Division:
2𝑥 2 + 𝑥 − 1
x − 4 2𝑥 3 + 7𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 + 4
− 2𝑥 3 − 8𝑥 2
𝑥 2 − 5𝑥
-(𝑥 2 − 4𝑥)
-x +4
- (-x + 4)
0 remainder
⁕ Synthetic Division
2 -7 -5 4 4
8 4 -4
2 1 -1 0 remainder

• Example 2: If 2𝑥 3 + 7𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + 4 divided by x – 1, the remainder is 2.


⁕ Long Division
2x 2 − 5x − 2
x − 1 2x 3 − 7x 2 + 3x + 4
− 2x 3 − 2x 2
-5x 2 + 3x
-(−5x 2 + 5x)
-2x +4
- (-2x + 2)
2 remainder
To find the remainder when the polynomial p(x) is divided by x-c, simply evaluate
p(x) for x = c. In other words, simply find p(c).

The Remainder Theorem


If a polynomial p(x) is divided by x – c , then the remainder is
equal to p(c).

⁕ Example 1: Determine the remainder when the given polynomial p(x) is divided by the
given divisor x – c.
a. p(x) = 2𝑥 3 − 7𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 + 4; x – 4
b. p(x) = 2𝑥 3 − 7𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 + 4; x - 1
Solution:
a. x – c = x – 4
c=4
p (4) = 2(4)3 − 7 4 2 − 5 4 + 4
= 128 – 112 – 20 + 4 = 0
2𝑥 3 −7𝑥 2 −5𝑥+4
Thus, the remainder of is 0.
𝑥 −4

b. x – c = x – 1
c=1
p (1) = 2(1)3 − 7 1 2 − 5 1 + 4
=2–7+3+4=2b
2𝑥 3 −7𝑥 2 +3𝑥+4
Therefore, the remainder of is 2.
𝑥 −1
Proof of the Remainder Theorem
In any division problem, the relation
𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑑 𝑟𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟
= quotient +
𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑠𝑜𝑟 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑠𝑜𝑟
holds among these quantities. So if q(x) and R represent the quotient and
remainder, respectively, when the dividend p(x) is divided by the divisor x – c,
then
𝑝(𝑥) 𝑅
𝑥 −𝑐
= q (x) + 𝑥 −𝑐
𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 1
Multiplying both sides of equation 1 by x – c, results in
p(x) = q(x)•(x – c) + R equation 2
Evaluating p(x) of Equation 2 for c,
p(c) = q(c)•(c – c) + R
p(c) = 0 + R
p(c) = R equation 3
Equation 3 confirms that the remainder R is equal to p(c).
Synthesis division has it’s advantage over long division. If large exponents are involved,
it is more convenient to use the Remainder Theorem.
⁕ Example 2: Find the remainder when the given p(x) is divided by the given
divisor x – c.
a. p(x) = 𝑥 87 + 2𝑥 48 + 7; 𝑥 + 1
b. p(x) = 2𝑥 7 − 3𝑥 5 + 4𝑥 3 − 5𝑥 + 3; 𝑥 − 1
Solution:
a. x – c = x +1
c = -1
p (-1) = (−1)87 −2 −1 48 + 7
= -1 + 2(1) + 7 = 8
𝑥 87 +2𝑥 48 +7
Thus, the remainder of 𝑥+1
is 8.
b. x – c = x - 2
c=2
p (2) = 2(2)7 −3 2 5 + 4 2 3 − 5 2 + 3
= 256 – 96 +32 - 10 + 3 = 185
The remainder when 2𝑥 7 − 3𝑥 5 + 4𝑥 3 − 5𝑥 + 3 𝑖𝑠 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑦( 𝑥 − 2) is
185.
The Factor Theorem and It’s Converse
The application of the Remainder Theorem leads to determining if the
divisor, x – c, is a factor of the dividend p(x). The binomial x – c is a factor of
p(x) can be divided exactly by x – c. That is,
𝑝(𝑥)
𝑥−𝑐
= 𝑞 𝑥 +0
This relation implies that if the remainder theorem is applied p(c) = 0. This
observation is expressed in the next theorem.
The Factor Theorem
If p(c) = 0, then x – c is a factor of polynomial p(x).

Conversely, if x – c is a factor of polynomial p(x) then p(c) = 0.


Proof of the Factor Theorem
Let p(x) be a polynomial (x – c), and let q(x) and R represent the quotient and the
remainder, respectively.
By division algorithm,
dividend = (quotient) (divisor) + remainder
In symbols,
p(x) = 𝑞(𝑥) (𝑥 − 𝑐) + R
By the remainder theorem
p(x) = 𝑞(𝑥) (𝑥 − 𝑐) + p(c)
If p(c) = 0, by substitution,
p(x) = 𝑞(𝑥) (𝑥 − 𝑐) + 0
p(x) = 𝑞(𝑥) (𝑥 − 𝑐)

Hence , (x – c) is a factor of p(x).


Example:
Determine which of the following binomials are factors of
p(x) = 2𝑥 3 − 7𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 + 4
a. x + 1 b. x – 2
Solution:
a. Find c.
x–c=x+1
c = -1
Find the remainder by applying the remainder theorem
p(-1) = 2(−1)3 − 7 −1 2 − 5(−1) + 4
= -2 – 7 + 5 + 4
=0
By the factor theorem, since p(-1) = 0, therefore, x+1 is a factor of p(x).
b. Find c.
x–c=x-2
c=2
Find the remainder
p(2) = 2(2)3 − 7 2 2
− 5(2) + 4
= 16 – 28 – 10 + 4
= -18
Since p(2) = -18 ≠ 0, x – 2 is not a factor of p(x).

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