MODULE: EPUU7402: STUDIO WORK IV

(NEIGHBOURHOOD PLANNING AND DESIGN),

SEMESTER II :2020/2021

LECTURE 2

INSTRUCTOR : TP. PAMBILA, G

Assistant Lecturer of Urban and Rural Planning,

IRDP 4/21/2021 Department of Environmental Planning
 PRESENTATION SKETCHOUT

• Review on the first lecture(Recap)

1st • Neighbourhood concepts

• Summary of the concepts

2 nd

• Discussion
3rd • Questions and answers!
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Origin of the theories and concepts
 The industrialization in USA and Europe led into
migration of people from the rural to urban areas
which resulted into a dramatic urbanization
 This population shift led to a severe housing
shortage and safety challenges.
 The development of automobile in American life,
added a new problem to urban living. The past
design choices were seen as impediments to a
lifestyle of various age and sex groups.
Industries within human settlement in Latvia-
Europe
 Neighbourhood Concepts...

 Basing on the effects of industrialization, several

Utopians(critical thinkers) come up with different
concepts including;
1) Garden City Concept
2) Clarence Perry Concept
3) Radburn Concept
4) Prencinct Concept
5) Le Corbusier Concept(Vertical development)
 Why Neighbourhood Concepts?...
 Neighbourhood concepts were developed with
belief that localisation of facilities would enhance the
creation of sense of community.
 The main ideas were;
1. To enhance local autonomy and self-sufficiency

2. Reduce commuting distance and cost

3. Increase traffic safety for pedestrians.

 The Garden City

 Ebenezer Howard (1850-1928) introduced the

garden city concept
 A Garden city is a residential suburb (community)
planned so as to provide a pleasant environment
with low-density housing and open public land.
 It is a residential community with landscaped
gardens, parks, and other open areas surrounded
by "green belts", containing proportionate areas of
residences, industry and agriculture.
 The Garden City
 Ebenezer Howard set out a satellite town called
garden city. His idealised garden city would house
32,000 people on a site of 6,000 acres (2,400 ha),
planned on a concentric pattern(circular) with open
spaces, public parks and six radial avenue/roads
with 120 ft (37 m) wide, extending from the centre.
 The green belt was to consist of different types of
institutional buildings
 The circular city form was to be divided into six
wards each triangular in shape with its apex
terminating at the city centre where civil buildings
and the central park should be located.
 The Garden City
 Each ward would accommodate 5,000 people.
These wards are separated through roads joining
the outer areas and the interior areas.
 The garden city is joined to the main railway line
that provides a link with other cities.
 He believed that out of this combination there
would be spring new hope, new life and new
civilisation.
 The Garden City
 The whole molecular structure of cities (32,000
people) was to cluster around a central city of about
58,000 population.
 The functions at the city centre of the garden city
were to include a hospital, library, theatre, town hall,
and museum.
 These were to be surrounded by a community park.
The outer ring was to comprise dairy farms, large
farms, new forests, improved houses, cow pastures,
children college homes, and brick fields etc.
Photo: Garden city

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 Photo: Garden city

Ebenezer Howard’s garden city and its surroundings. The city was to be
surrounded by a vast open agricultural and forest land (Kostof, 1991: 203) 4/21/2021
 Clarence Perry Concept(1927)

 The concept was developed in 1929

 The neighbourhood unit ensures that all residents
are within convenient access to elementary school,
adequate common play spaces, and retail shopping
facilities
 Perry believed that the presence of local facilities
and functions in residential communities would give
them identity and a sense of place.
 Clarence Perry Concept(1927)...

 Neighbourhood facilities include; an elementary

school, small parks and playgrounds, local shops, and
residential houses

 The size of the neighbourhood unit is determined by

the catchment area of an elementary school

 The school determines both the population and the

physical size of the neighbourhood unit.
 Clarence Perry Concept(1927)...

 Clarence Perry further laid down six principles of

Neighbourhood;
1. The elementary school should be located half a
mile in any direction of the site
2. Neighbourhood should be bordered by arterial
roads.
3. About 10% of total areas assigned to green
spaces in the evenly distribution form; consisting of
small parks and recreational ground

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 Clarence Perry Concept(1927)...

4. There should be a hierarchy of streets facilitating

the access to neighbourhood but discouraging
through traffic
5. There should be a central point to the
neighbourhood containing the school and other
services (Neighbourhood centre)
6. Local shops are to be located at the corners of the
unit

NOTE:
*These principles are crucial to be adhered during Neighbourhood
design*
Photo: Clarence Perry

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Photo: Clarence Perry

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 The Radburn Neighbourhood Concept

 Clarence Stein and Henry Wright developed

further Clarence Perry’s neighbourhood unit concept
in the design of Radburn
 Drastic changes in urban design were necessary to
provide more housing and to protect people from
the horseless carriage
 The Radburn principle was proposed as a solution to
the movements of pedestrians and car
 They introduced some design elements which aimed
at eliminating unwanted through traffic.
The Radburn Neighbourhood Concept

 For the sake of smooth movement of pedestrians,

the measures such as; Cul-de sac, superblocks of up
to 50 acres, grade separation, and pedestrian
pathway were introduced to improve the safety.
 Superblocks would have a large continuous central
open space towards which houses would have their
frontage and through which a system of footpaths
would run.
 Houses would be oriented with bedrooms and sitting
rooms facing rear gardens while service rooms
faced access roads
 Radburn concept

A Schematic neighbourhood unit in Basildon new

town in Britain. In this example, the Radburn
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concept
was used in the design.
The Radburn neighbourhood principle; grade separation,
superblocks accessed by walking, cul-de-sacs,
communal parking, continuous open space system
characterize the design.
 The Princinct Concept

 The concept was put forward by Alker Tripp in 1942.

 The principle recommends first to define road
networks/hierarchy during design such arterial, sub-
arterial and local roads
 Arterial roads as roads which would connect the
national networks with towns.
 Sub arterial which would connect the national road
network with towns.
 The Princinct Concept

 Local roads will be allowed to connect to sub-

arterial/arterial road but the arterial road not
allowed to connect to local/ sub-arterial.
 Under this system, areas within towns devoted to
industrial, commercial or residential purposes which
Tripp called princincts would be served by a system
of local roads.
 No part of the princincts would be more than a
quarter of a mile from arterial or sub-arterial road
which could carry a bus service (Kimaryo 1996:74).
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 The Princinct Concept

B
A

The Princinct principle before and after application.

The princinct idea is similar to the Radburn concept in
the sense that it defines road hierarch and the
precincts.
Road hierarchy in developed areas

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 Vertical Development(Le- Corbusier)

 In 1923 Le Corbusier (Swiss architect) introduced the

concept of vertical development.
 Unlike the horizontal neighbourhood unit proposed by
Clarence Perry. Le-Corbusier’s neighbourhood unit for
1600 people consists of a single huge building known a
“unite de’habitation.”
 The concept proposed the use of skyscrapers and
elevated roads.
 Vertical Development(Le- Corbusier)…

 Le Corbusier’s idea of unite de habitation was to avoid

Sub-urban sprawl while ensuring social interaction one
finds in a ship or hotel resort.
 The applicability of Le-Corbusier’s Unite Habitation has
been limited. Apart from Marseilles and Berlin, the
concept could only be linked to only town centres and
housing schemes in the developed countries.
 The streets are in the air, the shopping centre in the 7th
floor, while the roof accommodates the nursery school,
gardens and other communal facilities.
Vertical Development(Le- Corbusier)…

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Le Corbusier’s Unite Habitation
Skyscrapers in most developed countries

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 BROAD ACRE CITY CONCEPT

 The concept was developed by Frank Llord

Wright(1930)
 Broad acre, a decentralised and dissolved concept
of the city
 Minimum plot size to be one acre
 Residential, commercial, institutional, industrial and
recreational buildings distributed within a network of
super highways over a vast open country side among
forests and farms.
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 BROAD ACRE CITY CONCEPT

 This concept was developed in assumption of the

following principles :
1. Freedom of communication within the context of
dispersed spatial organisation.
2. Increasing mass car ownership
3. Cheap electricity would necessitate and allow for
dispersion of activities
4. Car to be the main means of transport in the new
society
5. Belief on individual and family freedom
 BROAD ACRE CITY CONCEPT...

 Criticisms:
1. Wright’s broad acre concept has been criticised on
grounds that if fully implemented it may lead to very
low densities.
2. Priority to vehicular traffic which is presently considered
as unsustainable.

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Photo: Broad acres( very low density)

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Photo: Broad acres( very low density)

Farms

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 Cluster Concepts(recall site plan)

 Cluster concepts are concerned with the organisation of

of buildings in space.
 The most popular cluster concepts are those developed
by Raymond Unwin’s and Barry Parker in the design of
Letchworth and Hampstead garden suburbs
 The cluster concept was developed and applied based
on the relationship between buildings and spaces as a
means of promoting beauty and amenity

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 Cluster Concepts(recall site plan)

 The planning schemes using cluster concepts consisted of

residential clusters made up of houses around public
green spaces or along pedestrian paths.
 Land allocated for roads was reduced from 40% to
17% of total site area in order to increase the land for
open space.
 Unwin’s and Parker’s cluster concepts are no more than
a refinement of Howard’s garden city concept. Their
application as independent concepts elsewhere has so
far been limited (Kimaryo 1996:77).
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 Cluster Concepts(recall site plan)

 However, cluster concepts have been useful in the

conceptualisation stage for site planning.
 In Tanzania, a Ten-Cell unit has been employed as a
basic clustering unit in design

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 Cluster Concepts(recall site plan)
2Ten-Cell Units in 2-D

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 Cluster Concepts(recall site plan)

2Ten-Cell Units in 3-D view

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 Cluster Concepts(recall site plan)

Schematic plan in 2-d

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 SUMMARY

 It is explicitly reveiled that all modern urban design

concepts (city, neighbourhood and cluster) were
conceived and tested in the western countries
 They were based on technological inventions in the
fields of mechanical, civil and electrical engineering.
 These innovations provided a starting point for urban
transformation.
 Ebenezer Howard’s Garden City concept was based on
encouraging the vast green areas of the city
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 SUMMARY

 Frank Lloyd Wrights broad acre city concept was

hinged on motor transport

 Le-Corbusier’s radiant city was also hinged on motor

transport and the need for radical reforms in
architectural design.

 Radburn was conscious on the safe of pedestrian

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 SUMMARY

 Clarence Perry concept emphasized on evenly

distributed green areas and the size of
neighbourhood was to be determined by
elementary school located half a mile from the
farthest household
 Princinct concept emphasized much on road
hierarchy (road network)
 Most of these concepts were therefore hinged on
modernistic ideas emerging from the need of
advancement in technology and medical research to
transform human life from chaos to better conditions
 END

THANK YOU FOR YOUR KIND ATTENTION

ANY QUESTION/SUGGESTION, YOU ARE WELCOME!!!!!!!

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 Assignment 2
Q1. Based on the Tanzania context, describe the applicability of
the following concepts; Clarence Perry, Le-Corbusier, Princinct and
Radburn concepts. Do you think these concept are viable to
Tanzania?. Give at least one live example of applicability of each
concept. Use the Google image/photos to substantiate the
answer!!!!
 Hints

 Do it in groups

 Type it in two pages only

 Use 12 font size, Times new Roman

 Use at least four literatures(published books/papers /report)to

support your answer

 Submission date : 04.05.2021