MANUAL OF LOGARITHMS

'
-

TREATED IN CONNECTION WITH ARITHMETIC, ALGEBRA,

PLANE TRIGONOMETRY, AND MENSURATION, FOR
THE USE OF STUDENTS PREPARING FOR
ARMY AND OTHER EXAMINATIONS

BY
G. F. MATTHEWS, B.A.
LATE SCHOLAR OF ST. PETER'S COLLEGE, CAMBRIDGE

MACMILLAN AND CO.

AND NEW YORK
1890
[All rights reserved}
 PREFACE.
THIS Manual is intended to supply a want that has daily become more

apparent during many years' experience of preparing pupils for examina-

tion. In the elementary text-books on Algebra and Trigonometry the
subject is treated too shortly for practical purposes, and there is a great

scarcity of examples. These failings I have endeavoured to remedy; and,

to give the student accuracy and facility in his work, a very large num-
ber of examples, over 1300 in all, have been introduced, among which
will be found the more important of those that have been set during
the last ten years in the examinations for entrance to Sandhurst, Wool-

wich, and the Staff College. A few typical examples are worked out at
full length in the course of the bookwork to assist the student and spare
the tutor. The subject has -been treated in connection with Arithmetic,

Algebra, Plane Trigonometry, and Mensuration. Notwithstanding the

care with which the examples have been worked out, there must neces-

sarily be. many errors in a work of this nature. I shall therefore esteem

it a great favour if notification of these be made either to the publishers

or myself.

It is with many thanks that I acknowledge valuable suggestions from

my friend and former college tutor Mr. J. D. H. Dickson, who so kindly
consented to read through proof-sheets and to assist in making the book
more useful to the student and the class-room.
G. F. MATTHEWS.

98 SINCLAIR ROAD, W.,

September, 1890.
 CONTENTS.

CHAPTER I.
SECTIONS. PAGE
DEFINITIONS OF LOGARITHM, CHARACTERISTIC, MANTISSA, -
1-4
- - i

ARITHMETICAL OPERATIONS WITH NEGATIVE LOGARITHMS, - -

5
- -
4
ABBREVIATED PROCESSES OF MULTIPLICATION AND DIVISION, - 6 - -
6

CHAPTER II.

FUNDAMENTAL PROPERTIES AND USES OF LOGARITHMS, 7-8 -

9

EASY PROBLEMS, 9 - - ii

(1) To FIND THE LOGARITHMS OF PRODUCTS,

-
9-11
(2) ,, ,, QUOTIENTS, 9-12
(3) ',, ,, ,, POWERS AND ROOTS, 9 -
13
-
(4) ., ., >, FACTORS, 9 14
To FIND THE VALUES OF LOGARITHMIC EXPRESSIONS WITH-
(5)
OUT THE AID OF GIVEN LOGARITHMS, ... 9 - 16

(6) To DETERMINE THE CHARACTERISTICS OF LOGARITHMS, -

9 -
17

(7) To SOLVE EXPONENTIAL EQUATIONS, 9 18

CHAPTER III.

THE SELECTION OF A BASE, - 10-21

THE NAPIERIAN SYSTEM, t
11-21
THE COMMON SYSTEM, 12-17
- -
24

CHAPTER IV.

THE USE OF TABLES OF LOGARITHMS. PROPORTIONAL PARTS, -

18-21 - 28

CHAPTER V.

RELATION BETWEEN THE LOGARITHMS OF NUMBERS TO DIFFER-

-
ENT BASES, -
22-25 35
viii LOGARITHMS.

CHAPTER VI.
 LOGARITHMS.
CHAPTER I.

Definitions of Logarithm, Characteristic, Mantissa,

Arithmetical Operations.

i.a be a positive real quantity greater than unity the function a* can be
If
shown to be a continuous function of x, susceptible of all positive values
between o and +00. By this is meant that whatever real value, positive or
negative, integral or fractional, be given to x, then (provided positive real
roots only be admitted when x is fractional) a* will always equal some positive
real quantity and will change in value continuously with x ; in other words,
when any indefinitely small change is made in the value of x y there will always
be a corresponding indefinitely small change in the value of a* ; and conversely,
for every indefinitely small change in the value of a" there will always be a

corresponding indefinitely small change in the value of x.

Putting a*=y, these results may be conveniently stated thus "When a :

is a constant real positive quantity greater than unity, x varies continuously

with y, and conversely."
Since y is here expressed as a function of x, it follows that x must also be
some function of y, and that, as the value of y is determinate when x is known,
so also, when y has this value given to it, among the corresponding values of
x will be found that which determines the said value of y. x is in fact the
index of that power of a which is equal to y, and we require some symbol to

express this new function of y.

The constant quantity being called the base, the new function is called
the logarithm of y to the base a and is written logaV.
Thus x = loga y, and it is evident that a"=y \

and x = \oga y I

express one and the same functional relation

between the variables x and y.
Further, since loga y or x is the index of the power of a that is equal to y,
a^aV =y
it follows that
is an ai gebraical identity.
"
We Definition of a logarithm
therefore have the following : The
that
logarithm of a number to a given base is the index of power
of the base which is equal to the number."
 LOGARITHMS.

For example, the square of 3 is 9 (3 2 = 9>, and therefore 2 is the logarithm

of 9 to the base 3 ; or again, the logarithm of 10 to the base 100 is since ,

the square root of 100 or iooi is equal to 10.

2. Now a is greater than unity and positive, so that c? increases continu-

ously with x and is positive whatever x may be.
But when x is negative and infinitely large
numerically, a* or y is positive
but indefinitely small, i.e. Iog o = - oo .

Also, so long as x is negative a* is always less than unity, and when x o

=
it equals unity, for a=i. Therefore, since x and y vary continuously, as x
increases from - oo to o, a* passes through all positive proper fractional
values from o to i, and equals i when x = o, i.e. Iog i=o. Again, as x
1
increases from o to +00, a increases constantly from unity without limit,
passing through all positive real values greater than unity till we have
Iog ( -f
oo )
= + oo .

Hence, though x, or the logarithm of the number y to the base a, may have
any value between
- co and +00 i.e.,
may be either positive or negative, 0*,
or the number y, must be positive ; in other words, though we can always find
the number corresponding with a given logarithm positive or negative, we can
only find the logarithms of positive numbers.
It is also clear that, whatever be the base, the logarithms of all numbers

greater than unity are positive, less than unity negative. At the same time we
see that, when the number is equal to the base, the logarithm is i, for a1 = a
or Iog a = i ; and when the number equals the reciprocal of the base, i.e.
r
, the logarithm is - 1, for a~ l = (- } or \oga (-\ = - i.
a \a) \aj
The above relations between the values of numbers and their respective
logarithms may be conveniently viewed in the following table

Numbers ( + ve.), y= a? =o >l + 00.

Logarithms ( + ve. or - ve. ), x = log^y = oo + ve. + 00.

seen above that a*=y and x =

It is
3. \oga y express the same functional
relationbetween x and y.
Of these two identical equations, the one gives the valve ofy in terms of*
and in exponential form, the other the value of* in terms of and in
y logar-
ithmic form.
As it is useful to be able to convert readily from the one form to the other,
it
may be observed that
(i) The logarithmic is deduced from the exponential
by reading the equation
<[=> in the order indicated, starting with the exponent thus x is the :

logarithm of_y to the base a, or x = loga y.

(ii) The exponential is deduced from the logarithmic by raising the base to
the power of the logarithm and equating to the number thus :

gives r*=/.
 DEFINITIONS. 3

When x \oga y, y = is sometimes called the anti-logarithm of x with

1
reference to the base a and written logj *,
.* = (f
1
thus log" identically.

EXAMPLES. I.

1. Express in logarithmic form (i) 2*=y, (ii) /* = g*, (in) io >30103 =2,
(iv) $a = b, (v) 7 = io- 845098 , (vi).5 = 2-
1
.

Iog 10 25 = 1.39794, 4 = logy* ,

2
2. Express in exponential form (i) (ii) (iii) Iogvx49 = 4,
(iv) Iog / 8,
= (v) o = log3 i, (vi)
rS logj-jv^j.
3. Prove from the definition of a logarithm that (i) a* = e* 1
***", (ii) Iog3 27 = 3,

(iii) Iog10 .oi= -2, (iv) log2V/32 = 2.5, (v) 2><*4*= x/.r, (vi) Iog na
m m ~g =
(vii) n\ogana = , (viii)

4. Given log^J = 2, find JT.

5. Find to 3 places of decimals the numbers whose logs, to the base 10 are .6, .25, .16, 1.5,
.3,
and 1.3.

6. If the logarithms of all numbers in the tables were doubled, to what base would they then
be the logarithms of the same numbers as before ?

7. Write down the numbers whose logarithms (i) to the base 25 are .5, 3, -J,
(ii) to the base 2^2 are 2, ,
- J.

To what base will 2 be the logarithm of 100, - i be the

8. (i) (ii) logarithm of 2,
(Hi) -3 >, 8.

be respectively/, r r
9. If the logarithms of a, b, c q, r, prove that ai~ b -i>. cP-t= . i.

4. Logarithms are usually expressed in the decimal form and, when not
entirely integral, are always so arranged as to consist partly of a proper
fraction that is positive. When arranged in this way the fractional portion of
any logarithm is called its Mantissa, the integral portion its Characteristic ;

and while the mantissa must be positive, if not zero, the characteristic may be
either positive or negative or zero.
Positive logarithms (i.e. the logarithms of all numbers greater than unity),
are of course already arranged in proper form when expressed in the ordinary
way, for, being wholly positive, the fractional portions, if any, are positive and
the mantissse of their respective logarithms.
Negative logarithms, on the other hand (i.e. the logarithms of all numbers
less than unity), when partly or wholly fractional, require re-arrangement,
for the fractional portions are negative so long as the logarithms are expressed
as negative decimals in the ordinary way.
These, then, must be transformed so as to consist in every case partly of
a proper fractional portion that is positive and becomes the mantissa of the
logarithm, the characteristic being that negative integer which together with
the positive mantissa makes up the given negative logarithm.

[Since a negative fraction =- I 4- a positive fraction, it is clear that the characteristic of a

negative logarithm can never be zero, but must always be a negative integer, for it consists of
this - i with or without an additional negative integer.]
4 LOGARITHMS.

We will show that the required transformation for negative logarithms can
always be effected.
- and - (n + where
Suppose log* to be a negative decimal lying in value between i),
n is zero or any positive integer, i.e. suppose

log x = -(n + F), where Fis a proper fraction,

then log x
= -n -F=-n-(i -f), where F+F' = I, so that F' is also a proper fraction,

It is thus seen that any negative logarithm - (n + F), consisting of a

negative fraction
- and of - F a negative integer or zero, can be made to
,

consist of the positive fraction F' (where F+F''= i) and the negative integer
-(+!).
The characteristic of the logarithm is - + i the mantissa F'.
(n ),

Example. Given log;r = .32146872, arrange the logarithm in proper form.

-
log* = 3.2146872
= -3 -.2146872
= - 3 - ( i - 7853 1 28) Characteristic = 4.
= -4 + .7853i28 Mantissa =.7853128.
= 4.7853128

[Observe that the minus sign of the characteristic is written above and not before it, to
avoid the confusion that would otherwise arise, since the decimal fraction that follows it is
positive and not negative.]

It is evident that when a logarithm is given as a decimal wholly negative,

the characteristic of the logarithm is negative and arithmetically greater by
unity than the portion of the negative logarithm to the left of the decimal
point, while the mantissa is positive and equal to that decimal fraction which
makes up unity together with the portion of the negative logarithm to the
right of the decimal point.
And is readily deduced when a negative
the converse rule logarithm,
properly expressed, be reduced to the wholly negative form.
is to
The decimal fraction that together with any other decimal fraction makes
up unity may be written down at once from left to right by making up nines
with every figure except the last which is not zero, when the figure is written
down which makes up 10.
Thus a logarithm expressed as a decimal wholly negative may be written
down at once in proper logarithmic form, and vice-versa.

E.g. .2468719= 1.7531281

-i.i 104030 = 2.8895970
3.2415602= -2.7584398
-
1.3010300= .6989700 f

5. Since negative logarithms are expressed as partly negative and partly

positive, it is well to be able to perform the simple operations of addition,
subtraction, multiplication, and division upon them while still retaining them
in this form. The simple rule which guides all these operations is to " treat
the mantissse arithmetically, the characteristics algebraically"
 DEFINITIONS. 5

(i) Addition of negative logarithms.

Rule Place the logarithms one under the other and proceed to add in the ordinary
:

way. On arriving at the decimal point, the tens are carried on and added in algebraically
with the several positive and negative characteristics, giving altogether a positive, negative,
or zero result as the case may be.

Examples. (i) 2.7864007 (ii) 4.8491642

3.241.9515 3.6523150
.1152404 1.9324719
1.8413432 1.5005313

T.9849358 L9344824

(ii) Subtraction of negative logarithms.

Rule : Place the logarithms one under the other and proceed to subtract the mantissae
arithmetically, borrowing as usual in the ordinary way, when necessary, on reaching the deci-
mal point. The characteristics are then subtracted algebraically the one from the other,
having previously paid back any borrowing that has taken place, by an algebraical addition
of unity to the characteristic subtracted.

Examples. (i) 3.2801562^

2.7863278!. (paying back -2 becomes - I, and subtracting -I from -3
I the result is - 2).
2.4938284'

i)
2.8763405^I - 2).
4.4452862 (4 subtracted from 2 gives

2.4310543'

(iii) Multiplication of negative logarithms by positive integers.

Rule Multiply the mantissa, and then the negative characteristic, adding in algebraic-
:

ally with this latter product the tens, if any, that are carried on from the multiplication of
the mantissa.

Examples. (5)2.7864258x24 (15)3.5117062x341

4 .5117062
(-8 + 3 = -5). 3.1457032 (-3*340 + 174 = ^9,.

30.8742192 $& '

3-5117062x341 = 849.49181.

174.49181

OBS. If the multiplier be negative, multiply by the corresponding positive number and
change the sign of the result :

= =
E.g. 3.5117062 x -341 -(3.51 17062x341) -(849.49181)
= 849^.49181 =848.50819.

(iv) Division of negative logarithms by positive integers.

Rule : If the negative characteristic be exactly divisible by the
divisor, divide out at
once in the ordinary way, the integral portion of the result being negative and the rest positive.
6 LOGARITHMS.

If the negative characteristic be not exactly divisible, split it up into two portions, one
negative and the other positive, the negative portion being the next integer arithmetically
greater than the characteristic that is exactly divisible by the divisor. The quotient obtained
by dividing this negative portion is then the negative characteristic of the result, while the
compensatory positive portion is taken with the positive mantissa of the dividend to give on
division the positive mantissa of the result.

Examples. (1)6.2513248 + 3. (ii) 5.0741213 + 4. (iii) 2~3. 1175056 +17.

3)6.2513248 4) -8 + 3. 0741213 23- "75 56 - "34+ H.U705 6

7
2-oS37749 2.7685303 = -2 + .6539709= 2.6539709.

OBS. If the divisor be negative, divide by the corresponding positive number, and change
the sign of the result after division, or of the dividend before division.

6. Multiplication and division of approximate decimals.

Except in the few cases in which logarithms are wholly integral, they are
given in the tables to a certain degree of approximation, and generally to 7
places of decimals.
Now when approximate decimals are submitted to arithmetical operations,
the results so obtained can never be correct to a greater degree of accuracy
than are all those decimals that enter into the calculation. By the degree of
accuracy is' here meant the number of correct figures given, taking all the
figures into consideration and not merely those that follow the decimal point
Hence, suppose a number correct to 5 figures is to be multiplied by another
given correct to 8, the resulting product can be correct to 5 figures only, and
the last three figures of the number given correct to 8 are useless and may be
neglected in the multiplication. Again, if these two decimals, composed of 5
figures each, be multiplied together in the ordinary way, it will be found that
certain columns are deficient, that is, that figures are absent from these
columns, figures that would have appeared, had more figures been given in
both the approximate decimals used. Hence the results obtained by adding
up these deficient columns are useless.
It naturallyoccurs to us that the process of multiplication might have been
shortened, and that we might have adopted some method giving all the
complete columns and excluding all the superfluous figures occurring in incom-
plete columns. And this is the case. So, too, in the process of the division
of approximate decimals, we are able to leave out superfluous figures and still
obtain a result correct to the same degree of accuracy as are both divisor and
dividend, and to the greatest degree of accuracy obtainable under the circum-
stances.
We will illustrate these processes by applying them to the multiplication
and division of approximate logarithms.
As regards addition and subtraction the end is attained by simply leaving
out those figures that would appear in deficient columns, and the process needs
no explanation.
Logarithms, and other decimals, expressed exactly^ and not approximately,
may of course be treated as accurate to any number of figures, the correct
figures not written being all of them zeros.
 DEFINITIONS. 7

(i) Multiplication of two positive logarithms.

Example. Multiply 1.8836614 by 2.6180481.
(i) Short Method. (2) Long Method. Rule: Multiply by the figures of the
!-$$3&X4 1.8836614... multiplier in order, beginning on the extreme
2.6180481 2.6180481...
' left instead of the right, and cut off the
fi ures
g of the multiplicand from the right,
i 7671228 i 8836614
one by one after each multiplication. In<
1.1301968 150 693913.
188166 writing down
the several products allowance
753 46456
must be made for the figures cut off, to the
1150692 1506920/2 ,.'
"~'
extent of carrying on the tens that would
7 c, 188166/4 "
t co have been carried on had no figures been
1 1 --01968 4
cut off, and the first figure written down in
37673228
each line must be placed always in the same
4.9315158 4-93ISI58 column.

Asregards the fixing of the decimal point, its position can be .calculated in
any line in the usual way by adding together the number of decimal figures in
the multiplier and multiplicand that produce that line (of course neglecting the
figures cut off), butperhaps this can be most conveniently done when multi-
plying by the units figure of the multiplier, when one exists, for then we simply
mark off as many decimal figures as are contained by that portion of the
multiplicand multiplied.
The last figure of the result obtained by this short method of multiplication
may differ by a few units from the true figure in consequence of the omission
of the next column, but this is the extent of the error.

(ii) Division of two positive logarithms.

Example. Divide 4.9315158 by 2.6180481.

2 6180481
2 3134677
2 0944384
2190293
2094438
-0.- Rule : Start the division in the ordinary
way, and after the first step in the division cut
off the figures of the dividend from the right,
one by one at each successive step. In writing
down the products allowance must be made as
1606 before for the figures cut off.
1570
36
26
10
ip

Multiplication and division of negative logarithms.

(iii)

When either or both of the logarithms are negative they must be converted
into the wholly negative form previously to multiplication or division. The
or
product or quotient will then be positive or negative according as both,
only one, is negative.
8 LOGARITHMS.

EXAMPLES. II.

r. Convert the following logarithms into the wholly negative form :

(i) 1.0072815, (ii) 3.1241793, (iii) 4.2840617, (iv) 2.5351600.

2. Express the following negative decimals in logarithmic form :

(i) -.3124765, (ii) -2.9190618, (iii) -3.5, (iv) -2$.

3. Find the value of
(i) 1.3876420 + 2.8561247 + 3.7201504 + 5.3876004 + 3,
(ii) 4.2861720 + 3. 1 174628 + 6.5407106 + 2. 5160208 + 3,
(iii) .1876789+1.4027512 + 2.6171840 + 3.8405816,
(iv) 4.6378315 + 2.8516720 + 3.4116712 + 3.9192117,
(v) 5.7168497 + 1.3840795 + 2. 1 197197+4.2084006,
(vi) 3.1196117+4.8533162 + 3.4024814 + 2.8461620,

(vii) 4.6281479-6.2861504, (viii) 3.1750462-2.1686128,

(ix) 2.0041060-3.1171628, (x) 3.4281025-4.5651526,
(xi) .3176212-2.8607127, (xii) 4.1271616-3.2870122,

(xiii) 2.8176404-3.4688182-2.6415287+1.4114850,
3.9641867
- - 1.0067167-3.8976719,
(xiv) 2.8451521
(xv) 4-3.4684254-2.6104602 + 3,
(xvi) 3.2876406 + 5.3158452 + 2.1876717-4.7606156,

(xvii) 2.4165314x7, (xviii) 3.5090067x2!,

(xix) 1.9877617x11, (xx) 4.2076842x72,
(xxi) 2.8681184x113, (xxii) 3.242486ox -99,

(xxiii) 6.4282007 + 3,- (xxiv) 2.5176861 + 7,

(xxv) 1*5.2150267+ -5, (xxvi) 1.6899129x3$,
(xxvii) 7.24087174-21, (xxviii) 4.4465142 + 3.3,

(xxix) 2.5176502x2.4045416, (xxx) 3.2164112 + 3.7176407,

(xxxi) 1.1171115 + 2.8406712, (xxxii) 3.2082207x2.1176891,
(xxxiii) 2.2461172x3.8406002, (xxxiv) 4.2895165 + 3.4671008.
 CHAPTER II.

Fundamental Properties of the Logarithm.

7. Having defined the logarithm, we proceed to establish certain properties

of the function, properties that render it invaluable as a means of
facilitating
arithmetical processes.
We shall take b to represent the base, so that where the base is omitted
from the logarithmic function it will be understood to be b.
" The
Prop. I. logarithm of a product of numbers equals the sum of the logarithms of
the several factors."
We have identically x = 6 lo x
,

y = #<*,
z = &s* }

, and so on.
By multiplication x y
. . z. . . - &** *+ lo +i*+
log (x.y .
z...) = log x + logy+\ogz+... Q.E.D.
" The of a quotient of numbers equals the logarithm of the dividend
Prop. II. logarithm
diminished by that of the divisor."
\Vc h&vc x = $^8* ~\ x= ** *-**
v = M<*vf- By division -

Q.E.D.
" The
Prop. IH. logarithm of any power or root of a number equals the logarithm of
the number multiplied by the index of that power or root."
We have x = P* x, and x = bm '<* *.
m
log x = m log x. Q. E. D.

" The
Prop. IV. logarithm of the base itself is always unity."
We have &- b, .'.
log&=l. Q.E.D.

" The zero to any base."

Prop. V. logarithm of unity is

We have <*=i, .'.

logji=o. Q.E.D.

8. In Props. I, II, III are involved the important properties of the

logarithmic function, and the argument for its great utility in facilitating the

operations of multiplication and division and in finding the powers and roots
of numbers.
To render this part of the subject clearer we will connect these properties
9
I0 LOGARITHMS. ,

of logarithms more directly with the corresponding theorems in indices, with

which they are in reality identical, for logarithms, being simply and purely
indices, admit as such of all the algebraical simplifications to which indices
are subject.

By the laws of indices, b x bn x bf x ... = &m + n +P+--- ................................... (i)

& + bn = bm - n .......................................... (ii)

m
Reading these indices as the logarithms of numbers to the base b since b ;

isthe number whose logarithm to the base b is equal to /, we deduce the

following results.

(i)
The product of those numbers whose logarithms to the base b are
m, n, p, equals that number whose logarithm to the same base is
etc.,
M + n +/ 4- . . .
(Prop. I.)
(ii) The quotient of the numbers whose logarithms are m, n, equals that
number whose logarithm is - n. m (Prop. II.)
(iii) The power or root (index n) of the number whose logarithm is ;//
equals that number whose logarithm is multiplied by the index of m
*
the power or root. (Prop. III.)

These results explain how logarithms may be utilized to effect products and
quotients, and to find powers and roots of numbers.

By (i) To find the product of certain numbers Add the logarithms of these numbers to-
gether, and the required product will be the number whose logarithm is this sum of logarithms.

By (ii) To find a quotient of numbers Subtract the logarithm of the divisor from that of
the dividend, and the required quotient will be the number whose logarithm is this difference
of logarithms.

By (iii) To find a power or root of a number Multiply the logarithm of the number by
the index of the power or root, and the required power or root will be the number whose
logarithm is this product.

In making practical use of these logarithmic properties we must of course

be supplied with tables in which the logarithms of numbers are given to some
degree of approximation and to a constant base. We then proceed as in the
following examples (in which use is made of a table of logarithms calculated
to the base 10).

Examples, (i) Find the product 32 x 16 x 35.

log 32 = 1.5051500
log 16 = 1.2041200
log 35
=
.-.
by addition, log (32 x 16 x 35) = 4.2533380
f
But log 17920 = 4.2533380, .'.
32 x 16 x 35 = 17920.

(ii) Find the value of 18069-=- 57.

log 18069 = 4.2569341
log 57 = i-7558749
/. by subtraction,
=
log (180694- 57) 2.5010592
But log 317 = 2. 5010592, /. 180694-57 = 317.
 FUNDAMENTAL PROPERTIES.
(iii) Find the 4th power of 17. log 17
= 1.2304489
4
.'.
multiplying by 4 (the index of 4th power), log 17* = 4. 92 17956
But log 8352 1 =4. 92 1 7956, /. i7

(iv) Find the loth root of 59049. log 59049= ^4.7712125 ( x TV)

.'.
multiplying by -fa (the index of the loth root), log ^59049 = ^4771213
1
But log 3 = .47712(13, .-. v/ 59049 = 3-

In the extraction of roots the logarithmic function is of particular value, for

the usual arithmetical processes extend only to square and cube roots and
roots that may be extracted by a succession of these operations, and the
Binomial Theorem is only practicable over a small range of numbers, whereas
any roots whatever may be obtained approximately, and with great readiness,
by the application of logarithms.
Also, we shall find that the function enables us to solve approximately a
certain class of equations called Exponential Equations, and thereby to effect
the solution of a variety of questions in percentage and interest.

9. We will conclude chapter with a few easy problems that depend for
this
their solution directly upon the fundamentalproperties of the logarithm above
explained, all logarithms requisite for the purposes of the questions being given.

(i) To find the logarithms ofproducts.

"

Iog 10 2
= 30 10300
Example. Find Iog10 8o64, given .

= 8450980 }
-

(Props. I, III.)
= .8450980 + .9542426 + 2. IO72IOO
= 3.9065506.

EXAMPLES. III.

Given Iog10 2 = 3010300, Iog10 3 = 4771213, Igio7 = 8450980, Iog10 u 1.0413927, find
i. . -
= -

(i) Iogi i728, (ii) Iog 1098, (') lgi<>675. ( iv ) Ig10 i372,
(v) Iog 10 588, (vi) log, 285768o, (vii) Iog 10 5625, (viii) Iog 10 392,

(x) Iog 10 2520o, (xi) Iog 10 5oo, (xii) Io glo9 878 4 ,

(ix) Iog 10 i875,
(xiv) Iog, io78, (xv) Iog 10 66825, (xvi) Iog 106o 4 8,
(xiii) Iog 10630,
Iog l044000, (xix) Iog 10 i4553, (**) lgi<>2928:
(xvii) Iog l0 i9965, (xviii)
= 10=
Prop. IV, and log 2 + log 5 log I, so that
\When the base is so, logio=l by
log 5 = i -log 2.]
I2 LOGARITHMS.

2. Given <z
2
+ ^= I, log 2
=
.3010300^
log (i+a)
= 1 928998
. show that log (l+a + 6) = .3780762.
[-,
log ( + b)
I = 2622226 J
.

I02 5 =
3. If log a, log 2 = /3, show that log 4100 = a + 12/3.

(2) To find the logarithms of quotients.

Examples, (i) Find log^o.^, given Iog10 2 = 3010300 "j .

logioS
= -4771213
\
Iog 10 7
= 8450980 J .

2
lo glo io- - =

= Iog107 + 2 Iog102 + 2 Iog10 3 - 2 Iog10 5 (Props. I, II, III. )

= 8450980 + 6020600 + .9542426 - i 3979400

. . .

= 1.0034606.

(ii) Find log10 .O!5, given log, 2

= .30 10300)

log, A. O I S = 1OR,
310
- lO!
-
1000 10s
= Iogio3 + logioS - 3 Iog10 io
= .4771213 + .6989700 -3
= 2.1760913.

[In such examples as (ii), -when the base is 10, it will subsequently be found sufficient to
treat the number as a whole number, neglecting the decimal point, and then merely changing
the characteristic of the result so obtained. Vide Props. VII, VIII, IX.]

EXAMPLES. IV.

i. Givenlog 10 2= .3010300, Iog 10 3= .4771213, Iog 10 7= .8450980,1 fi

,

Iog 10 i i
= 1.041 3927, Iog 10 i3 = 1.1139434, Iog10 i7 = i.2304489, /

(i) Iog 102.i, (ii) Iog 10 34.3, (iii) Iog 10 .i25, (iv) Iog 10 .ooo8,

( v) lgi<c5' (vi) Iog10 -^-, (vii) Iogi 3^ (viii) log lfl ,

^'
(ix) Iog 10 3.^, (x) Iogi 2.oi6, (xi) Iog10 28.954, (xii) Iog 10 ,

(xiii) Iog 10 .426, (xiv) Iog10 22f, (xv) logw L_, (xvi) \Ogy^ ,

30-851
..... o / i
*"
.4772 / , c / \ i .14710
(xvii) Iog 10 8.72, (xviu) Iog 10 ., (xix) Iogi i7f, (xx) log, ^-2.
1.923076
 FUNDAMENTAL PROPERTIES, I;J

2. Given log2 = .69314718, Iogc3 = 1.09861229, find

1
(i) Ioge4i (ii) log,. 5, (iii) log*", (iv) log,. 2
O 6V

Given Iog10 2, Iog10 3, Iog 10 7, 2 Iog 10 3 + 4 Iog104 + 5 5

Iog 10 ^ ,
3. find (i)
5 7 12

(ii) 2 Iog 10 63 + 5 log10 I4 + loglo _ 5- + 6 loglo

p,
- 3 Iog 10 7- 5-

4. If A, B, C be in H.P., then log (A + C), log (A - C), and log (A + C-2&) are in A. p.

(3) To find the logarithms ofpowers and roots.

1
Examples, (i) Find log10 V.o84, given Iog 10 2, Iog10 3, Iog107.
1
= log10 (.o84 ) Tl = - -
Iog 10 .o8 4 (Prop. II I. >

= + Iogio3 + 2 Iog10 2 -
3 Iog 10 io)
\_(logio7
X
= (2.9242793) = 1.9282853.
r

(ii) Find loguiSv^VS. given Iogj 2, Iog 10 3, Iog 10 7.

= Iogi i8 + Iog10 7 + Iog, i2 + TV Iog10 5

= 1.7750829.

EXAMPLES. V.

i. Given the same logarithms as in question i, Ex. IV, find the following logarithms to
the base 10 :

'

(i) log (.0147)'-, (ii) logli/126, (iii) logfyl^i,

!, (vi)

(vii) log 2 T, (viii) log 5 *, (ix)

3
(x) logiv/i, (xi) log(3i)~ , (xii) log >/.O343,
5
(xiii) log(2.i) , (xiv) logVii-3, (xv) log ^.00020736,
2
(xvi) log(i.75)*, (xvii) Iog(i47) , (xviii) logf^
^
 FUNDAMENTAL PROPERTIES.

EXAMPLES. VI.
1. Given Iog 10648 = 2.8115750 \ c ,,
log! S6 4
= 2. 9365137)' find lo&<>3 and lQgloS .

2. Given Iog10 18=1.2552725]

Iog 10 i25 = 2.0959100 k find the logarithms of the numbers from 2 to 9 inclusive.
Iog10 21 = 1.3333193)

3. Given Iog10 .oi2 = 2.0791812^ c ,

find
Io g ; o .oi8 = 2.255272 5 )'

log 10 .oi3 = 2.ii39434\ hl

log 10 -637
= 1.8041394; ' fi

7. Given Iog 10 i25 =2.0969100, find Iog w i6 and Iog10 (.ooo2) 5 .

8. Given Iog104.2 =
.6232493!
Iog 10 .012
= 2.0791813 k find the logarithms of the nine digits to the base 10.
logio .0441 =2. 6444386 J

9. Given Iog 10$ = 1.

69897001
log lo = i.5228787/'
find the logarithms to the base IO of \6, | ^14.4, and TVT v'27o x ^ v625-
_
10. Given Iog10 i.4 = 1461280^
.

find Iog 10 .ooo3i5 and the value of 2 log10^-+3 log10^-5 log]0 i + 5 Iog 10 l.6.
oi 7
11. Given Iog 10 2 =
.3010300^
lgio I 3 = ' l J 39434 fi n<i
Iog 10 .ooo2o8 and Iog 10 2.oi6.
f>
Iogio40- 3"
= 1.6056641]

12. Given Iogj ^= 1.69897001

lo&oi = 1-5228787 k find Iog10 i.s, Iog 10 2.5, and Iog103.5-
ol =1.1 549020 }

!?. Given loelft ^2.4 = .19010571 _,

N /~ri
. , ,
find ** l' l> logl o 7 *' and logl - 0012 '

lo|o ^si= .24413.3}'

Express Iog]0.oo3i25 in terms of Iog10
2.
14.

15. Given Iog10 i8 = 1.2552726! find the logarit hms to the base loof 5, 6, 3, 45. '75. and l6 -

Io2= i.3979400>'

1 6. Given log, 5.76

= .7604226!
_ k find the logarithms of the digits above 2 to the base 10.
1 .3010300
Iogi .0105
= 2.0211893]

17. If log
*..9 =-*]h
?. -96
log, .96 = -y k find log2, Ioge 3, an

18. Given Iog10 2673 = 3.427oo! find logwll>

 1 6 LOGARITHMS.

19. Given Iog 10 i. 76 = .2455127) c ,,

find lo Sio'5o and Iog10 3 9 6.
Iogi 8.9i =.9498777)'

20.

21.
Given Iog10 i56 =

Given
4;;6 =

log^=
5
2.

2.0962321
1931246"!
i.8?29i]4 )'

j
c ,,
find lo

find ,
^24 and
a
and }
^ ^
IT.

loVtfty = 1.. 125217 j

1255217 b

22. Given \oge ^4^fe = 4. 4889840]

10ge
= 3598l39 '

~fe J'

find the logarithms to the base <? of ^/2? and -! 3 p 2 v^l.

'
(
l\f/ 9^ J

23. Given Iog102o= 1.3010300, find ]ogi .oooi25 and the logarithm to the base 10 of

.2 x .4 x .8 x ...to 10 factors
'

.5x.2.5x 12.5 x ...to 6 factors

(5) To find the values of logarithms and logarithmic expressions, no logs being
given.
m = -.
Prop. VI. To show that log n a
1t

**
= - log a, by Prop.
ffl
<z
m= 1

logon logos' ) on Ill,

= - by Prop. IV.

Examples, (i) Find the value

li) Find the value of 6 log10 --4 log10 i^+2 I

6 log10 ?- 4 lo glo ii + 2 Iog 10 = lo

^
*8 v4
x x
(*6 ^ ^%4 |r
= log10 i=o.

[\\1ien no logs are given, the only logs we are allowed to assume are log i which is

always zero, and the logarithm of the base itself which is unity. ]
 FUNDAMENTAL PROPERTIES.

EXAMPLES. VII.
I . Find the values of

() Ig7 343> (ii) Iogvs4, (iii) log^,

(v) Iog 10 .oi, (vi) log.j.253.375, (vii) 1^125,
W log2 U), (xi)
log^
25,

(xiii) (xiv) log4 Vi6~, (xv) log4 V.5,

(xvii) Iog5 .04, (xviii) Iog 3 .i, (xix) log^i.6,

2. Find the values of (i) ,

(ii) O
f
+ 2logi 2 + 4log 10 l- -,
5 14 7 54

/27 + Iog10 8 - Iog10\/iooo

Iog10 l.2

(iv)
3log10 i728 \
]

(v)

log10N/S4
-
(vi)

Show -2
3. that Iog 10^ + Iog 10^i = Iog 10 2
9 243

(6) To determine the characteristic of a logarithm.

The mantissae of logarithms are always positive therefore, when a logarithm ;

is not entirely integral, its characteristic is always the algebraically smaller of the

two successive integers (whether positive or negative) between which the log-
arithm lies but these integers are by Prop. Ill respectively the logarithms of the
:

same powers of the base hence, the characteristic of the logarithm of any
;

number is the algebraically smaller of the indices of those successive powers of

the base between which the number lies.
1 8 LOGARITHMS.

Examples, (i) Find the characteristic of Iog6 2o62.

I

4 5
lies between 6 and 6 , therefore 4
Tg _ ga 2062
is the characteristic of Iog6 2o62.

[This method applies to the logarithms

of all numbers greater than unity.]
1296 = 6
4

6
7776 = 6
5

(ii) Find the characteristic of Iog12 .ooo23.

12)1.
~ ~
.00023 lies between 12 3 and 12 4, therefore
-2 4 is the characteristic of Iog 12 .ooo23.
I2).oo694 = 12
I2).ooo57 = 12- This met h d applies to the logarithms of
j-

.00004 = I2~
4
numbers less than unity.]

(iii) Find the characteristic of Iog3 V-OOO7.

Since logs V. 0007 = 1 logs- 0007, we find the characteristic of Iog3 .ooo7 and then divide
it by 5.
Now, as in example (ii), the characteristic of Iog3 .ooo7 is 7; therefore, since 7 = - 10 + 3,
dividing
- 10 by 5 we find that the characteristic of logs V-OOO7 is 2.

EXAMPLES. VIII.

i. Find the characteristics of

(i) Iog7 5473,
 FUNDAMENTAL PROPERTIES. jg

which must be reduced before taking logarithms. In the first class the signs
+ and - occur, if at all, only among the exponents in the second class these :

signs occur between terms of the equation.

Examples, (i) Solve the equation 3* . 2Z = 4C + 1 , given Iog 10 2 = .3010300)

Equating the logarithm of the left hand side to that of the right, we have
x lo Sio3 +* Iog10 2= (x+ 1) Iog104.
* (I&o3 + Iog10 2 - Iog104) = Iog104,
T_ logic* - 2log102
-
Iog10 3 + log 10 2-log 104 Iog10 3 Iog 102
= 6020600
.

.1760913

(ii) Solve 4* +2* = 12, given Iog 10 2 and Iog10 3.

We have 2 21 + 2* - 12 = o,
/. (2*+4)(2*-3) = oand 2* = 3 or-4.
Now 2* must be positive and cannot equal - 4,
2* = 3, i.e. *log102 =

and * = {S<>3 = 1.58496

EXAMPLES. IX.

3*-l
(i ) 3 2z. 4 =7> (ii) 2I*=20, (iii)
x+1 = i*-i
(iv) 2- 3 *=62* +3 , (v) 3*. i$ i4 i
7, ( v i)
8*. i25 2 -* = 24*+ 3 a*-4
21
(vii) .
5*, (viii) 3 .
5 =7 -i. ,,a- f (ix)

(x) (5) 25 5 V^v *Ogj02 = I*222IoIoj (^11)

21 =
(xiii) 4
21 - 8(2)^+12 = o, (xiv) 9 .
3
s*
3*
-
+1 + 6 =
7 o, . 4 :

(xv) 3*-6.3-* = 5. (xvi) i8y*-/ =

2. Given logJO -= 1.69897, find .* from the equation 20*= ioo.

3. Given logJ0 2, Iog10 3, Iog10 7, and that logi S277 = 3. 722387, solve the equations
6* =5/

4. Solve the equation log^e =1.3678, given Iog 10 2, Iog10 3, and thnt log 13734. 546=4. 1378144-

= 8 x = &'> z =
5- Solve the equations (i) (ii) 4096* =8(64-*), (iii) 5
-|f >

' -a
6. Find the value of* from the equation i88 to = (54^/2)3* , using the base 3^/2.

7. Solve the equations a? - 2P<* \

P = tfa* \.
S = 4ax6 >) >

Find x from the equation Iogn2+ n.*= -

8. i
\og n t +n (x+ 1).

9. Solve fl*(o*-l) = i.
20 LOGARITHMS.

10. Solve the equations y<*z s

iogf = a2

~1 -
I ! . Given (a + b)^(a* - 2aW + P)x = (a bf t find *.

12. Find .* and.y from the equations y^ +y =y*a

13. What is the smallest integral value of # for which (1$$)* is greater than a million? given
Iog 10 io.i = 1.0043214.

14. How many factors, each equal to must be multiplied together that the product
,
may
be less than .000001 ? given Iog10 2 = .3010300.
3
15. How many factors 3 1
.
3-. 3 ... must be taken that the product may just exceed ioo,oco?
given Iog10 3 = . 4771213.
16. Find very nearly a 4th proportional to the 6th root of 9, the 4th root of 7, and the 5th
root of 5; given Iog 10 2=. 30103, Iog 10 7 = .84510,1
= -47712, Iog 10 i55.6 = 2. 19201. /

17. The island I3th terms of a G.P. are 3 and 65 respectively; find the common ratio;
given Iog 10 65= 1.8129134, log 1292.1592 = 3.1113160,
logio 3= -4771213.

18. Given a1 . a3 a 5 ... =/,

, find the number of factors a 1 a3 a5
, , ,
etc.

1
d
A n
19. Given a , a* . ...a =p, find the value of n.
 CHAPTER III.

The Selection of a Base.

10. The selection of the base in compiling a system of logarithms

might
be quite arbitrary, but certain considerations tend to give prominence to two
systems, called severally the Napierian and Common Systems.

(I) The Napierian System.

11. This system, which derives its name from Napier, the inventor of

logarithms, calculated to the base e, where e is the sum of a certain infinite

is

series whose limiting value lies between 2 and 3. It is also called the
Natural System, because its logarithms are the first that are met with in
investigating a method for the compilation of tables. will proceed to We
show how Napierian logarithms are the first to present themselves in our
theoretical investigations.

Now e is defined as the limiting value of (

i+- 1 when is indefinitely increased, a

value that can be shown to be the same as that of the infinite series I + I+
ii
+- + ...,
2
I 3
I
.'. <f
* = I + when = oo,
{( ) j

K)" ~ ' )("* ~ 2)

n*( nx ~
+ "*(*
'
= !+* '

n
f
+
1)
'
2
'
_L
n3
+
\2 (3

(3

13
I
(Since ;; = oo,and .'. the fractions , -, ... are indefinitely small V
\ n n I

=
Calling this series y, we have e*=y or x \oge y, and it is seen that
we are
here supplied with a rudimentary method of calculating the number y whose
logarithm to the base e is equal to x. But this series will only be of use when
x is a very small fraction (so that the terms of the series may rapidly diminish),
22 LOGARITHMS.

and consequently the only numbers that can be calculated from it are those
that are much less than ^, and a fortiori less than 3. Also, the evaluation of
the terms of the series is laborious when many significant figures are required
in the logarithms, and moreover we require the logarithms of given numbers
rather than the numbers corresponding with given logarithms. For these
reasons we proceed further in our investigations.

We have i + x = e log<(1+x\

... i by (i).

But by the Binomial Theorem (i + *)"= i + +~+ -- 1.2 1.2.3

Now these two values of (i+x) m must be identically equal, therefore the coefficient of m in
the one equals that of m
in the other ; that is,

loge (l+x)
= X--+~- + ...................................... (ii)
2 3 4
~2 x* -
-x) = -x- - j3
Changing the sign of x, loga (i
2 34 .................................... (iii)

Subtracting from log<if = + + ...) ..................................... (iv)

x 2(*+
(iii) (ii), '
i \ 3 5

Putting
I*
I-x I

"+! I
 THE SELECTION OF A BASE. 23

It is thus seen that the logarithms first met with in investigating a method
of compiling complete tables are those to the base e. Hence the importance
of the Napierian system, for its logarithms must be first calculated before those
to any other base can be obtained.

This' system is also sometimes called the Hyperbolic System.

appear in Chap. V., when we come to discuss the relations

It will presently

existingbetween logarithms to different bases, that the logarithms to any other

base x may be obtained by multiplying the corresponding Napierian logarithms
by a certain constant multiplier, called the modulus of the new system.
*
This modulus is or log./, commonly written ft.

For logarithms to the base IO, fj,

= -
=.43429448.
logeio

- = + JL+JL + ...
1

Putting for x in (iv) we have log, ^-?

2J! j,
'
or loge (*+ 1)
= loge (*- i) + + ........ (vi)
2JI+ '+...}

Collecting the series of this article, they stand thus

i^ i^.

[For calculating powers of e not numerically greater than unity, or the

numbers whose logs, to the base e are not numerically greater than unity.]

- -
log( 1+ x) = x +
II.
234 +...

and x + ve. and < I.]

[For calculating logs, of numbers between I 2.

III. loge (l-x) =

-x-^-^-^-...
[For calculating logs, of numbers between I and o. x +ve. and < I.]
} 5
IV. loge (i+*)
= loge (i-*) +
2J;r+| +| +...}.

[For calculating loge ( I + x) from log( I - x). x< l .

]

V. loge (*+l)
= log(*-i) + 2 +
{^+^+JL ...}.

[For calculating loge(* + 1) from logX* - I ). x> I .

]

[For calculating loge (x+ 1) from log,*. *< I.]

be substituted for the Napierian logarithms in the

[Logarithms to any other base may
above, provided the series be multiplied by /*]
24 LOGARITHMS.

EXAMPLES. X.

1. Compute to 7 places of decimals the I5th and 25th roots of e.

2. Find to 5 places of decimals the numbers whose Napierian logarithms are .05, .
125, 1.998.

3. Calculate to 7 places of decimals the Napierian logarithms of

(i) 1.007, (ii) 1.03, (Hi) i.ooi, (iv) .998, (v) .999, (vi) .983.

4. Given that p.
= .43429 for base 10 ; calculate Iog10 999 and Iog10 iooi.

5. Find the Napierian logarithm of TrW" correct to 16 places of decimals.

6. Find loge (!i^y) to 7 places of decimals, and deduce logeQinr)'
-
7. Show that logeioi log99 = Tff verv nearly.
8. Given loge io = 2.3O2585i ; calculate Iogi2 to the same number of figures.

9. Find Iog107, Iog10 ii, and Iog10 i3; given Iog102 = .30103000!

10. Given loglo = 2. 3025851, find Iog10 i.i to 6 places of decimals.

11. Find Iog10 3.0oi by a series, given log]0 3 = .4771213! '

12. Solve the equation 10*= 101 to 5 places of decimals ; given loge lo =

(II) The Common System.

12.In this system, also called the Briggsian System, the base is 10,
this number being the radix of the common scale of notation. There are
great advantages in adopting for the base of a practical system of logarithms
the number upon which our system of numerical notation is based. The
advantages are these :
(i) The mantissa of the logarithm is independent of the position of the
decimal point in the number, and is the same for all numbers com-
posed of the same significant figures in the same order.
(ii)
The characteristic of the logarithm is determinable at once by inspec-
tion of the position of the decimal point in the number. Hence
(iii) Our table of logarithms, complete in every way jor practical use, need
only give the mantissae corresponding with certain collections of sig-
nificant figures in the numbers, without regard to the position of the
decimal point ; and characteristics need not be tabulated. A table so
formed will give not only the logarithms of integral numbers, but will,
at one and the same time, supply the logarithms of all numbers partly
or wholly fractional when expressed in the decimal form, numbers
 THE SELECTION OF A BASE. 25

whose logarithms to any other base either would require separate

tabulation or must be obtained by a subtraction of the logarithms of
the numerator and denominator of the corresponding vulgar fraction.
Now it will presently appear that, when the logarithms of all the
natural numbers from
to 100,000 have been calculated to 7 places of
i

decimals, by the application of a certain principle called the theory of

proportional parts the logarithms of numbers composed of any number
of figures may be readily calculated to the same degree of approxima-
tion. Hence, by the simple tabulation of 100,000 logarithms, we are
supplied with the logarithms, correct to the 7th figure after the decimal
point, of all numbers (integral or fractional) composed of any num-
ber of figures whatever.

13. We will proceed to prove the above important properties of common

logarithms.

Prop. VII.
'
The mantissae are the same for the
'
common logarithms of all numbers
which differ only in the position of the decimal point."
Let C be
the characteristic (integral), and M
the mantissa (fractional), of the logarithm
of any number x, so that Iog 10#= C + then any number which differs from x only in the
M;
n
position of the decimal point may be represented by x x io , where is some positive or

negative integer. Now

logioC* x IO")
"
= logic* + logio 10 = n C+ M+
= (C+n) + M= C' + M, C' being integral and M fractional.

Hence the characteristic of Iog 10 (.rx 10") is C' (- C+n), and its mantissa M the same as
that of Iog 10*. Q.E.D.

" The common

Prop. VIIL characteristic of the logarithm of a decimal number,
.partly or wholly integral, is zero or positive, and is one less than the number of digits in the
integral portion."
Let x be a decimal number having digits in its integral portion, so that it is not less
than lo"" 1 nor as great as IO", where n is some positive integer ; then
"" 1 nor as reat as "
logic* is not ' ess tnan logio 10 g lgio IO
i.e.
Iog 10# ,, ,, n-\ ,, ,, ,

Iog10* =(n i) +F (where F is zero or some positive proper fraction).

Hence the characteristic of Iog 10# is n - i, i.e. is zero or positive, and is one less than ,
the
number of digits in the integral portion of x. Q.E.D.

Prop. IX. "The characteristic of the common logarithm of a decimal number, -wholly
and numerically one more than the number of ciphers preceding the first
fractional, is negative
significant figure."

Let x be a decimal number, wholly fractional, having ciphers preceding its first sig-

nificant figure, so that

positive integer ;
then
it is not less than ^ nor as great as n,
where n is zero or some

logio* is not I GSS than log 10 io-'" +1) nor as great as Iogi io~",

Iog 10#
= -(n+i) + F (where F is zero or some positive proper fraction).

Hence the characteristic of logio-*: is - (+ i), i.t. is negative and numerically one more than
w, the number of ciphers preceding the first significant figure in the decimal value of x.
Q.E.D.
26 LOGARITHMS.

14. To sum up the results given by the above propositions we have

(i)
The following rule for determining by inspection the characteristic of the
common logarithm of any decimal number :

Rule : When
the decimal point does not come first in the number, the characteristic is
positive and onethan the number of figures preceding the decimal point; when the deci-
less
mal point does come first, it is negative and numerically one more than the number of ciphers
immediately following the decimal point.

(ii)
The means of writing down the common logarithm of any decimal
number when that of a number is given which differs from the former
only in the position of the decimal point. The mantissa is, by Prop.
VII., the same as that of the given logarithm, and the proper charac-
teristic is prefixed in accordance with the above rule for characteristics.

15. We now see why it is sufficient, in seeking the common logarithm of

any decimal number, to find the logarithm of the integral number composed
of its significant figures.

Example. Given log 2 =

;; .3010300^
find ^.^ and Iogio48oo .

Iog1048 = 4 Iog10 2 + log10 3= 1.6812413,

.-.
Iog 10 .ooo48
= 4.6812413, Iog 10 48oo = 3.6812413.

1 6. We can also determine by inspection the characteristic of the common

logarithm of any root of a decimal number.
Example. Find the characteristic of Iog10 \j 000427. .

Iog10 V. 000427 = Iog10 000427.

.

Now the characteristic of Iog10 000427 is 4, and putting

.
-4 = -6 + 2, for purposes of division
by 3, we see that the characteristic of Iog10 \/. 000427 is 2.

17. By means of Props. VIII. and IX. we are also able to solve certain
questions as to the position of the decimal point in the value of any numerical
expression consisting of products and quotients.

Example i. Given Iog10 3 = .4771213, find the number of digits in the integral portion of
3(2. 7).
Let x = 3(2.7) 50 , then Iog10x = Iog10 3 + 50 Iog 10 2. 7 = 22.045316.

Hence, since the characteristic of Iog10* is 22, by Prop. VIII. the number of digits in the
integral portion of x must be 23.

Example ii. Given Iog10 2 = 3010300, find the position of the

. first significant figure in
the decimal value of \/(.ooi6) 20 .

Let x= l/(.ooi6)*>, then Iog10x = * Iog 10 (.ooi6) = 19. 360800.

Hence, since the characteristic of Iog 10* is 19, by Prop. IX. the first significant figure must
be the igth after the decimal point (there being 18 ciphers).
 THE SELECTION OF A BASE.

EXAMPLES. XI.

Find, by inspection, the characteristics of the following common logarithms :

(i) log 31. 7, (ii) log 2467000, (iii) ^52115.32,

(iv) log .0024, (v) log 8. 925, (vi) log 85000.9,
(vii) log 2008, (viii) log. 00007, (ix) log .0067,
(x) log. 75, (xi) logVio7, (xii) Iogv^oooo53~,

(xvi) log*~. (xvii)

(300)
2. Given ^086750 = 4.947519; write down Iog10 867.5, Iog10 8.675, and Iog 10 .o8675.

3. Given Iog1() 8i2. 13=2.9096256; writedownlog108i.2i3, Iogi 8i2i3ooo, andlog .oco8i2i3. lfl

4. Given Iog102 = 3010300, Iog10 3 = -47712 13, Iog10 7 = .8450980 ; find

.

(i) Iog10 3.75, (ii) Iog 10 .5625, (iii) Iog 10 .o625, (iv) Iog10 i4.4,
(v) Iog l0 2.45, (vi) Iog 10 22.4, (vii) Iog 10 0000021,
.
(viii) log ]0 6.75.
5. Given Iog 10 8. 1617
= .9117806; find the numbers whose common logarithms are
"1.9117806, 3.9117806, 2.0882194, 4.0882194.
6. How many figures are there in the integral portions of the numbers whose common

logarithms are 3.00271, .28467, 6.98015, LsS? ?

7. What is the position of the first significant figure in the numbers whose common log-

arithms are 1.34816, 4, - ?

\ 4.2 /
8. How many digits are there in (i) 2M , given Iog 10 2 = .3010300 ;

and in the integral portions of (ii) V(2.25)

60
, given Iog 10 i5o
= 2. 1760913 ;

given Iog 10 2 = .3010300?

32
(iii) \/(2.5) ,

9. What is the position of the first significant figure in

(i) (.I2)
24
, given Iog10 5 = 6989700, log ]0 l.5
= 1760913;
. .

given log ]0 7 = 8450980;

34
(ii) v'(.oo7) ,
.

002 4)12 =
given Iog 10 i. 2 = . 0791812, Iog 10 l. 6 .2041200?
(
(Hi) T

V. 0000003
10. Given Iog 10 2, Iog10 3 ; find the integral values between which x must lie that the integral
1 contain 4 digits.
part of (i.oS) may
The 100 000 contains 6o,coo digits. Find Iogi 398i correct to five
11. integral part of (s.gSi)
-

decimal places.
100
12. Show that (fir) is greater than 100, given Iog 10 2, Iog 10 3, Iogw 7.
 CHAPTER IV.

Tables. Their Application.

1 8. We in the last chapter how a table of logarithms is compiled.

have seen
The logarithms of numbers are first calculated to the base e, and then those to
former by a certain constant
any other base are obtained by multiplying the
modulus. For common logarithms this modulus is .43429448.
It was also there stated that, when the logarithms of the natural numbers
the application of a certain
up to a certain point have been calculated, by
principle, called the Theory of Proportional Parts, those of all other numbers
can be deduced to a degree of approximation that will depend upon the
magnitude of the numbers to which, and the range over which, the principle is
applied.
We will first prove the theory as applied to the logarithms of numbers, and
then discuss its accuracy and mode of application in the case of common
logarithms.

Prop. X. To show that, when the differences are small compared with the number, the
change in the logarithm is approximately proportional to the change in the number.

We have log.,.( + d) - logxn = logx ^^

n
= log/
\
1 +-}
nl

From this it is evident that, when d is so small when compared with n that all the powers of
11

after the first may be neglected in the series,

n
loga ( + d)
i.e. ,
- log.j oc d,
in other words, the increase in the logarithm is proportional to the increase in the number.
Q.E.D.

19. Applying proposition of the preceding article to common

the
logarithms, we
suppose that our table contains the logarithms of numbers
will
from i to 100,000 (so that n contains 5 figures), and that d'\s not greater than
unity ; then, since is less than
| for common logarithms,
fj.

ud2 .
/ i \2
2
is less than ,
and a fortiori less than -000000003 ;
( )

is less than - th of this, and so on ;

10,000
28
 TABLES. THEIR APPLICATION. 29

each term of the series being less than - th of the preceding term.
10,000
Hence, at least as far as seven places of decimals,

[For a table of logarithms from i to 1000 the theory of proportional parts

will give results true at least to 3 places of decimals, while logarithms from 1000
to 10,000 will give results true to 5 places of decimals.]

Taking d to be any decimal fraction, so that n + d is a mixed deci-

mal number, we are able, by applying the principle of proportional parts,
to obtain to seven places of decimals the logarithms of numbers in
which the decimal point comes after the fifth figure, and thence, by
merely altering the of the results, the logarithms of
characteristics
numbers with the decimal holding any position in those num-
point
bers. Or since, as should clearly be the case, the theory of propor-
tional parts is not vitiated when d and n are both multiplied by any
one and the same power of 10, the logarithms of integers containing
seven or even eight figures can be calculated from the logarithms of
numbers having the same first five figures and ciphers affixed to make the
total number of figures the same in the two numbers, though d in this case is

greater than unity the characteristics can then be altered to suit the positions
:

of the decimal point when the numbers are not integral.

The theory of proportional parts is utilised not only for finding the logar-
ithms of given numbers, but also for finding the numbers corresponding with
given logarithms. In this latter case, when the logarithms are given to seven
places of decimals, we can always get 7-figure results, and when the differences
are large between the successively tabulated logarithms we may get 8 figures,
but after this point additional figures in the number do not affect the logarithms
to seven places of decimals, so that, with y-figure logarithms, numbers having
given logarithms can never be found correct to more than 8 figures.

[With 5-figure logarithms we can get 5-figure results always, and

never
more than 6 figures.]

20. To show how this principle is applied in practice

(i)
To find the logarithm of a number of not more than 8 significant figures,
(ii)
To find the number corresponding with any logarithm not given
exactly in the tables,
we take an example of each case, making use of tables that give the
will

logarithms of numbers from i to 100,000 to 7 places of decimals.

Example (i).Given log 34567 = 4- 53866i 7 \ fi d ,

345.66269.
10534566 = 4.5386491;
We have 3 additional figures in the number whose logarithm is required, and therefore affix

3 ciphers to each of the given numbers, which will not affect their mantissae.
3 LOGARITHMS.

The mantissae of the logarithms of 34566000 and 34567000 are .5386491 and .5386617
respectively: therefore the mantissa of the logarithm of 34566269, which lies between 34566000
and 34567000, will have some value between .5386491 and .5386617; its first four figures
will be 5386 and the remaining three will compose some number between 491 and 617 ; call
it 491+^. Nowarrange the numbers and their corresponding logarithms in the parallel
columns, in ascending or descending order, and couple the quantities in the same way in each
column, one coupling on each side. The four differences placed outside the couplings are
then four numbers in proportion. It does not really matter how the couplings are arranged,

provided only they are made in the same way and in the same order in both columns, but it
is advantageous to couple the two extremes together, and the mean with that extreme which
will give a difference d outside the coupling, i.e. with the smallest of the three occurring in
the d column.

No. Log.
-
f
.

9 i26(

Thus, 1000 269

: : : 126 :
d,

or </ = filths of I26 = ( + +-?-} 126 = 25 + 8 + 1 = 34.

1000 VIO IOO lOOO/
Hence 491+^=525,
^34566269 = 7.5386525,
and log 345. 66269 = 2. 5386525.

In an example of this kind it is not usual to work as fully as in the above illustration.
The figures to the left of the lines indicated may be omitted, being the same in every line,
and our calculation is much facilitated by the use of the table of differences generally given
in a column in the logarithmic tables by the side of those logarithms to which the differences
severally apply. On referring to the tables, we find 126 in the table of differences, and under
this number its tenth parts worked out ready for use. The hundredths and thousandths are
obtained by cutting off figures successively from the given tenths.

126
13
[Here we have the table of tenths It will be observed that
for difference 126.
in tabulating the tenths, when the first figure left out
greater than 4, the figure at is
38
50
which we stop is increased by unity, but there is no such increase when the first
63 figure omitted is less than 5. The reason for this is that by this process the value
that is nearer to the true value is always taken, and that though the values taken
76
88 are sometimes too large, sometimes too small, in the end the deficiencies and
8 101 excesses tend to compensate one another.]
9 "3
From the above table we see that

Y^ths of the difference = 25

= 8

1000" 1 * i> I

Total correction = 34

The working is generally written down thus :

=
log 34566000 7.5386491
2 25
6 8
9 I

'.
^34566269 = 7.5386525
 TABLES. THEIR APPLICATION. 3 !

" n
find the number whose logarithm is 2.9372847.
lof 86553=4! 9372821 }
The mantissa of the logarithm whose number is required lies between the two
given
mantissae : therefore the number between 86553 and 86554, and consists of 86553 with
lies
additional figures. Now the difference between the two given mantissae is 50, and we can
only get two additional figures, since thousandths of the difference 50 will not affect the
7th figure of the mantissa. Call the number composed of these additional figures d, and
arrange in parallel columns as before, affixing two ciphers.
No. Log.
40Q /7i
.
50 47\ 2fi .'.
50^=2600, i.e. ^=52,
\2i JT
and the required number is .08655352, the decimal point being so placed that the characteristic
may be 2.
Here also if we are supplied with tables of differences our working is facilitated.

52
1 5
2 IO
[The difference between the logarithm whose number
is required and the smaller
3 [c
A 20 of the two given logarithms is 26. Now
the nearest number to this in the table of
e difference 50 is 25, and this is seen to be TVhs of the difference ; therefore 5 is the
25
6 30 first additional figure required. Also 26- 25 = I, and this is T $Tjths of the difference
735 (rjths with one figure cut off ); therefore 2 is the next figure required. Hence </= 52.]
840
945

21. We will conclude the chapter by applying the processes of the last
article to one or two examples.

Given log 2 = .3010300, log 7 = .8450980, ^90762 = 4.9579041,

Example (i).
2
~
10290763 = 4.9579088; find the value of
\J
* \ ( )
to 6 places of decimals.
4- x 32 /

Let x = A/( 294XI2 then x = (log 294 + log 1 25 - log 42 - log

V\ 5Y ; log 32)
42x32; = (3log5 + log7-5log2)
= -9579053-
/300 /88 47^ = 1200,
47(53^2 ^=26,
100(200+^
\2oo * = 9.076226. '

/ H*/

Example (ii). Find a 3rd proportional to .0024 and 27 given ;

=
log 2 = .3010300, log 30375 4.4825163,
= =
log 3 .4771213, log 30376 4.4825306.

Let x be the required proportional ;

then .0024 :
27 : :
27 : x,

x---
*
272
i

.0024
\ogx = 2 log 27 log .0024
-
and
= 2.8627278-3.3802113
= 5.4825165.
/3o6 I4y = 2000,
1431 i6s\ </=i4
'
*= 303750. 14-
32 LOGARITHMS,
Example (iii). If 13* = 2147.6827, find x to 6 places of decimals ;
given log 13 = 1.1139434 =
log 21477 4.3319736
=
log 21476 4. 3319534
202

Taking logs, in the

.'.

given equation,
__
log 2147.6000 = 3.3319534
8
2

log 2147.6827 = 3-33I970I

7
162
4
i

x log 13 = log 2147.6827,

2 1 47. 6827
r _ log
log 13
= 3- 33I97QI =2 99II49
. .

1.1139434

EXAMPLES. XII.

(i) Given log 56500 = 4. 7520484 \ find ^.005650076, and the number whose log-
log 56501
= 4.7520561 /' arithm is .7520516.

(ii) Given log. 82673 = 1.91736371 find ^82672.38, and the number whose log-
log. 82672
= I.9I73584J '
arithm is 3.9173600.

(iii) Given log 37.186= 1.5703795, diff. = 117 ; construct a table of proportional parts
and use it to find log. 37 186378, and the number whose logarithm is 2.5703713.
(iv) Given 10^.41556 = 1.6186337, diff. = 105 ; find Iog4i. 55578, and the number whose
is 3.6186384.
logarithm
(v) Given log 20.867= 1.3194600) find log .020866327, and the number whose log-
log 20. $66= 1. 3 1 94392)' arithm is 1.6805452.
(vi) Given log 535. 35 =2.7286378) find ^53535.87, and the number whose log-
log -053536 = 2.7286459J
'
arithm is 2.7286403.

(vii) Given Iog8i.22 = 1.9096630)^ find log .8122365, and the number whose logarithm
Iog8i.23 = i.9097i65J
'
is 2.9096844.
(viii) Given log 13. 145= 187606)1. 1find ^13145125, and the number whose log- *

log 131.46= 2.II87936/' arithm is 3.1187804.

(ix) Given log 367200 = 5.5649027) find ^.003671453, and the number whose log-
log 367100= 5.5647844)' arithm is 2.5648815.

(x) Given log 2 = .30 1 0300 and ^2000.1=3.3010517; construct a table of propor-
tional parts, and find
log .2000088.
(xi) The mantissae of the
logarithms of 79531 and 79532 are respectively .9005364 and
.9005419; find the logarithm of 795.314, and find the number of which the
logarithm is 2.900539.
(xii) Find the number whose logarithm is 1.8753145; given log 1.3325 = .1246672)
log i. 3326 = 1 246998 /' .

(xiii) Given log 31204 = 4.4942103, ^31203 = 4.4941964; construct the table of propor-
tional parts, and thence find log 31203. 25.

(xiv) Given log 1.0007 = .0003039, find log 100024.

(xv) Given log YTT^ = 'f. 9966974 ~\ find logyf^j, and the number whose logarithm
logTf! = i.9967223/'
is .0032857-
 TABLES. THEIR APPLICATION. 33

(xvi) The following is an extract from a logarithm book :

N.
34 LOGARITHMS.

3. Calculate the product of the loth root of 5 by the 5th root of 10.
=
log 2 .3010300
=
log 18616 4.2698864
log 18617 = 4.2699097

Find a 4th proportional to the 5th power of n, the 4th power of 7, and the 5th power of
4.

5 ; and calculate to 4 places of decimals the value of p3 -fst_

V22 x 70
log 2= .30I03OO =
log 17814 4.2507614
log 3= -4771213 log 17815 = 4.2507858
log 7= .8450980 log 46588 = 4.6082741
1 1 = 1.0413927
log log 46589 = 4.6682834

5. If
lo g* = .8567, what is the value of x ?

log 26
=
log 2 .3010300 log .13=1.1139434
log 16300 = 4.2121876, . = 266

6. If 3* = 7175- 37. find x

log 3
= -477i2i3 log 71. 753 =1.8558401, Z = 6o

7. If 7* = 823542.4, find x,
log 7
= 8450980
.
log 8. 2354 = 9 1 56847
.
,
D = 53
z
8. Calculate the value of i+e+e + ...+<?, when e= 2.71828.
=
log 27182 4.4342814, >-i6o
=
log 22026 4. 342936, D = 19
9. If the side of a cube be 8, find the side of another cube of exactly double the volume of
the former. log 2 = . 3010300 log 10079 = 4-003417,
- 43 D
10. A solid cube of lead weighs 126.44 Ibs. 998 ozs. of water occupy one cubic foot, and a
cubic foot of lead is 11.352 times as heavy as a cubic foot of water. Find the length
of a side of the cube of lead correctly to 6 places of decimals of a foot.
log .012644 = 2.1018845 log 56.311 = 1.7505932, Z? = 78
log i.i = .0413927 log 129 = 2.1105897
log 49.9 = 1.6981005
 CHAPTER V.

Variable Base.

22. We have hitherto confined ourselves to questions involving a constant

base ; we will now investigate the relation that exists between the logarithms
of numbers to different bases.

Prop. XI. To prove \ogba x \ogj> = logc<z.

We have ^Iog6 =a, Hence ?** *** =

......... (in <?** by (i)
8 6
?**=b t ......... (ii)l =>^' I

by (Hi)

c^a = a, ......... (iii)J =^<= by (ii)

.'.
logjfl .
log<^
= logcfl. Q.E.D.

This result gives us Iog6a = log,.a x (

-- ),
from which it is evident that when the log-
Uogctf/
arithms of numbers have been calculated to any base c, those to any other base b are got by

multiplying the former by the constant quantity L-.

23. In the same way as in Prop. XI it can be shown that

and so on, for any number of logarithmic factors in which the number for each successive

logarithm in the product the base for the immediately preceding one.
is
This result is easily remembered and applied, in consequence of the analogy it bears to
the result obtained by compounding any number of ratios in which each consequent becomes
the next antecedent. Thus

bed
x!x$x...xx-4;
y z z

and reading the numerators as numbers, and the corresponding denominators as bases of
logarithms, we have =
logcj logaf ilo&x fogy, . . .
_
logftfl

Again, by Prop. XI,

and this corresponds with the identity

=
Prop. XII. To prove logja \ogj> I.
2 4- .

This of course follows from Prop. XI by putting f = a, since logofl= I ; but it can be
proved independently thus :

35
36 LOGARITHMS.

Hence **** "^ = "*

by (i)
(i)]

(ii) =b by (ii)
(ii)J
.
log <J = I . Q. E. D.

25. Example ft. Given

- I- 2552725 -
8079445
logM 25 2log10 5 1.3979400

Example Given Iog89= 1.056642

(ii). ~|

logsS
= .7739760 calculate the common logs, of the nine digits.
}-,

Igs7 =1.209062 J
It will be sufficient to calculate Iog10 2, Iog10 3, and Iog10 7, for the logarithms of the nine
digits are easily expressed in terms of these.
We have 2 Iogin 3 ff ._ .. ,

From (ii) Iog 10 2 = 30 10300

.

= .7739760, (ii) substituting in (i) Iog10 3 = . 477 1213

lQglo7 substituting in Iog10 7 = .8450980

=I .209o6 2 ,
.
..(iii)
(iii)

l-log10 2
whence Igio4 = 2 Iog10 2 = .6020600,
Iog:o5 = i - log]0 2 = 6989700,
Iog 10 6 = Iog 10 2 + Iog 10 3 = .7781513,
Igio 8 = 3logio2 =.9030900,
Igio9= 2log 10 3 =.9542426.

Example (iii). By what must logarithms to the base 2 be multiplied to find them to the
base 8 ?
Since logg* = log^* x Iog 8 2, the
required multiplier is Iog8 2 or log^,
i.e. .

EXAMPLES. XIII.
; ,
logyj
I. Prove that (i) x= fa (ii) loga ^= l
oga ^, (iii)
J2&-!?- = i + i ogo**,

= o.
Iog 6
2. Given Iog102 = 3010300, Ioglo3 =
4771213, Iog10 7 = 8450980
.
.
.
; find
(i) (ii) Iog7 2 5) (iii) Iog 2 .o 5 , (iv) Io g273 .2,
[ogA . 5
Iog6 7, (vi) Iog 12 . 5 2 , (vii) Iog12 .7, (viii) Iog5 i8,
(lx) lo
%V3' 6> W Iog5-O02i,
(xi) logjWi, (xii)

(xiii) -
log^^j.7, (xiv) log ,,_-(i_^i x i

Vi3l\4.9/ \i.6
3- Given Iogs 3=
.6826063! c j
Iog3^= fand IoSio 2 Iogio3-
i.36oo7o3/'
4. Given Iog10 s = .6989700, find log^o and Iog40 25.
5- Given Ioglo3 5 = 1.5440680, find
Iog 1000 (^).
6. Given logM s = 6989700, find
.
io. Iog 2 . 5
 VARIABLE BASE. 37

7. Given Iog 10 5.6=

.7481880]
lgio73-5= 1.8662873 K find Iog 5 i2 and logg.o;.

8. Given 89
=
find tfae logarithms to the base IQ of the first 4 digit&
lo| a^
Given =
9. logs
^ ^ t find the common logarithm of 45.

10. Given \og10x = 3.6102407, Iog10 jy = 2.2481883 ; find

ii. Given Iog10x = 2.64831 17!

Iog10 2= .

12. The logarithm of a number to the base 4 is .35184, find its logarithm to the base 16.
13. By what must logarithms to the base ^/2 be multiplied to find them to the base ^,'3?
given Ioge 2 = .6931472, Iog 8 3 = 1.0986123.
m n
14. If x be the logarithm of a to the base i>, what is the logarithm of a to the base b t

15. Show that the logarithm of any number to the base a" is a mean proportional between
2
its logarithms to the bases a and a" .
1 6. Solve the equation & loga.8
= 3 Iog8.#.

17. If a, b, c be in G.P., prove that log,,^, logj./V, logc .Wwill be in H.P.

18. If a, b, c be in G.P., and logcfl, log&f, Iog in A. p., then the common difference of the
latter is l.
19. If a, b, c be respectively the two sides and the hypotenuse of a right-angled triangle,
then Iog6 +ca + logc-t^ = 2 logj+c logc -ja. .

2 3
_\ = x x
(I XI x+ 2 + 3 +..., calculate Iog 10 5 to 5 places of decimals.
\

Given log10*-=. 43429.

21. If x3 = \og x2 JT4 =
Xi
,
log^3 , ..., xn =\og x .
Xn _ z n lt x^log^fn then ^ . x2 ...xn = i.
 CHAPTER VI.

Interest. Annuities Certain.

I. Interest.

26. When a sum of money is lent for a time, the borrower pays to the
lender a certain sum for the use of it. The sum lent is spoken of as the
Capital or Principal: the sum paid for the use of it is called the Interest.
The Amount is the Principal plus the total Interest at the end of the time for
which the money was lent

27. Simple Interest.

(i)
The interest paid for the use of money is
said to be Simple when it consists of a certain fixed sum paid at regular
periods. It is generally reckoned at so much per cent, per annum. Thus 5
per cent (5%) per annum means $ paid annually on every ^100 of
Capital. If there be/ periods of payment in the course of a year, 5 per cent

per annum would signify

$-
paid every period on each ^100 of Capital

Let P
be the Principal, A
the amount at the end of n years, and / the
Interest accruing in the same time at 100 r per cent per annum, so that r is
the interest on ^i in i year ; then, for Simple Interest,
A = P(i+nr), (i)
I=nrP (2)

28. (ii) Compound Interest. Sometimes the borrower pays at the end of
the whole time for which the money was lent a single sum to cover both
Principal and Interest In this case since the lender loses the use of the
Interest as it accrues, it is clear that the borrower should pay interest on this
also ; in other words, that this Interest should be added to the Principal as
it becomes due, and that the borrower should proceed to pay Interest on the

Principal so increased. In such a case the Principal or money lent is said to

bear Compound Interest It is reckoned in the same way as Simple Interest.
When the Interest becomes due it is said to be convertible (into Principal),
and the period between two successive times at which Interest becomes
convertible is called the conversion-period.
Let P
be the Principal, A
the Amount at the end of n periods, and / the
Interest accruing in the same time ; while r is the interest on \ for one

conversion-period, and R= i +r ; then, for Compound Interest,

38
 INTEREST. ANNUITIES CERTAIN. 39

n (i)
I=P(R -i) (a)

[The formulae given above for Simple and Compound Interest are appli-
cable to questions of Present Worth and Discount, being the Present P
Worth of a debt A, due in time n, and / being the Discount]

29. Example (i). Find the amount of ^1000 invested for 21 years at 3/ per annum,
Compound Interest, convertible half-yearly.
r (the half-yearly interest on^i) = .oi5

Hence A =/*/?"= iooo(i.oi5) 42

and taking logs. log A = log 1000 + 42 log 1.015,
log 015 = .0064660
1.

42
129320
258640
42 log i. 01 5 = .271572

log 1000 = 3,

log A
= 3. 27 1 572
Now log 1 868. 8 = 3.271563
Z? = 23 )9o( 4
9J .-.
^=^1868.84.

Example (ii). How long will it take for a sum of money to double itself at 6/ per
annum, Compound Interest, convertible annually ?
Here P= i, A = 2, R= 1.06.
Let n years be the required time, then 2 = (1.06)",
and taking logs. log 2 = log 1.06,

=I2 ears .
log 1. 06 .0253059

Example (iii). If the number of births and deaths be 3.5 and 1.2 per cent, respectively
of the population at the beginning of each year, after how many years will the population be
trebled ?

The annual increase is 2.3 per cent, or .023 of the population at the commencement of
the year. Let years be the required time,
then (i. 023)"
= 3,
and taking logs. log 1.023 = log 3,
=- ! -2 = 48. 3 years.

EXAMPLES. XIV.
[Compound Interest is understood unless the contrary is stated.']

1. Find the amount of^iooo in 10 years, allowing 5 per cent, per annum interest.
log 2
= 3010300,
.
log 7 = .8450980,
=
log 3 .4771213, log 1.627 = .211893. Sandhurst.

2. In what time will a sum of money treble itself at 5 per cent, per annum ? Given log 2,
log 3, and log 7. Sandhurst.
40 LOGARITHMS.

3. Find, correct to a farthing, the present value of 10000 due 8 years hence at 5 per cent.
per annum. v
Given =
log 2, log 3, log 7, log 67683 4. 8304796,
=
log 67684 4. 8304860. Woolwich.

4. Find the amount of ,5500 in 15 years at 5 per cent, per annum, giving the result in^'s
and the decimal of a .

Given log 2, logs, Io g 7> log

= 1.0413927,"
log 1.1434= .0581982,
log 1. 1435= .0582362. Woolwich.

5. Find by logarithms what the annual income will be if 2700 stock be sold at 90 and
re-invested in the 3 per cents, at 125.
log 27 =1.4313638, log 25 =1.3979400,
log 90 = 1 9542425, .
=
log 972 2. 9876663. Woolwich.

6. Find the total interest, payable half-yearly, on^ioo for 12 years at 5 per cent, per annum.
= .3010300, =
log 2 log 1 8087 4. 257367,
log 41 = 1.6127839,
=
log 18088 4. 257391.

7. Find the present value of 1000 due 10 years hence, reckoning interest at 4 per cent.
per annum.
log 2 = .3010300, log 67557
= 4.829670,
log 130 = 2. 1 I39434> log 67556
= 4-829664.
8. At what rate per cent, must money be lent that it may be doubled in 10 years ?
= = 4.0300732, Z> = 406.
log 2 .30 1 0300, log 10717

9. How long will it take for 1000 to amount to 2500 at 5 per cent, per annum, con-
vertible half-yearly ?
log 2 = .3010300, log 41 = 1.6127839.

10. A sum is laid out at 10 per cent, per annum, convertible annually, and another sum of
double the amount at 5 per cent, per annum, convertible half-yearly. In what time
will the two amounts be equal ?
log ii
= 1.0413927, log 1025 = 3.0107239.
n. In how many years will the Interest on a given sum amount to double the Principal at
3^ per cent, per annum ?
log 3
= -477i2i3, log 1
15 = 2.0606978.
12. Find the amount of 1000 at the end of 10 years, allowing io/ per annum interest,
convertible half-yearly.
log 10225 = 4.0096633, log 15605 = 4. 193264.

13. A country trebles its population in a century. What is the increase in one year per
million ?
Given log 2, log 3, log 67 = 1.8260748.
14. What is the amount of one farthing for 500 years at 3 per cent, per annum ?
log 103 = 2.0128372, log 26218 = 4.4185996. = 165. D
15. At what rate per cent, per annum will a given sum increase 1 1 -fold in a century?
log ii = 1.0413927, log 10242 = 4.0103848, Z> = 424.
16. A sum of money when put out to interest, payable half-yearly, amounts to 2316. los. in
5 years, and 2708. 5s. in9 years. What is the rate of injerest ?
^23165 = 4.3648323,
log 27082 = 4.4326807, = 161, D
log 10197 = 4.0084724, = 426. D
17. On the birth of an infant icoo is invested in the Funds (2|/ payable half-yearly).
Calculate what it will be worth when the child is 21 years old to the nearest
shilling.
log 10137 = 4.0059094, D = 429,
log 17745 = 4-249076, D = 25.
 INTEREST. ANNUITIES CERTAIN. 41

18. A person borrowed ,11000 for two months at 5 per cent, per annum. At the end of the
time the interest was added on, and the debt renewed for another two months. This
was continually repeated till at the end of 2 years the debt and interest were paid.
How much did this amount to ?

log 2= .3010300, log .011=2.0413927,

log 90 =1.9542425, log 121. 51 =2.0846120, > = 3$7- Woolwich.

19. Show that money will increase more than 5o-fold in a century at 4 per cent, per annum
interest.
log 2
= .3010300. log 13
= 1. 1 13943.

20. The number of births in a town is 25 in every thousand of the population annually, and
the deaths 20 in every thousand. In how many years will the population double
itself?
Given log 2, log 3, log 67 = 1.8260748.

21. A man borrows ,1500 for 6 months and accepts a bill for ,1650 from a money lender.
The not met but is renewed every half-year at an increase of 20 per cent. After
bill is
what time will the bill have amounted to at least ,7500 ?
Given log 2, log 3, log n.

22. A person puts out^iooo at 5 per cent, per annum interest, payable half-yearly, and each
time that interest is paid adds one half of the same to his capital. Find to the nearest
shilling the amount at the end of 20 years.
Given =
log 2, log 3, log 16436 4. 21 5796. D = 27.
23. A cottage at the beginning of a year was worth ,250, but it was found that, by dilapid-
ations, at the end of each year it had lost 10 per cent, of its value at the beginning of
the year. After what number of years would the value of the cottage be reduced
below ,25. log 3 = .4771213. Woolwich.

24. A young man on coming into his fortune at the age of 21 invests it in a bank which allows
5 per cent, per annum interest. At the end of each year he withdraws for his expenses
a sum equal to f$ths of his 1st year's interest. At what age will he be penniless ?
Given log 2, log 3, log 7.

25. A quantity of water contained in a cubical cistern is found to lose by evaporation .04 of
its volume in a day. The depth of the cistern is 6 ft., and a cubic foot of water weighs
looo oz. Assuming the loss to take place by evaporation only, find to one decimal
place what weight of water will be left in the cistern at the end of 10 days.
Given log 2,
=
log 3, log 14360 4.1571544,
log 1436 1
= 4. 1 57 1 847. Sandhurst.

26. drawn and the deficiency made up with water,

If from a barrel full of spirit 5 per cent, be
and the operation be repeated again and again, how soon will there be more water
than spirit, and what will be the proportion of water to spirit then ?
log 2= .3010300, log 48762 = 4. 68808.
log 19 =1.27875,

27. A person with a capital of ,10000, for which he receives interest at the rate of 5 per cent.
per annum, spends ,900 yearly. In how many years will he be ruined ?
log 7 = .8450980, log 15 =1.1760913.

28. A man commences saving with the intention of putting by, every year, half as much again
as he did the year before, and investing the same at 3 per cent, per annum. If he
save 10 the first year, find how much he will have accumulated in ro years, and the
amount of his savings the last year.
2= .3010300, log 23305
= 4. 367449, D=ig,
log
= > = 45>
log 3= -4771213, log 97669 4.9897567,
^11983 = 4.0785656, Z> = 362,
log 47 = 1.6720979,
log 103
= 2.0128372, ^38443 = 4.5848173, Z?=ii3.
42 LOGARITHMS.

29. On January i, 1880, I started saving a shilling every day, investing these savings at the
end of every year at 2\ per cent, per annum. What amount will have accumulated
by the end of 21 years?
=
log 1025 3.0107239, log 16795 = 4.225180,
= 26, D
log 1 8087 -4. 257367,
= 24, -

=
log 1 1038 4.042890,
= 40. D

II. Annuities Certain.

30. An annuity is an annual payment of a given sum of money. An

Annuity Certain may continue for a fixed number of years, when it is said to
be terminable ; or may be vested in an individual and his heirs for ever, when
it is said to be perpetual.

Payments may, of course, be made periodically, so that the year consists of

any number of equal periods. When this is the case it must be taken into
account in the same way as the conversion-period is in questions of compound
interest.

The Accumulated Value of a forborne annuity is the amount of the several

instalments plus the compound interest on each for the period during which it
has been forborne.

The Purchase Price of an annuity is the sum of the present values of the
several instalments.

The Number of Years' Purchase of an annuity is the ratio of the purchase

price to the annual instalment of the annuity.
An annuity is Deferred or Not Deferred according as the first instalment is
not or is due after the expiration of one period.

(I) Forborne Annuities.

31. PROBLEM. To find the accumulated value of a forborne annuity.

Suppose the annuity to be A for n successive periods of time, and r to be the interest
on^i for one period, and suppose the last instalment to have been due x periods ago.

Now the wth instalment + interest for x periods = .

the{-i)th (x+i) . =AX*+ 1 ,

the ist (x + n-i) = Afi*+n - 1 .

x x+1 + ...+AJ?x+a - 1
Hence, by addition, F(the accumulated value) = Afi + Al?

A' -I
 INTEREST. ANNUITIES CERTAIN. 43
COROLLARY. If the last instalment be only just due, putting x = o, we get V= ^
R i
*M
J
Example. What accumulated value of an annuity of ^120 during 10 years, that
if the
lapsed 7 years ago, reckoning 4 per cent, per annum interest and half-yearly payments ?
In this case A = 60, #=14, n = 2o t J?=1.O2,

R-l
To find K*>- log .# = 0086002
.

20
logJ?= .172004
20

Now log 1. 4859= .171990

Z> = 29 )4o(i # =1.48591,
29 and ^20 -i= .48591.
14
Hence we have ^_6o(i.Q2) (.4859i)

log F= log 60+14 log 1.02 + log .48591 - log .02.

log 1.02 = .0086002
14
344008
86002
14 log i. 02= .110403
log 60 =1.778151
log .48591 = 1.686556

log. O2 = 2. 30 IO3O
log V= 3. 274080
Now =
log 1 879. 6 3. 274065
Z? = 23 )iso(7
161 /. V= 1879.67.

(II) Terminable Annuities.

32. PROBLEM. To find Fthe purchase value, and Pthe number of years'
purchase.
(A) Deferred : Suppose the annuity to consist of n periodical payments ofA, and the
first payment to be made x periods hence; and, as before, let R= I + r, where r is the interest
for one period.
Then Present value of 1st instalment due in x periods
= ,

A
,, 2nd ,,

th (x+n-i) =^a+n .1

Hence, by addition,
:

purchase value) = -^
44 LOGARITHMS.

If there be/ payments in the course of one year,

P (the no. of years' purchase) = J = " " (2)

J-^R _ t )'

If the payments be annual, p=i, and/*= ffx+n _ 1 ^

.......................................... (3)

[ V is, of course, the amount of money

which will realize the same as the annuity pay-
ments provided the investments are made at the rate of interest reckoned in the sale of the
annuity ; in other words, the rate reckoned in calculating V is the rate of interest the pur-
chaser will make of his money, while replacing his capital, provided he can reinvest at the
same rate.]

(B) Not deferred : Putting x= i in (A), we have

or ^C-*-),
R-i (I)

_- '
()
pA /(*-!)'
R~ n
P-- --- I
and, for annual payments, ......................................................... (3)
K I

(III) Perpetual Annuities.

33. PROBLEM. To find Fthe purchase value, and .Pthe number of years'
purchase.
(A) Deferred : Putting = oo in (II),

................................... <"
Rf
P- V - '
' (2)
~pA~pR*-\R-tf
, for annual payments, P = -^r K _
'

lf
> .................................................... (3)

(B) Not deferred : Putting = oo in (II)

---- ..........................................................
pA pr
and, for annual payments, /"=- .................................................................. (3)

[Since rate per cent.

conversely, rate per cent. = - -

= loor,

IO
it is

.
clear

perpetual annuity with annual payments, to begin running at once, is

from (3) that the

; and,

Also it is evident that the present

number of
-
years' purchase of a

number of years purchase

value of a deferred perpetuity is the amount of money which, laid out at compound interest
at the same rate, will purchase the perpetuity when possession
p to be obtained.]

III. Renewal of Leases.

34. If, when / years of a lease have to run, the tenant wishes to renew for
a term / + n years, the sum he must pay is called the " fine for renewing n
years of the lease."
 INTEREST. ANNUITIES CERTAIN. 45

Supposing A to be the net annual value of the estate, the fine clearly equals the present
value of an annuity A, to vest after/ years, and to continue for years.
t
Hence the fine =

If the object be merely to renew the original lease otp+q years.

A

35- Example (i). Find the price that should be paid for an annuity of 2 50 to commence
in 3 years, and to continue for 10 years, allowing interest at 6 per cent.

By (ID, (A),

Now .4 = 250, * = 4, =io, ^=1.06,

_
3 13
Tofind(l.o6)- : Tofind(l.o6)- :

log i. 06= .0253059 log 1. 06= .0253059

log (i.o6)-
3 = -. 0759177 759177
or= 1.9240823 253059
Now log .83961= 1.9240776 log (1.06)-
= -. 328977
D = $2 )47o(9 or =1.671023
468 Now log .46883
= 1.671015
D= 9 )8o(9
81
(i.o6)- = 468839.
3 13
(i.o6)- = 839619.
. .'. .

Hence 3
(i.o6)- -(i.o6)- = 839619 -.468839 = .37078,
13 .

V= -5 (. 37078), log V- log 250 + log 37078 - log .06 .

.06
= 3.1889050
log 1544-9 = 3- '889004
D
= 2$i )46o(2
^1544.92. 562

Example (ii). A person borrows 1000 ;

what will be the amount of each instalment
that both debt and interest may be repaid by 12 equal monthly instalments, allowing interest
at the rate of 10 per cent, per annum ?

y A -R~
n
By (II), (B), = (l \ here w
= monthly instalment required. A
Jt i

Now F=/iooo, = 12, R= + r = Ml (since r = interest on^l in I month),

B,
.000 = ^ i.e. A =
{
.. 12 -'

To
18
log 61 = I-7853298
find i -ttl' .

log 60= i.778i5"3

logJ= .0071785
- 12

log (!*)-
12 = -- 086142
or= 1.913858
Now log. 82008= 1.913856 1S
Z>= 5 )2o(4 (I^)"

? and i-(H)" 12 = - I 799 l6 -

46 LOGARITHMS.

IO
Hencewehave A= e logA =log 100 - log 60 - log 179916= 1.9667789.
a t , .

But ^92.636=1.9667798 .'.

^4=^92.636.

Example (iii). How long may I expect to live, if the reversionary interest in the fee
simple of an estate that I hold for life producing ^200 a year be sold for .1500, allowing
5 per cent, interest ?

By (III), (A), F= -
*
/

I)
-, where my expectation of life is n years.

Now F=i5oo, ,4 = 200, ^=

1500 = _ _
(.05X1.05)"'
, Le. (1.05)"=

Taking logs.
-
log(i.o5) = log 2 log 15 log .05,
2 - -
n = log log 15 log .05 = .4259687 = 2Q ,
i. 05
log .0211893

EXAMPLES. XV.
1. What isthe accumulated value of a forborne annuity of ^150, that lapsed 2 years ago
and should have been paid in half-yearly payments during 8 years ?
=
log 1025 3.0107239, log 16386 = 4.214473, = 26, D
log 1 1038 = 4.042890, = 39. D
2. What perpetuity will ^2000 purchase so that possession may be had in 10 years, allowing
interest at4^ per cent. ? log 9 = .954243, log 1045 = 3.0191 163,
log 13976 = 4. 145383, = 31- ^
3. In how many years will a debt of ^753. IDS. be discharged by annual payments of^ioo ;
interest at 8 per cent. ?
log 108 = 2.033424, log 39712 = 4.598922.
4. Find the present value of an annuity of ^75 to vest in 10 years and then to continue for
15 ; interest at 4^ per cent.
log 1045 = 3-Oi9"63, log 33273 = 4. 522092,
log 64392 = 4 .808832, = 7. D
5. Find the present value 4 per cent, per annum of a Fellowship of .300 a year
at for 6
years, payable half-yearly, the first payment being due in 6 months' time.
log 102-2. 0086002,
=
log 78849 4. 896796,
= 6. D
6. Find the present worth and the number of years' purchase of the Reversion to a Free-
hold Estate of;i2oo a year after 30 years, reckoning interest at 6 per cent.
log 2= .3010300, log 34822 = 4. 54 1 854,
log 12=1.0791812, log 2901 8 = 4.462668.
=
log 106 2.0253059,

7. If I pay 13^ years' purchase for a life-annuity, after how many years shall I be re-
imbursed, allowing interest at 5 per cent?
=
log 105 2.0211893, log 325
= 2. 5 1 18834.
8. If 4^ per cent, be the rate of interest reckoned, what sum must be paid now to receive a
Freehold Estate of ^300 a year 12 years hence? *
log 2 = .3010300, log 1045 = 3.0191163,
=
log 3 -477i 2 i3, log 4 1080 = 4. 6 1 3630.

9. How much must be paid annually that a debt of ^650 may be discharged in 20 years,
allowing interest at 4 per cent. ?
log 2= .3010300, ^47828 = 4.679682, > = 9,

log 13
= 1. 1 139434, log 45638 = 4-659327, D = 9,
log 54361 =4. 735287, Z> = 8.
 INTEREST. ANNUITIES CERTAIN.
47

10. Find the number of years' purchase and the present value of the Fee Simple of a Free-
hold Estate producing .1315 per annum net, reckoning 4^ per cent, interest?
log t 2 = .3010300. log 29222 = 4. 4657099, Z=I49,
log 9= .9542426, ^22222 = 4.3467831, >=ig6.
log 1315 = 3- I 189258,

11. After how many years may I expect to acquire the Reversion to a Freehold Estate if I
pay 5 years' purchase for now, allowing 4 per cent. ?
it

log 2
= .3010300. log 104 = 2.0170333.

12. A man 48 years old can buy an annuity of ,150 for 1812 i6s. Determine what is
considered the expectation of life at 48, interest allowed at 5 per cent,
log 2 = .3010300, log 7= .8450980,
J
og 3 = -4771213, log 1 1872 = 4.0745239.

13. Supposing a perpetuity to be worth 27 years' purchase, what must be paid for an
annuity of^ 500 to continue for 10 years ?
log 27 = i 43 1 3638, log 695 1 1 = 4. 842054,
. = 6. D
log 28= 1.4471580,

14. An annuity of ,300 vests in 10 years' time : find the equivalent annuity vesting
immediately and continuing for the same period, interest at 5 per cent,
log 3= -4771213, log 18417 = 4.265219, = 24. .

log 155
= 2.0211893,

15. The reversion of an estate in simple producing ,60 a year is made over for
fee
the discharge of a debt of S77 45. 5d. How soon ought the creditor to take
possession, if he be allowed 5 per cent, per annum interest for his debt ?
=
log 2 .3010300, log =
105 2.0211893,
=
log 3 .4771213,
=
log 13853 4. 1415438, = 3I4 >

16. What is the value of the reversionary interest of an annuity of ^150 for 12 years
after the next 8, 5^ per cent, interest being allowed ?
=
log 1055 3-0233525, log 65039 = 4-813174, D = 7,
log 341 15 = 4. 532945, Z>=I3.

17. If two joint proprietors have an equal interest in a freehold estate worth .2500 per
annum, what annuity must the one allow the other during a term of 12 years that he
may buy him out and thus purchase to himself the whole freehold, allowing interest
at 5 per cent, per annum ?
log 105
= 2.021 1893, log 55683 = 4. 745723, Z>= 8,
log 125
= 2.0969100, ^44316 = 4.646561, D= 6,
log 28206 = 4. 450342, D= 1
5.

1 8. What will be amount of an annuity of ^720 left unpaid

the for 26 years, allowing interest
at 4 per cent, per annum, an instalment being just due ?
log 104 = 2.0170333,
=
log 27724 4. 442856, D- 16,
=
log 180 2. 2552725, log 1 7724 = 4. 24856 1 7, Z> = 245,
^31904 = 4.5038451, .=136.

19. How much must be paid annually that a debt of ,1000 may be discharged in 20 years,
interest at 5 per cent. ?
log 1
05 = 2. 02 1 1 893, =
log 37689 4. 5762 1 5,
log 5= .6989700, log 6231 1 =4.794565,
log 80243 = 4. 904407.

20. What difference does it make in the year whether a person receive his salary of ^600
quarterly or monthly, interest at 4.8 per cent. ?
log 1012 = 3.0051805, log 10488 = 4.0206931 >_.,
= =
log 10490 4.020776;
log 1004 3-0017337,
48 LOGARITHMS.

21. A loan of 1000 is to be paid off in two years by equal quarterly payments. What is
the amount of each payment, allowing interest at IO/ ?
log 82074 = 4.914206, 5, D=
log 5= .6989700, log 1 7925
= 4. 253459, Z> = 24,
=
log 1025 3.0107239, =
log 13946 4. 144450, Z> = 3i.

22. The lease of an estate is granted for 7 years at a pepper-corn rent, with the condition that
the tenant at the expiration of the lease may renew the same on paying a fine of
;ioo. What is the value of the landlord's interest in the estate immediately after any
-

such renewal, allowing interest at the rate of 5 per cent, per annum ?
log 105 = 2.0211893, log 4071
= 3.60970,
log 14071 = 4. 148325, log 24564 = 4-39030.

23. How many years' renewal will ^1009. 45. purchase of a 40 years' lease of an estate worth
;35 O a y ear at tne expiration of 10 years, allowing 5/ interest?
=
log 105 2. 02 1 1 893. ^23137 = 4.364307, D=ig.
log 87206 = 4.940546,

24. If a perpetual annuity be worth 22^ years' purchase, what annuity to continue for 8 years
will 2000 purchase ?
log 2 = .3010300, ^70618 = 4.848915, D= 6,
log 3 = -4771213, log 29381 =4.468067, >=15,
log 47 = 1.6720979, =
log 30253 4.480768, D - 14.
25. If I have to pay ^2150 when I am 21 years of age for an annuity of ;ioo during my
life, how long may I expect to live, 3 per cent, being the rate of interest reckoned ?

log 2 = .30103, log 71 = 1.85126, =

log 103 2.01284.
26. Find to the nearest how much should be paid now for an annuity of ^500, the
firstinstalment of which is paid to the annuitant five years hence, and the last
instalment fifteen years hence, interest at 5/ .

log 1.05 = .0211893, log 8.22702

= .915243,
log 4.81027 = .682160.

27. In the case of a 30 years' lease of an estate whose annual rental is 720, what fine must be
paid in order to renew the lease after the expiration of 8 years, allowing interest at ? 6%
log 109 = 2.0253059, log 277504
= 5.443270,
log 17411=4.240823.
28. I buy the remainder of a lease, with 15 years to run, at 8 years' purchase. If I am only
able to invest at 4 per cent., what interest shall I realise on the purchase money?
log 32=1.505150, log 18009 = 4. 255490, .0=24,
log 104 = 2.0170333, =
log 10630 4.026533,
= \l. D
log 80094 = 4.903600,

29. How much money must be invested at Compound Interest that in 21 years it may purchase
the Fee Simpleof a freehold of .200 net annual income, reckoning 4 per cent.in each case?
log 5= .6989700, log 21941 =4.341256, Z> = 20.
=
log 104 2.01 70333,

30. An estate whose clear annual value is ji8oo is let on a 21 years' lease, renewable every
seven years on payment of a fine ; what is the amount of the fine, allowing interest at
5 per cent. ?
log 105
= 2. 02 1 1 893, log 50506 = 4. 703343, D= 9,
=
log 35894 4-555 022 . D = l2 -
 CHAPTER VII.

Application of Logarithms to Plane Trigonometry.

36. The trigonometrical ratios of angles are abstract numbers and continuous
functions of the angle, that is, change continuously in value as the
angle
changes through any interval however small; hence logarithms can be applied
to trigonometrical functions, so that we can treat of the logarithms of the
trigonometrical ratios of angles ; and, since the logarithms of numbers vary
continuously with the numbers when the base is positive and greater than
unity (the numbers being then also positive), the logarithms of the positive
trigonometrical ratios of angles are continuous functions of the angle and
change continuously as the angle changes.
These logarithms are called logarithmic ratios, e.g. the logarithm of
the sine of Ais called the logarithmic sine of A
and written log sin A. The
base adopted is 10, the base for common logarithms.

37. Now the trigonometrical ratios of angles are not always positive. For
positive angles less than 90, i.e. for angles in the first quadrant, they are all
positive, and we can therefore speak of the logarithms of all the trigonometri-
cal ratios of angles in the first quadrant
But, corresponding with an angle of any magnitude, positive or negative, a
positive angle less than 360 always exists whose trigonometrical ratios have
all severally the very same values as those of the given angle, the bounding
lines of the two angles being in the very same position.
Again, corresponding with this positive angle less than 360, an angle can al-
ways be found in the first quadrant whose trigonometrical ratios have all of them

severally the same arithmetical values, though some of them will be of different
sign. Hence whatever be the angles involved in a trigonometrical expression,
the expression can always be reduced at once to one having the same form
and involving only angles in the first quadrant, so that there will be no diffi-
culty in applying logarithms to a trigonometrical expression involving any
angles whatever, provided only the expression be adapted to logarithmic
computation and be on the whole positive in value when angles lying in the
first quadrant have been substituted for those occupying other positions. If
the expression, after the reduction here spoken of, assumes a negative sign
upon the whole, its logarithm cannot be taken ; but, if the problem be to find
the value of the given expression, that of the corresponding positive expression
can be found by means of logarithms, and, changing the sign of the result, we
D 49
50 LOGARITHMS.

have the required value. Should the negative expression be one side of an
equation to be solved by logarithms, the other side must necessarily be also
negative, and signs are changed on both sides before taking logarithms.
Hence, finally, whatever angles be involved in a trigonometrical expression, it
can always be reduced to another, equally adapted to logarithms, in which the
angles are all of them positive and less than 90, so that for all requisite pur-
poses a table of logarithmic ratios need only give those of positive angles less
than 90.
To effect the necessary reduction for any angle that is not positive and
less than 90, calculate the smallest positive angle having the same position
and consequently all the same ratios. Call it A, an angle got by adding or
subtracting 360 again and again ; then

(i) if A lies between o and 90, it will be found in the tables ;

(ii) if A between 90 and 180, i8o-^4 will

lies lie between o and 90,
and we have sin A = sin (i 80 - A),
cos A -cos(iSo-A),
tanA = tan(i8o- A).
(iii)
if A between 180 and 270,
lies 180 will A- lie between o and 90,
and we have sin A = - sin (A - 180),
cos A = - cos (A - 1 80),
tan A = tan (A - 180).

(iv) if A between 270 and 360, 360 -A will

lies lie between o and 90,
and we have sin A = - sin (360 - A),
cos A = cos (360 - A),
ta.nA=- tan (360 - A).

38. The logarithmic ratios are positive or negative according as the

trigonometrical ratios are greater or less than unity. Hence, among loga-
rithmic ratios there will be as many negative as positive values, for, while
numerically the sine and cosine cannot be greater than unity, the secant and
cosecant cannot be less than unity, and of the tangent and cotangent, when
one is greater the other is less than unity.
Now, when the logarithmic ratios are negative, in accordance with the
usual method of expressing negative logarithms they will have negative char-
acteristics with positive mantissae. But, in the case of the logarithms of the
trigonometrical ratios, we are unable to determine the characteristics by
inspection as we could for the logarithms of decimal numbers ; hence these
characteristics must be tabulated and it must also be stated whether they are
positive or negative. To avoid the recurrence of negative characteristics, the
logarithmic ratios are all increased by 10 before being tabulated, becoming
thus tabular logarithmic ratios, which are positive over almost the whole
range o to 90, and at least between 10' and 89 50'.
The tabular logarithm is written Z, e.g. the tabular logarithmic tangent of
20 would be written tan 20. Z
39. It has been seen that the logarithmic ratios for the range o" to 90 are
 LOGARITHMIC RA TIOS, 5 r

sufficient for all purposes ; it will now

appear that really the tabulation of the
range o 10^45 giv^s all that is required, for any ratio of an angle A between
45 and 9 is equal to some ratio of the
complementary angle 90 ^, which
will lie between o and
45.
We have Z sin A = Z cos (90 - A),
L tan A = L cot (90 - A),
L cot A = L tan (90 - A),
L sec A = L cosec (90 - A),
L cosec A = L sec (90 - A).
The subjoined extract from the tables will show how the above formulae
are utilized in abbreviating our tabulation ; for instance, Ltan 63 3' is given
as 10.2937716, and is the same as L cot 26
57'; Z cos 63 i' and Z sin 26 59'
are both equal to 9.6567987.

26 DEC.
'
g2
LOGARITHMS.

For sin A x cosec A = i, /.

taking logs, log sin A + log cosec A = Q,
cos Ax sec -4= i, log cos ^4+ log sec ^4
= o,
tan^x cot ^4= i, log tan A+ log cot A = o,
or, expressing in tabular logs., Z,sinA + L cosec ^4 = 20,
Zcos.^4- Z sec A = 20,
Z,ta.nA+ I, cot A = 20.

Since the tabular logarithms of two reciprocal ratios have always a constant
sum, viz. 20, their differences over
any range must be the same, only in one
case the difference will be an increase, while in the other it will be an equal
decrease. It is for this reason that in the tables there is only one column of
differences for each pair of reciprocal ratios.

42. When logarithms are applied to trigonometrical expressions, tabular

logarithms are written down at once in every case of a logarithmic ratio, but
compensation must be made with ID'S if the sum of the coefficients of the
tabular logarithms affected with the plus sign be not equal to that of the
tabular logarithms having the minus sign. In the case of an equation the
sum of the coefficients must be the same on both sides of the equation, other
wise compensation will be necessary on that side on which there is a
deficiency.

Thus, ^ = log 2 4- aZ sin #

log(
l

)
- log 3 - Z cos .* - 10,
\3 cos */
and, taking logs, throughout the equation,

| sm x= \/^tan 16,
2

we have 2 Z sin x - log 2 = |(log 2 - log 13) + Z tan 16 + 10.

43. From the foregoing articles it is clear that, when a tabular logarithmic
ratio of an angle is known, we also know or can find at once

(i) the same tabular logarithmic ratio of all angles for which the ratio has
the same value as that of the given angle ;

(ii) the tabular logarithms of the reciprocal ratios of all the same angles;

(iii) the tabular logarithms of the complementary ratios of angles complemen-

tary to those in (i) and (ii).

For example, given Z sin 22 1 8' = 0.5791616 find

 LOGARITHMIC RATIOS. 53

It is seen that when there is a change to the reciprocal ratio, the angle re-

maining unaltered, the required tabular logarithm is obtained by subtracting

that given from 2ft ; but when there is a change both to the complementary
ratio and complementary angle, the tabular logarithm does not alter.

EXAMPLES. XVI.
1. Given log 2 = .3010300, log 3 = .4771213 ; find the tabulated logarithms of

(i) sin 30, (ii) sin 45, (iii) sec 30, (iv) sec 60,
(v) tan 30, (vi) cot 45, (vii) sec 45, (viii) sin 90.
2. Given Z sin 60 = 9. 937 5306
\ fi
, , ,

Z cos 60 = 9. 6989700; ' hr log *' log 3<

3. Given that 4 sin 18 . sin 54 =I

"|
Z sin 18 = 9.4899824
J-,
find Z sin 54.
log 2= .3010300]

4. If Z sin 1 5 = 9. 4 1 29962 and log 2 = 30 1 0300, . find Z cos 1 5.

5. Write down the values of Iog3cot 60, Z2sin 30'.
6. (i) Given Z tan 35
22' = 9.851 1285, find Z tan 54 38']
Z cot 54 38'
Zcot3522'J
(ii) Given Z cosec 117 46' = 10.0531293, find Z cosec 62 14'^
Z sin 62 14' I

Z sec 27 46' r
Z cos 27 46';

(iii) Given Z sin 44 53'

= 9- 8485989. find ^ sinl 35 7"|
Z cosec 44 53' !
Z sec 45 7'f
Z cos 45 7'J

7. Transform the following equations into others involving tabular logarithms :

-\ .
T-: :

= 2 sm B
.
/

(v) tan A .
;

N/tan B = 3 sec 2
, (vi)
i rf A g
/

Voo^A . sin B,
 CHAPTER VIII.

Tables of Logarithmic Ratios.

44. From the brief description of the tables in the last chapter it is seen
how the angle corresponding with any given logarithmic ratio, or the logarith-
mic ratio of any given angle, is found at once whenever the given quantity is
contained exactly in the tables. When the given logarithmic ratio or angle
does not appear exactly in the tables, but lies between two successive tabula-
tions, then, as in the case of the logarithms of numbers, the corresponding
angle or logarithmic ratio respectively can be found by the application of the
principle of proportional parts, provided that over a small range the changes
in the tabular logarithmic ratios are approximately proportional to the change
in the angle. This, we will proceed to show, is the case, if only the angle is
not very nearly o or 90.

45. It can be shown by Trigonometry that, if d be the circular measure of

a very small angle (e.g. an angle not greater than i') so that sin d= tan d=d
and cos d= i very approximately, and if be an angle not very near o or 90,
we have

sin(0+ d)
- sin = sin dcos 6 - sin 0(i - cos d) = dcos 0, approximately ;
+ =
cos(0 ^)-cos0 -sin*/sin0-cos#(i
- cos
</)
= -</ sin 0, approximately;
2
- tan = tan^sec = </ sec 0, approximately.
2
tan(0 + d}
i-tan</tan0

From these we get sin (0 + </)_, Q

sin0

cos 6

tan0

and taking logs. L sin (0 + d} - L sin 6 = Iog10 ( i + d cot 0)

Zcos(0 + </) -Zcos0 = log10 (i -</tan0)
L tan(0 + d} - Ztan 6 = Iog 10 (i + zdcosec 2$)
54
 TABLES OF LOGA RITHM1C RA TIOS.
55

.-.
approximately, neglecting higher powers of d than the first, since d is very
sma11 '

^
terms neglected

Zsin(0 + d?) -Z sin 0= futcotQ r_rf*cot*0 rfcot?0 -|

L ~^~
2
~r
tan 2 0_</ 3 tan 3 0_
'

J
L cos(0 -r- d}
- Zcos = - /-u/tan .r_^ ~|
L 2 ~T~
Z tan(0 + </) - Z tan = I" 4</
2 2
cosec 20 8,/
3
cosec3 20
2/^/cosec 20
2 3
whence also, approximately, by Art. 41,
Zcosec(0 + //) Zcosec0 = p.d cot ~\

Z sec (0 + </)-Z sec 0= fu/tan0 V

Z cot (Q + d)-L cot = - 2/*</ cosec 20'
From it is clear that, if ^ be the circular measure of a
these results very small
angle, and be not very nearly o or 90, the tabular logarithmic ratios of
(0 + d) differ from those of by quantities that are approximately proportional
to d, or, since the circular measure of an angle is proportional to its measure-
ment in any other unit, for small increments in the angle the changes in the
logarithmic ratios are approximately proportional to the changes in the angle.

46. It has been said that the principle of proportional parts cannot be
applied when the angle is very small or very nearly a right angle. The
reason is that, in these portions of the tables, the differences in the logarith-
mic ratios for small increments in the angle are either irregular, or both
insensible and irregular. Irregularity would be owing to the fact that, in
obtaining the results of the last article, terms have been neglected that are of
the same order as those retained, while there is insensibility when these latter
are themselves very small.

For Z sin the differences are

insensible\^
.

Z cosec jjjJ and irregular J

for Z cos the differences are insensible^ . .
,
.

Z sec J/ and irregular J

for Z tan the differences are irregular near 90;
for Zcot0 o.

47. We
will conclude this chapter with a few examples showing how the
principle of proportional parts may be applied in practice.

Example^). Given Ztan 29i2' = 9.7473i94^ find L tan 29 12' 1 8", and the angle
Z tan 29I3' = 6. 7476160.!' whose Ztan 159.7475285.
(o) Ztan 29i2'i8" has an 8-figure value whose first four figures are the same as those
of
the given logarithmic tangents, while the last four compose some number lying between 3194
and 6 1 60. Call this 3 1 94 + d.
Write down the angles and logarithmic ratios in two columns in ascending or descending
56
LOGARITHMS.

order of magnitude (or at least such portions of them as are not the same throughout the
column), and couple the quantities in the same way in both columns, placing the differences
outside their respective couplings. These differences are then four proportionals.
Thus /is
/is' /io
/6i6o or
l8
b
i2
/i2' \

6o"(i2'i8"\ Tj
l
v,
2966(3194+^ .
(iz'iS" )6o"
\I2' ) \3i94 JT 13' / 6160
60^=2966x18,
and 3194+^=4080.
Hence
[It is the simplest plan so to arrange the couplings as to have a difference d outside one
coupling, and all the other differences purely numerical (i.e. not containing d). This is
effected if we couple together the two extremes, and the mean with the smaller of the two
extremes in the d column. Of course this is not essential, but it renders the finding of d
more convenient.]

(/3) The angle whose

L tan is 9.7475285 lies between 29I2' and 29I3'. Call it 2gi2'J"
and proceed with two columns as before.
/6i6o .'. 2966^=2091x60,
\2'd"\ ^=42",
d 2966( 5285\
,,

(13'
12' / ^3 I 94/ and the required angle = 29i2'42".

Example (ii). Given Z cos 6 13'! o"

= 9. 9974363"! find Zcos6i3'i2", and the angle
whose Zcos 159.9974351.
10^=23x8,
(o) /20'V'
io"(i2'V
Vio"
5 /40
23(40 +
\&3
^\d

and
:.

40+^=58.
^=18,

Hence Z cos 6i3'i2" = 9. 9974358.

The required angle lies between 6 13' i o" and 6 1 3'2o". Call it 6 13': o"+</".
/2o
2o" 740 .'.
ZT,d= 120,
io"+<t"\ ,
23! si\
"(
\ i o" /
\
63 ) and the required angle = 6 1 3' 1 5".

Example (w). Given Zsin 59i8' = 9.9344238\ find Zsin 59i8'2o", and the angle
diff. i' = 750 /' whose Zsin is 9.9343724.
(a) Since Zsin increases with the angle, Zsin59i8'2o" must be greater than Z sin 59 1 8'.
Let the number composing its last four figures be 4238 + ^, then, since those of Zsin 59 19'
are the number 4238 + 750 or 4988, we have

(j8) Since Zsin increases

with the angle, the angle whose Zsin is 9.9343724 must be
less than 59 1 8' and lies between 59! 8' and 59 if. Call it jffifd"; then

ei
^'' 7S 2*6 Tnd the required angle = 59i7'i9".
\llss)

Example (iv). Given Z cot 8244'3o" = 9. 1050462! find Z cot 8244'33", and the angle
diff. io"= 1680 /' whose Z cot is 9. 1049630.
 TABLES OF LOGARITHMIC RATIOS.
57

(a) Since Zcot decreases as the angle increases, and vice versa, Z cot 82 44' 40"
= 9.1048782 (50462-1680 = 48782). Call the number the last five figures of
composing
Z cot 8244'33" 48782 Hc/; then we have
\,
3"(33")
\lo"
^30"
7
" 748782
1680(48782
\5O462
+ ^ whence
and
</=ii76,
Z cot 8244'33" = 9. 1049958.
() The angle whose Z cot is 9. 1049630 must be greater than 8244'3o", and lies between
8244'3o" and 8244'4o". Call it 8244'3o" + d"; then

^
/40P 748782
io"( y>' + d"\,n i68o(
49630^0,- whence ^=5>
\30" } \ 50462^3 and the required angle = 8244'35".

48. By applying the principle of proportional parts we are able to find all
the remaining logarithmic ratios corresponding with any given one, without
first finding the angle belonging to the same, often a very convenient process.

Example. If Z sin = 9. 8 146828, find all the other trigonometrical ratios of 0. Given
Z sin 4O44' = 9.8146067'
Z sin 4045' = 9.8147534
Zcos 4044' = 9.8795287
Zcos 4O45' = 9.8794199
we have logarithmic cosines given besides the two logarithmic
Since, in this example,
sines between which Z sin lies, we will begin by finding Z cos ; the remaining logarithmic
ratios can then all be found from these two.
Since lies between 4O44' and 4O45', Zcos0 must have some value between 9.8795287
and 9.8794199. Let the number composed of its last four figures be 4199+^; then
Zsin. Zcos. whence 1467^=1088x706,
76067 75287 ^=524,
1467 6828V , 1088 4I99 + d\ d :. 4199 + ^=4723,
^75347 M*99 / and Zcos = 9. 8794723.

Now the remaining logarithmic ratio can be found at once. Since tan = -, we have
Z tan = Zsin0-Zcos0 + io= 9.9352105,
Z sec 0= 20-Zcos0 =10.1205277,
Zcosec0= 2O-Zsin0 =10.1853172,
Z cot 0= 20-Ztan0 =10.0647895.

EXAMPLES. XVII.

1. Given Z cos 22i f = 9. 9662920*1 find Zcos22i7'32", and the angle whose Zcos is

Z cos 22i8' = 9.9662402]"' 9.9662585.

2. Given Z sec 6848' = 10.44174211 find Zsec6847'i2", and the angle whose Zcos
Z sec 6847'= 10.4414165]"' is 9-55849"-

3. Given Z tan 77I2' = 10. 6436023! find Ztan77i2'24", and the angle whose Ztan is

diff. i' = 585i /' 10.6440212.

4. Given Zcos 63 =9. 6570468 \ find Z cos 63o'45. 5", and the angle whose Zcos is

diff. i' = 2478 J' 9.6571240.

5. Given Zcot53i'2o"= n.oi466ii\ find Zcot 53i'27", and the angle whose Zcot is

diff. io" = 2198 /' 11.0147209.

58
LOGARITHMS.

6. Given L cot 4459' = 10.0002527, find Z cot 45. 0152, and the angle whose Zcot is

10.0001214.

7. Given Zsin 30!' = 9. 699 1887) find Z sin 3Oo'22", and the angle whose Zcos is

log 2 = .
30 1 03ooJ
'
9. 6992008.

8. Given Zsin8429' =9.9979838) find Z sin 8428'58", and the angle whose Zsin
diff. io" = 20 /' 159.9979850.

9. Given Z tan i62i'= 9.4674127) find Zcot 7338'i7.2", and the angle whose Zcot is
Z tan l622'= 9.4678802 / '
10. 5322862.

10. Given Zsin I53o' = 9.426899) find Zsin I53o'36", and the angle whose Zcos is
diff. i'= .000455/' 9.427263.

n. Given Z sin 36i8' = 9. 7723314^ find Z sin 'i8'2 "5

36i8'25"] ")
Z sin 36i9' = 9.7725033)' Z cos
D
53V
4i'i6"V.
Zcosec36 >i8' 3 8"J
12. Given Zsin 30!' =
9.69918871
ZC S 1 9 find a11 the tabular logarithmic ratios of 3Oo'4o".
log 2 = 3010300 I'
log 3= .477I2I3J

13. Given Zsin n "42' = 9.3070407, Z sin ii43' = 9. 3076503,) find Zcos0 and Ztanfl
Zcos 1 1 "42' = 9. 99088 1 5, Zcos 1 143' = 9. 9908553, / when Zsin 6 = 9. 307 1520.

14. If Z cos 6 = 9.8310328, find all the other tabular logarithmic ratios of 0.
Zcos472o' = 9.8310580, diff. i' = 1371,
Z tan 472o'= 10.0354119, diff. i' = 2535.

15. Find Zsin 20, when Z tan 0= 10.5872917.

Z sin 7529' = 9.9859089, D - 327,
Z cos 7529' = 9- 3990878, Z> = 4882,
log 2= .3010300.

1 6. Find the values of

(i) 2.
3
1078 cos 3/4, when A - 2Jio' ; log 21078 = 4.3238294
log 68066 = 4. 8329302 , D = 64
Z cos 8i3o' = 9. 1697021

A = 35is'; lg 2^45 = 3-454O823

-
3
(ii) .02845 cos -, when
2' ^24628 = 4.3914291, Z>=i77

.0076829 sin
2
^76829 = 4.8855252
(iii) 1, when A = 35 i7' ; lg 86 444 = 4.9367382 D = 50
cos ,4 Z cos 3517' = 9.91 18528
Z sin i738' = 9.4813342 Z
/;
v\
I
tan" 1 ^10
2
'
Z tan 225^' = 9. 627 5006,
3 given log 2, log 3,

(v)
- cosec^io? ;
gi ven lg 2 lg 3, L sin 522'4o" = 8.9718424
5 3 diff. io" = 2236

(vi) 2Cos- 1 (^V; S iven log 75 = 1-8750613

\4/ Z cos 2 1 "28' = 9.
9687773, D - 497
(vu) cof 1
U ;
.

>
z cot 6353' = 9.6904226,
 TABLES OF LOGARITHMIC RATIOS. 59

17. Find the smallest positive values of the angles satisfying the equations
3 =
(i) sin N given log 2, log;, Zsin 55 1 4' = 9. 9092371, Z> = gio.
/^;
(ii) Stan x- 3 cos*; given log 3, L sin I928' = 9.5227811, -' = 3572.

(iii) tan3 = T\; given log 2, log 3, Ztan3645' = 9.873i668, ^ = 2634.

(iv) 3 tan 9 = Scot 0; given log Z cot 5832' = 9. 7867520, .=2837.
2, log 3,

3 sin 20 = 2^/2 given log 2, log 3, Z sin 769' = 9- 9871860, Z> = 3ii.
2
(v) ;

(vi) 2 cos4 = & sec 6 given log 2, log 3, Z cos 454i' = 9.8442432, Z>=I293.
;

3sin + 2sin0=i, given log 3, Z sin I928' = 9. 5227811, Z> =

2
(vii)

(viii) sin cos - J\ given log 2, log 3, Z sin 32 13' = 9.7268269, D - 2004,
<f> .

sintf>cos0
= i/' Zsin 739' = 9. 1242477, Z> =

(ix) sin x = 2 sin y\ . given log 2, Z sin 2633' = 9.6502868, D = 2527,

D- 631.

18. Given Z tan 54i5'2o"= 10.1428185, and that the tabular difference for 10" = .0000444,
find x from the equation 10 tan x = (tan 54i5'29") 8 .

19. Show that the smallest positive value of which satisfies the equation 7 tan2 + 8 N/3 tan 0= i

is 359' 1 6. 2", having given log 2= .3010300

L sin 3359' = 9- 7473743
Zsin 34 =9-74756i7
 CHAPTER IX.

Reductional Formulae.

49. In order that expressions may be adapted to logarithmic computation

they must be expressed as consisting of products and quotients. Hence,
when logarithms are to be applied to trigonometrical expressions, these latter
will frequently have to undergo reduction into a suitable form before any

computation can take place.

It will therefore be well to give a few of the simpler reductional formulae,
all of which can be easily verified by the student, and which will assist him in

working the more complicated examples.

(A) I sin 2 A = cosM or I - cos2^4 = siiA4,

ec 2^ or sec 2^4 -I
= cosec2^4 or cosec2^ - i =

(B) sin ^4 cos ^ = sin

.5+ cos .<4 sin I

cos A cos ^5+sin A sin B = cos (A .B),

tan A + tan B
l+tan^ tan^

cotcotA
From these we get

(i) i^Ai^B=^ (ABl cotZ?cot,J =

sin A cos B sin A cos

(ii) Putting A or B equal to 45,

cosA+smA = - 45)
fj2sin(A + 4$), *J2 cos (45 -/4), or *J2 cos (A ;

cos A - sin A = ^2 cos (A +45), or *J2 sin (45 - A) ;

sin A - cos A = ^'2 sin (A - 45).

60
 REDUCTIONAL FORMULAE. 61

(iii) Putting A or B equal to 30 or 60,

cos /4 + x/3 sin ^4 = 2 sin (A + 30) or 2 cos (6o A),
-
cos .<4
^3 sin /4 = 2 sin (30 - A ) or 2 cos (/4 + 60),
^/3 sin /4 A
- cos = 2 sin (A
30),
sin/4 + ^/3cos/4 = 2cos(.<4 -30), 2 cos (30 -/4), or 2 sin (/4 + 60),
sin A- ^3 cos /4 = 2 sin (A - 60),
/y/3 cos A - sin /4 = 2 cos(/4 + 30) or 2 sin (60 - /4).

= tan { . N/3tan/4i = ^
1+^/3 tan ^4
an ^
= (A

I ^3 cot -4
(iv) Putting B = A, cos ^42- sin2/4 = cos 2/4,
,
/ 1 - 2 sinM = cos 2/4 or I - cos 2/4 = 2 sin2/4,
2
(.2cos /4-i=cos2y4 or i+ cos 2,4 = 2cos2/4.
2 tan ^4 -
-.
- = tan _ ,,
2/4 or
tu.ii ff* \JL I
i - tan-2
tail n
,.

= 2tan/4-
A -- -

l-tan2/4 tan 2/4

_i
= cot 2/4 or cotM - I = 2 cot A . cot 2^4.
2 cot ^4
(v) Putting B = 2A,
or 3
-

2 - =
or 4 cos /4 3 -

cos/4
2
3tan/4-tanM_ 4 Qr 3~tan /4 _ tan 3/4
'

1-3 tan2/4 1-3 tan 2/4 tan /4

cot 3/4-3cot/4 _ cQt cotM-3 _ cot^
A or
3 cotM - 1
2
3 cot /4
- i cot A

(C) ^ J.A, e: ^JL? CO S

^-*

sin A - sin # =
cos

d**^.
2 2
62 LOGARITHMS.

From these we get

or co&i - cos
= 5[n(A + ^A ~ B^ CO&2A ~ silAff = cos ^ + ^)cs(^ - B),
.

^
sin 2 /4 sin 3

cos *-
=cot ^

(D) cot ^4 + tan A = 2 cosec 2/4, cot A -ta.nA = 2 cot 2,4,

cot ^4 + tan ^4 = sec zA.
cot A - tan ^
2 tan A i-tan 2/4 A 2 cot A
__ sin2/4

'

= COS 2/4.

- cos /4
sin /4
= i
- = tan A
.

i + cos A sin
:

A 2
,

sin A i + cos A = cot.A

I - cos A sin A 2
,

cos/4
5/4
= i-sin/4 = tan / o /4\ ,/ A\
45-
.

. J or cot (45+
J -I,
i in A
+ sin cos A \ 2J \ 2"
cos A
i - sin A cos A
From these we get
i + cos A = sin A cot
A
,
i - cos A = sin A tan A ,
2 2
/ /4\ / >A
i + sin A = cos A tanf 45 + 1, I - sin A = cos A cot
(45+).

i + cos/4 2' i+sin/4 \ a/

cosec /4 - cot ^ = tan /4 , cosec A + cotA = cot ,4 ,

2 2

sec /4 tan /4 = tan U5 Y

Subsidiary Angles.*
50. Expressions may sometimes be adapted to logarithmic computation by
the introduction of subsidiary angles.

To adapt *Ja + ^ to logarithmic computation.

2
(i)
b
Put o = atan0, i.e. tan0 = - (i)
 REDUCTIONAL FORMULAE. 63

This can always be done, since the tangent can have any value between o and oo . Then
N//i
2
+ P = ^d\ i + tan 20) = a sec 6 (ii)

Ztan 6 can be calculated from (i) ; the corresponding value of Zsec0 is then substituted
in (ii), and the required value computed.

Example. Compute the value of i^d* + ir* when a = 713.541 \

Given ^56233 = 4.7499913 Z = 77

log 71354 = 4.8534183 Z> = 6i
log 90849 = 4. 9583202 Z> = 47
Ztan 38i4' = 9.8964517 Z sec 38I4' = 10. 1048555

Hence
__
Z tan 38i5' = 9.89671 16

log 3 or log 562. 337 =

3
7

Ztan0 = log-loga +
=2.7499913

2. 7499967
54
Z sec 38i5' = 10. 1049550

.'.

10 = 9.8965778.
i
_
log7i3-54 =2.8534183
6
log a or ^713.541 = 2.8534189

To find Z sec : L tan Z sec .'.

2599^= 1261 x 995
/7"6 /9550 ^=483
25991 5778\ I26l 99S( *SSS+<t\j 8555 + ^=9038
\45i7/ \8555 r Hence Z sec = 10. 1049038.

Therefore log \/<z

2
+ $ = log a + L sec 6 - 10 = 2.8534189 + 10.1049038- 10
= 2.9583227
Now log 908.49 = 2.9583202
Z=^7 ^50(5
35 .-.

To 2 s
(2) adapt ^Jt> + 2i>ccosA to logarithmic computation.

Let \'IP + c2 - zbc cos A = x ;

then (i) *2 = P+<?-2hcosA = J2 + <r

2 -
2^(2 cos 2 - -
\ 2

2 = (b +

Now, y being necessarily a proper fraction, we can put

(i)
2
in which case we have x = (& + c)cos0 or (t> + c)sin0, respectively ........... ............. '.
(ii)

Zsinfl or Zcos0 can be found from (i), and the corresponding value of Zcos0 or Zsin0
respectively is then substituted in (ii) to determine x.

Or thus (ii), x2 = P + c* - 2h(i -2sin 2 =(^-

-)

c
And putting - sin 2 = tan2 ................................................................ .(>)
(b
- cy, 2
we have x= (b
- c) sec 0, ......................................................... (>')

and the value of x can be determined from (i) and (ii) as before.
64 LOGARITHMS.

Example. Compute the value of \!tr + c"-2bc cos A when =8214, (-=3732, and ^4=6i53'.
Given log 4= .6020600 log 8214 = 3.9145547
log 3732 = 3- 57I94I6 log 7246 = 3.8600983
log 1 1946 = 4.0772225
/, sin 5239' =
9.9003367 L cos 5239' = 9. 7829614
L sin 52*40' = 9. 900433 1 L cos 524o' = 9. 7827958
L cos 3o56' = 9. 9333688
Since logarithmic tangents are not given we adopt the first mode.

Put -J^L -
cos 2 - = sin2 0, so that x = (b + c) cos 6.
log 4= .6020600 L cos 30 56'
= 9.9333688
\ogb = Iog82i4= 3.9145547 diff. for 30" = -.0000379
\ogc= log 3732= 3.5719416 Zcos3056'3o" = 9.9333309
2Zcos = "
= 19.8666618 _
19.8666618
26.9552181
2 log ( + <:)= 2 log 1 1946= 8.1544450
2L sin = 18.8007731
Zsin0 = 9.4003866
To find L cos 6 : L sin L cos
/43 /7958 964^=1656x465
964 (3866 1656(7958 + * *=799
\3367 V

Hence Zcos0 = 9.7828757

log(& + c)= 4.0772225
10.

log*= 3.8600982, and ^ = 7246.

(3) To solve the equation a sin x + b cos x - c.

Put a = rcos<f>\ so that tan </>

= -, (i)
b = r sin J , -,
and r-
<j>
2
\/ + &.
the equation then becomes r sin (x + 0) = c (ii)

The values of and x+$ can be calculated from

<j> (i) and (ii) respectively, and x is then
the difference between these computed values.

EXAMPLES. XVIII.

i.
Express in forms adapted to logarithmic computation,

(i) 56(^4 + cosec2^, (ii) tan 2 0-sin 2 0,

cos 5/4 - cos 7/4

(v)

(ix) cos /4 + cos 2/4 + cos 3/4,

(xi) cos 3* cos 2* + sin 4* sin*,
 REDUCTIONAL FORMULAE.

(xiii) , (xiv)
2 sin A
,

+ sin 2/4
, tan 50
> + tan J30
(xv)
tan 50 - tan ( XV1 ) tan A - tan -,
30 2
(xvii) tan 3^ - tan zA - tan A, (xviii)
(xix) cot sec 2 - cos cosec 0, (xx) si

(xxi) sin3^cosM+cos3^sinM, (xxii)

(xxiii) , (xxiv)
i+sm0 + cos0
(xxv)

2. Compute the values of

(i)

(H)

(iii)

(iv)

(v)

(vi)

(vii)
66 LOGARITHMS.

. ... tan 2 ^ - tan 2 ff given log 37752 = 4. 5769400 .0=115

(XU)
suA4-sin/?' Z cos 74" 8' = 9.4367980

(xiii) =g gi ve n log 38643 = 4. 5870708 D= 1 13

3 cos .4 + cos $A Z tan 85 = 1 1 .
0580482

(xiv) given log 5041 7 = 4.7025770^=86

cos 50 + cos 105
'
Z tan 773o' = 10.6542448
Zcos 73o'= 9.9962686
Zcos273o'= 9.9479289

(xy)
Vsec A + tan A"
given Iog2i439 = 4. 3312045 #=203
Z tan 3i37' = 9. 7893023 Z>=282g
Ztani322' = 9.37588io Z>=56i3

(xvi) (sm^
+ sinlWcos^ + cos/ft
\5inA -sm/ \cosA -cos /
=
-
^^28' f

given log 14337 = 4. 1

564583 D = 303
Z tan 3952' = 9. 92 1 7602

.... sin 35 + sin 55+ sin 75 . given log 90383

= 4. 9560868 D = 48
'
sin 45 + sin 65 + sin 85
'
Z sin 55 = 9. 9 1 33645
Z sin 65 = 9- 9572757

(xviii) J(i
- tan A)*, when A= i68'32" ;
=
given log 63732 4.8043575 D = 69
Z cos i68' = 9.9825506 D - 366
Z cos 6i8' 9. 6837430
= Z>=2293

3. Find the values of the positive angles less than 180 that satisfy the following equations :

(i) sin*+cos.*=i.2, given Iog2, log 3, Zsin58 3'

= 9.928657i, Z> = ;87.

(ii) sin.#-cos.r= .3, given Iog2, log 3, Zsin I2i4' = 9.326ii74, ^=5823.

(Hi) cos* sin.*= .2118, given log 2, log 2118 = 3.3259260,

Z cos 8i23'2o" = 9. 1753004, diff. 10" = 1390.

(iv) sin x - Y/3 cos x = , given log 2, log 3, Zsin935' = 9.22i367i, Z> = 7476.

(v) ,j3sinx= ij COSJT, given ^625 = 2.7958800,

Z cos 5 i2o' = 9. 7957330, D= 1 579.

(vi) 3 sin *+ 4 cos* = 4. 3, given log 2, log 3, log 86=

1.9344985,
Zsin 59 1 9'= 9.9344988,
Z tan 53 7' = 10. 1247266, D - 2632.
(vii) 4sin jr-5cos*= I, given log 2, Iog4i = 1.6127839,
Zsin
9. 19*5341, diff. io"=i33i,
8*59'=
Z tan 5i2o' = 10.0968034, - 2590. D
(viii) = =
tan^+cot^ 3^, given Iog2, Iog7, Zsin 345i' 9.7569630, Z=i8i5.
tan x - cot x = 2j, given log 2, log 3, Zcot4i j8' = 10.0511557, Z> = 2544-
c
(ix)

(x) i - tan * = 7 tan x,

2
given log 2, log 7, Z tan I556' = 9.4555857, = 4784. D
(xi) i + tan * =
2
5 tan *, given log 2, Z sin =
2334' 9.6018600, = 2895. D
(xii) i - 2 sin A + cos A = o, given log 2, Z tan 2633' = 9.6986847, D = 3159.
 KEDUCTIONAL FORMULAE. 67

(xiii) I - sin A - cos A, given log 2, log 3, Z tan 334l' = 9.8237981, D - 2738.
(xiv) sec(;c + 6) + sec(.*
- 6) = 2 sec 6, when 6 - 140 ;
given log 2, Z cos 40 = 9. 8842540,
Z>=i96i.
(xv) sinjr + sin^= i.24\ given log 62= 1.7923917
cos.* + cosj= .65 / log 65= 1.8129134
log 1 24= 2.0934217
Zcos4535'= 9.8450181 Z
Z tan 622o'= 10.2804451 Z
Z sin 622o' = 9. 947 2689 D = 663
n ~ sm 35
4. Find the acute angle whose tangent = \7-! !45 l
V 2
sm 35 -sm-25
!

given Z sin 60 = 9.9375306

Z sin 80 = 9.9933515
Z tan 46 1 3' = 10.0184499 Z>=2529

5. If 2a = 3^, find the acute angles satisfying the equation a cos 6 + b sin 6 = ^-_ ; given
\/2
log 2, log 3, Z tan 334i' = 9.8237981, Z> = 2738.

6. If sin 6 = m sin <p\ find the principal trigonometrical ratios of and <f>
in forms adapted
tan 6 - n tan <t>) ' to logarithmic computation.

7. Given sin(0 + a) = zsin0, find in terms adapted to logarithmic computation.

8. Find, by means of subsidiary angles, the values of

,
when a = 30.4025, = 21.7856. Given
log 21785 = 4. 3381576 Z>=I99
log 30402 = 4.4800645 - 143 D
log 37241 =4. 5710213 Z>=u;
Z tan 3548' = 9.8580694 Z sec 3548' = 10.0909450
Ztan 3549' = 9- 8583357 Z sec 3549'= 10.0910361

(ii) >/a 3 + If1 when

,
a = 87.079, b= 129.384. Given
log 87079 = 4. 9399 1 34
log 12938 = 4. 1 1 18671 Z> = 336

Zcot 563' = 9.8281696 Z sec 563' = 10.2530008

Z cot 564' = 9- 8278969 Zsec56V= 10.2531885

,
when a = .35991, = .24376. Given
^24376 = 4.3869624 Ztan346' = 9.83o62i3 = 2721
log 3599 I= 4- 5561939 Zcos346' = 9.qi8o620 Z> = 8s6
log 43468 = 4.6381697 Z = 99

(iv) >JtP+c--26<:cosA, when b = 17. 14, c = 32. 36, A - 0^22'. Given

2= .3010300 log 1714
= 3.2340108
Jog
=
log 495 2. 6946052 log 3236
= 3.5100085
Z cos 24!!' = 9.9601088 log 24575
= 4.3904935 D= 177
Z sin 60 1 3' = 9. 9384747 Z cos 60 1 3' = 9. 696 1
1
30
Z sin 6oi4' = 9.9385470 Z cos 6oi4' = 9.6958922
68 LOGARITHMS.

(v) 5817, ^= ii528'. Given

log 4= .6020600 log 2139 = 3.3302108
=
log 7956 3. 9006948 log 5817 = 3.7646991
L cos 5744' = 9. 7274278 log 70080 = 4. 84 5 594 1 D=62
L cos 6i44' = 9.6753896 L sin 6 1 "44' = 9. 944854 1
L cos 6i45' = 9.6751 546

(vi) 2&ccosA, when = 104.28, = 217.54, ^ = 8o3o'. Given

log 4= .6020600 =
log 10428 4.0172010
log 1 1326= 4.0540766 log 21754 = 4. 3375391
Zsin4Oi5'= 9.8103159 ^22499 = 4.3521632 Z>=I93
L tan 5946' = 10. 2344857 D = 2904
L sec 5946' = 10. 2979810

9. By introducing subsidiary angles adapt to logarithms the expressions

'a b f\ o f>)y , (d-\- b)\

a+b a -b
 CHAPTER X.

Solution of Triangles.

51. Logarithms are applied to the Solution Triangles, that is, are of used
for finding the remaining sides or angles when certain of them are given. To
solve a triangle completely, of the six parts (3 sides and 3 angles), three must
be known, but these must have values that are independent of one another.
Now it is known that the three angles of a triangle are not independent in
value, for they are always together equal to two right angles ; therefore it will
not be sufficient to have only the three angles given, but a complete solution
will be possible when (i) the three sides, (ii) two angles and a side, and (iii)
two sides and an angle are given.

The angles of a triangle are generally called A, , C, and the sides

respectively opposite to them a, b, c.

52. We will first discuss the case of right-angled triangles.

Let C be the right angle, so that C = 90; then

(I) or a =
or b = c- a)

(2) sin A~\_a

~ _= p: sin A \ i.e. each side equals the hypot-

cos BJ 7 [_<rcos.# enuse multiplied by the sine of

or the
[the angle opposite to,
(3) ,
_= re sin B\ cosine of the angle adjacent to
\_c cos ,4J the former.

(4) ptan.4
|_col.ff i.e.each side equals the other side multiplied by the
of the
tangent of the angle opposite to, or the cotangent
(5) fa tan B angle adjacent to the former.
cot AJ '\_acotA i

In the right-angled triangle, one angle ( 90) is known; hence, C = in

addition, of the remaining sides and angles two only need be given for
the

complete solution of the triangle, but these must not be the two angles.

Case (i). Given the two sides a, b.

Either A or B found from (4) or (5) and the other angle

is is then known since
A + ff = 90. The hypotenuse c is then found from (2) or (3).
69
70
LOGARITHMS.

Case (ii). Given one side and the hypotenuse, e.g. a, c.

Either or A B
is found from (2), then A + = 90 gives the other angle. The other side
b can then be found from (3), (4), or (5) ; or independently of the angles from (i).

Case (iii). Given one angle and side, e.g. a, A.

= 90 -A. The other side b is found from (4) or (5), and the hypotenuse c from (2)
or (3).

Case (iv). Given one angle and the hypotenuse, e.g. c, A.

B = go -A ;then a is found from (2), and b from (i), (3), (4), or (5).

53. When the triangle is not right-angled we have the following

cases :

(i) Given the three sides.

(ii) Given two and the included angle.

sides

(iii) Given two and an angle not included.

sides

(iv) Given two angles and a side.

In the solution of these triangles the following formulae are employed :

+dmJ!?-W-4
2 V

(I)

(2) tan 1(5- q = *+C .

|Putting tan 6 =
- this formula becomes tan^(j5 - C) = tan(0 - 45)cot .

L c 2
c
Putting cos <f>
=- it becomes tan (5- C)=tan8 ^cot .1
b 2 2 J
'
sin B _ sin C
'

(4) ePssP+^-ttcoxA, this formula being adapted to logarithms by introducing a sub-

sidiary angle as in Art. 50.

[In the above formulae the letters a, b, c are of course interchangeable, provided A, B,
C be also interchanged in like manner.]

Case I.

54- A. Given the three sides a, b, c.

B. Solution. One of the formulae (i) is used to determine each of two of the angles
A, B, C', and the third angle is then known since A +B+
C- 180.
[OBS. When
the angles are required the tangent-formula is the most convenient to
all
use since fewer logarithms are then required (4 instead of 6 on the right hand side) ; but, if
 SOLUTION OF TRIANGLES. 71

only one angle be wanted, there is no such advantage. Of course, when logs, are given for
the purposes of any question, our selection of the formula must be guided by the data.]

C. Example. If a = 217, b - 192, c = 89 ; find all the angles.

Given log 32 = 1.5051500 Z tan 4655'= 10.0290779 Z> = 2532
log 57 = 1.7558749
log 160 = 2.2041200 Ztan3O59'= 9.7784875 Z> = 2862
log 249 = 2. 396 1 993

To find A:
tan^y^^ JglJ
o
_
V/249.32
2)498
249 = f
L tan = - -
(log 57 + log 160 log 249 log 32) + 10

= 10.0293228
But L tan 4655' = 10.0290779
2449
60
Z> = 2532) 146940(58.0
12660 TT
Hence
A= -

20340 2
and A = <

840

- -
Z tan = {log 32 + log 160 log 249 log 57) + 10
2
= 9-7785979
,But Z tan 3059' = 9. 7784875
1104
60
Z> = 2862)66240(23. 1

57J4 Hence - = 3O59'23-

900O 2
8586 and ^=
4140

To find C: -4= 935i'56"

o' o"

and C= 24 9' 1 8"

C to the nearest second,

ABC-
-, -, must be calcu-
[OBS. In finding the values of A, B,

lated to the nearest tenth of a second, since the multiplication

of these tenths by 2 may affect

C. also evident that we need only know the

the seconds' units in the values of A, B, It is

one another, and that the numbers expressing the ratios a : b : c

ratios of the sides a, b, c to

may be taken as the values of the sides themselves.]

-2 LOGARITHMS.

Case II.

A.
55- A. Given two sides and the included angle, e.g. b, c,
A
B. Solution. Formula (2) of Art. 53 gives \(B-C}; then i(-ff+O = 9O --.
The third side a can
Adding and subtracting these, B and C
are found.
of B or
then be found by means of formula (3) using the value just obtained
C, or independently by means of
formula (4).

C. Example. If b = c=
23.46, A = 73I4'; find the remaining angles and side.
7.85,
= 9-98ii33i
Given log 1561 = 3.1934029 Zsin73i4'
=
log 2346 3.3703280 L cot 3637' =10.1289428
Ztan335i = 9-8265323 .0=2730
log 3131=3-4956831
=
log 22488 4. 35 1950S
L sin 87i4'2o" = 9- 9994955 D 10= 10
Z?=i93
To fad* and C:

.-. Z tan %(B -C) = log 15.61

- log 31.31 +Z cot 3637'
= 9.8266626
But Z tan 335 1
'
= 9.8265323
1303
60
Z> = 2730)78180(28.6
5460 Hence \(B -C) = 335i'28,6"
23580 and
21840
TT^OO /. adding B = 87i4'28.6"
16380 and subtracting C- I93i'3i.4"

To find a : sin/* _ sinj? /Taking the a portion of the formula, since\

b,
'
~~^ b .
\ log b is given and not log c. )

_ 6 sin A
'
sin/?
-ZsinZ?
= log 23.46 + Z sin 73i4' -Z sin 87i4'28.6"
= 1.3519647
But log 22.488 = 1.3519508
Z?= 193)1390(7
1 3S 1
Hence a = 22.4887.

[OBS. In finding the angles B and

C, only the ratio b c need be given, in which case
:

the numbers expressing the can be used for the sides themselves but in finding the
ratio ;

third side <z, the actual values of the sides must be given. This same method of solution is
applicablewhen two sides b, c are given and the difference C between their opposite B -
angles. Formula (2) determines A, and thence which = 180 A. and C are then B+C B
obtained by addition and subtraction of C and - C.] B+ B
Case III.

56. A. Given two sides and an angle not included, e.g. a, b, A.

B. Solution. Since the sides given are a and b, we take the a, b portion of formula
(3) and thence determine the angle B. Then C= 180 - (A + B) ; and the
third side c is obtained by using the c portion of formula
(3).
 SOLUTION OF TRIANGLES. 73

This is the case in which the'solution may be ambiguous, that is, in which there may be
two triangles with the given parts.

[The Ambiguous Case.]

First consider the angle A acute.
A A
Draw CA = b, CAX=A, and with centre C and radius = a describe a circle; there is
ambiguity only when this circle cuts AX intwo distinct points lying on the same side of
A, neither of which coincides with A. The two triangles in the ambiguous case are ABC,
AB'C

Now the perpendicular CD=bsmA. Therefore we have the following results:

(1) a<b. a<6si No solution possible.

(ii) a = b si
sin A. Right-angled triangle A CD. Not ambiguous.
(iii) a>&si
((i) Two solutions ABC, AB'C. Ambiguous.

(2) a = b. One solution AB"C. Not ambiguous.

(3) a>b. One solution AB'"C. A Not ambiguous.

(In this case AB C has no angle A CA&" = 180
iv
;
- A.)

It will be seen from the above that

(i) when a = b, there is no ambiguity ;

(ii) when a does not equal b, the solution is ambiguous -when the given angle (A) is opposite to
the smaller side unless the triangle is right-angled. [When the triangle is right-angled
the angle first found in the process of solution (i.e. B) comes out 90, so that
Z sin .5 = io.]
When the given angle is right or obtuse, taking the angle to be or respec-ADC AB'C
tively, it is clear from the figure that there can be no ambiguity, and in these cases the angle
given is opposite to the greater side.
In the ambiguous case there will be double values for each of the required parts. The
A A
acute value found for B (ABC) is taken from 180 to obtain its second value (AB'C). In

each case A + B
is taken from 180 to determine the third angle C (ACB or ACB'). To
find the third side c (AB or AB'), either formula (3) of Art. 53 is used, or and can AD DB
be calculated from the equations AD
= b cos A, DB
= acos, the two values of c being then
the sum and difference of AD
and DB.
 LOGARITHMS.
74

C. Example. If a = 47, = 53, ^ = 36V; find the remaining angles and side.
Given log 47 = 1.6720979
log 53 = 1-7242759 Zsm4222' =9.
= 2 44
77218 = 4-887719 Zsin794' =9.9920445 ^,
log
=
log 77704 4. 89044
Zsin 5 4o'io" = 8.9947o89 10=2121 ^
the angle given is opposite to the smaller side.
This is presumably an ambiguous case since

To find B : sin A _ sin B

T-'-T'
- sin ^4 /It may be necessary here to reduce a
,
-

taking logarithms to suit data.

beforeX
I

= log 53 - 1S 47 + L sin 36V'

= 9.8286069
But L sin 4222' = 9.8285778

291
60
Z> = 1385)17460(12.6 Hence = 4222'i2.6" or i3737'47-4"-
1385
~l6i O [The solution is ambiguous since B has
not come out 90, and therefore we get a
2770
second value of by taking theB first value
from 180.]

To find C: A + B= 79 4'i2.6" or I74i9'47.4",

or 54o'i2.6".

To find c: sin A _ sin C c _asinC

~~a c
'
sin A '

:. log<r
= loga+Zsin C-Zsin.,4.

(i) For the larger value of c we must take the larger value of C,
-
log c log 47 + L sin ioo55'47.4" Z sin 3642'
...
=
= log47 + Zsin 79 4'i2.6"-Zsin3642'
= 1.8877186.
Hence ^ = 77.218.

(ii) The smaller value of c can be shown in like manner to be equal to 7.7704.

[OBS. In finding the angles B, only the ratio C a : b need be given ; but for the third
side c the actual values must be known.]

Case IV.
57- A. Given two angles and a side, e.g., A, B, a.
%
B. Solution. C- 180 - (A + B). The remaining sides b, c are determined by using
formula (3) in the same way as in the example in the last article.

58. The following table gives a list of the formulae used in the solution of
triangles, and in finding their areas and the radii of their circumscribed,
inscribed, and escribed circles.
 SOLUTION OF TXIANGLES. 75

A = Area of triangle,
R = Radius of circumscribed circle,
r= Radius of inscribed circle,
ra = Radius of escribed circle, opposite to angle A.

III.GIVEN (i) 2 ANGLES AND

II. GIVEN 2 SIDES AND A SIDE (11) 2 SIDES AND
I. GIVEN 3 SIDES. ;
INCLUDED ANGLE. ANGLE NOT INCLUDED.

m A/(s-6)(s-c)
.

2 v A/-

tan %(B-C) = ^?C cot -

+ 2
sin
abc
A _ sin B _ sin C

s(s-a)
a2sin B sin C
i fc sin ^4 2 sin -/

abc
2 sin A
asm B sin C
. .

2 2
= or
7 \/-

o cos cos
2 2

cos-
2

59. The following reductional formulae will be found useful in applying

logarithms to the properties of triangles.

(A) sinrv*
cos C+A =-cos B 2
-tanLc C+A
2
tan
A+B cot

(B) sin .4 + sin /?+ sin C = 4cos

ABC
222cos cos-,

sin A + sin ^ - sin C- 4 sin ABC

222sin cos ,

sin 2/4 + sin 2.5 + sin 2 C = 4 sin /i sin .# sin C,

6 LOGARITHMS.

tan A + tan B + tan C= tan A tan # tan C,

B + cot - = cot - cot - cot -,
cot - + cot
2 2
A + sm-JS - sin2 C = 2 sin
sin*
2 222
B
-<4 sin cos C,

222
cos 2 - + cos - - cos - = 2 cos
2 2
222 cos - sin -.

<:
~ cos
_

cos A + cos .# = 2(a+ ^ sin 2 ^,

2
cos C+ c cos = a,
C

cos + * cos C = a cos( - C),

3 + d)(b - a).

EXAMPLES. XIX.

Sandhurst and Militia (1-24).

1. = 3,^ = 2.75, c =1.75; find #.

=
log 2 .30103 Z tan 32i9' = 9. 8008365 ^ = 2796
2. The sides of a triangle are 4, 10, II ;
find the greatest angle.
=
log 2 .3010300 L cos 4647' = 9.8355378
= diff. i' = i345
log 3 -477 1213

3. Find the greatest angle of a triangle whose sides are 5, 8, 1 1 respectively.

log 7
= .8450980 Z sin 5647' = 9. 9225205
Z sin 56"48' = 9.9226032
4. The sides B C, CA, AB of a triangle are as 4 :
5 : 6. Find B.
log 2 = .3010300 Z cos 2753' = 9.9464040

5. 6 = 9, c = 6, A = 60; find the other angles.

log 2 = .30103 Z tan I96' = 9. 5394287
log 3 = -47712 Z, tan I9V = 9- 5398371
6. Two sides of a triangle are 540 yds. and 420 yds. , and the included angle is 526'. Find
the remaining angles. log 2= .301 0300 Ztani42o' = 9.4O74i89
Ztan I42i' = 9.4079453

7. Two sides of a triangle are 9 and 7 feet respectively, and the angle between them is 60;
find the other angles. Iog2= .3010300 Ztan I2i2' = 9. 3348711
Zcot 30 = 10.2385606 Ztan 12 13' = 9. 3354823
8. Two sides of a triangle are as 5:9, and the included angle is a right angle. Find the
other angles. Iog2 = 3010300 Ztan I926' = 9. 7446051
.

log 3 = -4771213 Z tan I9 27'^t 9. 7448497

9. Two sides of a triangle are 1.5 and 13.5 respectively, and the included angle is 65; find
the remaining angles. Iog2= .3010300 tan 5i28' = 10.0988763 Z
Z cot 323o' = 10. 1958127 Z tan 5i29' = 10.0991355
10. Two sides of a triangle are 9 and 7, and the included angle is 3856'32.8" ; find the base
and the remaining angles. log 2 = .3010300 Z tan I929' = 9.5487471
Z tan I928' = 9. 5483452
 SOLUTION OF TRIANGLES. 77

11. In a triangle ABC, b- 14, c= 1 1, A = 60 ; find the other angles.

log 2 = .3010300 L tan 1 144'29" = 9.3177400
log 3 = .4771213

12. =2 ft. 6 in., c =2 ft., ^4 = 222o'; find the other angles ; and then show that the side a
is very approximately a foot.
log 2= .30103 Ztan2922'2o" = 9.75O38
log 3= .47712 Ztan2922'3o" = 9.75043
L cot I iio' = 10. 70465 L sin 222o' o" = 9. 57977
L sin 4927'34" = 9.88079
13. The sides of a triangle are 9 and 3, and the difference of the angles opposite to them is

90. Find the base and all the angles.

log 2 = .3010300
=
log 75894 4.8802074 L
tan 2633' = 9.6986847
Iog3 = 4771213
.
log 7 5895
= 4. 8802 1 32 Z
tan 2634' = 9. 6990006

14. b = 8.4 inches, c - 12 inches, B = 3736'. Find A.

log 7 = 8450980
. L sin 3736' = 9. 7854332
diff. i' = jn

15. A =40, a - 140.5, 6= 170.6. Find B and C.

log 1405 = 3. 1476763 L sin 40 o' = 9.8080675
log 1706 = 3.2319790 L sin 5ii8' = 9.8923342
L sin 5ii9' = 9.8924354
16. a- 9, b = 12, A - 30. Find the values of c.
log 12=1.07918 Zsin 30 o'
log 9= .95424 Zsin
log 171 = 2.23301 Zsin
log 368 = 2. 56635 Zsin io8n'2i" = 9.97774

17. <z = l45, ^=178, -#=4iio'. Fjnd A.

log 178 = 2. 251 1513 Zsin4iio' o" = 9.8183919
log 145 = 2 1613680 - Z sin 322i'54" = 9. 7286086
1 8. Two sides of a triangle are 9 and 7 inches, and the angle opposite the latter is 5I3'27. 15".
Find the remaining angles and the logarithm of the base.
log 2 = .3010300 Z sin 5i4' = 9.89091 13
log 3 = -477 1213
log 7 = .8450980

19. Two sides of a triangle in a survey are found to be 1404 and 960 yard s respectively, while
an angle opposite to one of them is 32I5'; find the angle the two given sides include.
leg 2= .3010300 Zcosec32i5'= 10.2727724
log 3= -4771213 Z sin 2i23'= 9.5621316
log 13 =1.1 139434 Z sin 5li8'= 9.8923236
20. In the triangle ABC, BC=
1652, ABC = 26yl, AC = 4fis'. Find AB and AC.
log 1652 = 3.2180100 Z sin 7345' = 9. 9822938
log 7678 = 3.8852481 Z> = 57 Zsin 47 1 5' = 9. 8658868
log 1 2636 = 4. 1016096 Z> = 344 Z sin 263o' = 9. 6495274
21. One of the sides of a right-angled triangle is fths of the hypotenuse ; find the other angles.
log 2 = .301030 Zsin I4n' = 9.455921
log 7 = .845098 Zsin 1 4 1 2' = 9. 45603 1

22. If tan 6 = -
2>4ab sin

a- o
_, find from the following data
a = 5, It = 2, C=I20 Z tan 6ii7'= 10.261329
:

log 3 = -477121 Z tan 6ii8' = 10. 261629

 LOGARITHMS.

23. lfy = ^b and A = 637'24", use the formula tan + Z? = tan to find the other
^
angles. log 2= .3010300
L tan 3i8'42" = 8. 7624069 L tan 8i3'so" = 9. 1603083 diff. 10 = 1486

Find the vertical angle of the isosceles triangle, of which the base is 10 feet, and which
24.
contains 60 sq. feet. log 24
= 1.38021 1 L tan 2237' = 9.619720
diff. 15"= .000089

Woolwich (25-41).

25. a = 40, b = 51, c

= 43. Find A. log 128
= 2. 1072100 L tan 2444'l6" = 9.6634465
log 603
= 2. 7803 1 73

26. a - 32, b - 40, c = 66. Find the angle C.

log 207 = 2.3159703 L cot 66 1 8' = 9. 6424342
log 1073 = 3. 0305997

27. Find the least angle of the triangle whose sides are 24, ' 22, 14.
L tan 1 733' = 9. 500042 diff. I = .000439

28. Find the greatest angle of the triangle whose sides are 50, 60, 70.
Iog6 = 7781513 L cos 39 14' = 9. 8890644
. diff. i'=i032

29. a = 13, b
= 7, C = 60.
Find A and B.
Ztan2727' = 9.7i555o8 =
Iog3 = 4771213
. diff. i'

30. Two sides of a triangle which are respectively 250 and 200 yards long contain an angle
of 5436'24"; find the other two angles.
Iog3 = 4771213 . L
cot 27i8' o" = 10. 2872338 difF. i' = 3ioo
L tan 1 2 8'5o"= 9.3329292

31. One side of a triangle is double of another and the included angle is a right angle. Find
the other angles. log 2 = .3010300 L cot 2634' = 10.3009994
diff. i'= .0003159
32. Given a = 26, C= 120 ; find A, B.
= -477*213 Ztan io53' = 9.2839O7o diff. i' = 6808

33. The included angle is 70^30' and the ratio of the containing sides is 5:3; find the other
angles. log 2 = 3010300 L cot 35 1 5' o" = 10. 1 507464
.

Z tan 1 928'5o" = 9. 5486864

34. a = 1.56234, b = .43766, C=
5842'6". Find A and B.
log 56234 = 4! log cot 292 1
= 2500 1 5
'
.

log cot 2922' = .249715

35. If a= 3, b= I, C- 537'48"; find c without determining A and B.

log 2= .3010300 Zcos2633'54" = 9.95i5452
log 25298 = 4. 4030862 L tan 2633'54" = 9. 6989700
log 25299 = 4. 403 1034

36. a= 5, b = 4, A = 45. Find the other angles. t

log 2 = 3010300
. sin 3329' L = 9. 7520507

37. a - 250, b = 240, A = 724'48". Find B, C.

log 2.5 = .3979400 Z sin 72 = 9.9783702
4'
log 2.4 = .3802112 Zsin72 = 9.9784in
5'
Z sin 6559' = 9. 9606739
 SOLUTION OF TRIANGLES. 79

38. AB = 2$0 ft., BC=20Q ft., and A = 30 ; find the smaller value of AC.
log 2 =.3010300 Lsin 384i' = 9. 7958800
log 6.0389 = .7809578 Zsin 84i' = 9. 1789001
log 6.0390 = .7809650

39. If the sides of a triangle be 7. 152 in., 8.263 in., 9.375 in. ;
find its area.
log 1.2395
= 93 2 465 log 3.02 = .4800069
Iog5.243 =.7195799 log 2.8477 = .4544942 Z>=I52
log 4. 132 =.6161603

40. The angles A, B, C of a triangle ABC

are 40, 60, 80 respectively, and CD is drawn
from C to the base bisecting the angle ; find CD. A CB
AB=ioo inches sin 40 = 9.8080675 L
log 2 =.3010300 sin 50 = 9. 8842540 L
log 5- 73979 = .758895 * Zsin 60 = 9. 937 5306
*
A = 3525', use the formula ten\(B - C) = tan
2
41. If b be to c as 1 1 to 10 and cot to find

.
logi.i = .041393 Ztan I2i8'36" = 9.338891
L cos 2437'i2" = 9.958607 L cot i742'3o" = 10.495800
Ztan 828'56.5"= 9.173582

42. a = 3, b
= 7, c = 8. Find C. log 75
= 1.8750613 Z cot 496'22" = 9-937536

43. The sides of a triangle are 7, 1 1, 14 ; find the smallest angle.

log 2 = .3010300 tan I446' = 9.4209275 Z
log 3 = -477i 2 i3 Ztan I445' = 9.4204196

44. a- 12, 6= 17, = 23. Find A. ^364 = 2.5611014 Z cos 15 14' = 9. 9844660
log 39 1 = 2. 592 1 768 diff. I
'
= 344

45' a = 7> =io, ^=5. Find A. Iog2 = 3010300

.
logn= 1.0413927
Iog3 = 4771213 . Z cot 2oi6' = 10.4326795 Z>=3886
46. The sides of a triangle are 32, 40, 66
respectively ; find the greatest angle.
ft.

log 207 = 2.3159703 cot 66 1 8' = 9. 6424342 Z

log 1073 = 3.0305997 diff- i' = 3433

47. The sides of a triangle are 25, 26, 27 ; find the largest angle.
log 2 = .3010300 Ztan3i57' o" = 9. 7949455
log 3 = .4771213 Z tan 3i56'5o" = 9.7948986
log 7 = .8450980

48. b = 5, c
= 3, A
= 120; find the other angles.
log 4.8 = .6812412 Ztan 8 1 2' = 9. 1586706 diff. 6o" = 0008940
.

49. Two sides of a triangle are respectively 200 ft.and 115.462 ft. and the included angle is

30; find the other angles. log 4. 2269 =.6260220

log i. 57731 = -i979695 Ztan 1 5 = 9.4280525

50. a - 55,
= 40, C- 120; find the other angles.
lg 3= -477 "i 3 Z cot 8447'2o" = 8. 9600075
log 19
= 1.2787536 cliff. 10" = 2328

51. a= T, i> =
S> C = 4424'36"; find A and B.
log 2 = .3010300 Z tan 22I2' = 9.6107586
log 3 = .4771213 Z tan 22I3' = 9.61 1 1 196
8o LOGARITHMS.

52. a= 17, 3 = 13, C = 4O7'2o"; find /f and B.

log 2 = .30 1 0300
= 4771213
. Z tan 2o3' = 9. 5622439
53. b = 25, < = 7, .4
= 7344'; findB and C.
log 75
= 1.8750613 Z tan 3652' = 9.8750102
Z tan 3653' = 9. 8752734
54. 3
= 19, = 35, C=577'3o"; find A and B.
log 15 = 1.1760913 Z cot 2833' = 10.2643323 dift. i' = 30o8

55. a= 14, 6= u, C= !34i'8"; find /4 and A

=
log 120 2.0791812 Z cot 65o'4o"= 10.9207117 diff. io"=i78o

56. In a triangle ABCtiie angle ^4 is8644', and the sides containing it are ft. and 21 n ft.

Find the side opposite to A. log 2 = .3010300 Z sin 4O42' = 9. 8143131

log 231 = 2.3636120 Z cos 4O42' 9. 8797462
=
=
log 24255 4. 3848013 Z sin 4043' = 9.8144600
=
log 24256 4. 3848 192 Z cos 4O43' = 9. 8796375
Z cos 4322' = 9.8367447
57. If A = 30, AB = 5, BC = 3, find the remaining angles.
log 12 = 1.0791812 Zs
58. Find the length of the side a of the triangle ABC, having given A = 653o', B= 7040',
^=123. log 123 =2.0902581 Z sin 653o' = 9. 9590229
Iogi.6i74= .2088174 Z sin 43 50' = 9. 8404593
1. 6175= .2088443
log

59. Use the formulae >

to find the angles of the tri-
A + fl = csinO , ,.
= a-b
cos , where cos angle whose sides a, b, c are
respectively 10, 8, 4.
log 2= .3010300 Z cos 2922'= 9.9402670
log 15= 1.1760913 Z cos 785o' = 9. 2870480
60. If the vertical angle of a triangle be 120, the length of the line joining the vertex to the
middle point of the base 10^/7 feet, and that of the line bisecting the vertical angle
24 feet ; find the sides and remaining angles.
log 3= -477I2I Z sin 2324' = 9. 598952
log 19 =1.278754 Z sin 2325' = 9. 599244
 CHAPTER XL
Heights and Distances.

60. Problems in heights and distances are simply practical illustrations of

the solution of triangles, and therefore the formulae used in solving them are
those set forth in the last chapter.
If we consider the positions of two points A
and B, one (say A) at a
higher level than the other (B}, the angles between the straight line ABand
the horizontal lines through A
and B
in the same vertical plane are called
respectively the angle of depression of B, and the
angle of elevation of A.
These two angles are of course equal.
The angle of elevation of A
(as viewed from
B} is the angle through which the arm must
be elevated from a horizontal position in
order to point to A.
The angle of depression of B
(as viewed from
A) is the angle through which the arm must
be depressed from a horizontal position in
order to point to B.
The angle subtended at a point by any straight line is the angle con-
tained by the two straight lines drawn from the point to the extremities of the
straight line subtending it. Thus ACB
is the angle subtended at C
by the
straight line AB.
Two points are accessible to one another when no obstacle prevents the
measurement of the direct distance between them.

6 1. Problem A. To find the height above the hori-

zontal plane of an object standing upon the plane and
accessible at its base.

Data. Let AB be the object, its base being at A P

; the point
of observation in the horizontal plane through A.
Observations, Measure PA, BPA.
Solution. BA (the required height) -PA tan BPA.
and log BA = log PA + L tan BPA - IO,
whence BA can be computed.
F 81
82 LOGARITHMS.

62. Problem B. To find the height above the horizontal plane of an

inaccessible object.

Case (i). By measurements in the same vertical plane with

the object.

Data. Let A be the object, and P two points of observa-

Q
tion in the same vertical plane with A
and mutually accessible.

Construction of figure. Draw AB perpendicular to PQ pro-

duced, taking P and Q on the same side of B.

Observations. Measure PQ, APB, AQB.

sm(APBsmAQB)
Thus AB (required height) = PQ^APB^AQB^
sm(AQB-APB)
and log AB = log PQ + L sin APB + L sin A QB - L sm(A QB -APB) - IO,
whence AB can be computed.
/*and Q had been on opposite sides of B, the only
(If difference would have been a plus
instead of a minus sign in the value of AB.)

Case (ii). By measurements not in the same vertical plane with the object.

. Data. Let A be the object, P and

O_ two points of
observation not in the same vertical plane with but A
mutually accessible.
Construction of figtire. Draw AB perpendicular to
the horizontal plane through P.

Observations. Measure ?, APB,APQ, AQP.

Solution. PA = PQ

PAQ=i8o-(APQ+AQP),
~Q and = PAwaAPB

therefore AB ,PQ**AQP**APB
sin PA Q
and
whence AB can be computed.

63. Problem C. To find the distance of an inaccessible object.

A Data. Let A be the object, P and Q two points of
observation mutually accessible.

Observations. Measure PQ, APQ, AQP.

Solution. PA = P
PAQ= 180 - (APQ+AQP),
:. log PA = log PQ+L sin PQA - L sin PA Q,
~~Q
whence the distance PA can be computed.
 HEIGHTS AND DISTANCES. 83

64. Problem D. To find the distance between two accessible objects.

Data. Let A and B be the two objects, both accessible from the point of observation P.

Observations. Measure PA, PB, APB.

Solution. The distance AB can be computed as in Art. 55, two sides and the included
angle being known in the triangle APB.

65. Problem E. To find the distance between two inaccessible objects.

Case (i). By measurements in the same plane with the objects.

Data. Let A and B be the two objects, P and Q two points of observation mutually
accessible and in the same plane with A and B.

Observations. Measure PQ, A'PQ, RPQ, AQP, QP.

Solution. AP and BP can be computed from the triangles APQ and BPQ respectively
by Art 57 ; and then, since APB = APQ- BPQ,
'

the distance AB is obtained, as in Art. 55,

from two sides and the included angle in the triangle APB.

Case (ii). By measurements not in the same plane with the objects.

Inthis case, in addition to the measurements of Case (i), we shall require the angle APB:
the solution is then the same as in Case (i).

EXAMPLES. XX.

I. A river PQ is 300 yards broad, and runs at the foot of a vertical cliff QR which subtends
at the edge of the opposite bank an angle QPR of 25io'; find the height of the cliff.
log 3= .4771213
L tan 64 50'= 10.3280372 log i. 4095 = .1490651 Z? = 3o8. Militia.

z. A lighthouse appears to a man in a boat 300 yards from its foot to subtend an angle of
62o'24. 7". Find in feet the height of the lighthouse.
log 3= .4771213
L tan 62o' = 9. 0452836 cliff, i
'
= 1 1 507 Sandhurst.

3. The shadow of a tower is observed to be half the known height of the tower, and some
time after to be equal to the full height ; how much will the sun have gone down in
the interval ? log 2 = 3010300 .

L tan 6326'= 10.3009994 diff. ^ = 3159 Sandhurst.

 LOGARITHMS,

A takes its angular altitude I23o', and

4. person wanting to calculate the height of a cliff,
then measures 950 yards in a direct line towards the base, when he is stopped by a
river.; he then takes a second altitude and finds it 693o'.
Find the height of the cliff.
log 5 = .6989700 L sini23o' = 9. 3353368
log 19=1.2787536 L cos 33o' = 9-9 2 359i4

log 2296 = 3. 3610566 Zcos203o' = 9.97i5876 Sandhurst.

5. From each of two ships, a mile apart, the angle is observed which is subtended by the
other ship and a beacon on shore ; these angles are found to be 52'25'i5" and 759'3"
respectively.Find the distance of the beacon from each of the ships.
log 1.2197
= .0862530 L sin 759'3o" = 9.9852635
log 1. 2198 = .0862886 Zsin5225'i5" = 9.8990055 Woolwich.

6. AB is a horizontal line whose length is yds.; from a point in the line between
400 and A
B a balloon ascends vertically, and a certain time its altitude is taken simul-
after
taneously from A
and B; at it is A observed to be 64 15', at B
482o'; find the height
of the balloon when the observations are taken.
log 2 =.3010300 L sin 64! 5' = 9-9545793
=
log 2.29149 .4646213 L sin 482o' = 9-87333S 2
Z sin 6725' = 9. 9653532 Woolwich.

7. A man who is walking on a towards a tower observes at a certain point that

level plain
the elevation of the top of the tower is 10, and, after going 50 yds. nearer to the
tower, that the elevation is 15. Find the height of the tower in yards to four places
of decimals. L sin 15 = 9. 4 129962 ^25.783=1.4113334
Zcos 5 = 9. 9983442 ^25.784=1.4113503 Woolwich.

8. A ship, sailing due north, observes two lighthouses bearing respectively N.E. and N.N.E.
After sailing 20 miles the lighthouses are seen to be in a line due east ; find the dis-
tance in miles between the lighthouses correct to four places of decimals.
Iog2= .3010300 log 11.715
= 1.0687423
log 11.716= 1.0687794 Woolwich.

9. The elevation of an object on the top of a tower 150 ft. high is found to be 5738' at a
point 1 20 ft. from the base of the tower. Find the height of the object.
log 12= 1.0791812 log 18933 = 4.2772194 .0 = 230
L tan 5738' = 10. 1980454
10. The centre of the base of a tower which leans to the west is O, and P
is an object at the

top. From two points A (due east of O) and B

(due west of 0) P is observed to
have the same altitude, viz. 5826'. The observer then walks from O due south to a
point A' through a distance of 150 ft., and there finds that OA and OB subtend respec-
tively at A' the angles 3253' and 392i'. Find the height of P
above the ground, and
its distance from the vertical line
through O.
Iog2= .3010300 log 96977 = 4. 9866687 Z> = 44
lg 3 = -4771213 log 12299 = 4.0898698 = 353 >

Ztan3253' = 9.8105796 log 17901 =4.2528773 -# = 243

Ztan392i' = 9.9137868 log 10998 = 4.0413137 Z> = 395
L tan 5826' = 10.211 547 1
n. In order to calculate the height of a an observation^ is taken from a fixed position,
cliff,
and the angular altitude is found I23o' ; a second observation is taken from a
to be
point 950 yds. nearer to the cliff, and the angular altitude is found to be 693o'; find
the height of the cliff, and the distance of the first station from its base.
log 2= .3010300
log 19=1.2787536 Z sin I23o' = 9. 3353368
log 8586 = 3.93379 Z sin 203o' = 9. 5443 2 53
=
log 2296 3.36097 Z cos 203o' = 9.9715876
log 2297 = 3. 36116 Zsin57 o
 HEIGHTS AND DISTANCES. 85

12. Two straight roads intersect at am angle of 30: from the point of junction two pedestrians
A andB start at the same time, A walking along one of the roads at the rale of 5
miles an hour, B walking uniformly along the other road. At the end of 3 hours A
and B are 9 miles apart. Show that there are two rates at which B may walk to fulfil
the conditions, and determine the slower rate of the two.
log 2 =.3010300 Zsin5627' =9.9208555
log 3 =-477i2i3 Zsin5626' =9.9207717
=
log 8.0154 .9039248 L sin 2626'33" = 9.6486522
13. A person in a balloon, which ascended vertically from the land at the sea level, finds the
angle of depression of a ship at anchor to be 30; after descending again vertically for
ft. he finds the
6op angle of depression to be 15; find the horizontal distance of the
ship from the point of ascent.
Ig3 =-477i2i3
tog 1.9392 = .2876294 L cot 15 = 10.5719475

In ascending a tower 150 ft. high a person observes from a window the
14. depression of a
point in the horizontal plane upon which the tower stands to be 48 1 8 . When he
reaches the top of the tower the depression of the same point is observed to be 562o'.
Find the height of the window above the ground,
log 2=.3010300
log 3=-4771213 Ztan334o' = 9.8235244
log 1 1214 = 4.04976 L tan 48i8' = 10.0501381

15. After climbing 1 600 yards up a mountain side towards the summit in a direction making
an angle of 38I2' with the horizontal plane, the summit is seen at an elevation of
6638'. Calculate the height of the mountain, its elevation at the foot being observed
to be 532o'. log 2 = 3010300 .
log 26562 = 4.4242608 = 163 D
Zsin I3i8' = 9. 3618217 Z sin 2826' = 9. 6777309
Z sin 532o' = 9.904241 1

16. The elevation of a tower at each of two points distant 100 yards from one another is

2622', and at a point midway between them 3O4o'. Find the height of the tower.
log 2= .3010300
=
log 45 1 56 4. 6547 1 55 Z>=96
Z sin 2622' = 9.6474945 Z sin 4i8' = 8.8749381
Z sin 3040' = 9.7076064 Z sin 57 2' = 9.9237554

17. Wishing to find the breadth of a river and being unable to walk any distance along the
bank either way, I notice an object directly opposite to me on the other bank and
walk a distance of 400 ft. in a direction making an angle of 28I7' with the bank. The
object is then seen in a direction making an angle of 78I2' with the bank. Determine
the breadth of the river.
Z sin 4955' = 9. 8837232 log 2= .3010300
Zsin 1 1 "48' = 9. 3 1 06849 ^14965=4.1750767 Z> = 290

18. The angle of elevation of a tower is 28i8' at a point A. After walking 270 ft. in a hori-
zontal direction from A
and at right angles to the line joining to the base of the A
tower the elevation is seen to be i634'. Find the height of the tower.
log 27 = 1 43 1 3638
.
log 9636
= 4. 98390 1 3
1

Z sin n44' = 9.3082590 Z sin 28i8' = 9.6758592

Z sin i634' = 9.4550441 Z sin 4452' = 9.8484720

19. The car ot a balloon, C, is observed at A to have an elevation of 6648'. At a point B,

600 yards from A, the angle CBA is observed to be 5327'. CAB being 82 14', find
the height of the balloon.
log 600 = 2.7781513 Z sin 5327' = 9. 9048980
=
log 634 14 4. 802 1 85 1 Z sin 44 9' = 9. 8442432
1

Z sin 6648' = 9.9633795

86 LOGARITHMS.

20. From two points A

and B
on the bank of a river I observe two objects C and at some D
distance from the bank upon the other side. The distance between and A
is 1000 B
yds. At Athe angles CAB, DAB
are observed to be respectively 7236' and 28 10';
at B the angles CBA, DBA
are found to be 4325' and 124 "42' respectively. Find
the distance between C and D. L cos 22 13' = 9.9664987
log 7648 = 3.8835479 L sin 27 8' = 9.6590246
log 18027 = 4.2559235 L sin 4325' = 9.8371456
log 25675 = 4. 4095 105 Zsin 55i8' = 9.9149479
log 13659 = 4- I354I89 L sin 6359' = 9-95359^5
log 2= .3010300 Zsin 575i' = 9.9277079 Z> = 794
L cos 575i' = 9- 7260240 Z> = 2Oii

21. Walking in a horizontal direction from a point A at which the elevation of an object is
observed to be less than 30, I find on reaching B
that the elevation is just doubled,
and that at C it is trebled. A, B, C being in the same vertical plane with the object
observed, AB 156 yards, and BC
109 yards, calculate the vertical height of the object,
log 78=1.8920946
log 109
= 2.0374265 log 265 = 2.4232459
log 171
= 2.2329961 log 15233 = 4. 1827854

22. Standing directly in front of the centre one of three pillars of a building which are in the
same vertical plane, and known to be 36 ft. apart, I observe the elevations of the
pillars to be 3826' and 44I4'. What is my distance from the nearest pillar?
*
log 36= 1.5563025 log 50645 =4.704537
Zsm 548' = 9. 0045634 Zsin3826' = 9.7935i35
Z sin 824o' = 9.9964330 Z cos 44i4' = 9.8552192
23. A tower standing on a horizontal plane leans over towards the south. At equal distances
due north and south of it, the elevations of its summit are 30 and 32 respectively.
Calculate the inclination of the tower to the vertical.
Zsin 2 = 8. 5428 1 92 Ztan346' = 8.8i846o8
Zsin 32 = 9. 7242097 diff. i'= 19230

24. Three objects A, B, C are visible from a station D in the same plane, at which the sides
of the triangle ABC subtend equal angles. Find AD given AB = 12 chains, AC =
;

6 chains, CAB = 46 34'.

log 2= .30103 Zcot53i7' =9.87264
log 3= -47712 Ztani357'3o" = 9.39552
log 536 = 2.72916 Z sin 5O4o'3o" = 9.88849
 CHAPTER XII.

Application to Mensuration.

66. Most of the formulae used in solving questions on the mensuration of

plane and solid figures consist entirely of products and quotients, and are thus
adapted to logarithmic computation. The following is a list of the more
important formulae used in this branch of mathematics.

I. Triangles.

(1) Any triangle. Area= (i) \bk (i.e. \ base x height),

(ii) ^bcsinA,
- - - where s = ^(a + l>+c).
(iii) *Js(s a)(s 6)(s c),

(2) Right-angled triangle. (C=go.)

\ab (i.e. \ product of the sides containing the right angle).

A b C
(') (3)

(3) Equilateral triangle. (Side, a. ) Height = , area =

2 4
r (the radius of the inscribed circle) = - tan 30 = -^-,
2 2^3
J? (the radius of the circumscribed circle) = - sec 30 = ,
\/3
K = 2r.
(4) Isosceles triangle. (Each of equal sides = a.)
(i) Vertical angle 0, area = a 2 sin 0,

(ii) Vertical angle 30 or 150, area = ,

4
a
(iii) Vertical angle 60 or 120, area= ^.
87
88 LOGARITHMS.

n. Quadrilaterals.
Area = a\ diagonal
= a v'2.
(1) Square. (Side, a).

(2) Rectangle. (Sides, a, b.) Area = <z,

diagonal = a sec 0, where tan 6 = -. Vide Art. 50.

Area= (i) bh (i.e. base x height)

(3) Parallelogram.
(ii) ab sin 0,

diagonals
= Va2 + i?2ab cos 0. FJ^ Art. 50.

(3) (s)

(4) Rhombus. Area = \dd' (i.e. product of diagonals),

or as for parallelogram, putting b - a ;

,. ff . 6
diagonals = 2a sin-, 2acos-.

[In the rhombus the diagonals bisect one another at right angles.]

(5) Trapezium or Trafezoid. Area = ^(a + b)A (i.e. mean length x height).

(6) The
area of -any quadrilateral whose diagonals intersect at right angles equals half the
product of the diagonals.

III. Regular Polygons.

(1) Hexagon. (Side, a.) Area = 6 equilateral triangles).

6(^-3) (i.e.

(2) Polygon ofn sides. (Side, a.) Area= cot

4

IV. Circles.

Circumference of circle (radius, r) = 2irr,

area of circle = irrt .

Area of plane circular ring (radii, R, r) = ir(R + r)(R - r).

*
Arc of circular sector = (2irr),
360
area of circular sector = (i) -^-(
360
(ii) Jfr,
(iii) ^B (6 = circular measure of a),

(iv) **
 APPLICATION 10 MENSURATION. 89

V. Polygons and Circles.

( I ) Regular polygon inscribed in circle.

Area of polygon = w times OAB = cot - or ^ sin 3?5-,
4 2
180
perimeter of polygon = w times AB =na or znrsin ,

r~ = number of sides of polygon,

I a = side of polygon,
I r = radius of circle.

O
-1\

/if\ \
r
/^ \
-\/i v-

(2) Circle inscribed in regular polygon.

Area of polygon = times OAB = ^- cot ^^- or r2 tan

4 n

perimeter of polygon
= times AB = <z or 2rtan ,
M
a = 2 rtan^!.

VI. Eectangular Parallelepipeds.

Volume of rectangular parallelepiped (edges, a, b, c)

= abc,
volume of cube (edge, a) = a3 ,

diagonal of cube = a*j$.

VH. Spheres.
Surface of sphere (radius, r) =

volume of sphere = - irr3 .

Curved Surface of spherical zone = 2irrh.

VIII. Prisms.

Volume of prism = Bh (i.e. base x height).

Volume of prismatic frustum \ _ ,,

or wedge /
-W +f +f
, ,
,, . .,>
>
AA
(i.e. mean length x area
of right section).
9o
LOGARITHMS.

IX. Cylinders.
Volume of cylinder = irr*h,

curved surface of cylinder = 2trrh,

total surface of cylinder = 2irr(r+A).

Volume of cylindrical shell = irh(R + r)(R - r).

Volume of cylindrical frustum = ^(/+/)irr2 (i.e. mean length x area of right section),
Curved surface of cylindrical frustum = (l+l')irr.

X. Pyramids.
Volume of pyramid = \Bh (i.e. base x height).

Volume of tetrahedron (edge, a)

= -
,

surface of tetrahedron = <rV3-

Volume of octahedron (edge, a)

=a **
,

surface of octahedron =

Volume of pyramidal frustum =

Ah . where a, A are the areas of the top
,

_( a \z id bottom of the frustum, and A

and ;

\A) is the height of the frustum.

XI. Cones.
Volume of cone = Jir;-2 .
h,
curved surface of cone = irrl,

total surface of cone = irr(r+/).

Volume of conical frustum =

Curved surface of conical frustum = irI(R +

 APPLICATION TO MENSURATION. 91

" 1 100,000 sq. links \

,
.

= l chain -
4 > 84 S(l- y ards f = ' acre -
f
10 sq. chains]
640 acres = I
sq. mile. log IT = .4971499.

EXAMPLES. XXI.
[Tables to be used.]

A. MENSURATION OF PLANE FIGURES.

1. Two sides of a triangular field containing an obtuse angle are 127 yds. and 232 yds.
respectively. Find to the nearest yard the length of the third side that the field may
contain exactly an acre.

2. In a quadrangular field ABCD, ^^

= 38.54 chains, = 24.16 chains, BC =52 chains, CD
DA = 35.08 chains, and the angle ACB
is a right angle. Find its area in acres.

3. An equilateral triangle is inscribed in a square with one of its angular points coinciding
with an angular point of the square. Find the ratio of the area of the triangle to the
area of the square to three places of decimals. Staff College.

4. Find to three places of decimals the side of the equilateral triangle whose area equals that
of the scalene triangle whose sides are 105, 116, and 143.

5. What is the height in inches of the isosceles triangle whose area is a square foot and ver-
tical angle the unit of circular measure ?

6. On opposite sides of a base 120 yards long, two isosceles triangles are described whose
38 15' and 8342'. Find the total area.
vertical angles are respectively

7. Find to the nearest sq. foot the area of a square whose side is 317.2857 feet.

8. What are the lengths of the diagonals of the rhombus whose acute angles are 6428', and
whose area is 27 sq. inches.

9. A rhombus whose acute angles are 383o', and whose side is 12 inches long, has inscribed
in it an isosceles triangle whose vertex coincides with one of these acute angles and
whose base bisects the opposite sides. Find the area of this triangle.

10. Four equal rods, each 6 inches long, are hinged together so as to form a square. The
rods are now turned about the hinges till opposite corners are IO inches apart. Find
the angles and area of the figure formed by the rods in this position.

11. The two parallel sides of a trapezium are 117 yds. 2 ft. and 172 yds. i ft. respectively,
and the other sides are both 34 yds. long ; find the area to the nearest square foot.

12. Find the area of the trapezium whose parallel sides are respectively 112 ft. and 154 ft.,
'
and whose other sides make angles of 5 2 12 an<i 3748' with the greater of the
given sides.

13. The two parallel sides of a trapezium are 89 feet apart, and the other sides make angles
of 52i2' and 3736' with the greater of the two parallel sides, whose length is 254 ft.
Find the area to the nearest square foot.

14. What would be the perimeter and area of a regular figure of 100 sides inscribed in a circle
of loo yards radius ? By how much does the area differ from that of the circle?

15. Find to five places of decimals the ratio of the areas of the regular hexagon and octagon
inscribed in any circle.
 LOGARITHMS.
92

16. What is the number of sides in the regular polygon, the ratio of above inscribed and cir-

cumscribed circles is most nearly eqnal to TVc ?

Find the area and perimeter of the regular dodecagon inscribed in a circle of 6 ft. radius.
17.

1 8. Find the area of the regular quindecagon inscribed in a circle of radius 5 ft. What ratio
does it bear to that of the circumscribing quindecagon ?

19. What would be the difference between the areas enclosed by 500 yards of rope when held
the circum-
taut by 100 and 120 posts respectively, placed at equal distances along
ference of a circle ?

20. Find in yards the radius of the circle whose area is half an acre.

21. Compute to the nearest square inch the area of a circle in which a chord 4 ft. in length
subtends at the centre the ang'e iS36'. Staff College.

22. What is the length of the chord, in a circle of 10 ft. radius, which subtends an angle of
II2I5' at the centre?

23. Express to the nearest second the angle which is subtended at the centre of a circle of
3 square inches area by an arc of I inch.

24. Compute to the nearest yard the length of that part of a circular railway curve which
subtends an angle of 25 36' to a radius of a mile.

25. Find the distance in miles between two places on the equator which differ in longitude by
6l8', assuming the earth's equatorial diameter to be 7925.6 miles.

26. Find to the nearest square foot the area of the complete circle, whose sector of angle 5
contains an arc of 10 yards.

27. A circle is inscribed in a right-angled isosceles triangle. Find the ratio of the areas of
the circle and triangle. Staff College.

28. In a circle of 10 ft. diameter a straight line 4 ft. long is placed. Compute to the nearest
inch the lengths of the segments into which the circumference of the circle is thus
divided. Staff College.

29. In what latitude will a correction of one second in time have to be reckoned for every
furlong travelled east or west, taking the earth to be a sphere whose radius is 3957
miles ?

30. Find the side of the equilateral triangle that can be inscribed in a circle whose area is 14
square inches.

31. Compute to the nearest square inch the area of the smaller segment into which a circle of
loo feet radius is divided by a chord of 37.25 feet.

32. Find to the nearest inch the length of the arc subtending an angle of 35 at the centre of
a circle whose area is 1000 square yards.

33. After walking 200 yards round a circular pond, I notice that the point from which I
started and an object in the centre of the
pond lie in directions inclined at 32! 5' to
each other. Compute the diameter and area of the pond.

34. Calculate the radius and area of the circle inscribed in the triangle whose sides are 131. 16
ft- 373-75 ft-, and 407.23 ft.
respectively.

35. A circular plot of grass is surrounded by a walk 40 links wide, whose inner circumference
is 2408 links ; find the number of acres contained in the walk.

36. Find to the nearest square inch the area of the equilateral triangle inscribed in the circle
whose radius is 13.26 feet.
 APPLICATION TO MENSURATION. 93

37. Find the radius of the circle whose area is equal to what is left after cutting a sector of
angle 4426' from a circle of 31.68 feet radius.

38. What is the area contained between the arc of a circular sector and the
tangents at its
extremities, the arc being 18^ inches long and the perimeter of the sector 35 inches?

39. Find the length in inches of the circumference of the circle whose area is the one-mil-
lionth of an acre.

40. What is the area of the

segment of a circle of 8J inches radius which subtends an angle
of i824' at the centre?

41. A railway curveis an arc of a circle of \ mile radius. What is the shortest distance be-
tween two stations whose distance apart along the line is 1000 yards ?

42. Taking the latitude of St. Paul's to be 5i3o', what is its velocity in feet per sec. due to
the earth's rotation ? (Diameter of earth = 7925.6 miles.)

43. Find in square inches the area of the segment of a circle, the arc being the tenth part of
the whole circumference and the radius being 6 feet.

44. Compute in links the radius of the circle whose area is an acre.

45. Find the ara of the segment which contains an angle of 38 12' on a base 8 feet long.

46. If, in a circle of 4 ft. radius, an arc of IO ft. subtends a chord of 7.592 feet, find the value
ofIT to three places of decimals.

47. Two chords are drawn in a circle of 12 inches radius, cutting one another at right angles
and subtending angles of 156 and 125 at the centre respectively ; find the area of the
quadrilateral formed by joining their extremities.

48. Calculate the area and perimeter of the circle inscribed in a square the side of which is

359.5678 feet.

49. Determine the diameter of the earth in geographical miles [60 to a degree of latitude],
each degree subtending i at the centre of the earth.
TT = 3. 14159265... Woolwich,

50. It is proposed to add to a square lawn, measuring 58 feet on a side, two circular ends,
the centre of each circle being the point of intersection of the diagonals of the square.
How much turf will be required for the purpose ? Woolwich.

51. What are the areas and perimeters of the two segments into which a circle of 13 ft. radius
is cut by a chord of 20 ft. ?

52. An isosceles triangle whose vertical angle is 48i2' is inscribed in a circle of 18 ft. radius;
find the area between the triangle and circumference of the circle.

53. The arc of a semicircle is divided into two parts so that the chord of one is 5 times that
of the other ; find the ratio of these parts.

54. A triangle whose sides are 17, 23, and 30 inches respectively has a circle
inscribed in it,
and in this circle a similar triangle is inscribed. Find the angles and area of this
latter triangle.

55. Find the expense of paving a circular court 80 feet in diameter at 35. 4d. a square foot,
of
leaving in the centre a space for a fountain in the shape of a hexagon, each side
which is a ^ard.

56. The chord of an ;.rc of a circle is 18$ inches, and the height of the arc is 6J inches ; find
the length of the arc.
 94 LOGARITHMS.

57. The perimeters of a circle, a square, and an equilateral triangle are each of them I foot.
Find the area of each of these figures to the nearest hundredth of a square inch.

58. The side of an equilateral triangle is 200 ft. Find the radius of the circle circumscribing
the triangle, and the area of the triangle to the nearest square inch.

59. The length of the arc of a sector is 13 feet 7 inches, and the angle of the sector is 56io';
find the area of the sector to the nearest square inch.

60. Two circles, whose diameters are 18.34 feet and 26.12 feet respectively, cut one another
at an angle of 40; find the length of the common chord.

B. MENSURATION OF SOLIDS.
61. The three conterminous edges of a rectangular parallelepiped are 3, 2.52, and 1.523 feet
in length. Find the number of cubic inches of volume. Find also the cubical space
inside a box of the same external dimensions, constructed of material ^th of a foot
thick.

62. Compute the edge and diagonal of the cube whose volume is 100 cubic yards.

63. Find the length of the edge of a cubical block of stone containing 146 cub. yds. 716
cub. ins. , and the number of sq. inches of surface.

64. What is the length of the side, to the nearest tenth of an inch, of a cubical cistern holding,
when full, 2000 cub. ft. of water ?

65. The corners of a cube whose weight is found to be 7.38 Ibs. are ground down evenly and
equally till the weight is reduced to 6.64 Ibs. Find the surface of the solid so formed,
if IOOO cub. ins. of the material weigh 12.5 Ibs.

66. Find the radius .of the sphere whose volume is

750 cub. ft.

67. Compute the radius of the sphere whose volume equals that of a cube of 12 inches radius.

68. How many square miles of the earth's surface lie in the tropics, i.e. between 22^ north
and south of the equator, taking the diameter of the earth to be 7926 miles ?

69. Find the edge of the cubical block of lead which, when melted down, will make a million
shot .125 inches in diameter.

70. Find the amount of material required to make a spherical balloon containing 10,000 cub.
ft. of gas.

71. Find the radius of the sphere (i) whose volume = i cub. whose surface = I ft.
ft., (2) sq.

72. How many cub. ft. of gas will be contained in a

spherical balloon formed out of 180
sq. yds. of silk?

73. What would be the diameter of a spherical balloon made out of 112 yds. of canvas,
4ift- wide?

74- A right triangular prism, whose edges are all equal, and a sphere are of equal volume.
Compare their external surfaces.
75. How many cub. yds. of earth have been removed in
boring a tunnel i mile 170 yards
long, whose section is a semi-circle of
14 ft. radius ?

76. A right prismon a triangular base, each of whose sides is 21

inches, is such that a sphere,
described within it, touches its five faces. Find the volume of the sphere, and of the
space between it and the surface of the prism.
 APPLICATION TO MENSURATION. 95

77. Find the volume of a right triangular prism, the edges of whose base are 38.7, 49.2,
and 40.3 ft. respectively, and whose height is 20 ft.

78. The vertical ends of a horizontal trough are parallel equilateral triangles, with 12 inches
in each side, a side of each trfangle being horizontal. If the distance between the
ends be 6 ft., find (i) the number of cubic feet of water the trough will contain, (2)
the number of gallons it will contain, it being given that a gallon of water weighs
10 Ibs. and a cubic foot of water 62.5 Ibs.

79. Determine the diameter of a cylindrical gas holder to contain IO million cubic feet of gas,
supposing the height to be made equal to the diameter ; and determine in tons the
weight of iron plate, weighing 2\ Ibs. per sq. ft., required in the construction of the
gas holder, supposing it open at the bottom, and closed by a flat top. Woolwich.

80. A hollow pontoon has a cylindrical body 20 ft. long, and hemispherical ends, and is made
of metal th of an inch thick. The outside diameter is 3 ft. 4 in. Find its weight,
having given that a cubic inch of the metal weighs 4. 5 oz. Woolwich.

81. A right cylinder open at the top, with a diameter of 24 inches, weighs 167.5 Ibs. When
filledwith water it weighs 2131 Ibs. Find the height of the cylinder, it being given
that a cubic foot of water weighs 62. 5 Ibs.

82. What is the weight of a cylinder formed of sheet iron \ inch thick, with an outer circum-
ference of IO ft. 7f ins. and a length of 3 ft. 6 ins. ? 240 cub. ins. of iron weigh
IOOO OZ.

83. A well 5 feet in diameter and 30 feet deep is to have a lining of bricks, fitting close
together without mortar, 9 inches thick. Required approximately in Ibs. the weight
of the bricks, supposing a brick 9 x 4^ x 3 ins. to weigh 5 Ibs.

84. A cylindrical pipe 14 feet long contains 396 cubic feet. Find its diameter, and the cost
of gilding its surface at 9f d. per sq. ft.

85. A right circular cylinder is cut by two planes inclined to one another at an angle of
32 18', so that the areas of the two ends are each of them equal to 12 sq. feet, and the
distance between their centres is 7 ft. : find the volume intercepted by the planes.

86. In a rectangular building with a wedge-shaped roof, whose ridge is parallel with the
length of the building, there are cylindrical columns in a plane, at equal distances from
one another and from the side walls of the building, and reaching from the ground to
the roof. There are 6 of these columns, I2^| ft. in circumference : the height of the
building is 80 ft. and of the walls 58 ft., while the width of the building is 122 ft.
Find the total volume, and exposed surface, of the six columns.

87. Determine the number of cubic yards in a bank of earth on a horizontal rectangular base
60 ft. long and 20 ft. broad, the four sides of the bank sloping up to a ridge at an angle
of 40 to the horizon. Woolwich.

88. How many cubic feet of earth must be dug out to form a trench 120 yards long, whose
is a trapezium 7 feet
right section deep, the inclination of the sides to the vertical being
I22o' and the breadth of the trench at the top 18 feet?

89. The Great Pyramid of Egypt was 481 feet high when complete, and its base was a
square whose side was 764 feet long find the volume to the nearest number of cubic
:

yards.

90. Compute the solid content of the pyramid whose height is 6.99, each side of the triangular
base being 4.18.

91. A pyramid on a square base has all its edges equal. If the exterior surface be 1
17.38 sq.
inches, find its volume.
96
LOGARITHMS.

92. Find the total surface and volume of a pyramid on a hexagonal base, each side of which
is 10 inches, the perpendicular height of the pyramid being 18 inches. Also find to
the nearest second the angle of inclination to the base of the triangular faces.

93- A pyramid on a triangular base, whose sides are 12.7, 8.5, and 15.8
inches respectively,
iscut by a plane parallel to the base and at a distance of 6 inches from it. If the
of the two portions into which
height of the pyramid was 14 inches, find the volumes
the pyramid is divided.

94. A right pyramid, upon a square base whose side equals

I foot, has its triangular faces

inclined at 78 1 6' to the base. Find the inclination of the edges to the base, and the
surface and volume of the pyramid.

95. A pyramid upon a regular hexagonal base, and with its triangular surfaces inclined at
angles of 523o' with the base, stands upon an area of 15 Sq. feet.
What is its volume?

96. A conical hole is bored in a sphere, whose vertex is at the centre of the sphere and whose
edge is circular. If the angle made by a straight line drawn from any point on the
edge to the vertex with the plane of the circular edge be 6448', and the circumference
of the sphere be 8 ft., find the volume removed to the nearest cubic inch.

97. What are the diameter and surface of the sphere of equal volume with the pyramid whose
vertex is in one of the faces of a cube, and whose base is the opposite face : each edge
of the cube being 13.7 ins.?

98. Compute the volume of the largest tetrahedron that can be formed out of a wooden sphere
by planing down its surface, the circumference of the sphere being 217.64 inches.

99. Find the edge of the tetrahedron (i) whose volume, (2) whose surface equals that of a
cube whose edge is 21. 178 inches.

100. Compare the edges of the tetrahedron and octahedron that they may contain (i) equal
volumes, (2) equal surfaces.

101. Find the edges and surfaces of the tetrahedron and octahedron that could be obtained
by melting down a leaden spherical ball whose weight is 28. 1 6 Ibs., supposing a cub.
in. to weigh 6.6 oz.

102. What is the volume of the octahedron whose surface is 100 sq. inches ?

103. Find the volume of the cone whose vertical angle is

7825', and diameter of base
8 inches.

104. The inclination of the slant height of a cone to its base is I425', and its height is 4
inches. What is the area of its curved surface?

105. What is the vertical

angle of a right cone that its curved surface may be double that of
the cylinder of the same base and height ?

106. If the vertical angle of a cone be 4327', and the diameter of its base 8J inches, find its
volume and total external surface.

107. Compute to the nearest second the vertical angle of the cone in which the area of the
curved surface is 3 times that of the
plane surface.
108. What is the total surface of the right-angled cone whose volume is 394 cubic inches?
109. Find how many sq. yds. of canvas will be required to make a conical tent standing on
an area of too sq. yds., and having its semi-vertical angle 383o'.

10. Find the volume and the inclination to the vertical of the slant
height of the conical tent
1

that can be made out of 100 sq. yds. of canvas

standing upon 50 sq. yds. of area.
 APPLICATION TO MENSURATION. 97

111. The vertical angle of a right cone is I2436', and its height is \1\ inches. Find its
curved surface and volume.

112. The curved surface of a cone is 24 sq. ft., and its base is 1 8 sq. ft. Find the volume of
the cone to the nearest cubic inch.

113. Find the height of the cone whose volume shall be 1000 cubic inches, if it stand upon a
circular base whose radius is 10 inches.

1 14. Find the radius of the hemispherical bowl, which contains as much as a conical vessel
whose vertical angle is 4248' and diameter of rim 8 inches.

115. The greatest cone that can be inserted in any given sphere has its vertical angle 60.
Find the volume of the greatest cone for the sphere whose surface is 2148 sq. inches.

1 16. Find the volume of the largest cone that can be cut out of a sphere of 12 inches radius,
the vertical angle of the cone being 72i8'.

117. Find the volume and surface of the solid generated by the revolution of an equilateral
triangle about one of its sides, each side being 7.9 inches.

1 1 8. An isosceles triangle whose vertical angle is I564O', and whose equal sides are 15 inches
long, revolves about its base. What are the volume and surface of the solid generated?

119. A regular hexagon, whose side is a foot, revolves about the straight line joining two
opposite angular points. Find the volume of the solid generated in cubic inches.

1 20. A solid is made up of a right circular cylinder surmounted by a cone, on an equal base
and of the same altitude. If the area of the common base be 10 square feet, and the
vertical angle of the cone 683o', find the volume of the solid to the nearest cubic inch.

121. If S be the surface of a regular tetrahedron and / be the length of an edge, prove the
formula log S = 2 log /+. 23856. Militia.

122. If Fis the volume of a sphere and A the area of its surface, prove that
3 log A = 2 log 6 + log TT + 2 log V.
Calculate the value of A, if V= 796.325 cub. in. Militia.
 MISCELLANEOUS EXAMPLES.
[Tables to be used.]

A.

Woolwich (1-5).

1. Find the value of (052.4574x3.78472,

1 ' 246
^ 87.327 x 784. 55 x. 020868
.61659x58.844
(iii) (S-7432) .

2. Find (i) a 4th proportional to 1.3046, .01042, and 2.375,

(ii) a mean proportional between 33.549 and 44.642.

3. How many terms of the series .04, .08, .16, .32, ..., will amount to 41943 ?

4. What is the amount of^iooo in 100 years at 5 per cent, per annum compound interest?

5.
number of persons born in any year equals ^Vth of the whole population at the
If the
beginning of the year, and the number who die equals ^th of it, find in how many
years the population will be doubled.

Staff College (6-10).

6. Find to three places of decimals the mean proportional between .0374 and 32310.

7. Find the cube root of .043758.

8. Compute to 5 places of decimals the value of /s/z

3
+ $x, where x = .84729.
i
9. Employ logarithms to divide 39.8765 by N/. 0000843, and to compute -3 when a = .03857,
the result in each case being given to the first place of decimals.

10. Calculate to the nearest

penny the amount of ^126. 8s. 6d. placed at 6 per cent, per
annum, compound interest, for 20 years, convertible half-yearly.

ii. Find the common logarithms of the following numbers :

(i) 217.6328,
(v) .5161205,
(ix) 8400.827,
(xiii) .002195976,
(xvii) 1779.023,
 MISCELLANEOUS EXAMPLES. 99

12. Find the numbers whose common logarithms are

(i) 3.2147067, (ii) 1.8501042, (iii) .9143314, (iv) 4.2580703,
(v) 2.7116210, (vi) 2.8517532, (vii) 3.2400276, (viii) 2.0003145,
(ix) 1.1071238, (x) 4.4236500, (xi) 1.3021811, (xii) .5117097,
(xiii) 6.2361566, (xiv) 3.9987280, (xv) 2.1685205, (xvi) 2.0073841,
(xvii) -2.4625383, (xviii) -4.1047934, (xix) -.5682002, (xx) -1.8394216.

13. Compute the following roots to 6 significant figures :

(i) the 7th and I5th roots of .1, (ii) the 5th root of 1000,

the cube root of .0000083825, 10

(iii) (iv) the 7th root of (.ooi8423) .

(v) the 5th root of 1/2, (vi) the nth root of.
16

14. Find approximately the following proportionals :

the mean proportional to (i) 35.76 and .004235,

(ii) .003 and 3000000 ;
the 3rd proportional to (iii) 31. 13 and .02437,
(iv) .082 and 7.4131 ;

the 4th proportional to (v) .0081724, 3.17245, and .0001,

(vi) .0076842, 32000, and .5.

1 5. Find the values of

(i) lo glo (207. 8967)2, (ii) 1.

71 x .000007

( 93-2 \* ,,-,,x J/wr .(3.7184)*

16. Compute the values of

5 4
(i) (20.009) , (ii) (151.102)3, (iii) (7.300I)- ,

8
(iv) (ii. 9116)-*, (v) (.oi86) , (vi) (.1124)',
2
(vii) (.2692)'*, (viii) (.07I7)' , (ix) (-11.04)',
-3 4
4
(x) (-5-90 , (xi) (- 2.089) , (xii) ( 2O.2I)' ,

(xiii) (63*7)***, (xiv) (4.898)**.

r, r,

ifT
(xvi) (1.418)^, (xvii) (.00821) (xviii) (.072)
6-4
(XX) (.00202) ** (xxi)

(xxiii) (xxiv
IOO LOGARITHMS.

9. 864 x. 01 234 00078x3256800!

(xxv)
.005678 x .0000876529*
(xxvi>
IJ
v'//I -06851178 /'

57.000024
' AAV 111 30.2846^.0007
(xxviiH
I I
- --
.0000842065

( XXX ) 3.88#:o3 t (xxxi)

.

.000246397 .052V/.028'
49 x
(xxxiii)
(2.)^
x.
(xxxvi)
^300
(xxxviii)
^13119.7

(xl) {27384 + Vi762.

17. Find the value of

2
(i) * -.ar-56, when ^ = 310.427 ; (ii) 2.r2 - 5*+ 2, when x = 10.075 '>

(1^)3^+14^-5, when^r= 72. 82^ ; (iv) *4 -i3*2 + 36, whenA-= 7.39134;

2
(v) x?-x + 2JC -2, when JT= 21.513;
2
(vi) (x+ l) (^r i), whenj;= 1.00008;
i

(vii)
3
(jr-2) (.*r+3)
2
,
whenjr= 5.3212; ,
when x= .418574 :

$x - 12) , when JT= 7.2538;

(ix) (2X
- 3 3
(x) -*
3 2
(jr -3* + 2), when ^ = 23.1525 ;

s
(\i)x -lox
e when.* =
, 1.7744; ( x ") ',
when = 2.00765
^r ;

(xiii) \/x*
- $x*+ 4, when x = when ^ = 35.4848
5768268 ; .
(xiv) ;

(xv) ^3189.718^, when.r= 4.10072; (xvi) x= .3625;

(xvii) whenj;= .021846;
(xviii) when x= 11.6038;

(xix) x= 2.17484;
(2068.974)!
(xx) 3^-7^ + 4^-5^-2^-6^- 12, when JT = 4. 107634.

18. Solve the following equations :

(i) 2.03*= 10.2, (ii) 181.2' = . 02, (iii) 317.68* = 74100,

.171* = 051, 2x+l = \/2,
z = 22i,
(iv) .
(v) .ooi (vi) 3* .

2
2 *.7 8 *= 1 882384, 2x - 1 = 13.0156,
(vii) (viii) (\/.ooc>7i2)
i
I
(ix) \/. 0000286788 = .123456, (x) (.oo76i) = .i,

2
(xi) (si.S)"-^ ^(.oo76) '. (xii)

(xiii) xvz- 317.24

.24! (xiv) ^ + ^+^ = (xv) (z + x)(x+y) =
.246879"!
xyz*= 8276 .5 \ y +yz + z =.453284 >-
(x + y)( y z)
=
x*y*z*= 12347 J x + xz + z=. 867091; (y + z)(z+x) =

19. Find the number which, multiplied by 604327, will give 2465816904306.

20. Extract the cube root of 949862087000.

 MISCELLANEOUS EXAMPLES. IO r

21. How many digits are there in 2

100
and 3" ?

22. Find the number of digits in the integral portion of (4506. 23) 50 , and the position of the
25
first significant figure in the decimal value of (irrVs) '

23. What power of 2 is equal to 131072 ?

24. Compute the mean proportional between the side and diagonal of a square whose area is
an acre.

25. Find log4i when e- 2.71828.

n
26. things can be distributed among .* persons in x ways. If there be half a dozen boys,
how many things must be distributed that they may be given in at least a million dif-
ferent ways ? What is the actual number of ways in this case ?

27. Find the Amount at Compound Interest of jioo for

Per cent ' Per cent "

Years. Years.
per ann. ^ per ann.
(i) 20 at 4^ (convertible annually), (ii) 15 at 5 (convertible annually),
(i) 5 3i . ("0 36 6
(v) 27 4 (vi) 18 3
(vii) 70 ,, 5 (viii) 17 8
(ix) 100 ,, 4i ,, (x) 10 ,, 4 .,

(xi) 23 10 (xii) 13 3^
(xiii) 28 3 ,, (xiv) 39 5
(xv) 69 ,, 7 (xvi) 81 4i ,,

(xvii) 56 4^ (convertible half-yearly), (xviii) 47^ 6 (convertible half-yearly),

(xix) 42 ,, 5 ,, (xx) 30 4 ,,

28. What sum will amount to ^1000 at Compound Interest in

'
Per cent ' Per cent '
Yearr. Years.
per ann. per ann.
(i) 17 at 4 (convertible annually), (ii) 12 at 3^ (convertible annually),
(in) 50 ,, 5 (>v) I0 i 4* 11

(v) loo 5 (vi) 6 3 ,,

(vii) 20 ,, 6 (viii) 15 ,, 4 ,,

(ix) 8 ,, 4i ,, (x) 21 4 ,,

(xi) 87 7 (xii) 72 3
(xiii) 35 . 3i ( xiv ) 26 9
(xv) 61 5 13
(xvi) ,, 8 ,,

(xvii) 10 ,, 4^ (convertible half-yearly), (xviii) 12 ,, 6 (convertible half-yearly),

(xix) 71,, 5 (xx) 21 4

29. At what rate per cent, per ann. will the following sums amount to^iooo, viz.,
Years. Years.

(i) 530 in 7 (convertible annually), (ii) i oo in 10 (convertible annually),

(iii)^425,, 21 (iv)7i5i4
(v)^2oo,, 32 (vi)^35o,, 13
(vii) 632 ,, 5^ (convertible half-yearly), (viii)418 12 (convertible half-yearly),
(ix)^820,, 8^ (x)/5oo,, 14*
102 LOGARITHMS.

30. In what time will the following sums amount to .1000, viz.,

Per cent. P r c ent -

per ann. P er ann -

^45 at 4 (convertible annually),

(0 325 at 5J (convertible annually), (ii)

(iii) 512,, 8 (iv)^ioo,, 6,\ ,,

<v)j748,, 3* .. (vi)j27o,, 10
(vii) ,815,, 3} (convertible half-yearly), (viii) 630 z\ (convertible half-yearly),

(ix)j200,, 7 (X)y*> 10

31. Find the time in which a sum of money will double itself at a, 4, 5, 8, and 10 per cent.

per ann., compound interest, respectively.

What sum of money will amount at compound interest to ^1000 in 6 years, and .1250
32.
in 8 years, and what rate of interest will be reckoned ?

At what rate per cent. interest, will a sum of money quadruple itself once in a
33. , compound
century ?

34. Find the accumulated values of forborne annuities of .100 in the following cases, pay-
able annually :

(i) for 12 years at 4^ per cent, per ann., (ii) for 21 years at 5 per cent, per ann.,

(iii) ,, 50 ,, 4 (iv) ioo ,, 5

(v) 17 4* , ( vi ) 35 3*
(vii) 18 ,, 6 ,, (viii) ,, 49 ,, 3
(ix) 73 4 ,, (x) 29 3
(xi) ,, 27 8 ,, (xii) ,, 54 ,, 3* ,, ,,

35. Find the present value of an annuity of^ioo

(i) for 10 years at 3 per cent, per ann., (ii) for 17 years at 3^ per cent, per ann.,
(Hi) 35
'

4 (iv) ioo 5
(v) 72 ,, 4^ (vi) ,, 26 ,, 3i
(vii) ,, 89 ,, 3 (viii) ,, 44 4i ,,

(ix) ,, 51 ,, 4 ,, ,, (x) ,, 60 5
(xi) 85 3 (xii) 96 3*

36. Find the annuity purchaseable with ^1000

(i) for ioo years at 3^ per cent, per ann., (ii) for 21 years at 5 per cent, per ann.,

(iii) ,, 15 4^ (iv) 25 4
(v) 80 ,, 3 ,, (vi) 37 4^
(vii) 64 4 (viii) 99 3^ ,,

(ix) 50 3 (x) 18 5
(xi) ,, 8l 5 ,, (xii) 76 3 ,, .,

37. What the difference in value between a freehold and a 99 years' lease of a property
is
worth 100 per annum, taking the interest of money at 5 per cent, per annum?

38. If a debt of 1000 is to be paid off in 10 years by equal annual instalments, 5 per cent.
being charged each year on the outstanding debt, find the amount of each instalment
to the nearest penny.

39. An annuity of ^100 has remained unpaid for the last 21 years. What perpetuity is

equivalent to the accumulated value, allowing 5 per cent, interest in each case?

40. For how many years has a certain annuity been unpaid if the accumulations at 5 per
cent, be 21.58 times the value of the annuity.
 MISCELLANEOUS EXAMPLES. 103

B.

1. Find (a) the Tabular Logarithmic Sines of

(i) II436'54.6", (ii) 35i8'28.3", (iii) 2749'32.o",

(iv) i842'24.o", (v) i633o'49.7", (vi) 8257'i4- 2";

(/3)
the Tabular Logarithmic Cosines of
(i) 5ii9'20.8", (ii) 4738'36. 4", (iii) 27227' 4 8.5",
(iv) 3443'27.o", (v) 356i6'56.7", (vi) I729'io.2";

(7) the Tabular Logarithmic Tangents of

(i) 3326'2 4 .o", (ii) 2i635'52.6", (iii) I747'38.7",
(iv) 2342o'49.i", (v) 78i8'30.o", (vi) 87 o'43-3";

(8) the Tabular Logarithmic Cotangents of

(i) 53io'4O.6", (ii) io58'25.5", (iii) 4723'46.o",
'

(iv) 25433'5i-3", (v) 36i7'24.o", (vi) 22O44'39.8".

2. Find the angles (a) whose Tabular Logarithmic Sines are

(i) 9.6872304, (ii) 8.8645120, (iii) 9.7928147,
(iv) 9.8847125, (v) 9.9381029, (vi) 9.8545278 ;

(|3) whose Tabular Logarithmic Cosines are

(i) 9.9692136, (ii) 9.3152164, (iii) 9-893379O,
(iv) 9.5242812, (v) 9.7098000, (vi) 9.9405135 ;

(y) whose Tabular Logarithmic Tangents are

(i) 9.4361278, (ii) 10.2271613, (iii) 10.1151415,
(iv) 9-9972367, (v) 10.0178034, (vi) 8.8794162 ;

(8) whose Tabular Logarithmic Cotangents are

(i) 10.5863078, (ii) 9.8119826, (iii) 10.2207100,
(iv) 9.5823515, (v) 8.9798217, (vi) 10.9408238.

3. Find the values of (i) when A= i6i8'4o";

.0342
(") A= 37i5'22";
Staff College.
(iii) .0054329 A = 127*15';
cos A
(iv) v'3. 826 + .3942 cos 2//, ,, A=
A
2
(v) vi 2.118 tan ,
J
4
(vi) V.036tan 2 ,

(vii) .00284* sin zA = i

'

, ^ = i522i'2o";
3
,, A= 3225'20';
/4 = i27i5'and Z? = 4520';

(xi) 30.6 A= 78I2';

ie>4
LOGARITHMS.

(xii) .

....
,

(xm) - ~T2-7
^3(1 -cotM)
sin A cos I0
'

(xiv)
cos 7
^,
A - cos 3-<4

s
+ cos3^cos3^, when /* = I33I7'-
(xvi) sin3/fsin ,4

4. Find the value of sin A + sin B + sin C, when A, B, C are the angles of the triangle
described in Euc. IV, 10.

5. If L tan A - 10. 5240134, find L sin A and L cos A.

2 2
by introducing subsidiary angles, the value of Va +
6. Calculate, when
(i)
= 131.573,
(ii) a= 16.0408,
(iii) a= .717242,

7. Solve the equations (i)

(v) 2sin 2 + 3cos2 = 2, (vi) ^3 sin 6 + cos = ,

(vii) I2sin jr + 5 cos JT= 13, (viii)

 MISCELLANEOUS EXAMPLES. 105

Staff College (1 7 -44) .

17. The sides of a triangle being 87, 93, and 100 ft. in length, compute to the nearest inch
the length ot the perpendicular drawn to the longest side from the opposite angle.

1 8. On the same base, 20 yds. in length, and on opposite sides of it, are an equilateral triangle
and an isosceles triangle with the vertical angle 30. Compute to the nearest foot the
length of the straight line joining the vertices of these triangles.

19. The radii of two intersecting circles being I and 2 feet, and their centres
being 2 feet
apart, find to the nearest inch the length of the straight line joining the points of
intersection.

20. Each side of a parallelogram is 8 feet long, and its area is 46 sq. feet. Compute to the
nearest minute the angles of the parallelogram.

21. Compute to the nearest second the angles of the two triangles which have two sides 17
and 12 feet long, and an angle 43i2'l2" opposite to the shorter of these sides.

22. Compute the remaining angles of a triangle wherein one angle is IO544'49", the side
opposite to it 427 feet, and a side adjacent 250 feet.

23. P and Q are two points. An observer at A, where AP is perpendicular to PQ, measures
the anglePAQ = y). He moves 100 yds. parallel to PQ to B and measures the
angle ABP- 53. Compute the distance between P and Q to the nearest foot.
24. The summit of a wall 20 ft. high has, to an observer in the horizontal plane through its
base, the angular elevation i836'. What is the distance of the point of observation
from the tower ?
If the observer is liable to an error of 30' of excess or defect in the measured elevation,
within what limits can he be sure that his computed distance is correct ?

25. The angular elevation of an object above the horizon is taken at different points in a
straight horizontal road. Its greatest elevation is 29I7' and its elevation at a
point in
the road 200 yds. away from the former point of observation is i852'. Find the height
of the object above the horizontal plane to the nearest foot.

26. The sides of a triangle being 580 and 483 feet long, and the angle opposite to the latter
being 48 17 '23", find to the nearest second the two values of the angle opposite to the
former side.

27. Compute to the nearest square foot the area of a triangle wherein sides 134 and 137 feet
long include an angle Ii8i7'.
28. The lengths of the sides of a triangle being 34 ft., 46 ft., and 65 ft., compute to the
nearest second the largest angle of the triangle.

29. A and B
are points in the same horizontal line 1000 yds. apart, a visible point. At P A
the angle is observed FAff = 27i$', and at B
the angle is observed PBA=2ty)'.
Find to the nearest foot the perpendicular distance of from the line AB. P
30. In a regular pentagon, whose sides are each 10 ft. long, compute to the nearest inch the
length of a straight line drawn from an angular point to one of the more distant
angular points.

31. A diagonal of a rectangle is ico ft. long, and the angle which it makes with one of the
sides of the rectangle is 34i8'22". Find to the nearest sq. ft. the area of the rectangle.

32. Two angles of a triangle being 22i8'i7" and 47i6'i8", and the shortest side being 222
ft. long, what is the length of the longest side ?
 I0 6 LOGARITHMS.

33. Sides of a triangle, 46 and 112 ft. long, include the angle I4329'. Compute to the
nearest second the smallest angle of the triangle.

34. ABC being a triangle wherein the angle A

is a right angle, a straight line is drawn AD
bisecting the right angle and meeting the opposite side in D. BC
Find the length of
AD to the nearest foot when is 34 ft. and AB is 56 ft. in length. AC
35. The shortest side of a right-angled triangle is 284 ft., and its smallest angle is i837'29".
Find to the nearest foot the length of the hypotenuse.

36. In a plane triangle sides 320 and 562 feet in length include an angle I284'. Find the
other angles, each to the nearest minute.

37. Compute to the nearest foot the radius of a circle inscribed in a triangle whose sides are
32, 56, and 80 feet in length.

38. A and B are two points in a horizontal plane. At A the elevation of a point C above the
plane I9I7' and at B
is i65', A and B being in the same vertical plane with C
it is
and on the same side of C. The height of C above the horizontal plane is 100 feet.
Find to the nearest foot the distance AB.

39. AB is a vertical object, 50 ft. high, standing on ground of uniform slope. Measure BC,
200 ft., from the foot of the object up the slope, and let the elevation of above the A
horizontal plane be observed at C to be I2I5'. Find the inclination of the ground to
the horizon to the nearest minute.

40. Compute to the nearest second the acute angle A when tan A - 3 sin 38.
41. A side of a right-angled triangle being 214 yds. long, and the angle opposite to it 34i'2i",
find the length of the other side of the triangle to the nearest foot.

42. Compute to the nearest yard the length of the base of an isosceles triangle wherein the
equal sides are each 190 yards in length, and each angle at the base is 31! 5'.

43. In the triangle ABC the side AC is BC 237 yards,

341 yards, is and the angle CAB is

i8i7'i5". Find the length of the side AB to the nearest foot.

44. The lengths of the sides of a triangle being 37, 45, and 52 chains, find its area in acres,
roods and perches to the nearest perch.

IVoolwich (45-59).

45. Prove that, to turn circular measure into seconds, we must multiply by 206265 5 an d, to
turn seconds into circular measure, we must multiply by .0000x34848, approximately.
[ir
= 3. 141 59265...]

46. The value of the divisions on the outer rim of a graduated circle is 5', and the distance
between two successive divisions is I of an inch ; find the radius of the circle.
.

A church spire whose height is known to be 45 feet subtends an angle of 9' at the eye ;
find its distance approximately.

47- a = 3795 vds - ^ = 73 I

5' I 5" and C' = 42c i8'3o", find the other sides of the triangle.

- = 63, and A - 42i5'3o",

48. b 130, c find the other angles and the third side of the triangle.

49. Given, in feet, a - 10, b = 24, c = 26, determine the angles and the area of the triangle in
square feet.

50. Given a = 5 inches, b = 7 inches, 4 = 31!$', find the area of the larger triangle with
these data.
 MISCELLANEOUS EXAMPLES. IO ;

3
51. The base of a triangle being 7 feet, and the base angles I2923' and 38 36', find the
length of the shortest side.

52. Two sides of a triangle are 2.7402 ft. and .7401 ft. respectively, and contain an angle
5927'5". Find the base and altitude of the triangle.

53. Given the difference between the angles at the base of a triangle I748' and the sides sub-
tending these angles 105.25 ft. and 76.75 ft.; find the angle included by the given sides.

54. In a circle which has a radius of 10 feet two chords AB, are drawn at right angles to CD
each other, and intersecting in 0. AO
and CO are three and four feet respectively ;
find the sides and angles of the quadrilateral ACBD
formed by joining the extremities
of the chords.

55. From a boat the angles of elevation of the highest and lowest points of a flagstaff, 30 ft.
high, on the edge of a cliff are observed to be 46i2' and 44i3'; determine the height
of the cliff and its distance.

56. The angular altitude of a lighthouse seen from a point on the shore is I23i'46", and
from a point 500 ft. nearer to it is
2633'55". Required its height above the shore.

57. An observer in a balloon, when it is one mile high, observes the angle of depression of a
conspicuous object on the horizontal ground to be 352o', then after ascending verti-
cally and uniformly for 20 mins. he observes the angle of depression of the same object
to be 554o'; find the rate of ascent of the balloon in miles per hour.

58. A tower which stands on a horizontal plane is 200 ft. high, and there is a small loophole
in the tower at a certain height above the ground ; an observer is at a horizontal dis-
tance from the tower of 300 ft., but stands on a mound so that his eye is 12 ft. above
the ground on which the tower stands, and in that position the angles subtended at his
eye by the portions of the tower above and below the loophole are equal ; find the
height of the loophole from the ground.

59. An observer finds that from the doorstep of his house the angular elevation of the top of
a church spire is 50, and that from the roof above the doorstep it is 40. The height
of the roof above the doorstep being h, prove that the height of the top of the spire
above the doorstep is equal to Acoseca. cos 40. sin 50, and that the horizontal dis-
tance of the top of the spire from the house is equal to h cosec a cos 40 cos 50. . .

If h is 39 ft. and if a is equal to 7I7'39", calculate the height and the distance.

60. Solve completely the following right-angled triangles, C being the right angle :

(1)0=127.38, = 250; ^ !(ii) a= 10.7, ^=27.63;

(iii) b= 8. 116, -4 = 34i8'24"; (iv) = 1000, A = 7235';
(v) c= 33-57, -# =
61. Given in a plane triangle A = 74i4'3o", B- 5i42'2o", c = 786.02, calculate the side a.

62. Given in a triangle = 472.6, = 309.4, C=65I4', find the area and the radius of the
inscribed circle.

63. In a triangle ABC, AC= 166.5 ft ->

BC=l(>2.$ ft., the angle /4 = 52I9'. Solve the

-
triangle.

rr C '

2 v ab sin i

64. If tan = ?-, find 6 ; given = 7, =3, C=H535'.

a o
s
65. Given that in any triangle sin A + sin B + sin C = ,
calculate the sum of the sines of the
abc
angles of the triangle whose sides are 31.7, 23.5, and 19.4 ft. respectively.
I0 8 LOGARITHMS.

c co
66. It is known that in any triangle
- ,; ;
a+6 cos^(^-^)l TT , ,

i/
Use tnese formulae to solve
A j. tt\ i
-Mf!lZ
completely the triangle that can
a - b sin %(A - )) be inscribed in a circle of 10 ins.
radius on a base 12 ins. long so that (i) the perimeter may be 30 ins.,
(ii) the difference of the two sides may be 4 ins.

67. Find the least angle of the triangle whose three sides are 200, 250, and 300 ft.
respectively.

68. The base of an isosceles triangle is 100 ft. and the vertical angle is 125; solve the triangle.

69. The sides of a triangle are 525 ft., 650 ft., and 777 ft.
respectively. Determine its three
angles.

70. Given two sides of a triangle, 102 ft. and 70 ft.

long respectively, which contain an angle
9922', calculate the length of the base.

71. A tower 150 ft. high throws a shadow 35 ft.

long on a horizontal plane. Find the sun's
altitude to the nearest minute.

72. If the sides of a triangle are 51, 52, 53, find the area and the sine of the smallest angle.

73. Find to the nearest square foot the area of the rectilineal field ABCD, whose side AB is
measured and found to be 250 yds., the following angles being observed : DAB 90,
CAB = 402o', DBA
- 35! 5', and CBA - 72.

74. If the longer diagonal of a parallelogram be 72 feet, one of its sides 58 feet, and the angle
between the other side and the longer diagonal 42 12', find its greatest area.

75. The sides of a triangle are 15, 20, and 25 inches respectively. Find its area and
smallest angle.

76. ABC is a triangle having the perpendiculars from A and on opposite sides equal to 18B
and 20 inches respectively. If AB
= 30 inches, find the other sides and angles of the
triangle.

77. The diagonals of a parallelogram are 186 and 78 yards, and include an angle of 34io'25".
Find the area and perimeter of the parallelogram.

78. Given that one side of a triangle is double a second and that the two include an angle of
I2724', find the other angles.

79. If the sides of a triangle be 7.152, 8.263, and 9.375 ft. respectively; find in inches the
area of the triangle and the radius of its inscribed circle.

80. One of the sides of a rectangle is 1500 ft. long and subtends an angle of 35I7'48" at
either of the opposite angles ; find the length of the diagonal and the area of the
rectangle.

81. A triangular plot has one side 106 ft. long, the adjacent angles being !O5i6' and 3724'.
Find the other sides.

82. Two sides of a triangle are 9 and 7 and the included angle is 3856'32"; find the base
and remaining angles.

83. The vertical angle of a triangle is 120 and the difference of the sides is |ths of the base ;
find the other angles.

84. The sides of a quadrilateral are 135, 180, 150, and 125 yds., and the angle contained by
the first two is a right angle. Determine the area of the figure to the nearest sq. ft.
 MISCELLANEOUS EXAMPLES. IOQ
',

85. The diagonals of a rhombus are 1 20 ft. and 195 ft.

respectively. Find its angles.

86. If the altitude of an isosceles triangle be 3 times the base, find its angles.

87. One side of a triangular lawn is 172 feet long, its inclinations to the other sides being
7O3o' and 78 1 8'. Determine the other sides and area.

88. Two parallel chords of a circle whose radius is 50 yds., lying on the same side of the
centre, subtend respectively 72 and 125 at the centre. Find to the nearest inch the
distance between them.

89. Find the area to the nearest square foot of the largest triangle which has two sides equal
to 175 and 160 feet respectively, and the angle opposite to the latter equal to 60.

90. Find the angles of the rhombus equal in area to one-third of a square described on an
equal base.

91. Find the other angles of the triangle, two of whose sides, containing an angle of
I23I2'24", are in the ratio of 13 to 17.

92. A triangular field has its sides 50, 60, and 70 yds. long respectively ; find its area to the
nearest square foot.

93. Find the greatest angle of the triangle in which the perpendiculars drawn to the sides
from opposite angular points are 3, 4, and 5 feet respectively.

94. The sides of a triangle are 31, 24, and II feet long respectively ; find the greatest angle
and smallest altitude.

95. Find the angles of the right-angled triangle in which the straight line bisecting the right

angle passes through a point of trisection of the hypotenuse.

96. The sides of a triangle are 112, 86, and 72 feet in length respectively. Find the greatest
altitude of the triangle.

97. Two straight lines 200 and 300 ft. long include an angle of 5O26'; find the length of the

straight line joining their extremities.

98. At a point in the side of a rectangular field, 20 yds. from the corner, the opposite side
and the nearer of the two adjacent sides subtend angles of 353o' and 742o' respec-
tively. Calculate the area of the field to the nearest square foot.

99. Find the angles of the isosceles triangle whose equal sides are 15 ft.
long and whose
area is 50 square feet.

100. A rectangle is 3 times as long as it is broad ; compute the angles between its diagonals
to the nearest second.

101. A triangle has its base 175 feet long, and the adjacent angles 52i8' and 4O2i'. Find
its area and shortest side.

102. The adjacent sides of a parallelogram are 75 and 115 ft.,and the perpendicular from
the point at which they meet to the diagonal is 45 ft. Calculate to the nearest second
the angles of the parallelogram, and find its area.

103. A triangle has sides 98 and 172 feet long, and the angle opposite to the former is 2OI2';
find the third side.
 IIO LOGARITHMS.

104. Find the lengths of the trisecting lines of the angle of an equilateral triangle whose side
is 155 feet long, and the areas of the three triangles into which the whole triangle is
divided.

105. Calculate to the nearest second the smallest angle of the triangle whose sides are 20.3,
13.5, and 25.7 feet.

106. The sides of a triangle are 586 ft., 1212 ft., and 1600 ft.; find its area.

107. Compare the areas of a regular pentagon and hexagon described on equal bases.
108. A side of a triangle 118 feet long has an adjacent angle 329', and the opposite angle
546'; find the longest side of the triangle.

109. Two sides of a triangle, 3071 and 2846 feet respectively, contain an angle of 52 17'.
Find its other angles and area.

no. Find the angles of the right-angled triangle, the sum and difference of whose sides are
in the ratio 2:1.

111. The radius of a railway curve is 4 furlongs 2 chains, while the angle between the tan-
gents at the two ends is I382o'. Calculate the lengths of the tangents, and the
distance of the middle point of the curve from the intersection of the tangents in feet.

112. The angular altitude of a lighthouse seen from a point on the shore is I23i'46", and
from a point 500 ft. nearer to it is 2633'55".
Required its height above the shore.

113. AB is a vertical object on the horizontal plane CBD, and at the points C, on oppo- D
site sides of the object the elevations of A are observed, .<4C7?=l2 l8'and ADB=-i<\^.
The distance CDis 400 yards : find the height of the object.

114. AB is a measured base 500 yards long, C is a visible object whose angular elevation
above the horizontal plane at A is I2i6'. The angles are observed, C^.# = 35i8'
and CBA =?u8i2'. Find the height of C above the horizontal plane at A to the
nearest foot.

115. The angles subtended by a chimney shaft 150 ft. high, standing at one corner of a tri-
angular yard, at the opposite corners are 252o' and 38is' respectively, while the
distance between these corners is 100 yards ; find the area of the yard.

116. From the top of a tower, whose height is 100 ft., the angles of depression of two small
objects on the plain below, and in the same vertical plane with the tower, are observed
and found to be 4325' and I2i2' respectively. Find the distance between them.

117. If atower stands at the foot of a hill whose inclination to the horizon is io5o', and if
from a point 100 ft. up the hill the tower subtends an angle of 55, find its height.

1 1 8. From the top of a hill I observe two cottages lying before me in the same direction,
their angles of depression
being 232o' and i8io' respectively. They are known to
be \ mile apart, find the height of the hill.

119. Knowing that telegraph poles are placed at intervals of 20 yds. along the bank of a river,
from a point on the opposite bank I observe that two of them, next but one to one an-
other, lie in directions making angles 75i5' and ^22$' with the bank, one being to
the right and the other to the left of the point of observation. Find the breadth of
the river.

120. From a ship sailing north two lighthouses are observed to lie due east. After an hour's
time they are S.E. and S.S.E. respectively. The distance between the lighthouses
being known to be 8 miles, find the speed of the ship.
 MISCELLANEOUS EXAMPLES. x j j

121. A river is 300 yards broad and runs at the foot of a vertical cliff which subtends at the
edge of the opposite bank an angle of 25io'. Find the height of the cliff.

122. At a point in a straight road I notice that two distant church spires are in a line making
an angle of 7545' with the road. A mile further on, the line joining them subtends an
angle of I23o' while the more distant spire lies in a direction at right angles to the
road ; find the distance apart.

123. At noon a column in the direction E.S.E. from an observer cast a shadow, the extrem-
which lay in the direction N.E. from him. The elevation of the column was
ity of
found to be 45 and the length of the shadow 80 feet ; determine the height of the
column, and the altitude of the sun.

124. Wanting to know

the breadth of a river I measure along the bank a base 250 feet AB
long. At A the bearings of B and of a tree situated on the opposite bank are I244'
and 6o33' E. of N. respectively ; and at B
the tree bears 28' W. of N. Compute the
breadth of the river to the nearest foot.

125. What is the distance from one another of the summits of two mountains, 3 miles and 2
miles high respectively, just visible the one from the other, taking the earth to be a
sphere whose radius is 3957 miles ?

126. The height of the Peak of Tenerifie being 12170 ft., calculate the dip of the horizon to
the nearest minute (neglecting refraction), and the distance of the visible horizon in
miles.

127. Taking the earth to be a sphere of 7912 miles diameter, what will be the dip of the sea
horizon to the nearest minute as seen from a mountain 3 miles high, making no allow-
ance for terrestrial refraction.

1 28. From two points in the same straight line with the base of a tower, and in the same
horizontal plane, the angles of elevation are observed to be 58I2' and 3i46'; find the
height of the tower, the distance between the points of observation being 185 feet.

129. Two straight railroads are inclined to one another at an angle of 2Oi6'. At the same
instant from their point of junction two engines start, one along each line. If one
travel at the rate of 20 miles an hour, at what rate must the other travel so that after
3 hours the engines may be at a distance from each other of 30 miles ?

130. A, B, C are three points in a straight line on a level piece of ground. vertical pole A
iserected at C ; the angle of elevation of its top as observed from A is S3o', and as
observed from io45'. B
The distance from to A
being 100 yds., find the distance
BC and the height of the pole.

131. In order to ascertain the distance of an inaccessible object C, a person measures a length
AB = 200 yds. in a convenient direction ; at A he observes the angle - 60, and PAB
B
at the angle PBA - IO92O'; find approximately the distance BP. What is the ex-
tent of the error to which the result is liable, supposing there may be an error of i' in
each angular measurement ?

132. ABC is a triangle on a horizontal plane on which stands a column CD, whose elevation
at A is
5O3'2 AB is 100.62
. and BC, A C make with
ft., AB
respectively angles of
435' I 7" an d 959'5"- Find tne height of CD.

133. The angular elevation of a steeple at a place due south of it is 45, and at another place
650 ft. west of the former station it is I4i7'- Find the height of the steeple.

134. Two cross roads meet a canal at angles of 373o' and 552o' respectively, and at points
distant 3000 yards from one another. What would be the length of a road cut direct
to the canal from their junction, and lying between the cross roads?
! , 2 LOGARITHMS.

135. B starts to walk in a north-east direction from a station 400 yds. to the north of A
at
the rate of 90 yds. a minute ; how far and in what direction must A walk, starting
simultaneously with B, in order to overtake him, walking at the rate of 120 yards a
minute?

136. A man places a ladder against a house so that it just reaches to the top. He observes
makes an angle of "j(?2$'y)" with the ground in this position, and that
that the ladder
on removing the foot of the ladder a distance of 10 ft., while the ladder itself rests

against the wall in the same vertical plane as before, the angle is diminished by
nio'2o". Find the height of the house.

137. From each of three points in the same horizontal plane, distant 65, 83, and 106 ft.
apart,
the elevation of a tower is observed to be 45. Find its .height.

138. A hill, the sine of whose inclination is 3-, faces south; find the inclination of a road
which travels up the hill in a north-easterly direction.
 ANSWERS.
EXAMPLES. I.

1. (i) x = \og2 y, (ii) 2= 3logp^or

(
3 = 2log2 /, (iii) Iog10 2 = 30103,
.

(iv) loga = |, (v) Iog 10 7 = 845098,

.
(vi) Iog2 .5 = -i.

2. (i) io 1 -39rei = 25, (ii)^=/, *2 = 49,

(iii)

(iv) r"=/, (v)3=i, (vi)0 = ^.

4. 2^, .5, 4.642, 1.778, 1.468, 31.623, 2.154, 21.544.

6. The square root of the original base.

7. (i) 5, 15625, .2, (ii) 8, v/2, ^.5.

8. (i) 10, .5.
(ii) .25, (iii)

EXAMPLES. II.

I.
 LOGARITHMS.

EXAMPLES. IV.

I.
 ANSWERS. II5

(i) 3,
n6 LOGARITHMS.

EXAMPLES. XI.

(>) i, (H) 7, (iii) 4, (iv) 3, (v) o, (vi) 4,

(vii) 3, (viii) 5- (ix) 3, (x) i, (xi) i, (xii) 3,

(xiii) 2, (xiv) i, (xv) 5, (xvi) 3, (xvii) 6, (xviii) 3.

2. 2.9475J9, -947519, 2.947519. 3. 1.9096256, 7.9096256, 4.9096256.

4- (i) .5740313, (ii) 1-7501225, (iii) 2.7958800,

(v) .3891661, (vi) 1.3502480, (vii) 6.3222193,

5. .81617, 8161.7, .012252, 12252. 6. 4, i, 7, 8.

7. 1st, 4th, 6th. 8. (i) 20, (ii) 4,

9. (i) 23rd, (ii) 25th, (iii) 3ist.

i. 3-59999-
 ii7

J 4
* iw fe * ! *
/ '"SO 7>
IV/
s t ~" t* V"
2 + yib 2 + yib 2 + yib $ + y>i + 2n
.

10. (i) 1.0939815, 5.9826165. ii. 3-754894- 12.

(ii) .17592.
ug LOGARITHMS.

-
7. (i) 3Zsec/4 4Z cos Z? + 2Z sin C- 10- 3log2-61og 5,
(ii) 4Zsin/4 Ztan/4 = 50 + 2log3-log2,
+
- 2L sin B - 2L sin (7= log 2,
(iii) 3/. tan/4 + Zsin/4

(iv) 6Z sin A - $L cos A + i8Z cot // = 200 + 6 log 2 - 3 log 3,

j
(v) 4Zsec -2Ztan/4 ZtanZ? = 10-2 log 3,
2
( vi) 6Z sin A + ^LcosB- gZ, sin(A + B) - 2Z cos A - $L sin B = 3 log 2-60.

EXAMPLES. XVII.
i. 9.9662644, 22i7'38.8". 2. 10.4414816, 6847'i7".

3. 10.6438363, 77i2'43"- 4- 9-6568589, 6259;4i.3".

5. 11.0145072, 53i'i7-3"- 6. 9-9997695. 4459'3i-2".

7. 9.6990502, 5958'56.7". 8. 9.9979834, 8429'6".

9. 9.4677462, i62i'38.6". 10. 9.427172, 7429'i2".

9.7724030,
9-7724575.
10.2275597.
13-

16.
 ANSWERS. 119

(i) 5.01654,
(v) 395122,
(ix) 112.9396,
(xiii) 38.64313,
(xvii) .903834.
120

28. 29. 30. 7450'38",

31- 2633'55", 32. A=<. ._ . 33- 74i3'5o",

6 3 26' 5"- #=19 6'23.8". 35"i6'io".

34. A= ;
> 35. 2.529823. 36. B= 3329'3o",
B= i0538'57;
i538'57"-
C= ioi3o'3o".

37. #=6559', C=4i56'i2". 38. 60.3893 ft. 39. 28.47717 sq. ins.

40. 57-3979- 4i. 42. j

43-
 ANSWERS. 121

i6. 31.
122 LOGARITHMS.

1 06.
105. I5i2'42". 2Ol.752c.in.,2lo.047s.in. 107. 38

108. 395.28 sq. ins. 109. 160.6388 sq. yds. no. 115.1647 cub. yds., 30

in. 3942. 32 s. in., 2036 1. 3 c. in. 112. 21887 cub. ins. "3- 9- 5493 inches.

114. 4.33837 inches. 115. 2632.8 cub. ins. 116. 2141.6 cub. ins.

/ 387- 232 cub. ins. o / 283. 077 cub. ins.

ii7 119. 5428.67 cub. ins.
''\339-598sq. ins. 1285.878 sq. ins.

120. 60373 cub. ins. 122. 415.474 cub. ins.

MISCELLANEOUS EXAMPLES.
A.

i. (i) 198-5366, (ii) 39.405, (SO 8.82888. 2. (i) .0189694,

3- 20. 4. 131500.

7. .3523864. I.5I75I-

11. (i) 2.3377244, (ii) 4.2175071,

(v) 1.7127511, (vi) 3.9425714,
(ix) 3.9243220, (x) 2.0535060,
(xiii) 3.3416276, (xiv) 4-2559993,
(xvii) 3.2501815, (xviii) 1.0695578,
12. (i) 1639.482, (ii) .7081156,
(v) 5H-7792, (vi) .07108095,
(ix) .1279746, (x) 26524.67,
(xiii) 1722489, (xiv) .009970755,

(xvii) .003447162, (xviii) .00007856093,

13. (i) .719686, .857696, (ii) 3.98107,

(v) 1.04729, (vi) .979467-

14-

15-
 ANSWERS. 123

17-
124
LOGARITHMS.

B.

1. H (i) 9-9586240, (ii) 9.7619049, (iii) 9-6691133,

(iv) 9-5061303, (v) 9.4529884, (vi) 9-9967077.

(0) (i) 9.7958362, (ii) 9-8284938, (iii) 8.6332897,

(iv) 9.9148210, (v) 9-9990851, (vi) 9.9794525.
(7) (i) 9-6370569, (ii) 9.8707607, (iii) 9.5064387,
(iv) 10.1442807, (v) 10.6841591, (vi) 11.2823535.
(8) (i) 9-8743056, (ii) 10.7124113, (iii) 9-9636331,
(iv) 9.4410936, (v) 10.1341239, (vi) 10.0647525.

2. (a) (i) 297'i7.9", (ii) 4u'52.i", (iii) 382i'37.o",

(iv) 5o4'i9.9", (v) 60 7'52-o", (vi) 454o'23.3".
(0) (i) s (ii) 784'27-9", (iii) 38*31 '38. 7",
(iv) J (v) 599'40-i", (vi) 29i8'3i.7".
I
(y) (i) 5 i6'6.6", (ii) 592o'40.4", (iii)

(iv) 44 49'3-8", (v) 46io'26.6", (vi)

(5) (i) i43i'59.2", (ii) 57 i'56.o", (iii) 31 i'48.3",

(iv) 69 4'49-7", (v) (vi) 632'i4.8".

3. (i) .647754, (ii) .324459, (iii) -.0244981, (iv) 1.995076,

(v) .3120054, (vi) .00131804, (vii) .00283829, (viii) I.3479I,
(ix) .425077, (x) .705856, (xi) 37.6779, (xii) -.283958,
-
(xiii) -.193769, (xiv) .448496, (xv) -.0916304, (xvi) .000214783.

2.489898. 5. 9-9813803, 9.4573669.

(i) 135-95, (ii) 24.22513, (iii) 2.59894.

(ii) 6= (iii)

(iv) 0= 7!53'47-7"> =
(v) (vi)

*= <
(viii) A=
(vii)

(i) 7i33'54", (") iO928'i6". 9- 1.360022.

IO. 753i'2i", 753i'2i", 2857'i8". II. 579'28.4".

12.
x= 1.74398,
14. 6i32'.
y= .145149.
15- 45, 135% -20 4 2'i7", 1 6.
737'i2".

17- 896 inches. 18. 164 feet. 19. 23 inches.

>! 45
I 134
X 3'-
2I1- / 7553'29"
\6o54'i9"or 32
or 104
22 / 34i7'55",
\3957'i6".

feet. / 59.4288 feet,

23. 322 *' 25. 525 feet.
\within 1.76 feet.

6 3 4i' 3 9",
26 /
20 27. 8083 feet. 28.
-\ii6i8'2i".
 ANSWERS. "5
29. 728 feet. 30. 194 inches. 31. 4656 sq. feet.

32- 548. 61 feet. 33. I024'42". 34. 30 feet.

35- 889 feet. 36. 3335', i82i'. 37. 8 feet.

38- 61 feet. 39- i53'- 40. 6i34'4".

4i. 951 feet. 42. 325 yards. 43- 337 ft- or 1606 ft.

44- 8l acres I rd. 31 po. 46. 68.755 inches, 17189 feet.

C=26' 5 6'i 5",

47- 4028.5 yds., 2831.7 yds.
48.{^ ^;'5", 90, 120 sq. ft.

50.
126 LOGARITHMS.

94- 120, 7-37S 2 feet. 95. 6326'6", 96. 86 feet.

( 2623'i6",
97- 231.437 feet. 98. 29344 sq. feet. 9>
L 7648'22".

/ 7852.7 sq- feet, 5954'2o", i2o5' 4o",

too. \/ ,*-'.K>
3652'i2", 1 01I- 102
2l -f
U43 74- 1113.426 feet. \7462. 35 sq. feet.

/ 83.468 feet or 1
18.717 ft-, 2410.
3>
1239.374 feet.
* /12740. 74 sq.ft., 2740.

106. 301944 sq. feet. 107. .66221.

68 i/i9",
IOQ9> /5925'4i",
13456895 sq. feet.
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