Họ Và Tên : Trần Khắc Đức Lớp: DHTĐHCK13B

MÃ SV: 1305180671
LANGUAGE FOCUS

UNIT I: WHAT IS ELECTRICITY?

Task 7: Show the relationships between these things.

1. Degree of automation, number of manual operators. (high/ low)

=> The higher degree of automation the lower number of manual operators.

2. Number of channels, cost of transmission. (great /low)

=> The greater number of channels the lower cost of transmission.

3. Positive atoms or negative electrons, attraction for the other. (much/ strong)
=> The more positive atoms or electrons the stronger attraction for the other.

4. Resistance, the wire can get. (high/ hot)

=> The higher resistance the hotter wire can get.

5. Gauge, wire. (small / big)

=> The smaller gauge the bigger wire.

6. Resistance of a wire, it conducts electricity. (low / well)

=> The lower resistance of a wire the better it conducts electricity.

Task 8: Complete these sentences using the correct forms of “to be concerned with”

or “to involve”. In some gaps both phrases are possible

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 1. Electrical engineers are concerned with the distribution of basic energies.
2. Electrical engineering also involves wireless communication and the Internet.
3. Electrical engineering is a profession that is concerned with the design of
electrical,
electronic, and electromagnetic systems.
4. The profession of electrical engineering involves such sub-disciplines as
electronic circuits, computers, and networks.
5. A utility company is concerned with the distribution of electricity.
6. Workers of a utility company are concerned with metering electricity and billing
the cost.3

Task 9: Match each item in A with an appropriate item from B and link the two in a
sentence

1. Marine ships
2. Aeronautical planes
3. Heating and ventilating air conditioning
4. Electricity generating cars and trucks
5. Automobile communications and equipment
6. Civil road and bridges
7. Electronic power station
8. Electrical installation cables and switchgear
9. Medical body scanners

UNIT II: SAFE AT WORK

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Task 6: Study this list of hazards. Write safety rules to limit these hazards using
the methods given above.

1. Plugging an adapter into another adapter.

=> An adapter should be plugged into another adapter.

=> An adapter must be plugged into another adapter.

2. Plugging electrical items you do not use regularly.

=> Plugging electrical items you should not be used regularly.

=> Do not plug electrical items regularly

3. Using an electric device in the bathroom.

=> An electric device should not be used in the bathroom.
=> Do not use an electric device in the bathroom
4. Unplugging a device while your hands are wet.
=> Do not plug a device while your hands are wet.
=> While your hands are wet, you should not be unplugged a device
5. Using cords with exposed wires.
=> Do not use cords with exposed wire.

=>The cords should not be used with exposed wire.

6. Doing electrical repairs when the main breaker is on.
=> Do not do the electrical repair when the main breaker is on.
=> When the main breaker is on, should not be done electrical repair.

Task 7: Study this list of unsafe environmental conditionsWrite safety rules to limit

these hazards using the methods above.

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1. Uneven floors
=> Floor should be ( must be ) even.
2. Unguarded machinery
=> Machinery should be ( must be ) guarded
3. Untidy workbenches
=> Workbenches should be ( must be ) tidy
4. Untidy workplaces
=> Workplaces should be ( must be ) tidy
5. Badly maintained machinery
=> Machinery should be ( must be ) well-maintained.
6. Carelessly stored dangerous materials
=> The dangerous materials should be ( must be ) carefully stored.
7. Inadequate ventilation
=> Ventilation should be ( must be ) adequate.
8. Damaged tools and equipment
=>
9. Machinery in poor condition
=> Machinery should be in good condition.
10. Equipment used improperly
=> Equipment should be ( must be ) used improperly.
11. Equipment operated by untrained personnel
=> Equipment should be ( must be ) operated by trained personnel
12. Apprentices working without supervision
=> Apprentices should be worked ( must be ) with supervision

Task 8: Show the links between these sets of ideas using appropriate linking words

1. Eye injuries can be serious therefore goggles must be worn for grinding and cutting
2. Safety gloves provide protection for the hands because they prevent burns.
3. Respirators must be worn in dusty conditions because dust can damage the lungs.
4. Safety shoes protect the feet against falling objects but they prevent the feet from

SVTH:Trần Khắc Đức

getting caught in machinery
5. Many accidents happen because workers are careless

UNIT 3: ELECTRIC CIRCUITS

Task 6: Make definitions using the information in this table. You must decide on the
correct combination of (a), (b) and (c).
(a) (b) (c)

a generator measures light.

an insulator readily releases electron.
an alternating current a material flows in one direction, then in the other
a direct current an instrument does not readily release electrons.
a resistor a current impedes the flow of current in a circuit
a conductor a device measures the current
a light meter convert mechanical energy into electrical energy.
an ammeter flows in on direction only

1. A generator is a device that converts mechanical energy into electrical energy.

2. An insulator is a material that does not readily release an electron.
3. An alternating current is a current that flows in one direction, then the other.
4. A direct is a current that flows in one direction only.
5. A resistor is a device that impedes the flow of current in a circuit.
6. A conductor is a material that readily releases an electron.
7. A lighter is an instrument that measures light.
8. An ammeter is an instrument that measures light.

Task 7: Fill in the gap, using “to” or “for”.

1. A transformer is used to change AC voltage from small to large or from large to

small.
2. A milliammeter is used for measuring a very small current.

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3. A motion sensor is used as part of a burglar alarm to detect movement.
4. A radio transmitter is used for the transmission of radio frequency signals.
5. A fuse is used for protecting the circuit from a surge in voltage.
6. A mixer is used to master down the different recordings to make a master tape.
7. A metal detector is used to find buried metal.

Task 8: Match a word or phrase in A with one in B to make meaningful sentences.

A B

a. conducting the current.

1. An electromotive force is for
b. the establishment of difference in
2. We will use this battery to
potential.
3. We can use this spring as a load to
c. the television camera aboard a satellite.
4. It is this metal body that is used for
d. convert the electrical energy into heat.
5. This rheostat is set here to
e. supply electrical energy.
6. Solar cells are the source for
f. regulate the current flow.

1-b, 2-e, 3-d, 4-a, 5-f, 6-c.

Task 9: Now match each component with its functions. Then make questions and
answers as the example.

Component Function

1. Resistor a. add capacitance to a circuit

2. Capacitor b. rectifies alternating current
3. Rheostat c. adds resistance to a circuit
4. Tuning capacitor d. measures the very small currents
5. Transformer e. breaks a circuit
6. Fuse f. protects a circuit
7. Switch g. varies the current in a circuit.
8. Milliammeter h. transforms ac voltage
9. Diode i. receives RF signal
10. Antenna k. selects a frequency

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 1-c, 2-a, 3-g, 4-k, 5-h, 6-f, 7-e, 8-d, 9-b, 10-i

Task 10: Rewrite the following sentences, replacing the words in italics with
expressions from the passage which have a similar meaning.

1. A lamp converts electrical energy into light and heat.

=> A lam transform electrical energy into light and heat
2. The generator provides the circuit with electromotive force.
=> The generator supplies the circuit with electromotive force
3. The metal frame of the oscilloscope is part of its transmission system.
=> The metal chassis of the oscilloscope is a part of its transmission system.
4. The rheostat controls the current flow in the circuit.
=> The rheostat adjusts (regulate) the current flow in the circuit.
5. A battery of solar cells supplies power to the circuit.
=> A battery of solar cells provides power to the circuit.

Task 11: Describe the purpose of these instruments and tools using any of the
structures presented above

1. A voltmeter is used to measure the current in the circuit.

2. A milliammeter is used to measure the power of the battery.
3. An oscilloscope is used for a part of its transmission system.
4. An ohmmeter is used for measures the resistance in the circuit.
5. A signal generator is used for many test systems supplying...
6. A battery charge is used for so many electrical instruments.

TRANSLATE:

1. ĐIỆN TRỞ

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Dòng điện "chảy" hoặc di chuyển qua một số thứ tốt hơn những thứ khác. Các
phép đo mức độ dẫn điện của một thứ được gọi là điện trở của nó.
Điện trở trong dây phụ thuộc vào độ dày và độ dài của dây, và nó được làm bằng gì. Các
độ dày của dây được gọi là thước đo của nó. Cỡ càng nhỏ thì dây càng lớn. Một số
độ dày lớn nhất của dây thông thường là khổ 1.
Các loại kim loại khác nhau được sử dụng để làm dây. Bạn có thể có dây đồng,
dây nhôm, dây thép đều. Mỗi kim loại này có một điện trở khác nhau; tốt như thế nào
kim loại dẫn điện. Điện trở của dây càng thấp thì dây dẫn điện càng tốt
điện.
Đồng được sử dụng trong nhiều loại dây vì nó có điện trở thấp hơn nhiều loại khác
kim loại. Dây điện trong tường, bên trong đèn và những nơi khác thường bằng đồng.
Một miếng kim loại có thể được chế tạo để hoạt động như một cái lò sưởi. Khi một dòng
điện xảy ra,
lực cản gây ra ma sát và ma sát gây ra nhiệt. Điện trở càng cao thì càng nóng
có thể có được. Vì vậy, một dây cuộn có điện trở cao, giống như dây trong máy sấy tóc,
có thể rất nóng.
Một số vật dẫn điện rất kém. Chúng được gọi là chất cách điện. Cao su là một
cách điện tốt, và đó là lý do tại sao cao su được dùng để bọc dây dẫn điện. Kính là
một chất cách điện tốt khác. Nếu bạn nhìn vào cuối đường dây điện, bạn sẽ thấy nó được
gắn vào
một số thứ nhìn gập ghềnh. Đây là những chất cách điện bằng thủy tinh. Chúng giữ kim
loại của dây
khỏi chạm vào kim loại của tháp.

UNIT 4: CURRENT CONDUCTING MATERIALS

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Task 5: Write these sentences into the passive.
1. We connect a battery across a body.
=> Across a body is connected battery by us.
2. Positive atoms attract electrons strongly.
=> Electrons are strongly attracted by positive atoms.
3. We call porcelain an insulator.
=> An insulator is called porcelain by us
4. They classify materials into three groups.
=> Materials three groups are classified by us.
5. People usually ignore the flow of electrons through insulators.
=> The flow of electrons through insulators is usually ignored by people.
6. Moving electrons create electricity
=> Electricity is created by moving electrons.

Task 6: Complete each sentence using an appropriate phrase from the list.

wound round, located between, connected across, applied to,

mounted on, connected to, wired to, connected between

1. The core is located between the pole pieces.

2. Feedback voltage is mounted on the base of the transistor
through C1.
3. The 27 pF capacitor is connected between the collector and the
base.
4. The negative pole of the battery is wired to the earth.
5. The coil is wound round the core.
6. The antenna is applied to the coil.

Task 7: Join the following groups of sentences to make longer sentences. Use the
words printed in italics at the beginning of each group. You may omit words

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and make whatever changes you think are necessary in the word order and
punctuation of the sentences.

1. or
The circuit can be protected from the excessive current by a fuse
or from the excessive current by a circuit breaker.

2. however
A fuse is a simplest and cheapest protection. However, for accurate and repetitive operation a
circuit breaker is used.

3. which
The simplest circuit breaker consists of a solenoid and a switch with contacts which contacts are
held closed by a latch.

4. which, therefore
At normal currents, the pull of the solenoid on the latch will not overcome the tension of the
spring which spring holds the latch in place therefore switch remains closed.

4. if
The current rises to a dangerous level if the pull of the solenoid on the latch increases.

5. and
The increased pull overcomes the latch spring tension and pulls the latch towards the solenoid.

6. as
The circuit is now broken as the unit is protected

UNIT 5: ELECTRIC MOTORS

Task 6: Complete this diagram of the components of the transformer.

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 1. A transformer consists of a coil and a laminated steel core.
2. A coil consists of a chassis and wire
3. The steel core consists of T and U laminations

Task 7: Breakdown each of these items into its components using the verbs you have
Learned
1. A lamp circuit consists of two lamps and one capacitor.
2. - A relay consists of contacts and frame
- The frame contains armature and soft-iron
- The armature contains coil and coil connection

3. - A filament bulb consists of contact and threaded end cap

- The threaded end cap contains tungsten filament and a gas-filled glass bulb.

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 4. - A variable capacitor consists of frame and spindle
- The frame contains insulated supports, two sets of fixed vanes, and two sets of
moving vanes.

5. - A power supply consists of a transformer and rectifier.

- The rectifier consists of a smoothing circuit and stabilizer.

6. - A choke consists of assembled core and former

- The former consists of solder tags for making the connection to the coil and
coil with the outer protecting insulating layer.
7. - A carbon resistor consists of ceramic housing and resistive element
- Resistive consists of connecting wire, end cap forced onto the metal-sprayed
end, and end sealing compound.
8. - A variable wire-wound resistor consists of tags and a rotating shaft.
- The rotating consists of sliding contact and wire-wound track.

Task 8: Rewrite each instruction above to make it impersonal. Then emphasize each
instruction using “must”
1. Use heat shunts when soldering
=> Heat shunts must be used when soldering.
2. Do not connect or disconnect transistors with the power on.
=> The transistors should not be connected or disconnected with the power on.
3. Do not use an ohmmeter for checking transistors unless a safe voltage or current range
is used.
=> Ohmmeter should be used for checking transistors unless safe voltage or current rage
is used.
4. Keep sharp bends in the leads at least 1-5 mm away from the transistor body.
=> Sharp bends must be kept in the leads at least 1-5 mm away from the transistor body.
5. Do not exceed the reverse breakdown voltage.
=> The reverse breakdown voltage should not be exceeded
Task 9: Writing instructions for testing a DC motor:

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1. DC motors are used for cranes, for the reason that their speed can be finely
controlled.

2. The current rose above the maximum. Consequently the circuit-breaker opened.

3. Copper is often used for cables since it is a good conductor

Task 10: Link these ideas with either reason, result, or qualification connectives.
1. Conventional current flow is from positive to negative but in fact electrons flow from
negative to positive.
2. Alternators are preferred to dynamos for cars because alternators give higher outputs
at low speed.
3. Dirt and dust reduce effective light therefore lamps must be kept clean.
4. Squirrel-cage motors are simple, cheap, and strong therefore squirrel-cage motors are
used for many general duties.
5. It is convenient to describe magnetic lines of force because, in reality, magnetic lines
of force do not exist.
6. Transistorized equipment is easily portable because transistors can operate from
battery voltages.
7. Ultrasonic welding is better than heat welding because the materials are not distorted.
8. Watchmakers work with very small parts therefore matchmakers require a lot of light.

Task 11: Now write sentences like the examples to compare and contrast the motors.
- Motor A rotates faster than motor B.
- Motor A is more powerful than motor B.
- Motor A is bigger than motor B
- Motor A is heavy than motor B and cheaper than motor B
- Motor B weights 100kg, while motor B is 150kg
- Price motor B is 1000$, while motor A is 200$

Task 12: Compare and contrast the following

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1. valves and transistors
=> Transistors has an operation frequency quicker than valves
2. alternating and direct current
=> Alternating current is more dangerous than direct current.
3. transmitters and receivers
=> Transmitters create electricity, while receivers consume electricity.
4. filament lamps and fluorescent tubes
=> Filament lamps are cheaper than fluorescent tubes and hotter.
5. ideal and practical transformers
=> Ideal transformers are more expensive than practical transformers.

Task 13: Now match each component with its functions. Then make questions and
answers as the example.

Component Function

1. Resistor a. add capacitance to a circuit

2. Capacitor b. rectifies the alternating current
3. Rheostat c. adds resistance to a circuit
4. Tuning capacitor d. measures the very small currents
5. Transformer e. breaks a circuit
6. Fuse f. protects a circuit
7. Switch g. varies the current in a circuit.
8. Milliammeter h. transforms ac voltage
9. Diode i. receives RF signal
10. Antenna k. selects a frequency

1-c, 2-a, 3-g, 4-k, 5-h, 6-f, 7-e, 8-d, 9-b, 10-i

UNIT 6: REFRIGERATOR

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 Task 7: Complete the sentences in italics.

1. Point (1) shows the liquid refrigerant container.

The refrigerant enters an expansion valve there
=> Point (1) shows the liquid refrigerant container, where the refrigerant enters the
expansion valve there.

2. The refrigerant enters an expansion valve.

This valve is located in the space to be refrigerated.
=> The refrigerant enters an expansion valve, which is located in the space to be
refrigerated.

3. The refrigerant enters the evaporating coil.

The refrigerant receives heat from the space.
=> The refrigerant which enters the evaporating coil, where the refrigerant
receives heat from the space.

4. The refrigerant receives heat from the space to be cooled.

It turns from liquid into vapor.
=> The refrigerant receives heat from the space to be cooled, where it turns liquid
into vapor.

5. In the compressor, external work compresses the refrigerant.

It then enters the condenser.
=> In the compressor, external work compresses the refrigerant, which then enters
the condenser

6. The refrigerant then enters the condenser.

It turns into liquid there.
=> The refrigerant then enters the condenser, where turns into liquid there.

Task 8: Rewrite these pairs of sentences, using relative clauses.

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1. Carbon conducts well.
It is a nonmetal.
=> Carbon conducts well, which is a nonmetal
2. Saltwater is a good conductor.
It is a liquid.
=> Saltwater is a good conductor, which is a liquid.
3. Some materials are conductors.
These materials conduct well.
=> Some materials are conductors, which materials conduct well.
4. A path is needed for the current to follow.
This path is called an electric circuit.
=> A path is needed for the current to follow, where is called an electric circuit.
5. Electromotive force establishes the difference in potential.
The difference in potential makes the current flow possible.
=> Electronmotive force establishes the difference in potential, which difference in
potential makes current to follow possible.
6. The source can be any device.
This device supplies electrical energy.
=> The source can be any device, which supplies electrical energy.

Task 9: Link these sentences. Make the second sentence in each pair a relative clause.

1. The range is 0-1000 volts.

The meter can operate over the range.
=> The range over which the meter can operate 0-1000 volts
2. A battery is a device.
The device changes chemical energy into electrical energy.
=> A battery into the device changes chemical energy.
3. Power supplies are used to drive DC motors.
The power supplies use thyristor rectifiers.
=> Power to which drive DC motors supplies are used.
4. The capacitor has a value of 27pF.

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The signal is passed through the capacitor.
=> The capacitor through which the signal is passed has a value of 27 pF.
5. The telephone is a device.
The device uses the magnetic effect of a current.
=> The telephone of which the device uses the magnetic effect.
6. The receiver can only be used with headphones.
The headphones have a high impedance.
=> The receiver with which headphones have a high impedance.
7. The plates are known as X and Y plates.
The beam passes between the plates.
=> The plates the which plates the beam passes between.
8. The rotor contains a commutator.
The commutator acts as a switch.
=> The rotor as which the commutator acts contain a commuter.

Task 10: Join the following groups of sentences to make ten longer sentences. You
may add or omit words and make whatever changes you think are necessary
in the word order and punctuation of the sentences
1. A zinc case is used as a container for the cell.
The zinc case is used as the negative electrode.
=> A zins case is used as a container for the cell, which is used as the negative electrode.
2. A carbon rod forms the positive electrode.
The carbon rod is in the center of the cell.
=> A carbon rod forms the positive electrode which is in the center of the cell.
3. The space between the zinc case and the carbon rod is filled with a paste of ammonium
chloride.
The paste is used as an electrolyte.
=> The space between the zins case and the carbon rod is filled with a paste of
ammonium chloride where is used as an electrolyte.

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4. The electrolyte is a paste and not a liquid.
This type of cell is called a dry cell.
=> The electrolyte is a paste and not liquid, which of the cell is called a dry cell.
5. The paste also contains manganese dioxide.
The manganese dioxide prevents gas from being formed.
=> The paste also contains manganese dioxide, which prevents gas from being formed.
6. The cell is sealed with a cap.
The cap is made of metal or plastic.
The cap is to prevent the paste from coming out.
=> The cell is sealed with a cap, which is to prevent the paste from coming out.
7. A small space is left below the cap.
The gas formed by the cell can collect in space.
=> A small space is left below the cap, where gas formed by the cell can collect in the
space.
8. Dry cells are usually enclosed in a cardboard case.
An additional metal jacket may be added.
The jacket makes the cell leakproof.
=> Dry cells are usually enclosed in a cardboard case, where additional metal jackets may
be added. The jacket makes the cell leakproof.
9. Leakproof cells are often preferred.
The electrolyte cannot leak out.
The cell ages.
=> Leakproof cells are often preferred, which the electrolyte cannot leak out.
10. Leaking electrolytes may damage the equipment.
The cells are installed in the equipment.
=> Leaking electrolyte may damage the equipment, where the cells are installed in the
equipment.

TRANSLATE:

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2. TÍNH SIÊU DẪN
Điện trở của kim loại thay đổi theo nhiệt độ của chúng. Khi họ trở nên nóng,
sức đề kháng tăng lên. Khi chúng nguội đi, sức đề kháng của chúng giảm xuống. Điện trở
của một số kim loại và
hợp kim giảm đều khi nhiệt độ của chúng giảm xuống, sau đó giảm đột ngột đến mức
không đáng kể
giá trị ở nhiệt độ trên độ không tuyệt đối (C) một vài độ. Nói cách khác, những vật liệu
này
hầu như không có khả năng chống lại dòng điện ở nhiệt độ rất thấp. Họ trở thành
chất dẫn điện gần như hoàn hảo. Đây được gọi là hiện tượng siêu dẫn. Nó chỉ xảy ra với
một số
vật liệu, ví dụ như chì, và ở nhiệt độ rất thấp.87
Các ứng dụng thực tế của hiện tượng siêu dẫn bị hạn chế vì rất thấp
nhiệt độ yêu cầu. Tuy nhiên, một số cách sử dụng đã được đề xuất. Nếu một dòng điện là
gây ra bởi một từ trường trong một vòng vật liệu siêu dẫn, nó sẽ tiếp tục tuần hoàn
khi từ tính bị loại bỏ. Về lý thuyết, điều này có thể được sử dụng trong các ô nhớ của
máy vi tính. Các tế bào bộ nhớ làm bằng vật liệu siêu dẫn có thể lưu trữ thông tin
vô thời hạn. Do điện trở suất của các ô bằng không, thông tin có thể được truy xuất
rất nhanh, nhanh như giây.
Chín mươi phần trăm tổng tổn thất trong máy biến áp hiện đại là do điện trở của
các cuộn dây. Máy biến áp có thể được chế tạo với các cuộn dây được làm mát ở nhiệt độ
thấp ở
hiện tượng siêu dẫn nào xảy ra. Điện trở của cuộn dây sẽ bằng không và
máy biến áp sẽ gần như lý tưởng. Tương tự, một động cơ điện hiệu quả 100% đã được
đề xuất sử dụng từ trường của cuộn dây siêu dẫn.

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