Modul 5

Rocks
2019
EARTH INTERIOR
EARTH INTERIOR
MAGMA
LAVA
LAVA
LAVA
 ROCKS

Rock or stone is a natural substance, a solid aggregate

of one or more minerals or mineraloids.
For example, granite, a common rock, is a combination
of the minerals quartz, feldspar and biotite.
The Earth's outer solid layer, the lithosphere, is made
of rock.
 3 TY PES OF ROCKS

Igneous Rocks - from cooling magma inside earth or

cooling lava on surface of earth
Sedimentary Rocks - made of broken up bits of rocks
(called sediment) which is eventually cemented
together
Metamorphic Rocks - deformed rock
IGNEOUS ROCKS
 IGNEOUS ROCKS
Igneous rocks form as molten rock solidifies, as magma deep
in the crust or lava at Earth’s surface cool.
 IGNEOUS ROCKS

Pluton
Intrusion of magma into Earth’s crust, creating
igneous rock formations such as dikes, sills, laccoliths,
volcanic necks, and batholiths.
Batholith
A large mass of igneous rock exposed by erosion at
Earth’s surface; forms the core of many mountain
ranges.
 IGNEOUS ROCKS
Felsic magmas form light-colored, silica-rich rocks. Mafic
magmas form dark-colored rocks rich in iron and magnesiums.
Igneous rock texture depends mainly on the rate at which
magma or lava cools.

Granite is igneous rock formed Basalt is igneous rock formed

from felsic magma. from mafic magma.
 IGNEOUS ROCKS

Igneous rocks are grouped into families by

mineral composition and texture.
IGNEOUS ROCKS: TEXTURES
IGNEOUS ROCKS:
COMPOSITIONS
IGNEOUS ROCKS
 SEDIMENTARY ROCKS

Sedimentary rocks form from sediments that result

from weathering and erosion of rock at Earth’s
surface. They often occur in layers, formed over time
as different sediments are deposited on top of each
other.
 SEDIMENTARY ROCKS

Most of the solid Earth, about 90 to 95 percent of the

outer 16 kilometers (10 miles) of the crust, consists of
igneous and metamorphic rocks.
But most of Earth’s solid surface consists of either
sediment or sedimentary rock.
About 75 percent of land areas are covered by
sediments and sedimentary rocks.
The ocean floor, which represents about 70 percent of
Earth’s solid surface, virtually everything is covered
by sediment.
WEATHERING
WEATHERING
SEDIMENTARY ROCKS
 Sedimentar y Rocks
Classifications

Based on how the products of

weathering are transported, deposited,
and transformed into solid rock, there
are three categories of sedimentary
rocks.
 Sedimentar y Rocks
Classifications
Detrital sedimentar y rocks.
Accumulation of material that originates and is
transported as solid particles derived from both
mechanical and chemical weathering.
Particle size is the primary basis for distinguishing
among various detrital sedimentary rocks.
 Sedimentar y Rocks
Classifications
Chemical sedimentar y rocks.
Major source of sediment is soluble material produced
largely by chemical weathering.
In contrast to detrital rocks, chemical sediments derive
from ions that are carried in solution to lakes and seas.
Some of it precipitates to form chemical sediments.
The primary basis for distinguishing among different
rocks in the chemical group is their mineral
composition.
 Sedimentar y Rocks
Classifications

Sedimentary rock classification

based on textures.
 Sedimentar y Rocks
Classifications
Clastic Texture
Clastic = broken in greek
Rocks that display a clastic texture consist of discrete
fragments and particles that are cemented and
compacted together.
All detrital rocks have a clastic texture.
Some chemical sedimentary rocks exhibit this texture.
 Sedimentar y Rocks
Classifications
Non Clastic Texture
Some chemical sedimentary rocks have a nonclastic or
crystalline texture in which the minerals form a pattern
of interlocking crystals.
The crystals may be microscopically small or large
enough to be visible without magnification.
SEDIMENTARY ROCKS,
BATUAN SEDIMEN
ROCKS METAMORPHOSING
 Metamorphic Rocks

Unlike some igneous and sedimentary processes that

take place in surface or near-surface environments,
metamorphism most often occurs deep within Earth.
Metamorphic rocks are produced from preexisting
igneous, sedimentary, or even from other metamorphic
rocks.
Every metamorphic rock has a parent rock— the rock
from which it was formed.
 Metamorphism

Metamorphism means to “change form,”

A process that leads to changes in the mineralogy,
texture, and sometimes the chemical composition of
rocks.
Metamorphism takes place where preexisting rock is
subjected to a physical or chemical environment that is
significantly different from that in which it initially
formed.
These include changes in temperature, pressure
(stress), and the introduction of chemically active
fluids.
ROCKS METAMORPHOSING
 Metamorphism

Most metamorphic changes occur at the elevated

temperatures and pressures that exist in the zone
beginning a few kilometers below Earth’s surface and
extending into the upper mantle.
Metamorphism often progresses incrementally, from
slight changes (low-grade metamorphism) to
substantial changes (high-grade metamorphism).
In more extreme environments, metamorphism causes
a transformation so complete that the identity of the
parent rock cannot be determined.
 What Drives Metamorphism?
Heat
The most important factor driving metamorphism.
It provides the energy to drive chemical reactions that
result in the recrystallization of existing minerals
and/or the formation of new minerals.
Heat promotes recrystallization of individual mineral
grains.
Heat may raise the temperature of a rock to the point
where one, or more, of the minerals are no longer
chemically stable so the constituent ions tend to
arrange themselves into crystalline structures that are
more stable in the new high-energy environment.
 What Drives Metamorphism?
Confining Pressure and Differential Stress
Pressure, like temperature, increases with depth as the
thickness of the overlying rock increases.
Buried rocks are subjected to confining pressure, where
the forces are applied equally in all directions.
Confining pressure causes the spaces between mineral
grains to close, producing a more compact rock having
a greater density. Further confining pressure may cause
minerals to recrystallize into new minerals.
In addition to confining pressure, rocks may be
subjected to directed pressure, for example, at
convergent plate boundaries.
 What Drives Metamorphism?
Confining Pressure and Differential Stress
Unlike confining pressure, which “squeezes” rock
equally in all directions, differential stresses are greater
in one direction than in others.
Rocks subjected to differential stress are shortened in
the direction of greatest stress and elongated, or
lengthened, in the direction perpendicular to that
stress. As a result, the rocks involved are often folded
or flattened (similar to stepping on a rubber ball).
 What Drives Metamorphism?

Chemically Active Fluids

Fluids composed mainly of water and other volatile
components, including carbon dioxide, are believed to
play an important role in some types of metamorphism.
Fluids that surround mineral grains act as catalysts to
promote recrystallization by enhancing ion migration.
METAMORPHIC ROCKS
ROCK
CYCLE