Presented at: National Archives and Records Administration

25th Annual Preservation Conference

Solid-State Lighting for Museums

Conserving energy, Conserving art

Naomi J. Miller, Senior Lighting Engineer, PNNL

James R. Druzik, Senior Scientist, GCI
Brooker Gallery, Field Museum, Chicago, Illinois
Smithsonian American Art Museum. Lighting and photography by Scott Rosenfeld
Talk Outline

• SSL lighting priorities for the Department of Energy

▫ Testing products and non-biased reporting
▫ Disseminating information
▫ Demonstrations
• Sustainability goals for museums
• Comparison of LEDs with traditional incandescent lighting
• Tools and metrics for evaluating LED products
• Cost and payback of LEDs in museums
• How to get the best results from LEDs
• How do LEDs produce light
• Conservation risks or benefits to light-sensitive materials
▫ Ishii et al., damage functions
• The GCI museum lighting experimental program
 2012 the US will consume 10 Quads
of electrical power on general
illumination. From 2010 to 2030 it is
estimated that a national SSL
program could save 16 Quads in
energy.

1 Quad is a Quadrillion BTUs

(36 million tons of coal)
(One trillion cubic feet of natural gas).
 US Department of Energy
Solid-State Lighting Program
• Development of product
standards and specifications
• Testing of products (CALiPER)
• Development of fact sheets,
product labeling, educational
materials
• Product design competitions
• Gateway demonstrations
 Sustainability Goals for Museums
• Reduce energy use

Energy (measured in kWh) = Power x Time

• Use lower wattage lamps/fixtures

• Turn lighting OFF or dim it when not needed

• Minimize use of power generated by fossil fuel plants

• Minimize toxic materials in lighting and controls products
• Reduce pollution from mining, manufacturing, and
transportation of lighting products
• Reduce materials sent to landfills (long life, durable)
• Recycle materials at the end of useful life
Comparison of LED to Traditional Halogen
Lighting
1. Luminous efficiency
2. Lifespan
3. Lumen maintenance
4. Uniformity of light beam
5. Color rendering
6. Color consistency and appearance over time
7. Evenness of intensity distribution
8. Cost
9. Conservation benefit (liability)
A comparison of light source efficiency
Description Lamp Lumen
Efficacy (lm/W)

60 W Tungsten incandescent 5 - 14

Tungsten halogen 15 - 26

Ideal blackbody radiator (4000K) 48

White LED 30 - 150

Compact fluorescent (9-26W) 35 - 70

T8 fluorescent, electronic ballast 80-100

Candle 0.3

3200 K theoretical limit ~520

 Measuring LED
Efficiency
IES LM-79 Report
• Light output (lumens
and candelas)
• Distribution of light
(beam size, beam
edge, smoothness)
• Electrical power
• Efficacy lm/Watt

“Electrical and
Photometric Measurements
Of Solid-State Lighting
Products”
LED Lifespan and Lumen Maintenance
LM-80 Report
• Measurement protocol for LED chips, not fixtures or lamps
• Used in predicting “life,” measured at 70% light output
• Lumen maintenance

Life expectancy has

been growing and
is now commonly
reported at 50,000
hrs.

11 hrs/day for 312

days/yr = 14.6 years
Evenness of intensity distribution

Typical Halogen Xicato, Cree, CRS LED Array

 Color Rendering

CRI 90

CRI 80

Courtesy of Xicato
Color appearance

IES LM-79 report

Color characteristics
•Chromaticity
•CCT
•CRI
•Duv
•SPD
Smithsonian American Art Museum. Lighting and photography by Scott Rosenfeld
Smithsonian American Art Museum. Lighting and photography by Scott Rosenfeld
Color Consistency
 Color Appearance over Time

Color consistency
 LED Cost and Payback

Quality LEDs can reduce lighting power by 75%

+
1W lighting power savings = 1/3W A/C load savings

Payback will be less than 4 years if

• Lights are on 8+ hours/day
• Cost of relamping labor is high (>$25/hr)
• Power cost is >13c/kWh
• Cost of LED replacement lamp is $60 or less

Examine Life Cycle Cost, not just Initial Cost

 Case Study: Brooker Gallery, Field Museum

Source Lamp Lamp Lamp Output W Energy

Type Type Type Savings
Halogen 8 (PAR36) 23 (PAR38) 1 (MR16) 894
LED 14 (70 mm) 12 (90 mm) 335 63%
 Case Study: Brooker Gallery, Field Museum

Halogen LED
Total Initial Cost $7,645.00 $ 8,216.00
Annual Hours of Operation 2912 2912
Operating Power of Lighting System 836 335
Annual Ltg. Electric Operating Cost $292.13 $116.99
Payback from Lighting alone (Years) ----- 3.26
Payback from Lighting + HVAC (Years) ----- 2.38
Lifespan (50,000 hrs/2912) Years 17.17
How to get best results using LEDs
• See it before you specify it. See two or three installed.
• Require LM-79 testing for information on performance
• Evaluate lumens and LPW and beam spread
• Check DOE CALiPER website for impartial test data
• Use on non-dimming circuits….. or, test out LED, driver,
transformer, dimmer, and loading of dimmer and
transformer to be sure they all work together for smooth
dimming
• Specify products from companies you know or whom you
trust, or that have a documented support history
• Get a written warranty that includes light output and
color variation performance, labor included

• Check for EPA EnergyStar ® rating

 Light is emitted from a
semiconductor (LED) by a process
called electroluminesence.

Conduction Band
Semiconductor is a material with a small energy
Valance Band gap (band gap) between the last filled electronic
level (valence band) and the lowest empty level
(conduction band) that can’t be occupied by
Electrical Current

electrons. Light is emitted when an excited electron

drops back down to the valance band filling a “hole”
previously left by an electron. Electrical current
Light supplies the energy responsible.
Band Gap
Incandescence is caused by heat.
Xicato
CRS Electronics
Solais
Cree
Optiled
Philips
A few LED spectra for your
viewing pleasure.

CCT~3000K
CRI ~ Poor
CRI = 93
CCT = 2700K
Δuv = 0.002
(1) In the absence of significant UV content, fluorescent
lamps and LEDs are closely correlated in fading rates
with CCT.
(2) In general, all the LEDs had lower fading rates for ISO
BW1 compared to 4200K fluorescent lamp.
(3) Strong correlation between fading rate and emission in
the 400-500 nm range particularly with the natural
yellow dyes.
(4) Ukon and Kihada were faded faster with higher peaks.
CRI = 96
CCT = 3000K
Δuv = -0.0015
1.20E-02

1.00E-02

LumeLUX

8.00E-03
CRS

Mark 2

6.00E-03

4.00E-03

2.00E-03

0.00E+00
380 430 480 530 580 630 680 730 780
 Materials Testing

Xicato LED Light Engine Installed

GE MR16 Halogen Installed

1.60E-02

CRS
1.40E-02

GE EYC 71W
1.20E-02

1.00E-02

8.00E-03

6.00E-03

4.00E-03

2.00E-03

0.00E+00

360 460 560 660 760

 Error Bars = 2 x SD + MCDM*
•Berns, R.S. (2000), Billmeyer and Saltzman’s Principles on Color Technology, Third Edition, pages 97-98.
•Nadal, M. E., et al.(2010), “Statistical Methods for Analyzing Color Difference Distributions”, Color: R&A

14
ISO Blue Wool 1
12
10
ΔE2000

8
CRS LED BW1
6
GE Halogen 3200K BW1 UV/IR
4
Xi LED BW1
2
0
0 500000 1000000 1500000 Lux-hrs
 Error Bars = 2 x SD + MCDM

12

ISO Blue Wool 2

10

8
ΔE2000

6
CRS LED BW2

4 West 5000K BW2

GE Halogen 3200K
2 BW2 UV/IR
Xi LED BW2

0
0.00E+00 1.00E+06 2.00E+06 3.00E+06 4.00E+06

Lux-hrs
 Error Bars = 2 x SD + MCDM

8
ISO Blue Wool 3

6
ΔE2000

4
CRS LED BW3
3
Xi LED BW3
2
West 5000K BW3

1 GE Halogen 3200K
BW3
0
0 5000000 10000000 15000000 20000000

Lux-hrs
1.60E-02

CRS
1.40E-02

GE EYC 71W
1.20E-02

1.00E-02

8.00E-03

6.00E-03

4.00E-03

2.00E-03

0.00E+00

360 460 560 660 760

 ROUND
2
Code Name Type Substrate Color Origin Use
Ukon * Ukon Japanese Dye Silk Yellow Curcuma linga Textiles
Zakuro * Zakuro Japanese Dye Silk Yellow Punica granatum Textiles
Kihada * Kihada Japanese Dye Silk Yellow Phellodendron Textiles

Weld * Weld European Dye Silk Yellow Reseda luteola Textiles

Old Fustic * Old Fustic European Dye Silk Yellow Chlorophora Textiles

Onion * Onion Skin European Dye Silk Yellow Allium cepa Textiles
Annatto * Annatto European Dye Silk Yellow Bixa Orellana Textiles
Safflower * Safflower Japanese Dye Silk Red Carathamus Textiles
Sappan * Sappan wood Japanese Dye Silk Red Caesalpinia Textiles
45430 ** Erythrosine B Modern Paper Brown-Red Synthetic Autochrome
45440 ** Rose Bengal Modern Paper Red Synthetic Autochrome
19140 ** Tartrazine Modern Paper Yellow Synthetic Autochrome
42051 ** Patent Blue Modern Paper Dark Blue Synthetic Autochrome
42555 ** Crystal Violet Modern Paper Violet Synthetic Autochrome
42025 ** Rhoduline Modern Paper Turquiose Synthetic Autochrome

* Courtesy of Masako Saito, Kyoritsu Women’s University, Tokyo, Japan.

Ishii et al., Color Degradation of Textiles with Natural Dyes and if the Blue Scale Standards
Exposed to White LED Lamps: Evaluation of White LED Lamps for Effectiveness as Museum Lighting”.
J. Light & Vis., Vol. 32, No. 4, 2008

**Courtesy of Luisa Casella.

Thank you
• Color
▫ What the heck is DUV?
▫ Look for negative DUV
(i.e. below black body
curve) to avoid green
appearance