TREND CHARTS

The line graph illustrates the the sales of Bernie’s Bun, Lovely Loaves and
Robbie’s Bakery on a yearly basis over the course of 10 years starting from 2010.
Overall, what stands out from the graph is that while the earnings of Bernie’s Bun
and Robbie’s Bakery increased considerably, that of Lovely Loaves saw a
significant decline. Another interesting point is that the income of Robbie’s bakery
had registered the highest figure by the end of the period.
Looking at the details, as regards BB, it started at ₤20,000 before doubling in the
next three years. After that, the income remained relatively stable at around just
under ₤40,000 until 2007. There was then a significant rise to about ₤65,000 in
2010. Similarly, if we look at RB, despite staying constant at nearly ₤55,000 in the
first half of the decade, this number overtook the figure for LL in 2006. Following
this, the income RB had rocketed to peak at around ₤100,000 by 2010.
By contrast, in 2000, the amount of money earned from LL was ₤80,000, which
was 4 times higher than the figure for BB in the same year. Over the following 4
years, the sales of LL fluctuated slightly before falling substantially by about
₤40,000 in 2008. Finally, the income remained comparatively stable at the same
level in the remaining years.
The line graph illustrates the amount of CO2 emitted per head in the UK, Sweden,
Italy and Portugal over the course of 30 years starting in 1967
Overall, what stands out from the graph is that there were downward trends in
the amount of C02 released in the UK and Portugal, whereas that in the two
remaining countries increased. Another interesting point is that the UK registered
the highest emission of CO2 throughout the whole period
Looking at the details, as regards the UK, the figure remained stable at around 11
metric tonnes before falling gradually to nearly 9 metric tonnes in 2007. Similarly,
despite increasing slighly in the first ten years, the amount of C02 emissions
dropped dramatically to about 5.5 metric tonnes in the final year, which was as
high as the figure for Portugal in 2007.
By contrast, if we look at Italy, it was reported to release nearly 4 metric tonnes in
the first year. After that, there was a significant rise and this number overtook the
figure for Sweden in 1987 to reach just under 8 metric tonnes in 1997. Following
this, the figure stayed constant at this number until 2007. Likewise, as for
Portugal, there was a soar from about 1.7 metric tonnes to around 4.5 metric
tonnes in the first 30 years before the figure remained relatively stable until the
rest of the period.
The tables demonstrate the earnings of two agricultural products (coffee and
bananas) in five nations in Europe in the years 1999 and 2004
Overall, what stands out from the tables is that there were upward trends in the
sales of these two commodities in all countries except for the revenue of bananas
in Sweden and Denmark. Another interesting point is that at the end of the
period, the UK had registered the highest figure for coffee sales while the revenue
of bananas was highest in Switzerland
Looking at the details, as regards the sales of coffee in the UK from 1999 to 2004,
the number soared from €1.5 million to €20 million. Similarly, the amount of
money earned from selling coffee in Switzerland doubled, from €3 million to €6
million. However, there were slight increases in that in Denmark, Belgium and
Sweden, from 1.8, 1 and 0.8 to 2, 1.7 and 1 respectively.
If we look at the earnings of bananas in Switzerland from 1999 to 2004, there was
a nearly three-fold increase, from € 15 million to € 47 million. Similarly, the figures
for UK and Belgium rose dramatically, from 1 and 0.6 to 5.5 and 4 in turn.
Meanwhile, the period between 1999 and 2004 witnessed small declines in
revenue of bananas in Sweden and Denmark, from 1.8 and 2 to 1 and 0.9
accordingly.
The table demonstrates how many travellers came to visit Ashdown Museum
during the years before and after the renovation, while the two pie charts
compare the percentages of visitor satisfaction in the two mentioned period.
Overall, what stands out from the table and the charts is that after the
renovation,both the number of visitors to Ashdown Museum and the percentage
of tourists who were pleased with their trips witnessed considerable increases.
Meanwhile, the figure for visitors with no response remained unchanged.
Looking at the details, as regards the total number of travelers to the museum,
there was a significant increase by 18,000 people (from 74,000 to 92,000) after
the restoration. Similarly, as a result of the museum upgrade, the number of very
satisfied and satisfied guests improved significantly, rising from 15% and 30% to
35% and 40% respectively.
By contrast, the proportion of dissatisfied travellers saw a substantial decrease by
25%. While the number of visitors who opted dissatisfied level halved to 5%, the
figure for those who did not give feedback stayed unchanged at 5% over the
mentioned period.
The line graph illustrate the amount of fish, chicken, beef and lamb eaten over the
course of 25 years starting in 1979.
Overall, what stands out from the graph is that while the consumption of beef
and lamb witnessed downward trends, that of chicken increased significantly.
Meanwhile, that of fish remained relatively constant.
Looking at the details, as regards the amount of chicken eaten, in 1979, it stood at
just under 150 grams, which as as high as the figure for lamb in the same year.
The number then rose and overtook the figure for beef in 1989 before finishing at
nearly 250 grams. By contrast, if we look at the consumption of fish, the number
stayed comparatively stable at around 50 grams during the mentioned period,
meaning that fish was by far the least preferered kind of meat in that country.
With respect to that of beef and lamb, in 1979, an average person consumed
about 220 grams and 150 grams in turn. After that, there had been dramatic
declines in the amount of beef and lamb eaten by nearly 100 grams by the final
year.
The line graph illustrates the anticipation about how many students will study
English, Spanish and Mandarin over a ten-year period starting from 2020.
Overall, what stands out from the graph is that there will be a steady upward
trend in the number of students who study English, while considerable rises will
be saw in that of those who study Spanish and Mandarin. Another striking point is
that Mandarin will have become the second most prevalent language for students
by 2028 instead of Spanish.
If we look at English, it starts at around 550 million, which is over 5 times higher
than the figure for Mandarin in the same year. The number of English learners is
then predicted to increase slightly to about 700 million in 2024 before dropping
slightly to nearly 630 million in 2026. However, this number improved to reach a
peak of around 750 million in 2030.
As regards Spanish, it is forecasted to nearly double from about 220 million to just
under 500 million in 2030, whereas there will be a considerable rise in the figure
for those study Mandarine. Interestingly, the figure for the number of people who
study Mandarine and Spanish will be almost the same in 2024 and 2026
The line graph illustrates the amount of electricity manufactured in France using 4
sources of power over the course of 32 years starting in 1980.
Overall, what stands out from the graph is that while nuclear power witnessed a
considerable growth in the amount of electicity produced, the figures for thermal
and hydroelectricity fluctuated. Meanwhile, that for renewable energy remained
relatively unchanged. Another interesting point is that renewable power station
produced the lowest amount of electricity in each year.
In 1980, about 120 TW-h was generated from thermal station. In the same year,
the figure for nuclear was as high as that for hydroelectric, at around 75 TW-h
each. However, renewable energy was reported to provide 0 TW-h.
One year later, that of nuclear energy overtook the figure for thermal energy and
rocketed to about 430 TW-h, meaning that nuclear power became the primary
source of electricity. The figure for thermal energy declined to only 50 TW-h in
1985 and fluctuated between 50 TW-h and 30 TW-h in the remaining years.
Likewise, there was a fluctuation in the generation of electricity from
hydroelectric power at around 70 TW-h for the whole period. As regards the
amount of electricity from renewable energy, it rose slightly and finished at nearly
25 TW-h in the final studied years.
The table shows how many visitors used three major airports, namely Hearthrow,
Gatwick and Stansted over a five- year period starting in 1998.
Overall, what stands out from the table is that there was an upward trend in the
number of travellers who travelled via these 3 airports. Another interesting point
is that Gatwick airport was by far the most popular at the end of the period.
Looking at the details, as regards Hearthrow, it started at 27.2m in 1998, and then
increased dramatically to reach a high of 48.2m two years later. In 2002, the
figure dipped to 33.2m before climbing to 45.6m in the final year.
With respect to Gatwick, it began at 36.5m in 1998, after that it rose remarkably
in the next three years to 47.3m. In 2003, Gatwick peaked at 69.3m passengers,
which meant that it was more crowded than the other airports. However, if we
look at Stansted airport, despite starting at the lowest point of 17.3m passengers
in the first year, the number increased significantly to 43.3m in 2001. Finally, it
remained stable at this number in the remaining years, which was nearly as high
as the figure for Heathrow in the year 2003.
 COMPARATIVE CHARTS

The bar charts compare the number of graduates and postgraduates who opted
for other destinations instead of getting a full-time job after their college
graduation
Overall, what stands out from the graph is that the number of UK graduates
opting for these four destinations was much higher than that of postgraduates.
Another interesting point is that further study was by far the most popular
destination for both groups of students.
Looking at the details, as regards the number of UK graduates, 3500 students
opted for voluntary work, which was much lower than that of students choosing
to study further, at 29665 students. There were 17735 students opting for part-
time work, which was nearly as high as the figure for unemployed students, at
16235 students
With respect to UK postgraduates, there were 2535 students opting for part-time
job, compared to the figure for students studying further, at 2725 students. While
the number of students working volutarily was only 345, that of those who were
unemployed was about 5 times higher, at 1625 students.

The bar chart compares the spending of France and the UK on different
categories, namely cars, computers, books, perfume and cameras in the year
2010.
Overall, what stands out from the chart is that France and the UK spent the most
money on cars. Another interesting point is that the British spent more money on
consumer goods than the French
Looking at the details, as regards cars, the Uk spent £450000, which was £50000
higher than the figure for France. Similarly, if we look at books, the amounts of
money that the UK and France spent on were about £400000 and £300000 in
turn. Likewise, the spending on cameras in the Uk was around 350000, over
trippled that of France
However, France spent more money on the remaining goods. In particular, above
£380000 was spent on computers by the French, while the spending on this
category by the British was lower, at £350000. The expenditure on perfume in
France was £200000, compared to the figure for the Uk, at under 150000.

The three pie charts compare the amount of water used in San Diego County,
California and other parts of the world for different purposes, namely domestic,
industrial and farming activities
Overall, what stands out from the pie charts is that while water use for residential
purposes accounted for the highest proportion in San Diego and California,
agricultural activities consumed the vast majority of water used in the world
Looking at the details, as regards the use of water in San Diego County, more than
half of the total water was utilized for residential purposes, compared to the
figure for agriculture, at 17%. An opposite allocation could be seen the rest of the
world, where domestic and farming activities made up 8% and 69% in turn. The
figure for industrial use of water was the same in the two regions, at 23%.
With respect to California, the amount of water consumption was evenly
distributed. In particular, residential purposes represented 39%, which was
roughly as high as the figure for industrial use. The proportion of farming activities
was slightly lower, at 28%.

Overall, what stands out from the pie charts is that while agricultural purposes
held the lion’s share of the total water consumed in SA, SA, AF, CA and SEA, water
use for industrial activities made up the vast majority in NA and E.
Looking at the details, as regards the water use in North America, nearly half of
the amount of water consumed was used for industrial activities, as opposed to
the figure for households, at only 13%. A similar allocation could be seen in
Europe where the industrial and domestic activities took up 53% and 15% of the
total water use respectively. The figures for agriculture use in these two
continents were relatively the same, at 39% and 32% in turn.

If we look at the remaining continents, agriculture accounted for the majority

with above 80% for Africa and Asia and 71% for South America. The proportions
of water used for industry and households in these regions were roughly the
same, at around 12% or under, except for industrial use of water in South America
which took up nearly 20%

The table compares the propotion of budget spent on different goods and
services in five countries in the year 2002.
Overall, what stands out from the table is that people in all five countries spent
the most on food, drinks and tobacco. Another interesting point is that the
expenditure of Turkey was higher than that of other countries .
As regards food, drinks and tobbaco, Turkey spent the most on these items, at
around 32%, while the figure for Ireland was slightly lower, at about 29%. Sweden
spent the least money, at only 15.77% of the total budget. With respect to leisure
and education, the propotion of spending was highest in Turkey, compared to the
figure for Spain, at nearly 2%.
If we look at clothing/ footwear category, Italy spent more than the other
countries, at 9%, while the lowest proportion was seen in Sweden, at 5.4%. The
remaining countries spent on average around 6.5%

The pie chart below shows the main reasons why agricultural land becomes less
productive. The table shows how these causes affected three regions of the
world during the 1990s.

The pie chart demonstrates the primary reasons why farmland becomes
unproductive, and the table compare how these factors affected North America,
Europe and Oceania during 1990s.
Overall, what stands out from the graph is that over- grazing was the main cause
leading to degraded land. Another interesting point is that Europe had the highest
proporion of land degradation.
Looking at the details, as regards the reasons for land degradation in the world,
over-grazing ranked first with 35%. Deforestation was the second on the list,
causing a third of unproductive land, which was 2% higher than the figure for
over- cultivation. Other causes accounted for a mere 7%.
If we look at the reasons for land degradation by region, Europe was affected
most with 23% of the total land becoming unproductive and the main reason for
this was deforestation. By contrast, degraded land in North America only made up
5%, with over-cultivation was the main cause
 MAP

The picture depicts the transformation of the city of Castellon in Spain over the
course of 20 years starting in 2000.
Overall, what stands out from the maps is that the city has become more modern,
with the appearance of the new shopping centre, the airport and entertainment
facilities. Another interesting point is that the university has remained unchanged.
Looking at the details, many significant changes have taken place in the area. One
of those has been the building of the hall of residence in the west of the
university. Furthermore, the woodland has been cut down to make way for the
new shopping centre in order to meet the shopping demand of residents.
Besides, there used to be the train station and the old market in the west of the
city, but now they have been relocated and turned into the new train station and
the new covered market respectively. It is also interesting to note that the airport
has been under constructed.
Turning to other features, we can see that the tramline has been constructed to
connect the university and the city centre to facilitate the transportation of
students and teachers. A bike rental plan has now also been launched in the city
centre. Besides, the road has been pedestrianized, forbidding vehicles to enter
this area. Finally, the last 10 years also have seen the erection of cinema, bars and
clubs along coast.

The picture depicts the transformation of a coastal village over the course of 25
years starting in 1995.
Overall, what stands out from the maps is that the village has become more
modern, with the appearance of more accomodations, a row of restaurents and
an entertainment area. Another interesting point is that the cafe has remained
unchanged.
Looking at the details, many significant changes have taken place in the area. One
of those has been the knocking down of the farmland and the forest park. They
are replaced by thr golf course and the tennis court respectively. Furthermore, a
number of houses have been built in order to accomodate more residents. It is
also interesting to note that the the road encircling the housing area in the past
has been extended to the west.
Turning to other features, we can see that the last few years have also seen the
introduction of the car park adjacent to the hotel. Besides, a number of shops
have been turned into the restaurants. Finally, the pulling down of the fishing
port has led to the disapperance of the fish market and the apartments have been
built on the original site of the fish market.

The picture depicts the transformation of a sports centre in a university in the

future.
Overall, what stands out from the maps is that the sports centre will become
more convenient, with the introduction of the changing rooms, the cafe and
various sports facilities. Another interesting point is that the reception, the
seating and the 25m pool will remain unchanged.
Looking at the details, many significant changes will take place in the area. One of
those has been the pulling down of two ourdoor courts in the west and east of
the centre and they will be replaced by the leisure pool and the sports hall.
 Furthermore, while the gym was extended to the east of the centre, two new
dance studios will be also erected.
Turning to other features, there will be the contruction of two changing rooms so
that people can get changed during peak time. Finally, a sports shop and a
cafeteria will be introduced on the two sides of the main entrance, this means
that people are likely to buy sports equipment or relax after their training.

The diagrams below show the development of Meadowside village and Fonton in
1925, 1975 and today

The picture depicts the transformation of Meadowside village and Fonton in the
years 1925, 1975 and at present.
Overall, what stands out from the maps is that the two villages have been joined
together and become more convenient with the appearance of a leisure centre, a
business park and a supermarket. Meanwhile, the southeastern part of Fonton
has remained the same.
Looking at the details, from 1962 to 1985, the small road in Meadowside village
was replaced by the bigger one and also extended to the east to connect with
Fonton. Furthermore, a leisure centre, a housing estate and a local shop were also
constructed in Meadowside in order to meet the demands of the residents.
Currently, Meadowside has merged with Fonton to become Meadowside suburbs.
The railway line in Fonton has been extended to the west and this has led to the
construction of a railway station in the middle of Headly suburbs. Finally, a hotel
and a business park have also been erected near the new railway line to provide
accomodation and relaxing place for both the locals and visitors.

The given maps depict the transformation of the town of Lakeside over the course
of nine years starting in 2000.
Overall, what stands out from the maps is that the town became much more
modern with the appearance of a shopping centre, a bigger industrial complex
and a multi-screen cinema. Meanwhile, the housing area in the northwest
remained unchanged.
Looking at the details, many significant changes took place in the area. One of
those was the disapperance of the derelict warehouses and the old town in the
north of the town to make way for the car park and the offices respectively.
Furthermore, the arts center and the western residential area were replaced by
the multi-screen cinema and the shopping centre in turn. This means that the
residents in Lakeside town now can have a better access to the entertainment
facilities. The school next to the arts center was relocated a little closer to the
river. Besides, a new university was constructed near the offices.
Turning to other features, we can see that a large area of woodland was cleared
to make way for the expansion of the industrial complex. This also led to the fact
that the lake now became the pond and the southern residential area was
completely knocked down.
Looking at the details, many significant changes have taken place in the area. One
of those was the replacement of the the classroom into the recording studio.
Furthermore, the borrowing and returning desk area has been separated into two
different rooms. In the center of the library, more private tables have been set up
for students to study at the moment than before.

Turning to other features, there used to have two areas for book shelves to the
north and south of the library in the past, but now the ones in the south have
been turned into desks where students can work with their laptops. A similar
modification has been made to the computer desks which were previously next to
the library office, where students can now study with their own computers.
Finally, library office has been removed to make way for a new conference room.
 PROCESS

The picture depicts how

bricks are made for
construction purposes.
Overall, what stands out
from the diagram is that
this is a man- made linear
process. There are
seven stages in producing
bricks from clay digging to
final products
delivering.
Looking at the details, at
the beginning of
the process, clay is dug out
of the ground and
then placed onto a metal grid to get rid of oversized pieces. At this point, smaller
pieces drop onto a roller. Once the clay is mixed with sand and water, the mixture
is moulded into the brick shape either by a wire cutter or by a mould. Afterwards,
these bricks are then dried in an oven and stay there for one to two days.
After which, the dried bricks are transferred to the first kiln where they are baked
at a moderate temperature of 200-960C. Subsequently, they are moved to the
second kiln and continuously heated at higher temperature up to 1300C. After
being baked, the bricks are placed into a cooling chamber where they are cooled
down during the next 48-72 hours. Once the bricks are packaged, they are loaded
onto trucks and delivered to stores and building sites.
The picture depicts how cement and concrete are made for construction
purposes. Overall, what stands out from the diagram is that these are man-made
linear processes. There are five stages in producing cement but only one step is
required to make concrete.
Looking at the details, as regards the cement-making process, innitially, limestone
and clay are crushed to make the powder. Once the powder is mixed, it is
transfered into a rotating heater where the mixture is heated under high
temperture. Afterwards, the output is ground by a grinder. At this point, the
cement has been produced, it is then packaged and transported to a building site
where it can be used to make concrete.
If we look at the concrete production, concrete is made up of 15% cement, 10%
water, 25% sand and 50% small stones. All of these are put into a cylindrical mixer
and rotated simultaneously until concrete is made.
The bellow pictures show the recycling process of wasted glass bottles.
Summarize the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and
make comparisons where relevant.

The picture depicts how wasted glass bottles are recycled. Overall, what stands
out from the diagram is that this is a man-made linear process. There are three
stages from collecting wasted glass bottles to the delivery of the final products.
In the first stage of the process, wasted glass bottles are collected at a collection
point. After that, they are loaded onto a truck for further processing.
In the next stage of the process, the glass bottles are washed under high-pressure
water to remove any impurities. Following this, once the glass bottles have been
sorted by color, they are sent to the glass factory where bottles are crushed into
glass pieces. After which, these pieces are heated in a furnace under high
temperature of 600-800 to create recycled liquid glass. This liquid is then mixed
with new liquid glass before the mixture is put into the glass mould to shape the
bottles. Finally, these bottles are filled with liquid, packaged, and delivered to
supermarket.
The diagram illustrates how crisps are produced from potatoes. Overall, what
stands out from the diagram is that this is a manmade linear process. There are
various stages, commencing with washing and peeling potatoes and culminating
with the packaging.
Looking at the details, at the beginning of the process, potatoes are passed
through a large container where they are washed with cold water, supplied
through an outside pipe, and peeled before being put into a slicer in which they
are simultaneously cut into thin pieces and rinsed. Subsequently, the potato slices
are placed on a conveyor belt and sent into a temperature cooker after being
dried with hot air released from suspended tubes.
Before going into the bag packer, salt is sprayed on the surface of the fully cooked
potato slices. The process ends with the fried and salted potato slices being
packed by the bagging machine into individual bags. After packaging is completed,
they are ready for consumption
The pictures depict the stages in the life of the salmon. Overall, what stands out
from the pictures is that the life cycle of the salmon lasts about 10 years, and they
have to pass through 3 distinct stages from birth to maturity.
 Looking at the details, at the beginning of the process, female salmons lay eggs in
the upper reaches of a river where water moves slowly. The eggs develop in the
protection of the reeds and gravel, which is small stones, and stay there for about
5 to 6 months. At this point, the eggs hatch into baby fish called ’fries’, which are
3-5cm in length. The fries swim to the lower part of the river where water flows
much faster and settle there for another 4 years.
 
Following this, the fries grow in size and become smolts, which are 3 to 4 times
longer (about 12-15cm). After which, the smolts migrate to the open sea where
there is more food for them to feed on. The smolts grow fully and reach their
maturity after 5 years. Finally, the adult salmons, which are 70-76cm in length,
swim upstream for reproduction and the life cycle begins anew.
  
 The diagrams below show the life cycle of the silkworm and the stages in the
production of silk cloth

The pictures depict the stages in the life of the silkworm and how silk cloth is
produced. Overall, what stands out from the first picture is that the life cycle of
the silkworm lasts almost three months, and they have to pass through 4 distinct
stages from birth to maturity. As for the manufacture of silk cloth, this man-made
linear process involves 6 steps from silkworm cocoons to dyed silk material
Regarding the life circle of the silkworm, at the beginning of the process, female
moths lay their eggs, and then after 10 days, these eggs hatch into silkworm
larvae which feed on mulberry leaves. Around four to six weeks later, the
silkworm larvae start to produce silk thread and spin around themselves to form a
cocoon. This process continues in the next three to eight days until full cocoons
are produced. In 16 days, the adult moths emerge and the life cycle begins anew.
With respect to the production of silk cloth, the finest cocoons are selected and
then boiled in water. Afterwards, the strands of silk thread from those cocoons,
whose length can be between 300-900m, are unwound and then twisted
together. At this point, the twisted threads can either be dyed first, or they can be
woven into silk fabric before being dyed.