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Lecture #2 (EE20)

This document provides information on circular mil, conductance, temperature coefficient of resistance, and inferred zero resistance. It includes examples and drill problems on converting between units of area, resistivity, and temperature coefficient of resistance. The homework problem asks to calculate the resistance and conductance of a copper wire sample at different temperatures, and to determine additional properties using given formulas and information.

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Bolocon, Harvey Jon Delfin
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© © All Rights Reserved
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84 views

Lecture #2 (EE20)

This document provides information on circular mil, conductance, temperature coefficient of resistance, and inferred zero resistance. It includes examples and drill problems on converting between units of area, resistivity, and temperature coefficient of resistance. The homework problem asks to calculate the resistance and conductance of a copper wire sample at different temperatures, and to determine additional properties using given formulas and information.

Uploaded by

Bolocon, Harvey Jon Delfin
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Lecture #2

Circular Mil (CM) – The area of a unit circle whose diameter is ONE mil.
Conversion, 1 mil = 0.001 in or 1 in = 1000 mils
Area in CM = (Diameter in mils)2

Drill 1. Convert in2 to circular mil(CM) Solution:


Consider a circle whose diameter is 1 mil = 0.001 in
Area in in2 = π d2/4 = π (0.0012/4) = 7.854 x 10-7 in2
Area in CM = (diameter in mil)2 = (1 mil)2 = 1 CM
1 CM = 7.857 x 10-7 in2 (dividing both sides by 7.857 x 10-7)
We get, 1 in2 = 1273240 CM

Conductance (G) – The reciprocal of Resistance. Conductance is measured in mho


or siemen. Symbolized by the upside-down Greek letter omega (Ʊ).
𝟏 𝟏 𝐀 𝐀
G = or G = ( ) = ɣ
𝐑 𝛒 𝐋 𝐋
Where: G in Ʊ
L in meter, in inch, in centimeter, in foot
A in m2, in in2, in cm2, in ft2
ɣ is conductivity (reciprocal of resistivity), in Ʊ/m, Ʊ/in, Ʊ/cm, Ʊ/ft
𝟏
Note: ɣ =
𝛒

Temperature Coefficient of Resistance (α) – The change in resistance per unit ohm
per unit change in temperature from an initial base temperature of t1. Unit in per
degree Celsius (oC-1).
αo = [(R2/R1) – 1]/t = {[(R2 – R1)/R1)] – 1}/ (t2 – t1)
R2 = R1 [1 + α1 (t2 – t1)]
Where: t2 is final temperature, in oC
t1 is initial temperature, in oC
R2 is final resistance
R1 is initial resistance
α1 is temperature coefficient of resistance at t1

Inferred Zero Resistance (T) – Refers to the temperature at which the resistance of
a material is practically zero.
For copper (annealed), the value of T is -234.5oC (a very easy number to remember).
Using this value we can derive two useful formulae for solving problems on
resistance due to changing temperature and temperature coefficient of resistance
at any temperature.
R1 / (T + t1) = R2 / (T + t2) ratio and proportion formula
and
αt = 1 / (234.5 + t )
Where: αt is temperature coefficient of resistance (TCR) at any temperature.
t is any temperature, in degree Celsius (oC)
Note: The formulae are for copper only. During the derivation of the
formulae the negative sign of T has been omitted.

Drill 2. Convert ρ = 1.72 x 10-8 Ω-m (a.) to Ω-in; (b.) to Ω-CM/ft


Solution: (a.) ρ = 1.72 x 10-8 Ω-m (3.2808 ft/1 m) (12 in/1 ft) = 6.7716 x 10-7 Ω-in
(b.) ρ = 1.72 x 10-8 Ω-m (3.2808 ft/1 m) (122 in2/1 ft2) (1273240 CM/1 in2)
ρ = 10.3462 Ω-CM/ft

Drill 3. A sample of copper wire has a diameter of 0.012 in, a length of 20 m and a
temperature coefficient of resistance of 0.00393oC-1 at 20oC. Calculate the
resistance and conductance of the wire: (a.) at 20oC; (b.) at 0oC; (c.) at -10oC; (d.) at
60oC; (e.) also determine the resistivity and conductivity in English units, and TCR
of the sample at 35oC using the formula αt = 1/(234.5 +t).
Solution: (a.) From Table
A = πd2/4 = π(0.0122in2/4)(1ft2/122in2)(1m2/3.28082ft2) = 7.2968x10-8m2
R20 = ρ20 L/A = 1.72 x 10-8 Ω-m (20 m/7.2968x10-8 m2) = 4.7144 Ω at 20oC
G20 = 1/R20 = 1/4.7144 Ω = 0.21211628 Ʊ at 20oC
Note: gumamit po ako ng subscript na 20 dahil yung Table of Resistivity
ay base sa 20oC.

(b.) From the general formula, R2 = R1[1+α1(t2 – t1)], we can change


subscripts and use the numerical values of the temperatures as
substitutes. In this case, to = 0oC is the final temperature and t20 = 20oC is
the initial temperature.
R0 = R20 ([1 + α20 (t0 - t20)] =4.7144 [1+0.00393 (0 – 20)] = 4.3438 Ω at 0oC
G0 = 1/R0 = 1/4.3438 = 0.2302 Ʊ at 0oC
(c.) Changing subscripts,
R-10=R20[1+ α20(t-10 -t20)]=4.7144(1+0.00393(-10-20))=4.1586 Ω at -10oC
G-10 = 1/R-10 = 1/4.1586 = 0.2405 Ʊ at -10oC

(d.) Again changing subscripts,


R60 = R20[1+α20(t60-t20)] = 4.7144[1+0.00393(60-20)] = 5.4555 Ω at 60oC
G60 = 1/R60 = 1/5.4555 = 0.1833 Ʊ at 60oC
Notice that the resistance increases with increasing temperature.

(e.) R35 = R20[1+α20(t35-t20)] = 4.7144[1+0.00393(35-20)] = 5 Ω at 35oC


𝐋 A
R=ρ ;ρ=R
𝐀 L
A
ρ35 = R35 = 5Ω (7.2968x10-8m2)/20m = 1.8242 x 10-8 Ω-m
L
ρ35 = 1.8242 x 10-8Ω-m(3.2802ft/1m)(12in/1ft)=7.1818 x 10-7 Ω-in
ρ35 = 7.1818 x 10-7 Ω-in(12in/1ft)(1273240CM/in2)=10.973 Ω-CM/ft
ɣ = 1/ρ; ɣ35 = 1/ρ35 = 1/1.8242 x 10-8Ω-m = 54818551 Ʊ/m
ɣ35 = 1/7.1818 x 10-7Ω-in = 1392409 Ʊ/in
ɣ35 = 1/10.973 Ω-CM/ft = 0.09113 Ʊ-ft/CM
αt = 1/(234.5 +t); α35 = 1/(234.5 + 35) = 0.0037106 oC-1
Note: Always use the temperature of the given TCR as the initial
temperature. In this case, t1 = t20 = 20oC.

Alternate sol’n: If TCR is not given, we can use the ratio and proportion formula,
since the sample of wire is made of copper and will enable us to solve resistances
at different temperatures.
(b.) Use the formula R1/(T+t1) = R2/(T+t2) and then as before, we
change subscripts.
R20/(T+ t20) = R0/(T+t0) and solving for R0
R0 = R20(T+ t0)/(T+t20) = 4.7144 (234.5 + 0)/(234.5 + 20)
R0 = 4.7144 (234.5/254.5) = 4.3439 Ω at 0oC

(c.) R-10/(T+t-10) = R20/(T+t20) = R0/(T+t0) extending the ratio and


proportion formula.
R-10 = R20 ( T + t-10)/(T + t20) = R0 (T + t-10)/( T+ t0)
R-10 = 4.7144 (234.5 - 10)/(234.5 + 20) = 4.1587 Ω at -10oC
or R-10= 4.3439 (234.5 - 10)/( 234.5 + 0) = 4.1587 Ω at -10oC
(d.) R60/(T+t60) = R20/(T+t20) = R0/(T+t0) = R-10/(T+t-10) again, extending
the ratio and proportion formula.
R60 = R20(T+t60)/(T+t20) = R0(T+t60)/(T+t0) = R-10(T+t60)/(T+t-10)
R60 = 4.7144 (234.5 + 60)/(234.5 + 20) = 4.4554 Ω at 60oC
or R60 = 4.3439 (234.5 + 60)/(234.5 + 0) = 4.4554 Ω at 60oC
or R60 = 4.1587 (234.5 + 60)/(234.5 - 10) = 4.4554 Ω at 60oC
Note: May kaunting-kaunting discrepancy po yung mga sagot, dahil po
yan sa rounding-off ng mga figures. Kayo na po ang bahala sa pag-solb
na mga halaga ng conductances sa iba-ibang temperatura, gaya ng
unang solusyon.

Homework #2
A sample of copper wire is 0.002 of an inch in diameter, a length of 30 meters and
a temperature coefficient of resistance of 0.0039604oC-1 at 18oC. Calculate the
resistance and conductance of the wire: (a.) at 20oC; (b.) at 18oC; (c.) -5oC; (d.) 57oC.
(Dalawang ang solusyon, kagaya po ng Drill 3); (e.) also determine the resistivity
and conductivity at 18oC in English units, and TCR of the sample at 57oC using the
formula αt = 1/(234.5 +t). Deadline of submission is Oct. 9, 2021, 11:59pm. Stay
Safe and Healthy sa lahat. GODSPEED.

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