12

Physical Science
Quarter 1: Module 1-4

1
 DEVELOPMENT TEAM OF THE MODULE

WRITERS: REGIN ARIAN V. SUBA, Teacher III

CLARICE C. PASCUAL, Teacher II
JOANN L. BALOLOY, Teacher I
ABEGAIL L. CAPANGPANGAN, Teacher I
JOVILYN G. ENOLPE, Teacher I
ALFIN V. TURINGAN, Teacher I
NATHALIE GAILE R. PANTOJA, Special Science Teacher I

CONSOLIDATOR: JOVILYN G. ENOLPE, Teacher I

LANGUAGE EDITOR: AMALIA A. MANLAPAO, Teacher II

CONTENT MADONNA L. MADRIDANO, Master Teacher I

VALIDATORS: MARJORIE A. NARIZ, Master Teacher I
MARY ANN M. GUEVARRA, Teacher III
MARHOUF JAY T. KUSAIN, Teacher I

COVER PAGE AIRA MARI CON M. AUSTERO

ILLUSTRATOR:

TEAM LEADER: DR. RAQUEL M. AUSTERO

Education Program Supervisor

2
 How the Elements found in the Universe were
Module 1
formed

Most Essential Learning Competencies

Give evidence for and describe the formation of heavier elements during star formation
and evolution. (S11/12PS-IIIa-2)

What’s In

Life Cycle of a Star

Stars are framed in clouds of gas and dust, known as nebulae. A nuclear
reaction at the center (or core) of stars gives enough energy to make them sparkle
brilliantly for many years.
The star size of our sun will go through around 10 billion years in this stage, but
a star 10 times the size of our own will stay for just 20 million years. After the main
sequence phase, the star will turn into a red giant.

Fig.1
https://www.schoolsobservatory.org/learn/astro/stars/cycle

Eventually, however, the hydrogen fuel that controls the nuclear reactions within
stars will start to run out, and they will enter the last periods of their lifetime. A little star
likes the sun that lacks the mass necessary to explode in a supernova will become a
white dwarf, a 'dead' star that has burned through all of its hydrogen and helium fuel
emanating warmth or light, the white dwarf will turn into a black dwarf. Since it emitted

3
no radiation, it is perfectly difficult to see.
While, a massive star ends with a fierce blast called a supernova. The matter
ejected in supernova explodes turns into a gleaming supernova remainder. When a
residue clears, the only thing remaining will be an exceptionally thick star known as a
neutron star, a neutron star that transmits beams of radiation that sweep through
Earth's line of sight known as pulsars. On the off chance that the star which detonates
is particularly huge, it can even form a black hole. During the arrangement of the
universe in the so-called big bang, just the lightest elements were formed: hydrogen,
helium, lithium, and beryllium. Hydrogen and helium dominated; the lithium and
beryllium were just made only in trace quantities. The other 86 elements found in
nature were created in nuclear reactions in these stars and in a tremendous heavenly
blast known as supernovae.

The Formation of Heavier Elements during Star Formation and

Evolution
Heavier Elements are framed during Stellar Nucleosynthesis. Stellar
Nucleosynthesis is the procedure by which elements are shaped inside the stars. The
abundances of these elements change as the stars advance.

Evolution of Stars

Star arrangement theory is the process by which thick districts inside atomic
mists in interstellar space, as the cloud falls, the fragments contract to frame a stellar
core called protostar. The responses discharge positrons and neutrinos which
increment pressure and stop the contraction. If gravitational equilibrium is reached,
and the protostar has become a primary grouping star, the compression will stop.
Gravity crushes the star to a point that helium and hydrogen burning occur.
Helium is changed over to carbon in the center while hydrogen is changed over to
helium in the shell surrounding the center. The star has become a red giant. Such
event placed the nuclear reactions like:
11𝐻 + 11𝐻 → 12𝐻 + +10𝑒 12𝐻 + 11𝐻 → 23𝐻𝑒 + 00𝛾
23𝐻𝑒 + 23𝐻𝑒 → 24𝐻𝑒 + 11𝐻 + 11𝐻
Gravity squeezes the star to some extent that helium and hydrogen burning
occur. Helium is converted to carbon within the core while hydrogen is converted to
helium within the shell surrounding the core. The star has become a red giant.
24𝐻𝑒 + 24𝐻𝑒 → 48𝐵𝑒 48𝐵𝑒 + 24𝐻𝑒 → 612𝐶
There isn’t sufficient mass for a carbon fusion to happen in a low-mass star (with

4
mass not as much as double the Sun’s mass). The star fuel is drained, and after some
time, the external material of the star is passed over into space. The hot and inactive
carbon center is the main thing that remains. The star turns into a white dwarf.
Heavier elements are intertwined in the center and shells around the center;
the star goes through a progression of stages. From carbon fusion; neon from oxygen
fusion; magnesium from neon fusion; silicon from magnesium fusion and iron from
silicon, that is the point at which the elements are framed. The star turns into a multiple-
shell red giant.
612𝐶 + 612𝐶 → 1020𝑁𝑒 + 24𝐻𝑒 1020𝑁𝑒 + 24𝐻𝑒 → 1224𝑀𝑔 + 00𝛾
1428𝑆𝑖 + 1428𝑆𝑖 1224𝑀𝑔 + 1224𝑀𝑔
→ 2656𝐹𝑒 + +10𝑒 → 1428𝑆𝑖 + 1020𝑁𝑒
+ +10𝑒

The fusion of elements continues until iron is made by silicon fusion. When two
of these elements combine, elements lighter than iron can be fused. They produce a
nucleus with mass lower than the sum of their masses. Therefore, the fusion of
elements lighter than iron releases energy. However, this does not happen to iron
nuclei. Rather than Iron releasing energy, the fusion of two iron nuclei requires an input
of energy. Therefore, elements lighter than and including iron can be produced in a
massive star, but no elements heavier than iron are produced.
When the core can no longer produce energy to resist gravity, the star is
doomed. Gravity squeezes the core until the star explodes and releases an outsized
amount of energy. The star explosion is called a supernova.

Pieces of Evidence
The discovery of the interstellar space of gas and mud during the first part of
the 20th century provided an important piece of evidence to support the star formation
theory.
Energy within the sort of Infrared Radiation (IR) is detected from different stages
of star formation. For instance, astronomers measure the IR released by a protostar
and compare it to the IR from a nearby area with zero extinction. Extinction in
astronomy means the absorption and scattering of electromagnetic radiation by gasses
and dust particles between an emitting astronomical object and an observer. The IR
measurements are then used to approximate the energy, temperature, and pressure
in the protostar.

5
The Concept of Atomic Number led to the synthesis of new elements
in the laboratory
This is an example of a periodic table. There are 94 elements that naturally
occur in the earth and 24 elements are synthetic which was discovered in the
different processes in the laboratory.

Fig.2

https://www.google.com/search?q=periodic%20table&tbm=isch&tbs=il:cl&hl=en-
US&sa=X&ved=0CAAQ1vwEahcKEwjQpryy1qjyAhUAAAAAHQAAAAAQAg&biw=1349&bih=657#imgrc=pIqRuY30GtyjGM

Henry Gwyn- Jeffrey’s Moseley was an English physicist who demonstrated that
the atomic number, the number of protons in an atom, determines most of the
properties of a component. In 1913, Moseley published a paper on the arrangement of
the elements in the periodic table based on their atomic number. He used X- ray
spectroscopy to work out the atomic number of an element. He bombarded a beam of
electrons to different elements and measured their X-ray spectral lines.
When the elements were arranged consistent with their atomic numbers, there
were four gaps in the table; these gaps corresponded to the atomic numbers 43, 61,
85 and 87. These elements were synthesized in the laboratory through nuclear
transmutations. In 1919, Rutherford successfully administered a nuclear transmission
reaction, a reaction involving the transformation of one element into another element.

6
The Discovery of the Missing Elements
There were four vacancies within the periodic table like the atomic numbers 43,
61, 85 and 87. Two of these elements were synthesized within the laboratory using
particle accelerators. A particle accelerator may be a device that wants to speed up
the protons to beat the repulsion between the protons and therefore the target atomic
nuclei by using magnetic and electrical fields. In 1937, American physicist Ernest
Lawrence synthesized an element with atomic number 43 using a linear particle
accelerator. He bombarded molybdenum with atomic number (Z= 42) with fast moving
neutrons. The newly synthesized element was named Technetium (Tc) , the first man-
made element. The other two elements with atomic numbers 61 and 87 were
discovered through studies in radioactivity. Element 61 (Promethium) was discovered
as a decay product of the fission of Uranium while element 87 (Francium) was
discovered as a breakdown product of Uranium. In 1940, Dale Corson, K. Mackenzie
and Emilio Segre discovered an element with atomic number 85. They bombarded
atoms of bismuth (Z=83) with fast- moving alpha particles during a cyclotron. A
cyclotron is an accelerator that uses an alternating electric field to accelerate particles
that move during a spiral path within the presence of a magnetic flux. Element 85 was
named astatine from the Greek word “astatos” meaning unstable. Elements with
atomic number greater than 92(atomic number of uranium) are called transuranium
elements. They were discovered within the laboratory using nuclear reactors or particle
accelerators.

What’s More

Activity 1. Make a model of Cosmic Inflation

Materials needed:
● balloons
● balloon pump(optional)
● small stickers (any design)
Instructions:
1. Stick small stickers randomly on the surface of the uninflated balloon.
2. Quickly inflate the balloon with a pump or your breath. Observe the stickers.
Explain the cosmic inflation by relating the observed conditions on this activity.

1. Why do the stickers appear to be moving away from each other? How is it
related to Cosmic Inflation?
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________

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 2. Are the stickers moving the balloons? What does the balloon represent in
cosmic inflation?
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________

3. Do the stickers themselves grow in size? What does the sticker represent
in cosmic inflation?
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________

What I Have Learned

1. How do elements form during stellar formation?
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________

2. Explain briefly the use of a particle accelerator in synthesizing a new element?

______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________

What I Can Do

Activity 1.
You have already learned about the formation of elements in the Periodic
Table. Create your own periodic table and familiarize what is typically seen on a
periodic table (atomic number, mass number and element symbol). And choose three
elements and expand your knowledge like knowing its physical and chemical
properties.

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Activity 2.
Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a separate sheet of
paper.
1. Which of the following describes stellar nucleosynthesis?
A. It is the process by which elements are formed within stars.
B. It is the formation of elements during a supernova explosion.
C. It is the process by which elements are produced in gas clouds.
D. It is the formation of light elements such as hydrogen and helium.

2. Which of the following is a stellar core formed when the fragments of a collapsed
molecular cloud contract?
A. protostar C. red giant
B. supernova D. main sequence star

3. Which of the following is a star that has used up its hydrogen supply in the core
and switched into the thermonuclear fusion of hydrogen in the shell surrounding the
core?
A. protostar C. red giant
B. supernova D. main sequence star

4. The formation of a star starts with the dense regions of molecular clouds.
What force pulls matter together to form these regions?
A. magnetic force C. electromagnetic force
B. nuclear force D. gravitational force

5. What happens when most of the hydrogen in the core is fused into helium in the
stellar core?
A. Hydrogen fusion stops, and the pressure in the core decreases.
B. Hydrogen fusion continues, and the pressure in the core increases.
C. Gravity squeezes the star until helium and hydrogen burning occurs.
D. Nuclear energy increases until carbon and helium burning occur.

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 Module 2 Polar and Nonpolar Molecules

Most Essential Learning Competencies

Determine if a molecule is polar or nonpolar given its structure (S11/12PS-IIIc-15)
Relate the polarity of a molecule to its properties (S11/12PS-IIIc-16)

What’s In

WORD BANK

MOLECULES is the smallest particle in a chemical element or compound that has

the chemical properties of that element or compound. Molecules are made up of
atoms that are held together by chemical bonds. These bonds form as a result of the
sharing or exchange of electrons among atoms.

IONIC is the complete transfer of valence electron(s) between atoms. It is a type of

chemical bond that generates two oppositely charged ions. Occur between metal
and nonmetal.

COVALENT is a chemical link between two atoms or ions in which the electron pairs
are shared. Occur between nonmetals.

NONPOLAR COVALENT BONDS are a type of bond that occurs when two atoms
share a pair of electrons with each other. These shared electrons glue two or more
atoms together to form a molecule.

POLAR COVALENT BONDING is a type of chemical bond where a pair of electrons

is unequally shared between two atoms. In a polar covalent bond, the electrons are
not equally shared because one atom spends more time with the electrons than the
other atom.

ELECTRONEGATIVITY is a measure of how strongly atoms attract bonding

electrons to themselves.

Molecular Polarity
There are lots of distinct molecules, and there are numerous methods for classifying
them. The polarity of them is one approach to categorize them. The term "polarity"
refers to the presence of two dipoles, each with a positive and negative end. Molecules
can be polar or nonpolar depending on their polarity.

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When one end of a molecule contains a lot of positive charges and the opposite end
of the molecule has negative charges, the molecule is said to be polar. As a result,
they end up constructing an electrical pole. The center of the negative charge of a
molecule with a polar link will be on one side. The center of positive charge, on the
other hand, will be on the opposite side. Vectors of the bonds are the directions brought
by the magnitude of electronegativity.

A molecule is polar if the bonds move towards the same direction and is referred to as
an equal vector. The arrow in the equal vector is pointing in one direction. On another
hand, non-polar molecules are null or opposite vectors, the bonds are pointing in
opposite directions.

Vectors of Polarity
Polar Molecules Non-Polar Molecules
equal vectors, pointing in one direction null or opposite vectors, in opposite
directions.

Figure 3
http://secrets-of-periodic-table.blogspot.com/2012/09/pauling-electronegativity-values.html

Steps in Determining the Polarity of Molecules

1. Draw the structure of the subject molecule.

2. Determine the electronegative value of each bond and draw the vectors (direction
of the arrow)
3. Identify the polarity of the whole compound.

11
For instance, in H2O Molecule:

Figure 1: Polar Molecule

https://byjus.com/physics/dielectric-material-and-dipole-moment/

The water molecule is composed of one oxygen and two hydrogen atoms, which have
electronegativities of 3.44 and 2.20, respectively. Each of the two bonds' dipoles in a
non-horizontal equal vector move towards one point, thus, the water molecule is polar.

Non-polar molecules are ones that do not have charges at the end due to finely
distributed electrons and those that symmetrically cancel each other. Nonpolar
molecules have several characteristics in common. At room temperature, they are
water insoluble, hydrophobic, and able to dissolve other nonpolar molecules.

In the case of CO2 molecule:

3.44 2.55 3.44

Figure 2
https://www.quora.com/Why-does-geometrical-symmetry-cancel-out-the-polarity-of-molecules-such-as-CO2

Oxygen is more electronegative than carbon. The value of the vector is zero as
bonds move in opposing directions towards the oxygen atom. Since it is a null vector,
and has no other vector to consider, the CO2 molecule is nonpolar.

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 What’s More

Activity 1.
Determine the polarity of the molecule. Draw the structure and identify its polarity.
Write your answer inside the box.

1. NH3 2. Sulfur dioxide

3. BF3 4. CF4

Activity 2. Shoot the Arrow!

Identify the electronegative value of each atom. Describe the dipole moment by
pointing the arrows toward the atom which has greater electronegativity value).Tick
the appropriate column if the given molecule is polar or nonpolar.

1. Polar Nonpolar

.
https://people.uwplatt.edu/~sundin/114/plbh3.htm

2.

13
 https://www.retinalphysician.com/issues/2011/july-aug/vitreous-
substitutes-for-posterior-segment-surgery

3.

https://study.com/academy/answer/draw-the-lewis-structure-for-ch4-
and-state-its-molecular-geometry-is-it-polar-or-nonpolar.html

4.

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Carbon_tetrachloride_(flat).svg

Activity 3. Like dissolves like

The polarity of the substance tells us its property. Polar molecules are miscible with
other polar molecules. Non-polar molecules are miscible with other nonpolar
molecules. Explain why water is immiscible with oil.

___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
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___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
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___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
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___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

14
 What I Have Learned

EXIT CARD: Answer the following questions. Write your answer below.

How do you identify polar and nonpolar? What are the steps in determining the
polarity of molecules?
____________________________
____________________________ ____________________________
____________________________ ____________________________
____________________________ ____________________________
____________________________ ____________________________
____________________________ ____________________________
____________________________ ____________________________
____________________________ ____________________________
____________________________ ____________________________
____________________________ ____________________________
____________________________ ____________________________
____________________________ ____________________________
____________________________ ____________________________
What I Can
____________________________
Do ____________________________
____________________________ ____________________________
Experiment:
____________________ ________
Materials: food coloring (at least 3 or 4 different____________________________
____________________________ colors), dish soap, cotton buds and
_______
milk. _______
____________________________ ___________________________________
1. Put some milk in a shallow bowl.
2._______
Add the food coloring one by one
3. Dip the cotton buds on the dish soap.
Answer the following question:
A. Why does this work?
___________________________________________________________________
B. Based on the experiment.
Why does adding a little dish detergent (soap) help to remove the grease from dirty
dishes better than water alone?
___________________________________________________________________

Why does dry cleaning lift stains that soap and water won't?
___________________________________________________________________

C. How will you apply this in your everyday living?

___________________________________________________________________

15
 Module 3 Intermolecular Forces

Most Essential Learning Competencies

Describe the general types of intermolecular forces (S11/12PS-IIIc-d-17)
Explain the effect of intermolecular forces on the properties of substances
(S11/12PS-IIId-e-19)

What’s In
In the last module, you learned about the concept of polarity. Can you still
remember how to identify if the molecule is polar or nonpolar? It is important to identify
the molecules whether the molecules are polar or nonpolar, this will help you to
determine the types of intermolecular forces.
One of the episodes in Matanglawin: Diskarte sa Animalandia (Aired:
September 02, 2011) featured the Jesus lizard or Basilisk lizard due to its ability to run
on water. Students may wonder how the lizard walks on water, some of you think it’s
like magic. The reason behind this is the surface tension. Surface tension is the
tendency where the liquids keep in a low surface area. Surface tension is one of the
effects of intermolecular forces on the properties of substances. How does the
molecule stick together? What is the reason behind it? Intermolecular forces are
attractive forces between molecules. It controls how well the molecules stick together.
This is surprising if you think about it.

Terminology: Intermolecular Forces

Intermolecular forces are attractive forces between molecules, ions and atoms.
It controls how well the molecules stick together. Intramolecular forces are different
from intermolecular forces. Intramolecular forces are stronger compared to
intermolecular forces because they act within the molecules. Weak forces are also
known as Van der Waals forces. It was named after Johannes Diderik van der Waals
because of his great contribution to gases and liquids.
The general types of intermolecular forces are the following:
1. The strongest intermolecular force is ion-ion interaction. Between oppositely
charged ions, there is ion-ion contact. The majority of them are powerful compounds,
with high melting and boiling points. They have the same concept with magnets. Ions
of like charges repel while for the opposite charges it attracts. It is also inversely
proportional with the square of distance between ions which means smaller ions have
stronger ion-ion interaction compared with the larger ions.

16
2. Dipole-dipole interaction is the attraction between the polar molecules just like in
Hydrochloric Acid (HCl). All of the polar molecules have partial positive and partial
negative which makes them attract with each other. There is an unequal sharing of
electrons between H and Cl atoms, the partial negative and positive poles are present
and it is referred to as dipole. It is weaker than the ionic and covalent bond.
3. Hydrogen Bonding is a kind of dipole-dipole interaction. It exists in polar molecules
containing Hydrogen (H2) with highly electronegative elements such as Nitrogen (N 2),
Fluorine (F2) and Oxygen (O2). We call these kinds of interaction as hydrogen bonds.
4. Dispersion force is the only force that is present in nonpolar molecules. One of the
characteristics of dispersion force is present in all molecules. However, it is weak and
occurs in small distances. The attractive forces acting upon the dispersion forces are
temporary which makes it the weakest intermolecular force.
Properties of Substances in Relation to Intermolecular Forces
1. Surface tension is the tendency where the
liquids keep in a low surface area. It results
from the inward force that is experienced by
the molecules on the surface of a certain liquid.
It causes the water to come together when it is
in contact with the nonpolar.
Image source: https://wonderopolis.org/wonder/how-does-the-basilisk-lizard-run-on-water

2. Viscosity is the tendency of how well the

liquid flows. It is like the thickness of the liquid.
Viscosity will increase with the stronger
intermolecular and reduce with the higher
temperature.
Image source: https://www.piprocessinstrumentation.com/industry-applications/food-
beverage/article/15563800/quiz-corner-viscosity-of-honey#&gid=1&pid=1

3. Capillary action is a situation wherein the

liquid has the ability to rise up on a narrow
tube. This is because of the adhesion of water
to the walls of a certain vessel that will cause
an upward force on the liquid at the border
and result with a meniscus which turns
upward.
Image source: https://www.usgs.gov/media/images/narrower-tube-openings-
allow-capillary-action-pull-water-higher

4. Vaporization/Evaporation is the process wherein the liquid is turning into gaseous

form. The weaker the intermolecular forces the greater the tendency to vaporizes.

17
 What’s More

Activity 1: Multiple Choice

Directions: Read the sentence carefully and encircle the letter of your answer.

1. What is the process wherein the liquid is turning into gaseous form?
A. capillary action C. vaporization
B. surface tension D. viscosity
2. What is the situation wherein the liquid has the ability to rise up on a narrow
tube?
A. surface tension C. surface tension
B. viscosity D. capillary action
3. What is the tendency where the liquids keep in a low surface area?
A. surface tension C. capillary action
B. vaporization D. viscosity
4. What is the tendency of how well the liquid flows?
A. capillary action C. vaporization
B. surface tension D. viscosity
5. What are the attractive forces between molecules, ions and atoms?
A. intramolecular forces C. dipole-dipole interactions
B. intermolecular forces D. dispersion force
6. What do you call the intermolecular force that is present between oppositely
charged ions?
A. dispersion force C. ion-ion interaction
B. dipole-dipole interaction D. hydrogen bonding
7. Which is the strongest intermolecular force?
A. dispersion force C. hydrogen bonding
B. dipole-dipole interaction D. ion-ion interaction
8. What are the forces that act within the molecules?
A. intramolecular forces C. dispersion forces
B. intermolecular forces D. dipole-dipole interactions
9. What is the attraction between the polar molecules?
A. dipole-dipole interaction C. ion-ion interaction
B. hydrogen bonding D. dispersion force
10. What type of intermolecular force that exists in polar molecules containing H
with highly electronegative elements such as Nitrogen, Fluorine and Oxygen?
A. ion-ion interaction C. hydrogen bonding
B. dipole-dipole interaction D. dispersion force

18
Activity 2: FINDING YOUR CONCEPT

Directions: Look at the picture and answer the following questions. Write your answer
on the space provided.

Image source: https://vanderwaals.weebly.com/imfs-in-your-everyday-lives.html

1. Describe the droplets of water found on the picture.

__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________

2. What intermolecular force is manifested in the picture?

__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________

19
3. Based on your answer in Number 2, how were you able to identify the intermolecular
force?

__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________

4. Cite at least two practical ways where the concepts of intermolecular forces are
applied.

__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________

What I Have Learned

Directions: Read the questions carefully and write your answers on the space provided.
1. How do you determine the intermolecular forces between molecules?

___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

2. Why is it important to know the types of intermolecular forces of attraction?

___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

20
 What I Can Do
You have learned the general type of intermolecular forces and the effects of
intermolecular forces on the properties of substances. For you to better
understand the general types of intermolecular forces check the link below.
Link: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=08kGgrqaZXA&t=78s

https://www.masterorganicchemistry.com/2010/10/01/how-intermolecular-forces-affect-boiling-points/

Answer the following questions:

1. How do the intermolecular forces affect the boiling point?

______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________

2. What is your current understanding of the term “intermolecular forces” based

on the video that you watched?

______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________

21
 Module 4 Biological Macromolecules

Most Essential Learning Competencies

Explain how the structures of biological macromolecules such as carbohydrates,
lipids, nucleic acid, and proteins determine their properties and functions. (S11/12PS-
IIIe-22)

What’s In

Structures of Biological Macromolecules Determine their Properties

and Function
There are more complex biomolecules. These are organic substances that are found
in food such as meat and vegetables. Some are found in body parts such as blood and
muscles. Biomolecules are large molecules called macromolecules. They are
composed of many small organic molecules that link up to form a long chain. These
include carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids. Three of these are
considered biological macromolecules and considered as building blocks of life.
1. CARBOHYDRATES
Carbohydrates are chains of small organic molecules with a 1:2:1 mole ratio of carbon,
hydrogen, and oxygen. The empirical or simplest formula for carbohydrates is (CH2O)n
where the subscript n refers to the number of carbon atoms. Carbohydrates act as
energy storage or food reserves in plants and animals, this role is attributed to the
many carbon-hydrogen bonds in a carbohydrate molecule. Carbohydrates are also
called saccharides which means sugar. The simplest carbohydrates are
monosaccharides. Disaccharides are two monosaccharides joined together while
polysaccharides are complex carbohydrates. When these saccharides react with
water, they can be completely hydrolyzed to yield monosaccharide units.

22
 https://media.lanecc.edu/users/powellt/FN225OER/Carbohydrates/FN225Carbohydrates2.html

2. PROTEINS
Proteins are complex molecules composed of one or more chains of amino acids linked
by peptide bonds. Peptide bonds are covalent bonds. A single protein may contain
several thousands of atoms such as carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, and other
trace elements. An amino acid is a molecule consisting of a central carbon with the
following units bonded to it, an amino group (-NH2), a carboxyl group (-COOH), and a
hydrogen atom. All proteins are polymers made up of about 20 different kinds of amino
acids arranged in specific order that determines the characteristics of the proteins and
their biological functions. There are different types of proteins. These are storage
proteins like casein, structural proteins like collagen, contractile proteins like myosin,
transport proteins like hemoglobin, and lipoproteins, hormones like insulin and growth
hormones, enzymes like sucrose, trypsin, and hydrogenase, and antibodies like
immune globulin.

https://content.byui.edu/file/a236934c-3c60-4fe9-90aa-d343b3e3a640/1/module3/readings/proteins.html

3. LIPIDS
Lipids belong to the family of biomolecules. It comes from the Greek word lipos
meaning fat of lard. Lipids are organic molecules that are insoluble in water because
of their lack of many functional groups. Lipids have a very high proportion of carbon-
hydrogen bonds, hence long chains of lipids cannot fold like proteins. When placed in
water, lipid molecules cling together, exposing their polar groups to the surrounding
water molecules. The nonpolar groups stay within the cluster. Recall the concept of
“like dissolves like.” Because of their hydrophobicity (“water-fearing”), lipids serve as
effective membranes and storage of energy. A fat molecule consists of two main
components, glycerol and fatty acids. Glycerol is an alcohol with three carbons, five
hydrogens, and three hydroxyl (OH) groups. Fatty acids have a long chain of
hydrocarbons with a carboxyl group attached and may have 4-36 carbons; however,

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most of them have 12-18. In a fat molecule, fatty acids are attached to each of the
three carbons of the glycerol molecule with an ester bond through the oxygen atom.

https://byjus.com/biology/lipids/

4. NUCLEIC ACIDS
Nucleic acid is an important class of macromolecules that allow organisms to transfer
genetic information from one generation to the next. It stores the genetic information
that determines traits and makes protein synthesis possible. The most notable nucleic
acids in organisms are deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), and ribonucleic acid (RNA). Cells
use the information in DNA by coming up with a complementary single strand of
messenger RNA, which directs the production of protein. The sequence of amino acids
in proteins corresponds to the nucleotide sequence of DNA from which the RNA was
transcribed. The double helix structure of DNA protects the nonpolar groups by having
them in the middle, while the polar phosphate groups are exposed so that the DNA will
be soluble in the aqueous polar environment. This protects the information stored in
our DNA. Furthermore, the helix is held together by the H-bonds that form between the
two strands of the DNA which allows it to form a stable double helix and thus be able
to protect important information that make up our body.

24
 https://www.technologynetworks.com/genomics/lists/what-are-the-key-differences-between-dna-and-rna-296719

References:
Caintic, Helen E., Physical Science, C & E Publishing, Inc. 2016
Santiago, Karen S., Silverio, Angelina A., Exploring life through science- Senior High School Physical Science

What’s More

Activity 1: Matching Type

Directions: Match the structure in column A with the macromolecules in column B and
functions and properties in column C. Write the letter of your answer on a separate
sheet of paper.

COLUMN A COLUMN B COLUMN C

1. A. Carbohydrates A. - Body’s primary
source of energy
- Break the glycosidic
bond between the
saccharides

https://www.pathwayz.org/Tree/Plain/PROTEIN+STRUCTU
RE

25
 2. B. Proteins B. - Contains genetic
information
- Nucleotides =
nitrogenous base
sugar phosphate
backbone
https://www.expii.com/t/chemical-structure-of-lipids-
overview-types-5531

3. C. Lipids C. - Enzymes (controls

the rate of reaction)
- Digest by breaking
down the bonds in the
chain
https://open.oregonstate.education/animalnutrition/chapter/c
hapter-3/

4. D. Nucleic Acids D. - Long term energy

storage
- Head is hydrophilic
(like water) and tail is
hydrophobic (dislike
water)
http://wiki.engageeducation.org.au/chemistry/unit-3-2/area-
of-study-2-organic-chemical-pathways/nucleic-acids/

Activity 2: Multiple Choice

Directions: Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter
on a separate sheet of paper.

1.Which of the following statements is not true about carbohydrates?

A. Carbohydrates are typically found in meats, chicken, and fish
B. Types of carbohydrates include sugars, starches, and fibers.
C. They are comprised of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
D. They are the main source of energy for the body

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2. Why are carbohydrates the body’s preferred source of energy?
A. They can be used efficiently as fuel
B. They are inexpensive to buy
C. They are plentiful in diet
D. They spare fats

3. Which of the following is not a compound of biological macromolecules?

A. Carbohydrates
B. Lipids
C. Protein
D. Carbon Dioxide

4. Which macromolecules provide structure for hair, skin, and nails?

A. Lipids
B. Carbohydrates
C. Proteins
D. Nucleic acids

5. Which of the following macromolecules can be most structurally diverse among the
living world?
A. Carbohydrates
B. Proteins
C. Nucleic Acids
D. Lipids

6. Why are lipids insoluble in water?

A. Lipids are polar
B. lipids have a negative charge
C. lipids are nonpolar
D. lipids are building blocks of proteins

7. Which of the following do not contain the elements of the carbohydrates?

A. Carbon
B. Nitrogen
C. Hydrogen
D. Oxygen

8. Which of the following sugars is a disaccharide?

A. Fructose
B. Glucose
C. Galactose
D. Sucrose

27
9. What is the general chemical formula of carbohydrate?
A. (CH2O)n
B. (CH2O)2n
C. (CHO)n
D. CnH2NO

10. Which of the following is the building block of proteins?

A. Amino Acid
B. Nucleic acid
C. Enzymes
D. Phosphate

Activity 3: 1-2-3 MACROMOLECULES

DIRECTIONS: Select one macromolecule and explain its properties and functions.

Give 1 macromolecule
1 ∙

Properties
2 ∙
∙

Functions
3 ∙
∙
∙

Activity 4: ESSAY
Direction: Answer the following question. (5 points each)

1. Describe the dinner, a marathon runner would eat the night before running the
Boston Marathon, and give reasons for his/her food choices.
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________

28
2. Animals like whales and seals have a thick layer of bubbler, fatty tissue under
their skin. How would these animals be better adapted to colder environments
where food sources are limited?
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________

3. Where do we get most of the building blocks for our macromolecules?

______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________

What I Have Learned

Direction: Explain the following in three to five sentences.

1. How do the structures of macromolecules affect or determine their

properties?

29
 2. What do macromolecules have in common?

What I Can Do
Create a short poem or a song (90-100 words) focusing on the role of macromolecules
in our body. Refer to the criteria shown below:
Biomolecule Poem/Song Criteria

● Creativity 40%
● Originality 30 %
● Organization (Unity of thought) 30%

30