SHS

General Mathematics
Module 7:
Logarithmic Functions, Equations,
and Inequalities

AIRs - LM
LU_General Mathematics_Module7
 General Mathematics
Module 7: Logarithmic Functions, Equations, and Inequalities
Second Edition, 2021

Copyright © 2021
La Union Schools Division
Region I

All rights reserved. No part of this module may be reproduced in any form
without written permission from the copyright owners.

Development Team of the Module

Authors: Reynan O. Ibay

Nancy F. Garcia
Meryl Mae R. Nelmida
Editor: SDO La Union, Learning Resource Quality Assurance Team
Content Reviewers: Catherine F. Carbonell
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Language Reviewers: Ryan V. Espiritu
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Reviewers: Jiezyl Jamaica M. Aquino
Sherlyn A. De la Peña
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Design and Layout: Angela Pauline C. Ganuelas

Management Team:

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Schools Division Superintendent
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LU_General Mathematics_Module7
 SHS
General Mathematics
Module 7:
Logarithmic Functions, Equations,
and Inequalities

LU_General Mathematics_Module7
 Introductory Message
This Self-Learning Module (SLM) is prepared so that you, our dear
learners, can continue your studies and learn while at home. Activities,
questions, directions, exercises, and discussions are carefully stated for you
to understand each lesson.

Each SLM is composed of different parts. Each part shall guide you
step-by-step as you discover and understand the lesson prepared for you.

Pre-tests are provided to measure your prior knowledge on lessons in

each SLM. This will tell you if you need to proceed on completing this module
or if you need to ask your facilitator or your teacher’s assistance for better
understanding of the lesson. At the end of each module, you need to answer
the post-test to self-check your learning. Answer keys are provided for each
activity and test. We trust that you will be honest in using these.

In addition to the material in the main text, Notes to the Teacher are
also provided to our facilitators and parents for strategies and reminders on
how they can best help you on your home-based learning.

Please use this module with care. Do not put unnecessary marks on
any part of this SLM. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises
and tests. And read the instructions carefully before performing each task.

If you have any questions in using this SLM or any difficulty in

answering the tasks in this module, do not hesitate to consult your teacher
or facilitator.

Thank you.

LU_General Mathematics_Module7
 Target

"Logarithm" is a word made up by Scottish

Mathematician John Napier (1550-1617), from the
Greek word logos meaning "proportion, ratio or
word" and arithmos meaning "number", which
when combined together makes "ratio-number”.
In its simplest form, logarithms.

This learning material will provide you with

information and activities that will deepen your
understanding of logarithms.

After going through this module, you are

expected to:
1. represent real-life situations using logarithmic
functions (M11GM-Ih-1),
2. distinguish logarithmic function, logarithmic
equation, and logarithmic inequality
(M11GM-Ih-2); and
3. solve logarithmic equations and inequalities
(M11GM-Ih-i-1).

Learning Objectives:
1. define logarithmic function
2. identify real-life situations using logarithmic
functions
3. distinguish logarithmic function, logarithmic
equation, and logarithmic inequality
4. determine the properties of logarithm
5. solve logarithmic equations and inequalities

Before going on, check how much you know about this topic. Answer the
pretest on the next page in a separate sheet of paper.

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 Pretest
I. Multiple Choices
Directions: Read and understand the following questions carefully. Choose the letter
of the correct answer and write it on a separate sheet of paper.

1. Which of the following functions is written in the form 𝑦 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 𝑥, where b > 0
and b ≠ 1?
A. Exponential B. Linear C. Logarithmic D. Rational
2. Which of the following is a logarithmic function?
A. 𝑙𝑜𝑔3 (2𝑥 − 1) = 2 B. 𝑥 + 2 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔0.25 𝑥
C. 𝑙𝑜𝑔3 (2𝑥 + 1) > 𝑙𝑜𝑔3 (𝑥 + 2) D. 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑙𝑜𝑔3 x
3. Which of the following is a logarithmic inequality?
A. 𝑙𝑜𝑔3 (2𝑥 − 1) = 2 B. 𝑥 + 2 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔0.25 𝑥
C. 𝑙𝑜𝑔3 (2𝑥 + 1) > 𝑙𝑜𝑔3 (𝑥 + 2) D. 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑙𝑜𝑔3 x
4. Which of the following is a logarithmic equation?
A. 𝑙𝑜𝑔3 (2𝑥 − 1) > 𝑙𝑜𝑔3 𝑥 + 2 B. ℎ(𝑥) = 𝑙𝑜𝑔0.25 𝑥
C. 𝑦 = 2𝑙𝑜𝑔4 𝑥 D. 2𝑥 + 𝑦 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔3 𝑥
5
5. What is the value of x in the equation 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 (32)= ?
2
A. 1 B. 2 C. 3 D. 4
3
6. What is the value of x in the equation 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 (27)= ?
2
A. 4 B. 6 C. 9 D. 11
7. What is the value of x in the equation 𝑙𝑜𝑔1 (2𝑥 − 1) = −3?
2
1 3 7 9
A. B. C. D.
2 2 2 2
8. What is the value of ln(6𝑥 − 5) = 3?
A. 2.326 B. 1.623 C. 1.702 D. 1.815
9. What is the value of x in 𝑙𝑜𝑔2 (x + 1) + 𝑙𝑜𝑔2 ( (x – 1) = 3?
A. 1 B. 2 C. 3 D. 4
10. What is the value of x in 𝑙𝑜𝑔3(2𝑥 – 1) > 𝑙𝑜𝑔3(𝑥 + 2)?
A. (3, +∞) B. (−3, −∞) C. (3, −∞) D. (−3, +∞)

II. Identification
Directions: Below are situations/problems depicting representations of functions in
real-life situations. Write R if it is a representation of a rational function, I if inverse
function, E if exponential function, and L if it represents logarithmic function.

11. A scientist starts with 100 bacteria in an experiment. After 5 days, she
discovers that the population has grown to 350. Find out the population after
15 days.

12. A speedboat can travel 32 miles per hour in still water. It travels 150 miles
upstream against the current then returns to the starting location. The total
time of the trip is 10 hours. What is the speed of the current?

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 13. An earthquake is measured with a wave amplitude 392 times as great as the
standard wave. What is the magnitude of this earthquake using the Richter
scale?

14. Bill can finish a report in 2 hours. Maria can finish the same report in 4
hours. How long will it take them to finish the report if they work together?

15. Engineers have determined that the maximum force in tons that a bridge can
carry is related to the distance in meters between it supports by the following
function: t(d) = (12.5/d). How far should the supports be if the bridge is to
support 6.5 tons?

Jumpstart

For you to understand the lesson well, do the following activities.

Directions: Accomplish the FRAYER models on the next page. Choose from the given
choices below. Use a separate sheet of paper.

Characteristics
• It is an inverse of exponential function, and any exponential function can be
expressed in logarithmic form.
• Equations in which one or both sides can be logarithms
• Inequalities in which one or both sides can be logarithms
Definitions
• It is an exponent that indicates the power to which a base number is raised
to produce a given number.
• It is an equation involving logarithms.
• It is an inequality involving logarithms.
Examples and Non-examples
• 𝑙𝑜𝑔8 64 = 2
• 𝑙𝑜𝑔7 (𝑥 + 2) ≥ 𝑙𝑜𝑔7 (6𝑥 − 3)
• 5 + ln 2𝑥 = 4
• 𝑙𝑜𝑔25 625 = 2
• 𝑙𝑜𝑔3 (2𝑥 − 1) > 𝑙𝑜𝑔3 𝑥 + 2
• ℎ(𝑥) = 𝑙𝑜𝑔0.25 𝑥
• y = 𝑙𝑜𝑔3 𝑥
• 𝑙𝑜𝑔6 𝑥 = 3
• 𝑦 = 2𝑙𝑜𝑔5 𝑥

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 A. FRAYER Model on Logarithmic function

B. FRAYER Model on Logarithmic equation

C. FRAYER Model on Logarithmic inequality

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 Discover

Representation of Logarithmic Function to Real-life Situation

A logarithm is defined as the exponent that indicates the power to which a
base number is raised to produce a given number. The logarithm of a with base b is
denoted by 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 𝑎 and is defined as 𝑐 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 𝑎 if and only if 𝑎 = 𝑏 𝑐 . In the example
shown below, 3 is the exponent to which the base 2 must be raised to produce the
answer, which is 8, or 23 = 8.

Note that in both the logarithmic and exponential forms, b is the base. In the
exponential form, c is an exponent; this implies that the logarithm is actually an
exponent. Hence, logarithmic and exponential functions are inverses.

Exponential form Logarithmic form

In dealing with logarithms, it is important to note the following.

1. In both the logarithmic and exponential forms, b is the base. In the exponential
form, c is an exponent; this implies that the logarithm is actually, an exponent.
Hence, logarithmic and exponential functions are inverses.
2. In the logarithmic form 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 𝑥, x cannot be negative.
3. The value of 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 𝑥 can be negative.

Logarithms with a base of 10 are called common logarithms. When the base
is not indicated, base 10 is implied. For example, log 𝑥 is the same as 𝑙𝑜𝑔10 𝑥.
Logarithms with a base of e are called natural logarithms. Natural logarithms are
denoted by ln. ln x is the same as 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒆 𝒙.
A logarithmic function expresses a relationship between two variables (such
as x and y) and can be represented by a table of values or a graph. The logarithmic
function is the function 𝑦 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 𝑥 where b is any number such that b > 0, b ≠ 1, and
x > 0.
Let’s examine the table of values for the function 𝑦 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔2 𝑥 below.

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 The most common applications of logarithmic functions to real-life situations
𝐼
are to measure the decibel level of sounds through this equation D = 10 log
10−12
where I is the sound intensity; to determine the magnitude of an earthquake through
2 𝐸
the equation R = log where E is the energy released by an earthquake; to know
3 104.4
the pH level of water-based solution which is defined by pH = -log [H+] where H+ is
the concentration of hydrogen ions in moles per liter; and to solve the compound
interest problems using the formula A = P[1 + 𝑟]t where P is the principal amount, r
is the rate and t is the time.
The table below allows you to better understand and distinguish logarithmic
function, logarithmic equation, and logarithmic inequality.

Logarithmic Logarithmic Logarithmic

Function Equation Inequality
Definition It is a function It is an equation It is an inequality
involving involving logarithms. involving logarithms.
logarithms.

Examples 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑙𝑜𝑔3 𝑥 log 2 8 = 3 ln 𝑥 2 > (ln 𝑥)2

ℎ(𝑥) = 𝑙𝑜𝑔0.25 𝑥 2 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔3 𝑥 𝑙𝑜𝑔3 (2𝑥 − 1) > 𝑙𝑜𝑔3 𝑥 + 2

𝑦 = 2𝑙𝑜𝑔5 𝑥 𝑙𝑜𝑔3 (2𝑥 − 1) = 2 𝑙𝑜𝑔1 (5𝑥 − 1) ≥ 0

2
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑙𝑜𝑔4 𝑥 𝑙𝑜𝑔4𝑥 = −log (3 + 5)
𝑙𝑜𝑔5 (3𝑥 − 1) < 1

Rewriting logarithmic equation to its exponential form and vice versa, and
knowing the different properties of logarithms are very helpful in finding the solutions
to logarithmic equations and inequalities’ problems.

In its simplest form, a logarithm answers the question: “What exponent [c] do
we need (for one number [b] to become another number [a])?”

Take for example

log 3 81

To get the logarithm, we answer the question “What exponent do we need for
3 to become 81?” Now, we rewrite it in exponential form.

3? = 81

34 = 81

The logarithmic form of 34 = 81 is log 3 81 = 4 or we can say that the logarithm

of 81 to the base 3 is 4.

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 Example 1: Rewrite the following logarithmic equations to their exponential form
and vice versa.
1. 𝑙𝑜𝑔4 64=3 6. 34 = 81
Answer: 43 = 𝟔𝟒 Answer: 𝑙𝑜𝑔3 81 = 𝟒
2. 𝑙𝑜𝑔7 1 = 0 7. 41 = 4
Answer: 7 = 𝟏
0 Answer: 𝑙𝑜𝑔4 4 = 𝟏
3. 𝑙𝑜𝑔5 125 = 3 8. 60 = 1
Answer: 53 = 𝟏𝟐𝟓 Answer: 𝑙𝑜𝑔6 1 = 𝟎
1 1 −2
4. 𝑙𝑜𝑔2 8 = −𝟑 9. ( )
2
=4
𝟏
Answer: 2−3 = Answer: 𝑙𝑜𝑔1 4 = −𝟐
𝟖 2

5. 𝑙𝑜𝑔1 3 = −1 10. 10−2 = 0.01

3
1−1
Answer: =𝟑 Answer: log 0.01 = −𝟐
3

Properties of Logarithms

Before you solve logarithmic equation and logarithmic inequality, you need to
know first the different properties that you will use in finding their solutions. You
have already been exposed to certain properties of logarithms that follow directly
from the definition. Recall that y = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 𝑥 is equivalent to 𝑏 𝑦 = 𝑥 for x > 0, b > 0 and
b ≠ 1.
The following properties follow directly from the definition.

Property 1: 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒃 𝟏 = 𝟎

Example: a. 𝑙𝑜𝑔5 (1) = 𝟎 b. 𝑙𝑜𝑔7 (1) = 𝟎 c. 𝑙𝑜𝑔8 (1) = 𝟎

Property 2: 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒃 𝒃 = 𝟏

Example: a. 𝑙𝑜𝑔5 (5)=1 b. 𝑙𝑜𝑔7 (7)=1 c. 𝑙𝑜𝑔8 (8)=1

Property 3: Product Property of Logarithms

Let b, M and N be positive real numbers where 𝑏 ≠ 1. Then

𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒃 𝑴𝑵 = 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒃 𝑴 + 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒃 𝑵

This property implies that the logarithm of a product of two numbers is the
sum of the logarithms of the numbers.

Example: Use the product property of logarithms to expand the following:

a. 𝑙𝑜𝑔2 (4 ∙ 8) b. 𝑙𝑜𝑔3 (9𝑥)

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 Solutions:
a. 𝑙𝑜𝑔2 (4 ∙ 8)= 𝑙𝑜𝑔2 (4)+ 𝑙𝑜𝑔2 (8) b. 𝑙𝑜𝑔3 (9𝑥)= 𝑙𝑜𝑔3 (9)+ 𝑙𝑜𝑔3 (𝑥)
= 𝑙𝑜𝑔2 (22 )+ 𝑙𝑜𝑔2 (23 ) = 𝑙𝑜𝑔3 (32 )+ 𝑙𝑜𝑔3 (𝑥)
=2+3 = 2 + 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟑 (𝒙)
=5

Property 4: Quotient Property for Logarithms

Let b, M and N be positive real numbers where b ≠ 1. Then

𝑴
𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒃 = 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒃 𝑴 − 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒃 𝑵
𝑵
This property means that the logarithm of a quotient is the difference of the
logarithm of the numerator and the logarithm of the denominator.

Example: Expand the following expressions using the quotient rule of

logarithms.
2𝑥 2 +6𝑥 √𝑥
a. log( ) b. 𝑙𝑜𝑔8 ( 3 )
3𝑥+9 𝑦
Solutions:
2𝑥 2 +6𝑥 2𝑥(𝑥+3)
a. log( ) = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 ( )
3𝑥+9 3(𝑥+3)
2𝑥
= 𝑙𝑜𝑔 ( )
3
= log(2𝑥) − log (3)
= 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝟐) + 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝒙) − 𝐥𝐨𝐠 (𝟑)

1
√𝑥 𝑥2
b. 𝑙𝑜𝑔8 ( 3 ) = 𝑙𝑜𝑔8 ( 3)
𝑦 𝑦
1
= 𝑙𝑜𝑔8 (𝑥 2 ) − 𝑙𝑜𝑔8 (𝑦 3 )
𝟏
= 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟖 (𝒙) − 𝟑𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟖 (𝒚)
𝟐

Property 5: Power Property of Logarithms

Let b and M be positive real numbers where b ≠ 1. Let p be any real number.
Then,
𝟏𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒃 𝑴𝒑 = 𝒑𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒃 𝑴

That is, the logarithm of a power of a number is the exponent times the
logarithm of the number.

Example: Expand the following using the power rule for logarithms.

a. 𝑙𝑜𝑔2 (𝑥 5 ) b. 𝑙𝑜𝑔3 (25)

Solutions:
a. 𝑙𝑜𝑔2 (𝑥 5 ) = 𝟓𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟐 𝒙 b. 𝑙𝑜𝑔3 (25) = 𝑙𝑜𝑔3 (52 )
= 𝟐𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟑 (𝟓)

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 Property 6: Let b and M be positive real numbers with b ≠ 1.

𝟏
𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒃 = −𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒃 𝑴
𝑴

That is, the logarithm of the reciprocal of a number is the negative of the
logarithm of the number.

Example:
2 𝟓
a. 𝑙𝑜𝑔 = −𝒍𝒐𝒈
5 𝟐

Change-of-Base Formula
If 𝑎 ≠ 1, 𝑏 ≠ 1 and M are positive real numbers, then
log 𝑀 ln 𝑀
𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 M= log 𝑏 and 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 M= ln 𝑏 .

Example: Use the change-of-base formula to find an approximation up to

four decimal places for each of the logarithm expressions.
a. 𝑙𝑜𝑔5 17 b. 𝑙𝑜𝑔2 0.1
Solutions:
a. We use natural logarithms.
ln 17 2.833213344
𝑙𝑜𝑔5 17 = ≈ ≈ 𝟏. 𝟕𝟔𝟎𝟑𝟕𝟒𝟒𝟐𝟖
ln 5 1.609437192

b. Here, we use common logarithms.

log 0.1 −1
𝑙𝑜𝑔2 0.1 = = ≈ −𝟑. 𝟑𝟐𝟏𝟗𝟐𝟖𝟎𝟗𝟓
log 2 0.301029995

Solving Logarithmic Equations

When asked to solve a logarithmic equation such as 𝑙𝑜𝑔2 (5x + 7) = 5 or

𝑙𝑜𝑔3 (7x + 3) = 𝑙𝑜𝑔3 (5x + 9), the first thing we need to decide is how to solve the
problem. Some logarithmic problems are solved by simply dropping the logarithms
while others are solved by rewriting the logarithmic problem in exponential form.
How do we decide what is the correct way to solve a logarithmic problem? The
key is to look at the problem and decide if the problem contains only logarithms or if
the problem has terms without logarithms.
If we consider the problem 𝑙𝑜𝑔2 (5x + 7) = 5, this problem contains a term, 5,
that does not have a logarithm. So, the correct way to solve this type of logarithmic
problem is to rewrite the logarithmic problem in exponential form. For the case of
𝑙𝑜𝑔3 (7x + 3) = 𝑙𝑜𝑔3 (5x + 9), this problem contains only logarithms, therefore the
correct way to solve this type of logarithmic problem is to simply drop the logarithms.

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 One-to-One Property of Logarithms

If 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 𝑀 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 𝑁, then M=N.

This statement says that if an equation contains only two logarithms, on

opposite sides of the equal sign, with the same base then the problem can be solved
by simply dropping the logarithms.

Example 1: Solve 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟑 (𝟕𝒙 + 𝟑) = 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟑 (𝟓𝒙 + 𝟗)

Solution:
𝑙𝑜𝑔3 (7𝑥 + 3) = 𝑙𝑜𝑔3 (5𝑥 + 9) Given

(7x + 3) = (5x + 9) Drop the logarithms.

7x + 3 = 5x + 9

7x – 5x = 9 - 3 Combine like terms

2x = 6 Divide both sides by 2.

x=3

Checking:

We can check our answer by simply substituting the value of x to the given equation.
𝑙𝑜𝑔3 (7x + 3) = 𝑙𝑜𝑔3 (5x + 9) ; where x = 3

𝑙𝑜𝑔3 (7(3) + 3) = 𝑙𝑜𝑔3 (5(3) + 9)

𝑙𝑜𝑔3 (24) = 𝑙𝑜𝑔3 (24)

Therefore, the solution to the problem 𝑙𝑜𝑔3 (7x + 3) = log3 (5x + 9) is x = 3.

Example 2: Solve 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟓 (18 - 𝒙𝟐 ) = 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟓 (6 - x)

Solution:
𝑙𝑜𝑔5 (18 - 𝑥 2 ) = 𝑙𝑜𝑔5 (6 - x) Given

(18 - 𝑥 2 ) = (6 – x) Drop the logarithms.

18 - 𝑥 2 = 6 – x

-𝑥 2 + x +18 – 6 = 0 Combine terms on the left side and

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 equate to zero
-𝑥 2+ x + 12 = 0 Simplify and divide the equation by -1
𝑥 2 - x – 12 = 0 Apply quadratic factoring
(x - 4)(x + 3) = 0 Equate the two factors to zero and solve for x
x = 4 and x = -3
Checking:
We can check our answer by simply substituting the values of x to the given equation.
x=4 x = -3
2
𝑙𝑜𝑔5 (18 − 𝑥 ) = 𝑙𝑜𝑔5 (6 − x) 𝑙𝑜𝑔5 (18 - 𝑥 2 ) = 𝑙𝑜𝑔5 (6 - x)
𝑙𝑜𝑔5 (18 - 42 ) = 𝑙𝑜𝑔5 (6 - 4) 𝑙𝑜𝑔5 (18 - (−3)2 ) = 𝑙𝑜𝑔5 (6 – (-3))
𝑙𝑜𝑔5 (18 - 16) = 𝑙𝑜𝑔5 (6 - 4) 𝑙𝑜𝑔5 (18 - 9) = 𝑙𝑜𝑔5 9
𝑙𝑜𝑔5 2 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔5 2 𝑙𝑜𝑔5 9 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔5 9

Therefore, the solution to the problem 𝑙𝑜𝑔5 (18 - 𝑥 2 ) = 𝑙𝑜𝑔5 (6 - x) are

x = 4 and x = - 3.

Example 3: Solve 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟐 (5x + 7) = 5

Solution:
𝑙𝑜𝑔2 (5x + 7) = 5 Given

5x + 7 = 25 Rewrite the equation to exponential form

5x + 7 = 32 Simplify

5x = 32 – 7 Apply Subraction Property of Equality

5x = 25 Divide both sides by 5

x=5

Therefore, the solution to the problem 𝑙𝑜𝑔2 (5x + 7) = 5 is 5.

Example 4: Solve 𝒍𝒐𝒈 𝒙 − 𝒍𝒐𝒈 𝟐 = 𝒍𝒐𝒈 ( 𝒙 + 𝟖) − 𝒍𝒐𝒈 (𝒙 + 𝟐)

Solution:
𝒍𝒐𝒈 𝒙 − 𝒍𝒐𝒈 𝟐 = 𝒍𝒐𝒈 ( 𝒙 + 𝟖) − 𝒍𝒐𝒈 (𝒙 + 𝟐) Given
𝑥 𝑥+8
𝑙𝑜𝑔 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 Apply Quotient Property of Logarithm
2 𝑥+2
𝑥 𝑥+8
= Drop the logarithms
2 𝑥+2
x2 + 2x = 2x + 16 Apply Cross products
x2 + 2x - 2x – 16 = 0 Simplify
𝑥 2 – 16 = 0 Factor
(x + 4) (x – 4) = 0 Equate the two factors to zero and
x+4=0 x–4=0 solve for x
x = -4 and x = 4

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LU_General Mathematics_Module7
 Checking:
We can check our answer by simply substituting the values of x to the given equation.
x = -4 x=4
𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑥 − 𝑙𝑜𝑔 2 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 ( 𝑥 + 8) − 𝑙𝑜𝑔 (𝑥 + 2) 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑥 − 𝑙𝑜𝑔 2 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 ( 𝑥 + 8) − 𝑙𝑜𝑔 (𝑥 + 2)
𝑙𝑜𝑔 (−4) − 𝑙𝑜𝑔 2 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 (−4 + 8) − 𝑙𝑜𝑔 (−4 + 2) 𝑙𝑜𝑔 (4) − 𝑙𝑜𝑔 2 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 (4 + 8) − 𝑙𝑜𝑔 (4 + 2)
𝑙𝑜𝑔 (−4) − 𝑙𝑜𝑔 2 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 (4) − 𝑙𝑜𝑔 (−2) 𝑙𝑜𝑔 (4) − 𝑙𝑜𝑔 2 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 (12) − 𝑙𝑜𝑔 (6)
−4 4 4 12
𝑙𝑜𝑔 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑙𝑜𝑔 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔
2 −2 2 6
𝑙𝑜𝑔 − 2 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 − 2 𝑙𝑜𝑔 2 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 2
Note: In the logarithmic form 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 𝑥, x cannot be negative.

Therefore, the solution to the problem 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑥 − 𝑙𝑜𝑔 2 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 ( 𝑥 + 8) − 𝑙𝑜𝑔 (𝑥 + 2)

Is only x = 4.

Example 5: Solve ln(x -5) + ln(10 – x) = ln(x – 6) + ln(x – 1)

Solution:
ln(x -5) + ln(10 – x) = ln(x – 6) + ln(x – 1) Given
ln(x -5) (10 – x) = ln(x -6) (x -1) Combining the logarithmic terms.
(x – 5) (10 – x) = (x -6) (x – 1) Drop the natural logarithm
10x – 𝑥 2 – 50 + 5x = 𝑥 2 – x – 6x + 6 Expand each side.
−𝑥 2 + 15x – 50 = 𝑥 2 – 7x + 6 Simplify
−𝑥 2 - 𝑥 2 + 15 x + 7x -50 – 6 = 0 Arrange terms in descending order
and equate to zero
-2𝑥 2 + 22x - 56 = 0 Simplify
2𝑥 2 – 22x + 56 = 0
𝑥 2 – 11x + 28 = 0 Divide the equation by -2
(x – 7) (x – 4) = 0 Apply quadratic factoring
x–7=0 x–4=0 Equate the two factors to zero
x = 7 and x = 4

Checking:
We can check our answer by simply substituting the values of x to the given equation
x=7 x=4
ln(x -5) + ln(10 – x) = ln(x – 6) + ln(x – 1) ln(x -5) + ln(10 – x) = ln(x – 6) + ln(x – 1)
ln(7-5) + ln(10 – 7) = ln(7 – 6) + ln(7 – 1) ln(4 -5) + ln(10 – 4) = ln(4 – 6) + ln(4 – 1)
ln(2) + ln(3) = ln(1) + ln(6) ln(-1) + ln(6) = ln(-2) + ln(3)
ln(6) = ln(6) NOT OKAY
OKAY

Therefore, the only solution to the problem ln(x -5) + ln(10 – x) = ln(x – 6) + ln(x – 1)
is x = 7.

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 Solving Logarithmic Inequalities

The key to working with logarithmic inequalities is the following fact:

If 𝑎 > 1 and x> 𝑦, then 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎 𝑥 > 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎 𝑦. Otherwise, if 0<a<1, then 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎 𝑥 < 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎 𝑦.

Of course, the base of a logarithm cannot be 1 or nonpositive. More

importantly, the converse is true as well:

If a > 1 and 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎 𝑥 > 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎 𝑦, then x > y. Otherwise, if 0 < a < 1, then x < y.

In more formal terms, the logarithmic function f(x) = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎 𝑥 is monotonically

increasing (increasing x always increases f(x) for a > 1), and monotonically decreasing
(increasing x always decreases f(x) for 0 < a < 1).

It is also important to keep in mind the following fact:

The argument of the logarithm must be positive!

Thus, it is also necessary to take into account any inequalities resulting from
the arguments being positive; for example, an inequality involving the term
3
𝑙𝑜𝑔2 (2x– 3) > 0 immediately requires x > .
2

When both sides of an inequality have the same base, the key facts from the
introduction can be applied directly.

Example 1: What values of x satisfy the inequality 𝑙𝑜𝑔2 (2x + 3) > 𝑙𝑜𝑔2 (3x)?

Solution:
Ensure that the logarithms are defined. 2x + 3 > 0 and x + 2 > 0 must be satisfied. 2x + 3 > 0
3
implies x > and 3x > 0 implies x > 0. To make both logarithms defined then x is greater than 0.
2

𝑙𝑜𝑔2 (2x + 3) > 𝑙𝑜𝑔2 (3x) Given

2x + 3 > 3x Drop the logarithms

2x – 3x > -3 Combine like terms

-x > -3 Apply rule for operation in inequality

(reverse the direction of inequality symbol
in dividing each side by negative number)
𝒙<3

Therefore, the values of x that satisfy the inequality 𝑙𝑜𝑔2 (2x + 3) > 𝑙𝑜𝑔2 (3x) is
𝒙 < 3 or can be described as the solution set 0 < x < 3 or (0, 3)

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 Example 2: What values of x satisfy the inequality 𝑙𝑜𝑔3 (4x + 1) > 𝑙𝑜𝑔3 (2x + 3)?
Solution:

Ensure that the logarithms are defined. 4x + 1 > 0 and 2x + 3> 0 must be satisfied. 4x +1 > 0 implies
1 1
x> − and 2x + 3 > 0 implies x > -1.5. To make both logarithms defined then x is greater than − .
4 4

𝑙𝑜𝑔3 (4x + 1) > 𝑙𝑜𝑔3 (2x + 3) Given

4x + 1 > 2x + 3 Drop the logarithms

4x – 2x > 3 – 1 Combine like terms

2x > 2 Divide both sides by 2

x>1

Therefore, the values of x that satisfy the inequality 𝑙𝑜𝑔3 (4x + 1) > 𝑙𝑜𝑔3 (2x + 3)
is 𝒙 > 1 or can be described as the solution set (1, + ∞).

Explore

Here are some enrichment activities for you to work on to master and
strengthen the basic concepts you have learned from this lesson.

Activity 1: Logarithmic Function vs Logarithmic Equation

vs Logarithmic Inequality
Directions: Determine whether the given is a logarithmic function, logarithmic
equation, or logarithmic inequality. Write LF for logarithmic function, LE for
logarithmic equation and LI for logarithmic inequality. Use separate sheet of paper
for you answers.

1. 𝑙𝑜𝑔3 (2𝑥 − 1) > 𝑙𝑜𝑔3 𝑥 + 2 6. 𝑙𝑜𝑔4 (2𝑥) = 𝑙𝑜𝑔4 10

2. ℎ(𝑥) = 𝑙𝑜𝑔0.25 𝑥 7. 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 16 = 2
3. 2 + 𝑦 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔3 𝑥 8. 𝑙𝑜𝑔8 (3𝑥 − 5) < 2
4. 𝑙𝑜𝑔3 (2𝑥 − 1) = 2 9. 𝑙𝑜𝑔4 (𝑥 + 1) < 𝑙𝑜𝑔4 2𝑥
5. log 𝑥 2 = 2 10. 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑙𝑜𝑔0.5 (𝑥 − 3)

Activity 2: Check Me!

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LU_General Mathematics_Module7
 Directions: Below are word problems depicting representations of functions in real-
life situations. Check the word problems that represent a logarithmic function in real
life situation. (Hint: You have to check five boxes .)

A 1-liter solution contains 10–8 moles of hydrogen ions. Determine whether the
solution is acidic, neutral, or basic.

A barangay has 1,000 individuals and its population doubles every 60 years.
What is the population of the barangay in 20 years?

If the temperature in a thermometer reads 101.3°F, what is that in °C?

In an inter-barangay basketball league, the team from Barangay Quara has won
18 out of 30 games, a winning percentage of 52%. We have seen that they need
to win 90 games consecutively to raise their percentage to at least 60%. What
will be their winning percentage if they win 10 games in a row?

Suppose the intensity of the sound of a jet during take-off is 100 watts/m2. What
is the corresponding sound intensity in decibels?

The half-life of a radioactive substance is 1500 years. If the initial amount of the
substance is 500 grams, what amount of substance remains after 1000 years?

The maximum sound intensity of Paul’s iPod player is 115 dB. What is the
maximum sound intensity in watts per square meter?

The world’s largest and strongest earthquake with an instrumentally

documented magnitude of 9.5 happened in 1960 near Chile. Philippines, on the
other hand recorded a magnitude of 8 in 1976 at Mindanao as its strongest
earthquake. How much more energy was released by the world’s strongest
earthquake compared to that by the Philippines strongest earthquake?

Two ships traveling from Cebu to Bohol differ in average speed by 10 kph. The
slower ship takes 3 hours longer to travel a 75-kilometer route than for the faster
ship to travel a 70-kilometer route. What is the speed of the faster ship?

What is the magnitude in the Richter scale of an earthquake that released 1014
joules of energy?

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LU_General Mathematics_Module7
 Activity 3: Complete Me!
Directions: Answer the following logarithmic equations and complete the table. Use
a separate sheet for your solution. You can use your calculator.

Logarithmic Equations Answer

1. log 4 + log 25
2. log 10 – log 5
3. 3log(5)
4. log5(5)
5. log5(1)
6. log 2 + log 12
7. log 20 – log 5
8. 4log(2)
9. log2(2)
10. log 4 + log 5

Activity 4: Find My X!
Directions: Solve for the value/s of x. Use a separate sheet for your solutions. Always
check your answer.

1. 𝑙𝑜𝑔3 (𝑥 + 4) = 𝑙𝑜𝑔3 (2𝑥 − 4)

2. 𝑙𝑜𝑔3 (2𝑥 − 1) > 𝑙𝑜𝑔3 (𝑥 + 2)
3. (𝑙𝑜𝑔2 𝑥)2 − 4 = 0
4. 𝑙𝑜𝑔8 (3𝑥 − 5) < 2
5. 𝑙𝑜𝑔2 (𝑥 − 2) ≤ 4

Assessment Rubric
Score Indicators
5 Both the solution and final answer is correct.
3 Solution and final answer have minimal error
1 Solutions and final answer are erroneous.
0 Did not attempt to answer.

Great job! You are almost done with this module!

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 Deepen

To accentuate your understanding of the lesson, here is another activity for

you to work on. Good luck and have fun!

Directions: Solve the given word problem below. Use a separate sheet for your
solutions.

Problem
Using the formula A=𝑃(1 + 𝑟)𝑛 , where A is the future value, P is the principal,
r is the fixed annual interest rate, and n is the number of years, how many years will
it take an investment amounting to P100,000.00 to double if the interest rate per
annum is 2.5%?

Assessment Rubric for Problem Solving

Area of Proficient Apprentice Novice
Assessment 5 3 1
Applies Applies completely Applies some Applies
Appropriate appropriate appropriate inappropriate
Procedures procedures procedures procedures
Uses Uses a Uses a Uses a
Representations representation representation that representation that
that clearly depicts gives some gives little or no
the problem important significant
information about information about
the problem the problem
Answers the Correct solution Copying error, No answer or wrong
Problem computational answer based upon
error, partial an inappropriate
answer for problem plan
with multiple
answers, no
answer statement,
answer labeled
incorrectly

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LU_General Mathematics_Module7
 Gauge

I. Multiple Choices
Directions: Read and understand the following questions carefully. Choose the letter
of the correct answer and write it on a separate sheet of paper.

1. Which is defined as the exponent that indicates the power to which a base
Number b is raised to produce a given number?
A. Logarithmic equation B. Logarithmic function
C. Logarithmic expression D. Logarithmic Inequality
2. Which of the following is a logarithmic function?
A. log 2 (2) + log 2 (3x − 5) = 3 B. g(x) = log 2 (x + 1)
C. log(3 ) = log 5
x D. log 1 (3x) > log 1 (2x + 3)
2 2
3. Which of the following is a logarithmic inequality?
A. 𝑙𝑜𝑔2 (2) + 𝑙𝑜𝑔2 (3𝑥 − 5) = 3 B. 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑙𝑜𝑔2 (𝑥 + 1)
C. log(3𝑥 ) = log 5 D. 𝑙𝑜𝑔1 (3𝑥) > 𝑙𝑜𝑔1 (2𝑥 + 3)
2 2
4. Which of the following is a logarithmic equation?
A. 𝑙𝑜𝑔2 (2) + 𝑙𝑜𝑔2 (3𝑥 − 5) = 3 B. 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑙𝑜𝑔2 (𝑥 + 1)
C. log(3 ) < log 5
𝑥 D. 𝑙𝑜𝑔1 (3𝑥) > 𝑙𝑜𝑔1 (2𝑥 + 3)
2 2
5. Which is equivalent to 26 = 64?
A. 𝑙𝑜𝑔2 64 = 6 B. 𝑙𝑜𝑔6 2 = 64 C. 𝑙𝑜𝑔6 64 = 2 D. 𝑙𝑜𝑔2 6 = 64
1
6. What is 𝑙𝑜𝑔3 = −2 in exponential form?
9
1 −2 1 3 1 1
A. ( ) =3 B. ( ) = 2 C. (3)−2 = D. (−2)3 =
9 9 9 9
7. What is the value of x in the equation 𝑙𝑜𝑔4 (2𝑥)= 𝑙𝑜𝑔4 10?
A. 3 B. 5 C. 7 D. 11
8. What is the value of x in the equation 𝑙𝑜𝑔3 (2𝑥 − 1) = 2?
A. 1 B. 3 C. 5 D. 7
9. What is the value of x in the inequality 𝑙𝑜𝑔4 (𝑥 + 1) < 𝑙𝑜𝑔4 2𝑥?
A. (1, −∞) B.(2, +∞) C. (−2, +∞) D. (1, +∞)
10. What is the value of x in 𝑙𝑜𝑔3(2𝑥 – 1) > 𝑙𝑜𝑔3(𝑥 + 2)?
A. (3, +∞) B. (−3, −∞) C. (3, −∞) D. (−3, +∞)
II. Identification
Directions: Distinguish the given below whether logarithmic function, logarithmic
equation, or logarithmic inequality. Write your answer on a separate sheet of
paper.
2
1. 𝑙𝑜𝑔2 (2)+ 𝑙𝑜𝑔2 (3𝑥 − 5) = 3 2. ℎ(𝑥) = 𝑙𝑜𝑔2 (𝑥) + (𝑙𝑜𝑔2 (𝑥)) 3. 𝑙𝑜𝑔2 (𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 + 6) > 1

4. 𝑙𝑜𝑔2 (2𝑥 + 3) > 𝑙𝑜𝑔2 (3𝑥) 5. 𝑙𝑜𝑔1 (3𝑥) > 𝑙𝑜𝑔1 (2𝑥 + 3)
2 2

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 LU_General Mathematics_Module7
19
Jumpstart
Pretest
1. C 2. D 3. C 4. D 5. D
6. C 7. D 8. C 9. C 10. A
11. E 12. R 13. L 14. R 15. R
Answer Key
 LU_General Mathematics_Module7
20
GAUGE
I.
1. B 2. B 3. D 4. A 5. A
6. C 7. B 8. C 9. D 10. A
II.
11. Logarithmic Equation
12. Logarithmic Function
13. Logarithmic Inequality
14. Logarithmic Inequality
15. R Logarithmic Inequality
DEEPEN Activity 3: Complete Me!
It will take approximately 28 years for the 1. 2 6. 1.380
investment to double.
2. 0.3010 7. 0.6021
Activity 4: Find my x!
3. 2.097 8. 1.204
1. 𝑥=2
4. 1 9. 1
2. (3 , +∞)
1
3. 𝑥 = 4 or 𝑥 = 5. 0 10. 1.3010
4
4. (5/3, 23)
5. (2,18)
Activity 2: Check Me! EXPLORE
1. / 6. Activity 1: Logarithmic Function vs
Logarithmic Equation vs Logarithmic
2. 7. /
Inequality
3. 8. /
1. LI 6. LE
4. 9.
2. LF 7. LE
5. / 10. /
3. LE 8. LI
4. LE 9. LI
5. LE 10. LF
 References
Printed Material
Renard Eric L. Chua, et. Al., Soaring 21st Century Mathematics General Mathematics
Senior High School K to 12 (Phoenix Publishing House, Inc., 2016), 25-43.

Websites

“Exponential and Logarithmic Equations,” Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, last accessed

July 20, 2020, https://www.cliffsnotes.com/study-guides/algebra/algebra-
ii/exponential-and-logarithmic-functions/exponential-and-logarithmic-
equations.

“Logarithmic Inequalities,” Brilliant.org, last accessed July 20, 2020,

https://brilliant.org/wiki/logarithmic-inequalities/.

“Solving Logarithmic Equations,” Colonialsd.org, last accessed July 22, 2020,

https://www.colonialsd.org/uploaded/Forms_and_Documents/Curriculum/
Math/Integrated_Math/Blue_Unit_3/Solving_Logarithmic_Equations.pdf.

“Solving Logarithmic Equations,” Nancy Marcus, last accessed July 22, 2020,
www.sosmath.com>logs>log4>log47.

“Solving Logarithmic Equations,” Paul Dawkins, last accessed July 22, 2020,
https://tutorial.math.lamar.edu>classes>alg>solvelogeqns.aspx.

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 For inquiries or feedback, please write or call:

Department of Education – SDO La Union

Curriculum Implementation Division
Learning Resource Management Section
Flores St. Catbangen, San Fernando City La Union 2500
Telephone: (072) 607 - 8127
Telefax: (072) 205 - 0046
Email Address:
[email protected]
[email protected]

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