2020 International Conference on Intelligent Engineering and Management (ICIEM)

Blockchain Technology for Higher Education

Sytem: A Mirror Review
Shallu Sharma Ranbir Singh Batth
Research Scholar School of Computer Science and Engineering
School of Computer and Application Lovely Profession University
Lovely Profession University Phagwara, Punjab(India).
Phagwara, Punjab(India). [email protected]
[email protected]

Abstract—The higher education system in developing resources in a form of their library to support their students
countries has remained quiet unchanged for long time. Even education. Books, e-books, audio and video lectures are
with new and better technologies in this field has emerged available in different libraries. Not to mention that their size
tremendously; their adoption is marked extremely narrow. The varies as per the budgets of their governing body. Besides,
connection between student and faculties is unchanged and the public libraries are provided by their government to ensure
records are still stored and validated centrally. Block chain has
ample learning materials for book lovers and these services
introduced a fresh and novel path to decentralize the records
and their exchange for gaining knowledge and skills. This are availed by the students time by time. The main drawback
paper is an attempt to understand block chain technology and of libraries is that they are centralized. They are controlled
its application on education. It discusses the use of block chain by their respective institutes and access to their study
and the few of the many models designed to support materials is only limited to their registered students. This is
educational bodies. The mere attempt to discuss the problem the main reason of poor or extremely less use of many of
and challenges faced by block chain for successful support to these resources causing a waste.
education is presented in this article. Suppose a scenario where these resources can be pooled
Keywords—Block chain technology, education, digital along and accessed by every registered user even if it doenot
libraries, data archives, Learning Records, Learning Pools, belong to that specific governing body. Blockcahin can be
Higher education,e-learning.
the answer. With access control and identity management
I. INTRODUCTION techniques, blockchain provides a decentralized mechanism
to share these gems amongst different students of various
In today world, education is considered as basic necessity of
institutes to avail study materials at zero or less cost. . Here,
life. Several countries are innovating various methods to
it is to be noted that external learner is provided with a
promote and enhance their education systems. Education
unique ID ( a global icard) to avail access from any library
technologies have participated remarkably in this mission
in the pool.
for several decades. Out of these all, libraries have always
Blockchain is a distributed arrangement that permits to
been a trusted source of learning resources providing
creation a digital distributed record of transactions and
agency. It is a hub for all kind of learning data for all
sharing it among various nodes on the network in place of
students in various subjects. But, the higher education
storing it at a central server. Basically blockchain
system in developing countries has remained quiet
frameworks have three types:
unchanged for long time. Even with new and better
• public or low permissioned block chain
technologies in this field has emerged tremendously; their
adoption is marked extremely narrow. The connection • private or permissioned blockchain
between student and faculties is unchanged and the records • associational or grouped blockchain
TABLE 1: COMPARISON OF BLOCKCHAIN TECHNOLOGY
are still stored and validated centrally. A broad category of Property Public BCT Consortium Private
data sharing challenges comes as data format, legal issues, BCT BCT
security, problems with unintended results of data sharing. Consensus All miners Selected All
This problem holds itd significance as it may cause social, determination Set Of nodes organizations
Real public Public or Public or
ethical, financial and regulatory troubles along with the
permission restricted restricted
technical ones. As different institutions have different and Immutability Nearly Could be Could be tamper
isolated learning data from each other, it is not easy to Tamper tamper
access learner’s history of all learning activities from other proof
systems. Therefore, a blockchain powered approach is Efficiency Low High High
required to connect learning data across various Learning Consensus permissioned Permission Permission
Management Systems (LMS), Learning Record Pools process less less
(LRP), institutions and organizations. With the unique Satoshi Nakamoto introduced blockchain in 2008 in his
properties of blockchain technology, such sharing publication “Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash
framework will confirm as solution for learning data System”. The cryptographic based proposed system enabled
reliability, availability and immutability with security, any two parties to trade without third person intervention.
privacy and access control. Besides of the various potential Thus, the problem of double expending was solved as first
implementations of blockchain for education systems, blockchain application.
resource sharing is still in its infancy. Every institution Various applications on blockchain[20][21] are based on its
around the world has his significant mound of learning versatile features as smart contracts, decentralization,

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2020 International Conference on Intelligent Engineering and Management (ICIEM)

transaction speed, etc. In education, blockchain technology institutions. Following describes how block chain can be
provides remarkable assistance to institutions and students used in education:
in certification and credentials, easy record access, a. Single institution
verification and authentication of records, records In San Fransisco, Holburton School is a software school
maintenance and in recruiting processes. Besides above, which provides project-based education as an option from
blockchain technologies have opened the scope for college courses. It has used blockchain to store and
universities and institutions to manage finances and distribute its issued certificates to stop fake certification. To
accounts. create, login and store the certificates in the database,
1.1 FEATURES OF BLOCKCHAIN encryption and two-factor authentication is implemented.
Some of the commonly known features of blockchain are: b. Groups of institutions
a) Decentralized: The data stored on ledger is decentralized As group of educational institutions, the requirement for
which is shared publicly through the nodes connected in a shared archives of documents and achievement records
mess network. [1, 3, 6]. become genuine. For instance, EPFL, Boston, Delft, ANU
b) Traceability: Since the information is stored in secured and UBC are the group of universities that created a
blocks, Blockchain promotes traceability of an event on the codeshare-like concord on certification. It can be used to
network. The data is secured by simplex cryptographic hash form global association amongst different clusters of
function [4] and whole chain of blocks is managed by educational groups to share resources at cheaper rates.
mining pools. [3]. c. blockchain database
c) Smart contract: It is a computer protocol proposed to A national level approach to share database at all levels as
digitally support, validate, or impose the performance of schools, colleges, institute, universities, examination boards,
a contract. It allows the transaction to be performed without employers, associations and others is greatly needed. An
third party. Moreover, these transactions are traceable and overall controlling body is required to sit on all and control
permanent. These self-executing program runs on everything for them to smoothly run the database in system.
distributed network. [7]. Block chain technology can be the solution.
d) Immutability: In block chain, data is stored in ledger form d. Global assessment
and with each modification by external nodes; the value of The current assessment system is a cumbersome procedure
associated cryptographic hash key changes with adjacent of approvals and authentication of certificates and
blocks and data tampering will be interrupted. [7, 8]. achievements. The main trouble is involvement of different
e) Currency: Cryptocurrency is a block chain technology of bodies and centralization of data. Block chain technology is
using digital or virtual currency, which confirms a decentralized method of storing credentials and
throughout protected and thrustworthy transaction. Since, achievements which platforms to assessment scores
different mining algorithms are used to form this currency; it recording and sharing globally. All it needs is that education
can be used in dealings as finance and accounting [2]. bodies to use it. It will offer global service.
f) Consensus mechanism: It is a mechanism of mutual e. Blockchain and badges
consent amongst all nodes associated in the network. [5]. Open badges provide tamper proof system to store and share
Thus, mediators are not required anymore. Some techniques credentials and deal with authentic accreditations on mass
of this mechanism are Proof-of-work (POW), proof-of-stake data. Thus, genuine data can be available anytime and
(POS), delegated-proof-of-stake (DPOS) [3]. anywhere at cheaper cost.
The following figure summarizes the key properties of f. Corporate learning
blockchain technology: The current learning and talent management technologies
are become incompetent to store huge amount of data to
train their employees and record their performances. A more
open and secured system is required to hold records
internally and externally as well.
g. Apprenticeships
With expansion of vocational education at both public and
private institution, it is getting difficult to manage the
training and certification. The management and delivery of
resources has become a complex business. Block chain
services can be availed for neat distribution of database for
Fig 1: features of blockchain technology
verification and distribution of resources and certification.
h. Bodies of knowledge
John Helmer provides the idea of authentication of identity of
II. USING BLOCKCHAIN FOR LEARNING[22] the resource provider from the libraries. Recent systems are
It is not easy to find novel technologies like blockchain to not competent regarding verification due to use of centralized
join education system smoothly. The distinct benefits of ledgers[19]. But block chain can provide a model to gather and
blockchain can be seen as data storage, formative distribute the resources from different learning and research
evaluation, data security, universal database, smart contracts bodies from various sources. Also easy payment method like
and much more. Several inventiveness actions have been micropayments excludes third party charges as block chain
taken to store data for students and faculties by educational supports free transactions..

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2020 International Conference on Intelligent Engineering and Management (ICIEM)

III. RELATED WORK IV. FIVE BLOCKCHAIN EDUCATION MODELS

The following table shows the research regarding
implementation of block chain in the field of education:
TABLE 2: LITERATURE SUMMARY Block chain technology has built educational models with
YEAR AUTHOR PAPER DESCRIPTION AND FINDINGS significant challenges in programming their block chains.
TITLE
2018 Guang Exploring Focused on block chain Technology and The main purpose is to overcome scalability problem and
Chen [3] blockchain its features and its potential applications achieve powerful performance and proficient productivity.
Technology in education. BChain is implemented for For this, learning models have used various types of
and its degree managements, student performance
Potential evaluation and smart contract based decentralized distributed networks to relieve the congestion
applications learning at several universities and from their platforms to achieve the required quality of
for education institutes. communication. Some of the platforms are explained as
2018 MOIZ A model of Proposed a learner model for adaptable e-
UDDIN adaptive E- learning model to
follow:
AHMED learning In • investigate the profiles and preferences a) EdgeCoin
[10] an odl of the local learners. Educational documents like degrees and certificates have
environment • evaluate learning ability of set group of been stored by EdgeCoin. It directly cut the cost of
students with content model and learner
model validation for students and institutions by confirming their
2018 Carmen Understanding Purposed a public blockchain called authenticity from the third party to their block. This
Holotescu blockchain OpenEduChain as an archive for Open eliminates bureaucracy and paperwork. Moreover, it helps
[11] opportunities Learning Resources. It is proposed to
And create a datastore about the open the education system by validating the credentials with one
challenges educational tems created by teachers and click and save time and cost with its decentralized
students. management system.The technology used by EdgeCoin is
2017 Antonio Blockchain in Established that BC can be used as a tool
Bartolomé education: for resume preparation without central Proof of Scale (PoS) instead of Proof of Work (PoW).
[12] introduction storage and distributing it on the network; Unlike PoW, PoS selects few node on the network to run the
and Critical explains the risks and factors to consider site and it increases the speed of work. Therefore, not all
Review Of on implementing BC in education.
The state of References and links to related papers are nodes have to process every transaction and this reduces the
the art provided for better knowledge about this processing time.
new technology and is a contribution to b) TeachMePlease
the vital debate on terms to implement it
in education system. TeachMePlease (TMP) provides online and offline database
2017 Diane The potential .Explained BC as a tool for academic of learning bodies to different learning groups of kids as
J Skiba of blockchain degree management and evaluation of well as individual learners with instructors. These different
[13] In learning results.The paper is proposing a
Education view of adapting block chain in healthcare
educational programs need large amount of space and power
and health and nursing education and its future to process such huge data and TeachMePlease made such
care potential in the medical field. platform available to them.
2017 Aithal An Proposed an evaluation system named
And innovative Ideal Education System model in which
TMP blockchain architecture is divided into two parts:
Shubhra- education • participants can evaluate their skills private and public. Its private portion collected and stores
jyotsna Model To anytime and anywhere the academic and personal data of the user like documents,
[14] realize Ideal • the results will be declared immediately copyrights, CV’s and certificates. The public part provides
education • help in quick self evaluation by the
system. participants. these archives for public access for verification by invited
2017 Kennedy A model for Presented a model for assessing LMS parties.
Hadullo evaluating assisted e-learning. The model is proposed By doing this, TMP relieved the congestion from its
[15] E-learning to appraise the quality of e learning
systems systems in Kenya private and public
platform by directing traffic directly to the main ledger
quality In universities and avoid system failures. along with keeping the public access closed in block chain
higher network.
education in
developing
c) SuccessLife
countries. SuccessLife is the blockchain company created by Success
2017 Hoy[5] An Describes briefly the potential future uses Resources which provide books, coaching, classes and study
introduction of BC technology to librarians and
to the medical practitioners and related materials available at lower expenses and reducing downs
Blockchain problems. A theoretical study and broad the cost of overpriced workshops. SuccessLife have also
And its overview of usefulness of this new
implications technology in library and records
shared events like coaching, webinars, videos and workshop
for Libraries management is laid down and future assignments on its platform.
and medicine aspects have been hinted. The SuccessLife token (SLTs) supports the transaction
2016 Sharples The Proposed a perpertual distributed record
and blockchain of academic effort. A detailed discussion
between the token holders and through multi chain payment
Domingue and kudos: a on block chain as reputation and reward system, give them high transaction speed. The multi chain
[16] distributed management is put in the paper. The architecture allow blockchain model to support time-
system for criteria of using block chain as distributed
educational record system, proof of intellectual work stamping, data sharing and encrypted database for better
record, and intellectual currency as explained content management and easy integration by third party.
reputation briefly with critical overviews.
and reward.
d) Sony Global Education
The Sony Corporation and Sony Global Education (SGE)
have created a blockchain-based platform to record student
educational data. Students’ educational data from numerous

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2020 International Conference on Intelligent Engineering and Management (ICIEM)

schools is managed and merged by the school 5 Tutulles Peer to peer video Sharding
courses on
administrators, and is mapped out as an analytics system on all subjects
the bases of experiences and transcripts. Furthermore, the
learners can not only store their own formal or informal V. CHALLENGES FOR ADOPTING BLOCKCHAIN
experiences, but also can share them with selective
audiences for quick verification. The documents and credits Even when block chain technology have been accepted by
can be transferred from one institution to other through many fields of business, fnances, healthcare, etc; several
stored ledger for validating the credentials across education challenges are faced in education. Some of them are
systems, and secure with a number of student services in a discussed as below:
solitary storehouse of information. 1. Security: Even when security is the basic feature of
Sony’s blockchain achieves its fast flow as their system is blockchain technology, the risk of mischievous attacks
mechanized by Hyperledger Fabric 1.0. The Sony hyperledger cannot be ignored. As data is authorized online and
has solved their problem of scalability by separating the credentials are shared on a network, transactional privacy on
standard PoW transaction processing which include three each node cannot be ensured every time. Due to frequent
phases: constructing the blocks, aligning the blocks, and updates in the information, data leakage may occur and this
validating each of these blocks. Since the workload of the may put the database in danger.[8][17].
nodes is reduced, the flow of data increases. This optimized 2. Speed: The blockchain scalability is a major problem. The
the scalability and performance as only read/write set and slow speed of transaction can be faced by education system
digital signatures are sent around the network. while implementing blockchain. With more blocks joining
e) Tutellus the chain, the size of data become huge, and speed of the
With the peer to peer connectivity, Tutellus has shared more transaction slows. Also, every transaction required
than 120,000 video courses on almost every subject on its verification which is a time consuming issue with increased
platform for the users learning. It requires a super fast size of blockchain.
platform to adjust this amount of traffic and the 3. Cost: The cost of implementing and adopting block chain
communication streams amongst the faculties and their is very high. With increased size of blockchain, the cost of
students. Tutellus has used a four-layer architecture which maintenance also increases. Without managing the
includes: operational cost, it is expensive to implement block chain in
legacy system. [3,4].
4. Data Sharing: Institutional and managerial accept is
Fig: 2 Four layer architecture required to share their private data on a network. Till now,
Tutellus has used a tactic known as “sharding,” in which the their data is centrally organized and stored. The lack of
responsibilities are distributed between the nodes and this calarity in defining the boundaries stops these legal and
makes the communication faster and more proficient. The educational bodies to share their data on blockchain.
large database is partied into smaller but faster and much 5. Extent: In tradition scenario of education, it is difficult to
easily managed parts known as data shards. The whole block answer about the boundaries setting, the usability of the
chain is managed as distinct number of nodes enabled to products and lack of clarity and maturity of the technology
solve different tasks. Each node shared their data with the to the institutions. May be, an easy user interface, more
Directory Service (DS) Committee which integrates the security checks, good designs and easy terminology can
whole data into a final block. This final block is diverted convince them to accept this technology, but it’s a long road
back to all groups. This allows the company to maximize its to go. [19]
capabilities for each task.
Blockchain is one of the supreme innovations of recent
The models discussed above are summarized in following
times. It seems that it will take a considerable time before
figure:
TABLE 3 : Models using block chain technology the technology is accepted broadly.
S no. Model Works Benefits Technology
used VI. SCOPE IN LIBRARIES
1 Edge Educational Low cost and Proof of Out of various available sources of information retrieval,
coin documents less scale(pos)
processing library has acted as a reliable, easy and trustworthy source.
time To store and distribute the learning resources, libraries are
2 Teachme Online and Hige Decongesting the easiest to approach. Libraries have always supported
Please offline processing the network people to acquire information and develop their opinions. It
learning power and has played a noticeable role in social enlightens and
database space intellectual developments.[29]
3 Success Resources to Coaching, Multi chain During the industrial revolution in 20th Century, new
life study webinars,etc. arcitecture technologies have emerged. Better and faster computers
4 Sony Student Student data Hyperledger were introduced with enormous m storage power. The
global records credentials 1.0 storage problem of libraries was solved during this period.
Education management Technologies as Machine Readable cataloging[26] gets
more advance. It changed local offline batching to online
with computer networking. New standards combined

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2020 International Conference on Intelligent Engineering and Management (ICIEM)

computers with library catalogs and resources records. different institutions in sharing their data on the network,
Professional and user access gets easier. Inert-library and including students’ records and credential, but also the skills
online database access comes into the picture. With and qualifications. Utilizing such technology will increase
industrial automation, libraries become de-centralized. students’ flexibility as it grants them access to the complete
Resources are shared at inter-organizational level to save academic programming at every other institution.
funds and spaces. By 1990, libraries became more Educational institutions can reduce operating costs by
˜‹˜ƒ…‹‘—• „› ‹–‡‰”ƒ–‹‰ ˆ‡†‡”ƒŽ ƒ† †‡Ǧ…‡–”ƒŽ‹œ‡† sharing infrastructure, academic programs and services. Job-
†ƒ–ƒ„ƒ•‡•Ǥ driven education is another scope for block chain technology
With the passage of time, new technologies have emerged. implementation.
But unfortunately, libraries are slower to adopt new Recruiting agencies could examine and evaluate student’s
technologies. Most of the time, the book transactions like
skills and recommend certain learning programs. Another
borrowing and returning remained same and manual. Even
important area for future research can be quality
before, re-issuing, the book must be returned to the library
enhancement in online education using block chain
first. With little or no co-operation amongst the libraries,
patrons need to register themselves separately in each library technology.
to access their isolated resources. The reason behind this
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