Medical Terminology

A LIVING LANGUAGE
Fifth Edition

CHAPTER 8
Digestive System

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition

Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
 Multimedia Directory
Slide 16 Digestive System Animation
Slide 75 Orthodontics Video
Slide 86 GERD Video
Slide 115 Sigmoidoscopy Video
Slide 121 Nasogastric Intubation Animation
Slide 122 Dieticians Video

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition

Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
 Digestive System at a Glance

• Function of the Digestive System

 Mechanical and chemical digestion of
food
 Absorption of nutrient molecules
 Elimination of solid wastes

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition

Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
 Digestive System at a Glance

• Organs of the Gastrointestinal tract

 Oral cavity
 Pharynx
 Esophagus
 Stomach
 Small intestine
 Colon

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition

Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
 Digestive System at a Glance

• Accessory Organs
 Pancreas
 Liver
 Gallbladder
 Salivary glands

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition

Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
 Digestive
System
Illustrated

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition

Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Digestive System Combining Forms

• an/o – anus
• append/o – appendix
• appendic/o – appendix
• bar/o – weight
• bucc/o – cheek
• cec/o – cecum
• cholangi/o – bile duct
• chol/e – bile, gall
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Digestive System Combining Forms

• cholecyst/o – gallbladder
• choledoch/o – common bile duct
• cirrh/o – yellow
• col/o – colon
• colon/o – colon
• dent/o – tooth
• diverticul/o – pouch
• duoden/o – duodenum
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Digestive System Combining Forms

• enter/o – small intestine

• esophag/o – esophagus
• gastr/o – stomach
• gingiv/o – gums
• gloss/o – tongue
• hepat/o – liver
• ile/o – ileum
• jejun/o – jejunum
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Digestive System Combining Forms

• labi/o – lip
• lapar/o – abdomen
• lingu/o – tongue
• lith/o – stone
• odont/o – tooth
• or/o – mouth
• palat/o – palate
• pancreat/o – pancreas
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Digestive System Combining Forms

• pharyng/o – throat, pharynx

• polyp/o – polyp
• proct/o – anus and rectum
• pylor/o – pylorus
• pyr/o – fire
• rect/o – rectum
• sialaden/o – salivary gland
• sigmoid/o – sigmoid colon
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
 Digestive System Suffixes

• –emesis vomit
• –istry specialty of
• –lithiasis stone
• –orexia appetite
• –pepsia digestion
• –phagia eat, swallow
• –prandial pertaining to a meal
• –tripsy surgical crushing
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
 Anatomy and Physiology

• Also called:
 Gastrointestinal system (GI)
 Gut
 Alimentary canal
• Approximately 30 feet of continuous
muscular tube between mouth and
anus

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition

Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
 Anatomy and Physiology

• Organs of the continuous gut tube in

order:
 Oral cavity
 Pharynx
 Esophagus
 Stomach
 Small intestine
 Colon (including rectum and anus)

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition

Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
 Anatomy and Physiology

• Accessory organs are connected to

gut tube by ducts
• Include:
 Salivary glands
 Pancreas
 Liver
 Gallbladder

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition

Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Digestive System Animation

Click on the screenshot to view an animation of the digestive system.

The animation may take a moment before playing.
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Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
 Anatomy and Physiology

• Three main functions of Digestive

system
 Digesting food
 Absorbing nutrients
 Eliminating waste

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition

Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
 Digesting Food

• Physical and chemical breakdown of

large food particles
• Produces simple nutrient molecules
 Glucose
 Triglycerides
 Amino acids

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition

Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
 Absorbing Nutrients

• Simple molecules are absorbed from

intestine
• Circulated through body by
cardiovascular system
• Used for growth and repair of cells,
tissues, and organs

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition

Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
 Eliminating Waste

• Some ingested food cannot be digested

or absorbed
• Expelled from body as solid waste
 Feces

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition

Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
 Oral Cavity

• Roof is palate
 Hard – bony
anterior
 Soft – flexible
posterior
• Hanging down
from soft palate is
uvula
 Speech production
 Location of gag
reflex
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
 Oral Cavity

• Cheeks are lateral

walls
• Lips are anterior
opening
• Entire cavity lined
with mucous
membrane

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition

Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
 Figure 8.1
Anatomy of the oral cavity.

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition

Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
 Oral Cavity

• Digestion begins when food enters

mouth
 Mechanically broken up by chewing
• Tongue moves food within mouth
• Mixes with saliva
 Digestive enzymes
 Lubricates
• Taste buds on tongue surface
 Detect bitter, sweet, salty, sour flavors
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
 Teeth

• Cutting teeth
 Bite
 Tear
 Cut
• Incisors
• Cuspids
(canines)

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition

Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
 Teeth

• Grinding teeth
 Bicuspids
(premolars)
 Molars
 Third molar is
wisdom tooth

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition

Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
 Figure 8.3A
The name and shape of the adult teeth.

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition

Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
 Figure 8.3B
Color enhanced X-ray of teeth showing four wisdom teeth that have not erupted.
(Science Photo Library/Photo Researchers, Inc.)

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition

Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
 Tooth Structure

• Gums
 Mucous
membrane +
connective tissue
 Seals off teeth in
socket

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition

Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
 Tooth Structure

• Tooth is divided
into:
 Crown – above
gum
 Root – below gum

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition

Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
 Tooth Structure

• Enamel
 Outer covering
 In crown only
 Hardest substance
• Dentin
 Under enamel
 In crown and root
 Bulk of tooth

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition

Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
 Tooth Structure

• Pulp cavity
 In crown and root
canal
 Blood vessels,
nerves
• Cementum and
periodontal
ligaments
 Anchors root in
jawbone

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition

Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
 Figure 8.4
Internal structures of the crown and root.

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition

Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Humans Have 2 Sets of Teeth

• Deciduous teeth
 First set, baby teeth
 20 teeth erupt between ages 6 and 28
months

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition

Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Humans Have 2 Sets of Teeth

• Permanent teeth
 Second set, adult teeth
 About 6 years of age, baby teeth fall out
 Replaced by 32 permanent teeth
 Process continues until 18-20 years of
age

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition

Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
 Pharynx

• Swallowed food
enters
oropharynx
• Proceeds down
pharynx into
laryngopharynx
• Epiglottis
 Covers larynx and
trachea
 Shunts food away
from lungs & into
esophagus
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
 Figure 8.2
Structures of the oral cavity, pharynx, and esophagus.

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition

Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
 Esophagus

• 10-inch long muscular tube

• Food enters from pharynx
• Delivered to stomach
• Propelled along by wavelike muscular
movements
 Called peristalsis
 Pushes food through entire gut tube

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition

Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
 The Stomach

• J-shaped muscular
organ
• Collects & churns
food
 Mixes it with
hydrochloric acid
(HCl)
• Forms chyme
 Watery mix of food
and digestive juices

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition

Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
 The Stomach

• Three regions
 Fundus – upper
 Body – main
 Antrum – lower
• Rugae are folds in
stomach lining
 Stretch out to allow
stomach to expand
with food

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition

Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
 Sphincters

• Muscular valves
 Control flow of food
• Lower
esophageal
(cardiac)
sphincter
 Keeps food from
backing up into
esophagus

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition

Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
 Sphincters

• Pyloric sphincter
 Allows highly acidic
chyme to enter
small intestine

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition

Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
 Figure 8.5
The regions and internal structures of the stomach.

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition

Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
 Small Intestine

• Longest portion of
alimentary canal
 Averages 20 feet
 Between pyloric
sphincter and colon
• Site of:
 Completion of
digestion
 Majority of
absorption

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition

Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Three Sections of Small Intestine

• Duodenum
 First section – about 10-12 inches long
 Starts at pyloric sphincter
• Jejunum
 Second section – about 8 feet long
• Ileum
 Third section – about 12 feet long
 Connects to colon at ileocecal valve

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition

Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
 Figure 8.6
The small intestine – duodenum, jejunum, ileum – begins at the pyloric sphincter and
ends at the colon.

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition

Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
 Colon

• 5 feet long
• Extends from ileocecal valve to anus
• Fluid that remains after digestion and
absorption enters colon
• Most is water and is reabsorbed into
body
• Solid waste left over is feces
• Evacuated in bowel movements

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition

Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
 Regions of the Colon

• Cecum
 Appendix
• Ascending colon
• Transverse colon
• Descending
colon
• Sigmoid colon

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition

Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
 Rectum and Anus

• Rectum is area for

storage of feces
• Leads to anus
 External opening
of alimentary
canal
• Feces are
evacuated
 Called defecation

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition

Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
 Figure 8.7
The regions of the colon.

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition

Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
 Accessory Organs

• Generally function by producing

substances necessary for chemical
breakdown of food
 Salivary glands
 Liver
 Gallbladder
 Pancreas

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition

Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
 Salivary Glands

• Produce saliva
• Allows food to be
swallowed without
choking
• Saliva + food =
bolus
• Contains amylase
 Begins digestion
of carbohydrates

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition

Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
 Salivary Glands

• Three pairs
 Parotid glands
 Sublingual glands
 Submandibular
glands

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition

Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
 Figure 8.8
The salivary glands, parotid, sublingual, and submandibular.

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition

Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
 Liver

• Located in right upper quadrant of

abdomen
• Processes nutrients
• Detoxifies harmful substances
• Produces bile
 Emulsification
 Breaks up large fat globules into smaller
droplets

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition

Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
 Figure 8.9
The accessory organs of the digestive system: the liver, gallbladder, and pancreas.

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition

Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
 Gallbladder

• Lies under liver

• Stores bile
produced by liver
 Hepatic duct
 Cystic duct
• Common bile
duct carries bile to
duodenum

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition

Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
 Figure 8.9
The accessory organs of the digestive system: the liver, gallbladder, and pancreas.

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition

Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
 Pancreas

• Digestive juices
include:
 Buffers –
neutralize acidic
chyme
 Enzymes – digest
carbohydrates,
lipids, and proteins

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition

Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
 Figure 8.9
The accessory organs of the digestive system: the liver, gallbladder, and pancreas.

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition

Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
 Additional Combining Forms

• cutane/o – skin
• hem/o – blood
• hemat/o – blood
• nas/o – nose
• orth/o – straight
• ven/o – vein

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition

Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
 Additional Suffixes

• -al pertaining to
• -algia pain
• -centesis process of removing fluid
• -eal pertaining to
• -ectomy surgical removal
• -gram record
• -ic pertaining to
• -itis inflammation
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
 Additional Suffixes

• -logy study of
• -oma tumor
• -osis abnormal condition
• -graphy process of recording
• -ostomy create a new opening
• -otomy cutting into
• -ous pertaining to
• -pexy surgical fixation
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
 Additional Suffixes

• -plasty surgical repair

• -plegia paralysis
• -ptosis drooping
• -scope instrument to view
• -scopy process of viewing
• -tic pertaining to

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition

Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
 Additional Prefixes

• a- without
• an- without
• anti- against
• brady- slow
• dys- abnormal
• endo- within
• hyper- excessive
• hypo- under
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
 Additional Prefixes

• intra- within
• per- through
• peri- around
• poly- many
• post- after
• retro- backwards
• sub- under
• trans- across
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
 Anatomical Terms

anal pertaining to the anus

buccal pertaining to the cheeks

buccolabial pertaining to the cheeks and lips

cecal pertaining to the cecum

cholecystic pertaining to the gallbladder

colonic pertaining to the colon

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition

Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
 Anatomical Terms

colorectal pertaining to the colon and rectum

dental pertaining to the teeth

duodenal pertaining to the duodenum

enteric pertaining to the small intestine

esophageal pertaining to the esophagus

gastric pertaining to the stomach

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition

Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
 Anatomical Terms

gingival pertaining to the gums

glossal pertaining to the tongue

hepatic pertaining to the liver

hypoglossal pertaining to the under the tongue

ileal pertaining to the ileum

jejunal pertaining to the jejunum

nasogastric pertaining to the nose and stomach

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition

Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
 Anatomical Terms

oral pertaining to the mouth

pancreatic pertaining to the pancreas

pharyngeal pertaining to the pharynx

pyloric pertaining to the pylorus

rectal pertaining to the rectum

sigmoidal pertaining to the sigmoid colon

sublingual pertaining to the under the tongue

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition

Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
 Building Anatomical Terms

• Buccolabial
bucc/o + labi/o + -al
 Pertaining to the cheeks and lips
• Colorectal
col/o + rect/o + -al
 Pertaining to the colon and rectum

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition

Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
 Building Anatomical Terms

• Nasogastric
nas/o + gastro/o + -ic
 Pertaining to the nose and stomach
• Sublingual
sub- + lingu/o + -al
 Pertaining to under the tongue

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition

Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
 Medical Specialties

Branch of healthcare involved with

the prevention, diagnosis, and
dentistry treatment of conditions involving the
teeth, jaw, and mouth. Practitioner
is a dentist.
Branch of medicine involved in
diagnosis and treatment of diseases
gastroenterology and disorders of the digestive
system. Physician is a
gastroenterologist.

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition

Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
 Medical Specialties

Branch of dentistry that uses surgical

oral surgery means to treat dental conditions.
Specialist is an oral surgeon.
Branch of dentistry concerned with
orthodontics correction of problems with tooth
alignment. Specialist is an orthodontist.

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition

Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
 Orthodontics Video

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Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
 Medical Specialties

Branch of dentistry concerned with

treating conditions involving the
periodontics
gums and tissues surrounding the
teeth. Specialist is a periodontist.
Branch of medicine involved in
diagnosis and treatment of diseases
proctology
and disorders of the anus and
rectum. Physician is a proctologist.

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition

Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
 Signs and Symptoms

loss of appetite with other conditions;

anorexia
different from anorexia nervosa
aphagia being unable to swallow or eat
ascites collection of fluid in peritoneal cavity
bradypepsia having a slow digestive system
loss of weight and wasting occurring
cachexia
during chronic disease
cholecystalgia gallbladder pain
constipation difficult or infrequent defecation

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition

Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
 Signs and Symptoms

dentalgia tooth pain

diarrhea frequent, watery bowel movements
having an abnormal, usually diminished,
dysorexia
appetite
dyspepsia indigestion; having an upset stomach
dysphagia having difficulty swallowing or eating
emesis vomiting
gastralgia stomach pain
hematemesis vomiting blood

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition

Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
 Signs and Symptoms

hematochezia passing bright red blood in stools

hyperemesis excessive vomiting
yellow cast to skin; caused by deposit
jaundice of bile pigment; often caused by liver
disease
passage of dark tarry stool, due to
melena
digested blood
nausea urge to vomit

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition

Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
 Signs and Symptoms

obesity weight above healthy levels

polyphagia excessive eating
postprandial after a meal
stomach acid splashing into esophagus;
pyrosis
heartburn
regurgitation backflow of stomach contents into mouth

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition

Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Building Signs & Symptoms Terms

• Dysorexia
dys- + -orexia
 Abnormal appetite
• Hyperemesis
hyper- + -emesis
 Excessive vomiting

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition

Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Building Signs & Symptoms Terms

• Polyphagia
poly- + -phagia
 Excessive eating
• Postprandial
post- + -prandial
 Pertaining to after a meal

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition

Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
 Oral Cavity Pathology

ulcers in the mouth; commonly

aphthous ulcers
called canker sores
congenital anomaly where upper lip
cleft lip and jaw fail to fuse in the midline,
leaving a gap
congenital anomaly where hard
cleft palate palate fails to fuse in the midline,
leaving an opening into nasal cavity
decay of tooth due to bacterial
dental caries
infection; tooth cavity

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition

Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
 Oral Cavity Pathology

gingivitis inflammation of the gums

herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1)
herpes labialis
infection; fever blisters or cold sores
disease of supporting structures around
periodontal
the teeth; especially the gums; most
disease
common cause of tooth loss
sialadenitis inflammation of a salivary gland

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition

Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Pharynx & Esophagus Pathology

esophageal varicose veins in the esophagus;

varices hemorrhaging occurs if rupture
gastroesophageal acid from stomach flows backward
reflux disease up into esophagus causing
(GERD) inflammation and pain
pharyngoplegia paralysis of the throat muscles

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition

Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
 GERD Video

Click on the screenshot to view a video on the topic of gastroesophageal reflux

disease.
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 Stomach Pathology

gastric carcinoma malignant tumor in stomach

inflammation of the stomach and
gastroenteritis
small intestine
gastritis inflammation of the stomach
protrusion of stomach through
hiatal hernia diaphragm into thoracic cavity; also
called diaphragmatocele

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition

Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
 Figure 8.10
A hiatal hernia or diaphragmatocele.

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition

Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
 Stomach Pathology

ulcer in the lower portion of

esophagus, stomach, and/or
peptic ulcer
duodenum; caused by high acid of
disease (PUD)
stomach juices; may be a result of
Helicobacter pylori infection

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition

Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
 Figure 8.11A
The location and appearance of a peptic ulcer in both the stomach and the duodenum.

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition

Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
 Figure 8.11B
Photomicrograph of a gastric ulcer.
(Dr. E. Walker/Science Photo Library/Photo Researchers, Inc.)

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition

Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Small Intestine & Colon Pathology

abnormal passageway from surface

anal fistula
directly into rectum; around anal opening
appendicitis inflammation of the appendix
bowel
inability to control defecation
incontinence
colorectal
malignant tumor in the colon or rectum
carcinoma
chronic inflammatory bowel disease,
Crohn’s
primarily in ileum and/or colon; results in
disease
scarring; also called regional ileitis

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition

Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Small Intestine & Colon Pathology

inflammation of a diverticulum, an
diverticulitis outpouching off the colon; results from
food being trapped inside
condition of having diverticula, may lead
diverticulosis
to diverticulitis
diarrhea with mucus and blood, severe
dysentery abdominal pain, and fever; caused by
contaminated food or water
enteritis inflammation of the small intestine

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Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
 Figure 8.12
Diverticulosis.

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Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Small Intestine & Colon Pathology

hemorrhoids varicose veins in the anal region

severe abdominal pain, inability to
ileus defecate, abdominal distension; caused
by intestinal blockage
protrusion of a loop of bowel through
inguinal abdominal muscle and into groin region;
hernia may become incarcerated or strangulated
if muscle pinches the loop of bowel

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Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
 Figure 8.13
An inguinal hernia.

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Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Small Intestine & Colon Pathology

one part of intestine slips or telescopes

intussusception
into another section
disturbance in function of intestine for
unknown reason; causes abdominal
irritable bowel
cramping and alternating diarrhea and
syndrome (IBS)
constipation; also called functional
bowel syndrome
having polyps, tumor with a stem-like
attachment, growing on the mucous
polyposis
membrane of the colon; may become
cancerous

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Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
 Figure 8.14
Intussusception.

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Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
 Figure 8.15
Endoscopic view of a polyp in the colon. Note the mushroom-like shape, an enlarged top
growing at the end of a stem. It is being removed by means of a wire loop slipped over
the polyp and then tightened to cut it off.
(David M. Martin, M.D./ Photo Researchers, Inc.)

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Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Small Intestine & Colon Pathology

proctoptosis prolapse or drooping rectum

chronic inflammatory condition with
ulcerative numerous small ulcers on the lining of the
colitis colon; also called inflammatory bowel
disease (IBD)
bowel twists upon itself causing an
volvulus
obstruction

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition

Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
 Figure 8.16
Volvulus.

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Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
 Accessory Organ Pathology

inflammation of gallbladder; commonly

cholecystitis
caused by gallstones
presence of gallstones; may or may not
cholelithiasis
cause symptoms
cirrhosis chronic liver disease due to liver failure
inflammation of liver; usually due to a
hepatitis
viral infection
hepatoma tumor in the liver
pancreatitis inflammation of the pancreas

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition

Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
 Figure 8.17A
Common sites for cholelithiasis.

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition

Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
 Figure 8.17B
A gallbladder specimen with multiple gallstones.
(Biophoto Associates/Photo Researchers, Inc.)

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition

Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
 Building Pathology Terms

• Diverticulosis
diverticul/o + -osis
 Abnormal condition of having pouches
(diverticula)
• Diverticulitis
diverticul/o + -itis
 Inflammation of pouches (diverticula)

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Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
 Building Pathology Terms

• Cholelithiasis
chol/e + -lithiasis
 Condition of bile stones
• Cirrhosis
cirrh/o + -osis
 Abnormal condition of being yellow

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Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
 Clinical Laboratory Tests

alanine
normal enzyme in the bloodstream;
transaminase
increased levels indicate liver disease
(ALT)
aspartate
normal enzyme in the bloodstream;
transaminase
increased levels indicate liver disease
(AST)
fecal occult
examines feces for microscopic amounts
blood
of blood; also called hemoccult
test(FOBT)

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Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
 Clinical Laboratory Tests

ova and
examination of feces for presence of
parasites
parasites or their eggs
(O&P)
serum determines amount of bilirubin in
bilirubin bloodstream; indicates liver disease
culture of feces to look for presence of
stool culture
pathogenic bacteria

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Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
 Diagnostic Imaging

X-ray of teeth with film holder held in

bite-wing X-ray
the teeth
cholecystogram X-ray record of the gallbladder
intravenous X-ray of gallbladder and bile ducts
cholecystography after intravenous injection of dye
lower X-ray of colon and rectum after
gastrointestinal barium dye injected via an enema;
series (lower GI) also called a barium enema (BE)

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition

Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
 Figure 8.18
Color enhanced X-ray of the colon taken during a barium enema.
(CNRI/Science Photo Library/Photo Researchers, Inc.)

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition

Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
 Diagnostic Imaging

percutaneous
transhepatic X-ray of liver and bile duct after dye is
cholangiography injected directly into liver
(PTC)
upper
X-ray of esophagus, stomach, and
gastrointestinal
duodenum after swallowing barium;
series (upper
also called barium swallow
GI)

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 Endoscopic Procedures

instrument used to visually examine

colonoscope
the colon
process of visually examining the
colonoscopy
colon
endoscopic
retrograde visual examine inside hepatic duct,
cholangiopan- common bile duct, and pancreatic
creatography duct
(ERCP)

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Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
 Endoscopic Procedures

esophagogastro-
using a scope to view inside the
duodenoscopy
esophagus, stomach, and duodenum
(EGD)
instrument used to visually examine
gastroscope
the stomach
process of visually examining inside of
gastroscopy
stomach
instrument used to visually examine
laparoscope
inside the abdominal cavity

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Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
 Endoscopic Procedures

process of visually examining inside of

laparoscopy
abdominal cavity
instrument used to visually examine
sigmoidoscope
the sigmoid colon
process of visually examining inside of
sigmoidoscopy
sigmoid colon

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Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
 Sigmoidoscopy Video

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Additional Diagnostic Procedures

insertion of needle into abdominal cavity

paracentesis
to withdraw fluid

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 Building Diagnostic Terms

• Intravenous
intra- + ven/o + -ous
 Pertaining to within a vein
• Cholecystography
cholecyst/o + -graphy
 Process of recording the gallbladder

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Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
 Building Diagnostic Terms

• Endoscopy
endo- + -scopy
 Process of viewing inside
• Percutaneous
per- + cutane/o + -ous
 Pertaining to through the skin

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 Dental Procedures

dental appliance attached to adjacent teeth

bridge
to replace missing teeth
crown artificial tooth to replace original crown
denture partial or complete set of artificial teeth
extraction removing teeth
implant prosthetic device in jaw to anchor a tooth
drilling out of pulp cavity of a tooth; used to
root canal
save a tooth that is badly infected

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Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
 Medical Procedures

placing liquid nourishment directly into

gavage
stomach via a nasogastric tube
washing out stomach using a
lavage
nasogastric tube
nasogastric
intubation flexible catheter inserted into nose and
down esophagus into the stomach
(NG tube)
total
providing 100% of patient nutrition;
parenteral
used when patient is unable to eat
nutrition (TPN)

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Nasogastric Intubation Animation

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 Dieticians Video

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 Surgical Procedures

surgical creation of a connection

anastomosis between two organs; like joining
together two sections of colon
appendectomy surgical removal of appendix
surgical procedures to treat
bariatric surgery morbid obesity; like stomach
stapling
cholecystectomy surgical removal of gallbladder
surgical crushing of a gallstone
choledocholithotripsy
in the common bile duct

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition

Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
 Surgical Procedures

colectomy surgical removal of the colon

surgical creation of opening into some
colostomy portion of colon through abdominal
wall
diverticulectomy surgical removal of diverticula
exploratory surgical procedure to examine the
laparotomy abdominal organs

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition

Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
 Figure 8.19A
The colon illustrating various –ostomy sites.

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition

Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
 Figure 8.19B
Colostomy in the descending colon.

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition

Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
 Surgical Procedures

fistulectomy removal of a fistula

gastrectomy surgical removal of the stomach
procedure to close off large section
gastric stapling of stomach with rows of staples;
results in much smaller stomach
surgical procedure to create a new
gastrostomy opening into the stomach through
abdominal wall
hemorrhoidectomy surgical removal of hemorrhoids

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Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
 Surgical Procedures

hernioplasty surgical repair of a hernia

surgical creation of a new opening
ileostomy
into the ileum
laparoscopic surgical removal of gallbladder
cholecystectomy through a laparoscopic incision
laparotomy to cut into the abdominal cavity
liver transplant implantation of a donor liver

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Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
 Surgical Procedures

palatoplasty surgical repair of the palate

pharyngoplasty surgical repair of the pharynx
proctopexy surgical fixation of the rectum and anus

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition

Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
 Building Therapeutic Terms

• Nasogastric
nas/o + gastr/o + -ic
 Pertaining to the nose and stomach
• Appendectomy
append/o + -ectomy
 Surgical removal of the appendix

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Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
 Building Therapeutic Terms

• Choledochlithotripsy
choledoch/o + lith/o + -tripsy
 Crushing a stone in the common bile
duct
• Colostomy
col/o + -ostomy
 Create a new opening into the colon

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Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Digestive System Pharmacology

suppresses appetite to Adipost,

anorexiant
treat obesity Obezine
Tums, Maalox,
antacid neutralizes stomach acid
Mylanta
Imodium,
antidiarrheal used to control diarrhea
Lomotil
treats nausea and Compazine,
antiemetic
vomiting Phenergan

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Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Digestive System Pharmacology

emetic induces vomiting Ipecac syrup

H2-receptor blocks the production Zantac, Pepcid,

antagonist of stomach acid Tagament
stimulates a bowel Senokot,
laxative
movement Metamucil
proton pump blocks stomach’s
Nexium, Prilosec
inhibitor ability to secrete acid

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition

Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Digestive System Abbreviations

ac before meals
ALT alanine transaminase
AST aspartate transaminase
Ba barium
BE barium enema
BM bowel movement
BS bowel sounds

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition

Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Digestive System Abbreviations

CBD common bile duct

EGD esophagogastroduodenoscopy
endoscopic retrograde
ERCP
cholangiopancreatography
FOBT fecal occult blood test
GB gallbladder
GERD gastroesophageal reflux disease
GI gastrointestinal

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition

Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Digestive System Abbreviations

HAV hepatitis A virus

HBV hepatitis B virus
HCl hydrochloric acid
HCV hepatitis C virus
HDV hepatitis D virus
HEV hepatitis E virus
HSV-1 herpes simplex virus type 1

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition

Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Digestive System Abbreviations

IBD inflammatory bowel disease

IBS irritable bowel syndrome
IVC intravenous cholangiography
NG nasogastric
NPO nothing by mouth
n&v nausea and vomiting
O&P ova and parasites

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition

Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Digestive System Abbreviations

pc after meals
PO by mouth
pp postprandial
PTC percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography
PUD peptic ulcer disease
TPN total parenteral nutrition
UGI upper gastrointestinal series

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition

Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
 Combining Forms Match Up

1. bucc/o a. tooth
2. cirrh/o b. yellow
3. dent/o c. tongue
4. gloss/o d. cheek
5. or/o e. mouth

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition

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