%¢1n Class Genetics Worksheet & KEY Good directions as well as the practice problems for the Genetics unit: Part LIntroduction;___ 1. Describe the enotypes given (use your notes). The firsttwo are already done, A. DD homozygous. dominant D. ss -homuaugais Domina B. Dd. heterozygous E. ¥y_heterog Maus C. dd homeeaous weceswe. F- WW_homory fio) WL net 2, Inhumans, brown eye color (B), is dominant over blue eye color (b). What are the phenotypes of the following genotypes? In other words, what color eyes will they have? A BB Btouh B. bb__ blue Cc. Bb Gene The Five (5) Steps Associated With Solving a Genetics Problem: If you take the time tofollow the directions below, you will be able to solve most genetics problems. 1, _ Determine the genotypes of the parents or whatever is given in problem, 2. Setup your Punnett square as follows: *# sq, based on possible gametes that can be formed. poof | | Fill in the squares. This represents the possible combinations that could occur during fertilization. 4. Write out the possible genotypic ratio of the offspring. 5. Using the genotypic ratio determine the phenotypic ratio for the offspring. Part 2: Sample Problem (Just read this over, it is a practice problem) A heterozygous male, black eyed mouse is crossed with a red eyed female mouse. Predict the possible offipring! Step i: Determine the genotype of the parents. The male parent is heterozygous which means he has one allele for black eyes and one allele for red eyes. Since his eyes are black, this means that black allele must be dominant over the red allele. So the male parents genotype is "Bb" (B= allele for black eye, b= allele for red eye), The female parent has red eyes, there is only one way to have this recessive phenotype, so she must to be homozygous recessive. Homozygous recessive means that her genotype must be "bb", Therefore, genotype of the parents is Bb x bb.STEP 2: During meiosis (the formation of sex cells) one member (allele) of each gene pair separate, The male ‘mouse (Bb) produces some sperm containing "B" (the allele for black eye) and some sperm containing "b" (the allele for red eyes). On one axis of the Punnett square you put the two possible gametes for the male. Possible Sperm b Possible / b Eggs Repeat this for the other axis for the possible female gametes, Since she is "bb" you must put "b" and "b". Step 3:During fertilization sperm meets the egg. The Punnett square show us the various possibilities during fertilization. The offspring must be one of these genotypes listed in the squares. (B) » If. the sperm: contains-a-"B"andit (b) fertilizes-an-egg-containing-the- p "b’-allele,, the: resultant offspring: will- have:the- genotype- "Bb". Step 4:The genotypic ratio is detetmined by counting each possi ble genotype. You'll note there are two "Bb" for every two "bb". Therefore, we write the ratio as 2:2 Normally we reduce to the lowest terms: 4:4 Bb : bbStep 5:The Bb will produce a black eyed mouse (Phenotype) andthe bb (phenotype). The phenotypic ratio is written as 1 produce ared eyed mouse black eye : redeye Ratios tell you there is an even chance of having offspring with black eyes as there isfor having offspring with red eyes. That would be the same as a 50% probability of having red eyes, or a 50% probability of having black eyes. . **On the following pages are several problems. With each new problem, one sample is illustrated, make sure v ok over the 5 In your spiral nofebook you must copy the first problem from each section along with its solution. This means you should have a total of Mt problems written out and solved: monohybrid cross, working backwards, test (back) cross, dihybrid cross, incomplete dominance. multiple alleles, sex-linked cross and pedigree analysis ‘Now, on to some example and practice problems for your Genetics Chart: Pane #1Practice problems for Genetics: Part 1 Monohybrid Cross: ‘When we study the inheritance of a single gene itis called a monohybrid cross. **On the following pages are several problems. —rorn inaairt 1. Heterozygous, smooth pei pod, plant is erassed 5 with a wrinkled pea pod plant. There are two alleles for pea pod, smooth and wrinkled. Predict the offspring from this cross S=smooth s=wrinklee ‘What is the Phenotype of the parents?__ hy }é/O. Wrinile. ‘What is the genotype of the parents?” 64 Write down possible gametes. Do the Punnett square forthe resultant offspring. Se es ‘What is the predicted genotypic ratio for the offspring 24%. = \% | A ‘What is the predicted phenotypic ratio for the offspring?__Sroy oth ¢ wt ‘del Ifthis cross produced 50 seeds how many would you predict to Ve awrinkled pod? (S005) = AS SmooH 36 omnidlee 2.In humans, achondroplasia "dwarfism" (D) is dominant-over normal (d). A homozygous dominant (DD) person dies before the age of one. A heterozygous (Dd) person is dwarfed. A homozygous recessive individual isnormal. A heterozygous dwarf man marries a dwarf heterozygous woman + a o : 9 Parent Phenotype Dusorh 4 Dux Q Parent genotypes_¢77 DAF Vd + Possible gametes:__D, GD, a D Ve d= as% What isthe probability ofhaving anormal child? What is the probability that the next child will be normal?__=_ 25" What isthe probability of having a child that isadwarf? Fo — : What isthe probability: ofhaving achild thatdies atonefromthis disorder? 2 2Part 2: Working Backwards Some times we only know abou the offspring and we want ‘ollearn about the parents) If you have ‘been paying attention, you should have started to notice a pattern, For example, when both parents are heterozygous the phenotypic ratio always comes out 3 to 1. If one parent is ‘homozygous recessive and the other is heterozygous, the phenotypic ratio always comes out 1 tol, Keeping this in mind see if you can solve the next two problems. 1. In pea plants, yellow seeds.(Y) are dominant and green seeds (y) are recessive. A pea plant with jellow seeds is crosse@ with a pea plant with green Seeds The resulting offspring have about ‘equal numbers of yellow and green seeded plants. What are the ‘genotypes Re \- Dom-yellor O \ 7 yY y queen. Ny 5 fe) | Mm al] 100% yellow we teen Dposeibilittes For Way x ay 50% yellow) Darert Q Qe = \ f GANS Nee Molt \ 1 \ > areet | NS GENESEE \oligu) = ‘ly hetercaygcud SOP l Greem = yy } 2. In another cross, a yellow seed: jas crossed with another yellow seeded plant and it produced offspring of which abot fere green seeded plants, . ‘What are the genotypes of both parents? meats Mush howe i ash areen — Pons = voy as q heterc MsPart 3:Back Cross/Test Cross When an organism has the flominant phenatype,)then its genotype can be-either- heterozygous or homozygous dominant (you can't tell by looking at it). In order tofind out we must do a test cross using an homozygous, recessive organism For example: =— In Dalmatian dogs, the gene for black spots isdominant to the gene for liver colored spots. Ifa breeder hhas a black spotted dog, how can she.find out whether it is homozygous( BB) or heterozygous( Bb) spotted dog? *B = black spots and b = liver spots Ifthe breederfinds a black spotted dog, whose ancestry is not known, she cannot tell by looking at the dog if it is BB or Bb. She should find a liver spotted dog, whose genotype must be "bb" and mate it with the black spotted dog in question. This is the cross of a homozygous (BB) individual: B Notice that all of the offipring will be Bb and therefore, there is b Bb Bb no possibility of having an liver spotted offspring. 6 = Bb’ a4 Bo b |B} ‘ob b Al puppies should Iz are BlacksE hover black spars Yo ace \werspat C “4 BB / Q ig Ame. breed @ mush be. boleronyge double dominars (not good for coding Pane #4This would be the resultant Punnett sq.for the heterozygous (Bb) individual. B If any of the breed offspring has liver spots, then she can say that she had a heterozygous black spotted dog. Ifall the offspring had black spots then she can say that the suspect dog was homozygous. 1. You found a wild, black mouse. Explain how you would determine the genotype ofthis mouse. *Hintinmice, white fur is recessive. oT rneik b a. Draw Punnett squares for your possible crosses. — 1 clelec mine. \S black mouse iS BB a Bb you would cross fo & A (recessive mou sa, 2 <= Be & 6 aygeus | | % Boxbe 4 |pp a. You have 24 offspring, 23 with black fur and 1 with white fur. What was the genotype of tee es themouser 2b — must joe hefer B\GoUS offertvian where clid thal 7 Le worse come {cor Bat had 40 Wave recess’ allel “produce lbo- while b. Ifyou only had 3 black offspring, can you tell what the genotype was of the suspect mouse? Explain why or why not.