MELR11 - SOM/FM LABORATORY

Name : Amishasharon Rajavijai Sahidha

Roll Number : 111120011

Ex. No: 1
TENSILE TEST ON MILD STEEL
Date:23/08/2021

AIM:
To conduct tensile test on the given mild steel rod for determining the yield stress, ultimate
stress, percentage of reduction in area, percentage of elongation over a gauge length and Modulus of
Elasticity (Young’s modulus).

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

1. Universal Testing Machine (UTM)

2. Mild steel specimen
3. Vernier caliper
4. Extensometer

THEORY:
The tensile test is most applied one, of all mechanical tests. In this test ends of test piece and
fixed into grips connected to a straining device and to a load measuring device. If the applied load is
small enough, the deformation of any solid body is entirely elastic. An entirely deformed solid will
return to its original form as soon as load is removed. However, if the load is too large, the
material can be deformed permanently. The initial part of the tension curve, which is recoverable
immediately after unloading, is termed as elastic and the rest of the curve, which represents the
manner in solid undergoes plastic deformation is termed as plastic. The stress below which the
deformation is essentially entirely elastic is known as the yield strength of material. In some
materials the onset of plastic deformation is denoted by a sudden drop in load indication both an
upper and a lower yield point. However, some materials do not exhibit a sharp yield point. During
plastic deformation, at larger extensions strain hardening cannot compensate for the decrease in
section and thus the load passes through the maximum and then begins to decrease. At this stage the
“ultimate strengths”, which is defined as the ratio of the load on the specimen to the original cross
sectional are, reaches the maximum value. Further loading will eventually cause neck
formation and rupture.
Usually, a tension testis conducted at room temperature and the tensile load is applied
slowly. During this test either round of flat specimens may be used. The round specimens may

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have smooth, shouldered or threaded ends. The load on the specimen is applied mechanically or
hydraulically depending on the type of testing machine.

OBSERVATIONS:

1. Original gauge length of the rod (Lo) = 194 mm

2. Original diameter of the rod (do) = 12.62 mm
3. Final length of rod (L) = 216.9 mm
4. Load at yield point = 39 kN
5. Ultimate load = 58 kN
6. Breaking load = 46.5 kN
7. Diameter at the neck (dN) = 7.5 mm

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FORMULA USED:
�
1. Original area of the rod (Ao) = 4 × �� 2 mm2
�
2. Neck area of the rod (AN) = 4 × �� 2 mm2
Where,
do =original area of cross section in ‘mm’
dN =diameter of the rod at the neck in ‘mm’
�� −��
3. Percentage reduction in area = ��
× 100
Where,
Ao = original cross-sectional area of the rod in ‘mm’
AN = Neck area of the rod in ‘mm’
�−��
4. Percentage of Elongation = �
× 100
Where,
L = Final gauge length of the rod in ‘mm’
Lo = Original gauge length of the rod in ‘mm’

����� ����
5. Yield Stress = ���� (�� )
N/mm2
�������� ����
6. Ultimate Stress = ���� (�� )
N/mm2
������ ����� ������������ �����
7. Modulus of Elasticity (Young’s modulus) E = ������������� ������
N/mm2

GRAPH:

Draw a graph between Elongations (X-axis) and load (Y-axis).

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PROCEDURE:

1. Measure the initial diameter of the tension test sample in two perpendicular directions
using vernier caliper and calculate the initial area.
2. Measure the length of the specimen between the grips using a scale.
3. Punch marks at a distance of 2.5*d.
4. Insert the specimen into its position and mount the extensometer on the specimen.
5. Note the least count and adjust the readings on the dials A and B of the extensometer to
zero.
6. Conduct the experiment and read the load and extensometer readings at regular intervals
of load upto yield point. Also, note the ivory scale readings till the speciment failure.
7. Join the two pieces of the test sample and measure the diameter at the neck of the
specimen.
8. Measure the final length between the three punch marks to measure the elongation.
9. Take the readings and plot graph.

TABULATION:

S.No Load (kN) Extensometer reading (div) Extension (mm)

1. 2.5 1.5 0.1
2. 5 2.5 0.2
3. 7.5 3.5 0.3
4. 10 4.5 0.5
5. 12.5 5.5 0.5
6. 15 7 0.8
7. 17.5 8 0.8
8. 20 9 1
9. 22.5 10 1.2
10. 25 11.5 1.2

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MODEL CALCULATION:

34.2 9.04

RESULT:

1. Percentage reduction in area = 64.68 %

2. Percentage of Elongation = 34.2%
3. Yield stress = 3 1 1 . 9 4 N/mm2
4. Ultimate stress = 463.92 N/mm2
5. Modulus of Elasticity (E) = 2.1 X 105 N/mm2

DISCUSSION:

1. Draw the stress strain diagram for a ductile and brittle material and what is the difference in it?
The main difference between ductile and brittle materials is that ductile materials are able to be
drawn out into thin wires whereas brittle materials are hard but liable to break easily. The material
showing large amount of plastic deformation between the elastic limit
and the fracture point is called ductile material whereas the material
showing small amount of plastic deformation between the elastic limit
and the fracture point is called brittle material. They have permanent
stretch without breaking whereas they fracture soon after the elastic
limit is crossed.

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2. What do you mean by percentage reduction in area?

Reduction in area is the difference between an original given cross-sectional area of a test
specimen before being subjected to tension and the given are of its smallest cross-section after
rupture at the conclusion of the test, with the original cross-sectional are expressed as a percentage.

3. Explain the steps in ductile fracture.

 Necking :- With elastic strain, the material becomes plastically deformed.
 Small cavity formation :- Within the neck, small cavities or voids are formed. These develop as a
result of the stresses causing small particles or impurities or other discontinuities in the material
to either fracture from the material matrix. More such nuclei are available to trigger the
development of these cavities, less the material will extend before fracture and less ductile the
material. As the purity of the material increases, the ductility increases and vice versa.
 Formation of crack :- These cavities then link up from an internal crack which spreads across the
material in a direction at a right angle to the applied tensile stress.
 Cup and Cone fracture :- The crack finally propagates tot he material surface by sharing in a
direction which is approximately 45 degrees to the applied stress to give fracture.
 Brittle fracture :- It is the failure of a material with minimum of plastic deformation. If the broken
pieces of a brittle fracture are fitted together, the original shape and dimensions of the specimen
are restored.

4. Explain the modes of failure in tension test.

The modes of failure are:
 Gross section Yielding
 Net section Rupture
 Block Shear

5. Why your experimental results are not exactly matching with the standard material properties
of mild steel?
The results do not match due to human errors and errors in the machine.

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