Feriodie

{l-tapter F The PeriociicTable

vVhich grapir shorvs Lhe chalge in iie firsi
ionisaijon energy (lE iJ for the elements of
Group i4 wiii inoeasing nroion number (7)?
AIE B iEl
Section A 1

F1]9a: and €roup 2:Selected Properties tt

iryelryq_
"ffi6Lffi:6;;;i;il:-:-:::::::.:-::::*-:-:T:.:-::--:.*--:..*-.......,.. Four possible answers, kbeileci A, B, C and D
l
I

rC
ri are gi'ten Jor each question' choose one correct
\\I
\l:e
\-5N ^ --
PD

1 The firs! seven ionisation energies {in ki mol-i)

J+ fii,*ll:fgr 3 Aluminiurn for an element zlzy' are as follor"rs' D Iet

frMnw*;ffi&tp+ffiFr*.r4t!aer*{!@niFi{*.q@snffiraran@t+q:sewnrm}ffi-.a;i;6--;;-=;:;::-:::-;c 1402;2856; 4578;7475; il^
t\s,
I| \c.\sn
i1 l\ t'o
fr:a3:fer 4 B Z
I+Z
Group 14: C, Si, Ge, Sn and.Pb 2
:-;--:::-! t, t5
-vVhich a
of the follor,vilig .pairs has larger
atomic raciius in the second elerneni?

2 Which of the foliorving pairs has he biggest

A Na, X'Ig

{ltare'ter 5 Group ls:Nitrogen diiference in the oxidation numbers of the

B SiCa
and lts Compound C Br, Cl
I -D --N;-F--
6 .- lirtrich of the ioilowing elements has the same
c N2O, NO oxidation number in ail its ccmpounds?
D SOe,9Oa A Beryllium
d* fhai:te.r 5 croup l7: Cl, Br and I B Bromine
s,ffin"ffiat&wEtiffisEffiw;;i{ng4lrptrqq+l,'..,!'in+hil4r{&M:Bnc,Yffi::-..ffi-.--::f,
C Chlorine
D Nitrcgen

A traasition element is defined as an element

pH 3. which
tii) S is only siighily soluble in water but A. iolms ar ieasi one stable ion
clissolves in aqueous soCium hydroxide B has a partially fiiled d orbital
I and dilute hYdrochloric aciC- C has variabie oxidation staies in its
(iii) 7 is insoluble in water, bu'L dissolves in hoi compounds
sodium hydroxide solution. D forms at least olle stable ion with pariidiy
Arrange the oxides R, S aad I in the order of filled d crbital
inueasin g basic ProPertY.
A R,S,T Which of ttle following Period 3 eiements has
B i,r,s tha highest boiling Pcint?
A B i,[agnesium
C S, R,T Sodium
D T,R,S C Silicon D Phosphorus

IV
t
 The graph beiorv shows ihe first ionisation Formula of compound 20 lVhich of ihe following scienliSts construcied 25 The graph belorv shorvs the change in Lhe first
Bond
ene€ies of a few elements. lVhich element is A RS: Covalent ile Periodic Table based on increasing ploron ionisation energy rrith proion number
probably a gas from Group I B? B P3"S Co'/aleni number? Of &e elements marked in the graph, rvhich
c R2.93 Ionic . A Dmitri Mendeleev represents an aikali rneial?
D X755 Covalent B H.l.G. Moseley Fiis! ionisa{ion energy
C Loihar ivIey'ei I
13 Which siaiement. is not true
concerning
D Johan V/. Dobereiner lc
lr
I /\
ihe atom r,,tith a-n electronic configuraiion
lArl 3d64s2?
z1 The size ol an aiom does not change much
ttA / /\ \
A Ii has variable oxidaiion states in iis
across Period 4 (Transition series) because ItY\\,/ \
compounds. A
the nuclear charge changes only slightly
lBrb
B It does not react rvith oxygen. B the effect of increasing nuclear charge is > l'roton numbei
10 The graph below shorvs the chalge in the fjrst C It can form complex ions. offset by the sreening effect of the 3d
ionisation energy with proion number for a D It can form colouied compounds. electrons 26 The enthalpy of vapouris.rtion for three
few elements in the Periodic Table. C the atomic radii of transition metals are elements, magnesium, sillcon and sulphur
smaller Lhan normal meta.ls are shown in the tatrlc below. Which matches
14 The elements.Y aad I
are in the same period
D the transition elemenis have the same the value of A//r.ru,,r1rn,,,,,, with its element
in the Periodic Table and have 2 ard 5 valence correctly?
electronegativity
electrons respectively. What is a probabie
formula of a compound formed beni,een ,)., A//r.,,,,,,,,.r,,,,,, /kJ mol-l
Melting pojni/'C
them?
A x2ys B X2Y3
()
t96
CXY D X3Y2 A SI s

B S Ms
15 lVhich of the following species has the highest
ionisation energy? c Mtt, Si
A N2" B Mg'*
t) Si
C Zn* D Fe2' Ti V Cr ivtn Fe Co Ni Cu
S

The giaph above shows the melting poinls ot 27 Orrr, of llrc t:lt,rrrt,rrls ltr (itorrp l4 in the Periodic
Proton number 16 Which of the follolving staiements is not true a few transition elements. Whlr i5 lfrs n.tg]1'n1t 'i
ll-rlc ltls tlrr: followl tr g clrir rir(:lclistics.
about a transition element (d-block eledrent)? point of manganese lovi?
Element P is probably A (i) Itcan havc a r2 rrtrrl il r4 oxidationstate.
.A- potassiu.na- B
It has a high melting point. A Manganese is a metalloid. (li) lts oxltlu tkrcrttttptr:;t's ttlxrn heating.
helium ---B -Irfu rms- corapl ex-ion s: - -- rot-rlosely packed in t h e
phosphorus D chlorine C It forms coloured compounds. -B-"fh?- atomra-I" manganese. (iil) lts oxltlc ls ;ttttplrolr't'lr'.
meial lattice of 'l he r:lctrrcttt ls probirhly
D It has +2 and +3 oxidation states in an C Its electrons are not ready to fQrm nretalllc A (; ll
I I TWo elements X and Y have the following alkaline solution.
:ii
properties.
bonds. C l'b l) Srr
D There is a strong screening effect in th(r
[i) The elements X aa<l Y can fornr thc ionic
l7 Vtihich compound is the most electrovalent? atoms of manganese. 28 'l'lrc proton nurnl,()I ol llrrtrrinlum is 13. Which
compountis Na.,X urrtl N.r., I r t:spr:r tively.
[ii) The c]ement I can lbrrrr thc molct:ukr ]'lx
A KCI B AlCl3 ol tlre followlttg l,r'fl1)hs :,lrr)ws lhc sttccessivc

whereas th0 clcrnenl X rlocs rrol lirurr

c PC13 D KCIO3 23 The following factors can cxplain why tlre lorrisatlon errcrp,lus for ulttnrlnltttn?
re6.
,tt
ionisation energy increascs ilcross a period
Which pair of valcnr:c cl('( lt'onl(' r'orrllp,ru,rlkrrrs l8 Hydrogen acts as an oxidising agent vrhen ir except
I is corrtctT
for X and reacts lvith A decreasing atomic radius
xy A calcium to form calcium hy(lri(lc B increasing nuclear charge
A ?.s221t2 ).s) ).1i1 Il bronrine to form hydrogcn brorrritlc C almost constant sffeening effcct
B ?.s221t2 l.rr l7r'l (: nilrogcn lo givc o[f anrrnorria D increasing densitY of the ato,Irs
c 2s22p4 .l:J'ytl
Lst )1,2 I) sulplrur to forn hydrogen sulphide
D ?,s:t2Jta 24 Which of the follolving has the highcst first
l9 Ar:ro:;s a pt,tiod in the Peliodic 'lable, iorisation energy?
12 The elelnelrts l? attrl .\ lr,rvr' 'r irlr(l 7 v;rl,,rrr r, n tll(' il)r.t.tllic property incrcitses A Carbon
electrons rcspo('llvrly Wlrirl lr; llrI lotrrrrrl:r ol ll thr, rrrr:ltirr11 l)otnt increases B Argon
their compoun(is arrrl llrc ly;rf rrl lrorrrl I'rlllrrl lrt (j llrr. irr irlic ptop(:rty dccreascs C Helium
the compounds [onn(](l lx'lrvr,r'tt /l rrrrrl \/ l) ( r,Vlll(,|l( (, incrt:itSCS D Nitrogen

L-
 2q PrFical p.o!err/ 39 The graph shor.,,s the mei'Ling poinis of Group l 42 The elecrci:ic coniiguraiiol oi an elemeu X
5t+ \Yaich elemeni is act a metalloid?
A Boion nieials [aikaii ineials), Why is Lhere a decrease in the Perioiic Tab1e.ls as follorvs.
B Silicon it ihe melting points \,!'hen Cescending Group iA:l 3ds4s:.
C Germanium 1? The elameni ,{ has &e ioiloi,,,ing properiies
D Tin except
A high mel-lng and cciiing pcinis
B high densiry
Volume of an aroil =
C act as a caiaiysi
Pioion nunb:i D soluble ia polai sch/ents
Tile graph above sho\..is ihe change in physical Whc deiined the volune cf an atom as sho'r',tr 4-1 Pii'sicai p:ope:rv
properiies of ihe iransiijon elemenis (d-block). above? ,|
\\hich physlcal properry does ihe giaph A fuloses I

represena? B Lothar Meyer

A ivlelting poini B Atomic radius C Mendeieev
C D
Ionisaiion energy Density D Moseiey

30 Dersiiv
36 On descending a group in the Periodic Table.
i]re aiomic radius increases. This is a resuli of
A an increase in number of protcns :J+)O

B aa increase in number of elecuons The graph shows the change in physlcaJ

C ar increase in electron she11s A On descending ihe group, ihe strengih of properties of the eiements in Grcup 14.
D an increase in mass of the atoms the metailic bond deoeases. Which of iire follorving phy'sical prcperties is
Proton nunber B On descending the group, non-meta-ilic ilius'Lraied in ihe graph above?
The gmph above shows ihe change in densiry 37 characier increases. A Ionisation energy'
rvith pioton number for the elements in Period
Melting point C The incieasing number of shells lireakens tl Uenslw
? ihe merallic bond. C Boi[:rg poin i
Of the follolving factors, r,vhich one does not D The inoeasins s$eening elfeci results in a D Electricai conduc:i,ricy
..
influence the densiry of the eiements? decrease in meliing poini.
A Empty spaces beivreen atoms in the latiice AI elemeni 0 can conduci electricily and
structure of the soiiri 40 lvhich of r,he' follou,ing graphs shor,,r's Lhe forms ir,vo chlcrides.
B Mass of the aiom change in enthalpy of fusion of elements in (i) OCl,, is a coiourless volatile liquid.
C Size of ihe atom [atomic radius) Period 3? (ii) OCln -2 is a colourless soiid.
betiarcen atoms--. ^D Ais probabli. io-GrouP.
Ploton number
A 13
31 l,Vhich eiemeni has the same
--D--Jy?€-otlood elecironegai:vity -B 14
The graph above shoivs the variation in melting
as beryllium?
points of a few elements in the Periodic Table. c 15
A Carbon B Magnesium ^ D 16
C Aluminium D Why does carbon have a very high rnelting
Boron
point?
32 An element X reacts wilh hydrogen gas an.J A It has a giant covalent structure -ffith LiB:BCN0F 45 The elemenis 1, Y and Z arc in one of ihe short
sirong covalent bonds. periods in ihe Periodic Table- The element
fotms a compound of formula XH3. Compound
B It coniributes four v-alence electrons to
C
X has tv;o eieciions less than the element /
,lT{3 is soluble in waier and forms a soluticn
the electron cloud to form sfong covalent and five electrons less than lhe element Z.
tvith pH 9. The element .]( is probably in
Group bonds.
A
tt\ if the element 7 takes in one more electronr
A B 14 C It has a system of delocalised elecirons.
L

I /\ ii achieves a yery stable octel configurarion.

c
t3
1s D17 D It has free moving eiectrons which can
easily form bonds behveen atoms.
l,}?,
Li8eB CNO
I \_,-._
L#.*ts}
LiB:tsCN0,:
Which of the following siaiemenis is true
concerning -rhe ele;nents X, Y ana Z
33 \Vhich of rhe following properties is a periodic
F
A /
,Y is a metal, is a metalloid utd Z is a
function baseC on proton number? 38 Which element forms chloride compounds 41 hich of i}'ie followiag pairs oi groups can form
\ri non-metal.
A Relative alomic mass with the strongest ionic bond? cornpounds thai are very solullle in l.raier? B X is a meralloid, y is a metai and Z is a
*iJ m lmass I A lvlagnesium A Croup 1 andGroup 13 non-me[a].
-va1ue.
v
l-l
l^h.rda
lrlsr -u
I
j B Calcium B Croup I 4 and Group 1 7 C
'D X and I/ are metals, and Z is a non-metal.
C
I

Number of isoiopes C Aluminium C Group 13 and Group 16 X and Y are meralloids and Z is a non'
D FirsL ionisation energy D Carbon D Group 1 and Group 1 7 n'reral.

+5
 46 49 The table shov;s tle ionisation energ,r' oi an
<?, A srudent compared the radii oi the ions of Wirh reference to rhe following properties
L 7 totl
element R. nirogen, oxJgeR, fluorine. soriium. magnesium r.,'hich belongs to a rra-nsidon eiemeni?
+ rF- and aluminium. Which of the following graphs t't
illusiraies rhe changes ie ionic ra.dii? Ac!lity to
Mdtiry sottina i Densiry/
A Icnic iadlus B Ionic:adius pointi'Cl pointi"Cl g cm-3
contiitct
electriciiy

A 333 1782 11.2 Gcoci

\ \.s', sl osol rizol r.e Good
ii'c!i'Nrl,1"
\,, C
N; C! F Na.i,,J.ar

Ionic rcCius D lonic radius

,{u

1--#Perloa
2345
The graph sho.,vs ihe cha::ge in siandard electroda
58 Al elemen'r X has fie folior&-ing icnisation
energies.
potenrial,.Ee, for the halogens (Group 1 7). lVhich
The electrcnic configuration of ihe element R N" O! r Na. lt{r'{n ).j- C' F' Nt 1,{r'Air 926; 1993;3030; 4440:
oi ihe follo\ring sraternenrs is correcr?
5156; 7927; 16 432 and.1 9 B1 6 kJ mol-r
A Iodine is the si.rongest oxidising agent as
is

. compared to the oi.her halogens. A 1s22s22p63s2 53 The elements below are in the same period
In which group in the Periodic Table is the
B Chlorine is more reacrive than fluorine, B 1s22s22p63s4p3 in i]le Periodic Table. S/hich has the highesi element X mosr prcbably locaied?
bromine and iodine. c ls22s22p%s?3p64sl boiling point? A Group 15
C Fluorine has the mosr positive E€, hence ii D ls22s22p63l3p64s2 A Sulphur B Group 16
is the strongest reciucing agenr. B Phosphorus C Group 17
D When fluorine is passed through an
50 Which of the following statements is true C Aluminium D Group 1B
concerning ihe alkaline earth metals?
aqueous solution of bromide ions, a brov,rn
A D ivlagnesium
gas is liberated.
The catlons of the alkaline earth metals -^
59
;,
The graph be)ow shows the firsi to rhe eighrh
are coloulless..
54 Which of the following statements is true ionisation energy fot an atom of an elemeni
47 The first, second, third and fourth ionisation
B The alkaline earlh metals react vigorously
concerning the Periodic Table? a.
lvith 1A/ater.
A The electronegarivitv of the elements
energies for an elcment Uare as follows.
900,1760, l4 800, 21 000 kJ mot-r
C The cations of the alkaline ear'& meiais increase on descending a goup.
have tvr'o oxidalion states.
The element U forms covaient compounds
D The oxides of the alkaline earth meials are
B The atomic radius increases from rhe leit
with chlorine. These covalent chlorides react to the right of a period.
amphoteric.
!y4!. Waler to produce acidic soluti_ons._The 9 I1Y!rysel q1-!91q11iaered to be
member of more than one group.
a
element U is probably 51
A copper B boron
Bond energy,/kJ mol-l
D The metallic character of the elements
C magnesium D br:ryilium decreases from the right to the left of a
period.
48 The elements 1, Y and Z are in the short period
in the Periodic Table and havr: tlre following 55 Which of the foilowing pairs of elements in
properties. Period 3 .has the largest difference in their
(i) The element X has a liiant nrolecuiar boiiing points?
structure. A Magnesium and argon
(ii) The element I is a rnetal, B Sodium and sulphur
Number of electrons removed
(iii) The element Z is a simplc rnolccrrlc. C Aluminium and chlorine
\Yhich of the following stirtctlll,llls is tnte D Silicon and argon
concerning X, Y, and Z? 'l he suength of
the halogen-haiogen bonds in Why is there a large jump between the fourth
A The element f acts as an oxiriisirrll ;r11cnt. Group l7 <lccreases when the size of the atom 56 Which of the follorving factors best explains and fifth ionisation energy?
B The chlorides of X, Y irnd I an lrc< increases. Why is the sirength of the F-F bond the decrease in ionic radii for the elements of A The fifth electron is in its excited state.
hydrolysed by lvatcr rnrl wlrilc furrr|s ol weakcr than expected? Period 3 from sodium to aluminium? B The fifth electrcn is in an inner sheil.
HCI is liberatcd. A 'l'hc size of the lluorine atom is smail. A Constant tota.l number of electrons but C The fiiih elec'iion can resonate closer to
C The order of increasing bnsic r harirctcr of R 'l"hc rnass of the fluorine atom is lo.n-. increasing number of protons Lhe nucleus.
their oxides are Z, X ancl Y, C 'l hc van rler lVaals force
of atiraction is B Increasing strength in tIe rneiallic bonds D The spin of the fifth electron is in the
D The ordet of increasing proton lluiltlx)r is wt,ak. C Decreasing charge density of its ions opposite direction to that of fie fourth
X, Y and Z. I) 'l'he (,lc(lrot)eilati'/ity of fluorine is very high. D Inoeasing pov,€r of polarisation of ions electron.

l-
 66 Wnat change iakes place in a period with A Tllol
'.tb/ + T13-lol + ic-
A E Tr/.r
in$easing proton number? lrtr/ .l3-i-r'
rr itsr -, Js
:^-
t\ A
The atomic radius of ihe elemenrs becoines
!
l;
-
- .^., . .
ll'iol\5/ r
_- lr- lorr4

/\ bigger. D Ti2-tg) -+ T13-(g) + e-

,,
ivtc /
/ l
i Eiactric conduciiviiir oI elemenrs
E /
/ Ls
p-\
increases. 71 Which oi ihe following graphs shor+' ihe
lrj; .aJ Tne or-icies of tne eleileats becoine mora r.ariarion in elecironegat-/iry oi the elements
The Ciagram a-bove is a skerch ci'rire Peiiorlic Cl -
basic and can reaca rniiir acids. i- ---..'s 1?)
,rr;reuy1/l
Table. \ iirich pair o:
eJcr-ren'-s can lorm
compound v,-ith eleciro.,ralent bonds?
a
The elecrronegativiiy of ihe elemeai AB
increases.
A l'V and Y
B VaaCZ ",/
'- ,/., 67 Nhlch of rhe foliow-ing has lne s:r1ai1esi ionic
C UandZ ,t./'J "' radius?
D X anC,Y A \]3- B A]3*
/Al D Baz=
6 i Menieleev ariarged ihe eiemeets in ihe Na
Peiiodic Table in the ordei of increasing 68 The chlorides of Na, lVIg, 41, Si anc P are
dissoived in riisliiled lvaier. Choose the graph F BrCi
-4. aromic volume lt 12 13 14 15 t5 t7 18
'
B molar volume Proior number ihai shclvs ihe pH riariation correcdy.
C relative alomic mass
64 Cnoose the graph that shor,vs ihe variatlon
AD

D elecronegaiivity
of first ionisatioll energi/ foi the firsi row of ,nl
62 in ivhich oi i,re loJlorving pairs is rJle diiierence
in areliing poinis tfte ]argest?
d-blcck elements?
A f.*- pii

I
1

t/ -/ t\
i\
A
B
Sodium and magnesium
lVlagnesium and silicon ,-rt'
,
Nalvlg At Si P
)_-'
NaMgAl Si P
I\
I

C Chlorine and argon =

'z F BrCl I F Br.Cl l
D Silicon and argon .2
,9
72 .Which of r-he iollowing siatemenrs besl
63 Choose lhe graph that represenis the trends in 21 30 21 30 describes the noble gas family?
melting poini for ihe eiemenrs in Period 3 of Number cf protons Number oi prolons A Thev have an oulermost electron
configurarion ns2 npb (except heliumj.
the Periodic Table C ' B Some eleme-nfare gaSes aird orirerT are
Art
si : solid at roorr iemperature.
-C A11 elements can form compounds ',vith
A )l
qt ./ \\ ,q h rlnoon
/
a:l
E/
/ \
\ D All the elements cf the noble gas family
,ar/o, \ The molecule structure in the diagra,n beiow

/L
are unreactive.
ILl+ is most probably
ii. 21 30 21 30
z tP Number of proions Number of ploions
I
65 The graph below shows the aiomic radius for
lzr
the elements in the Periodic Table. Elemenls
A, B ard C belong to which group?
i-\/-
t\/ --
I
r/{
Aiomic ?roron nulnber
11 12 13 14 15 17
(ccvalentj
ra d irs^
r/+
I it A aluminium oxide The above graph shor,ris horv a property of

t==^,. u."J, B
C
D
phosphorus(I/) oxide
sulphur irioxide
chiorine(VIIJ oxide
the elements in Period 3 from sodium to
chlorine, varies viith proton ntLmber. lVhat is
the prcpertlr?
e
A Boiling points of elements
70 Which of &e folior,ting collecrly iepresenrs the B Second ionisaiion energr
A Group B Group 2 process involiring the ihird ionisation energy of
1
C Ionic radius of elemenis
C Group 3 D Group 1B thalliun?
1
D Eleciron ar'finity 61 elements
 74 Which of ihe foiiouring elemenis might be | 77 tilhich stai.emenrs are rrue concerning the
The elemenls in Group I act as a reCucilg (bi State iwo phirslcai prop3riies of coplei
iransition element? | elemenis of Group 2?
ageni in iis ieaclions. vrhich is diff:ient iron .&ai of sodium or
i The chlorides of rhe elemenis in Grouo
I The size ol i-he aLcm and ijre radius of ihe I poiassium.
121
lvleliing Boiling Ability to
ivletttng I oensiry can dissolve in vraiei.
I laonngl.attitity to Densitlt I I ion inqeases vihen descer:o.ing a group.
3 The elemenis in Group 1 are prociuced at
I paint
n9i1t I point candqci (Scn-')
n2tr, 1 candqci ) [g
cn-")
I ) 2 TheelemenrsinCroup Z acrasareducing
ihe cathode during ihe eiectrolysis oi iis
I fqrc) i fq ('c) electricitt i
]ekcnicir'i ] I agenr in irs reacrions.
A 720 2231 iVloCerate l --)o I S The reaciivity of 'rire elements decreases aqueous saiis using graphiie elecirodes.
ivhen descending Group 2. Ic) Siate '{ie cooldinaiioa number for
t21
1410 3376 r\rioiierate 40.22 83 deiermine th? aiomic radius of
\,\,,hich faciors
aa element in ihe Periodic Table? [i) sodium:
C i, I3t3 ZSA1
r3i3 i 29BB Good II A.ql
I Cood
Q ln Ii i| 78 ,,^_...^^,,,r
Aluminium is a non-roxic eJemenr, Jighi a:d
,^ r, :^ r^..-; I Elecrronegaiiviry {ii) copper:
very useiul io humans. Ii is fo'.rlri in Group i 3
33A4 517 0 Poor 4.98 oi the Periodic Tabie. Vlrhich observaiions are 2 Nuclear chaige
i:ue concerning rhe reaction oi ihe Al3= ion 3 Screening effect (d) Draw ile unii cell sirucrure for sodium
75 The diagonal relationship in the Periodic Table j l,riih the following reagents? ald copper. t3l
shown by fii Li and Mg, (iii Be and AI is due
to
I Reageni Obsen/atian lStrirctured Questions
Aqueous ammonia white precipitate
A sirong intermolecular forces in ihese i ' formed
' molecules' | , Aqueous sodium \ryirite precipitaie I (a) Thegraphof thedensitTirompotassiumio
B rheir vaiiable oxidation slaies.
c the simlarity i, tn;i; ,,o*i. *aii .ro
I
I

. ifiliJ',lit o,^rr,r,, f;.1ilf,lpr..ipi,r,.

copper (elements of Period 4) is sketched
beiorv.
elecffonegatiyity values.
D empty o:'bilals in rhese aroms.
I ioOiOe formed
i
Densiv,/g cm-i This question is concerning energy and a few
I
elements in Group 2.
|I 79 Which siaiements are true concerning the
[a) Siate v/hat is meant by thelrsf ionisation
seclion -.
groups in the Periodic Ta-ble?
b IO ' energ/ of an element?
] r The ionisadon energy decreases when the I
Iil
For each of the questiops in this seciion, orc o, I proton number incteases. :

more of the nttm.bered'statements I to i may Oe | 2 The elemenis in a group are eiiher ai1 6

4
correct. Decide tf each oi the statements L or I meta.ls oI ai1 non'metals.
is nat correct. The responses A to D shoutd be I 3 The melting point always increases vrhen 2

selected based on the Jotiowtng: tt . proton number increases. K Ca SI Tj V CrMnFe Co Ni Cu

I I
(b) With the use of the Data Booklei, calculaie
Explain-eaeh-of the follolving-observations lhe F .r H _lo.reactl..of lhe fol loving
IlF0-Whiehstat€mentS,.a.€iIueconcerninga
- | B" | C" I D" ll
A
metailicbond? (!) Potassium has a loll'density.
vaLue_o
reactions:
lonly
I is correct
1 only
I land2 Zand3 | 1,2
1 and2 | 2and3 l,2and3ll
and 3 1 Thevalenceshell oftheatomsformingrhe (i) Catg) -ca2'(g) = 2e-
I correct I only are
are I only are cou'ect I I
are ] are corlecr metailic bond overiaps to lorm a 'sea' of
correct correct delocaiised electrons.
The metal crystai is made up of a lattice of
positive ions,
lo n isat i on e nergy/ l1J mol - I The strength ol the metallic bond increases
when rhe number of delocalised electrons (ii) Copper has a high density.
increases.

BI Which staternents concerning the Periodic

Table are true? fii) Ba(g) - Baz'(g) + 2e- I2l
VVhich statements are (ruc <:orrr:clning P and 1 On descending group, the electronegaiiviry
a

a? of the elements increases.

{iii) The densiiies of the etenrents from
I The elements P and 0 arc irr Ciroup I in 2 Across a period, the ionisation energy potassium to copper are increasing,
the Periodic lable. incteases.
2 A low first ionisation etrer'1iy irrrlicalcs that 3 Across a period, the polarising po'wer of 13l

rhe lirst electron removt'rl is Irorn tlrt' l.s ihe cations incleases.
orbital.
3 The atomic radius of P is lart,cr tlllrr th(, 82 VVhich statements are true concerfling the
atom;c radius of O., clcnrents of Group 1 in the Periodic Table?

t0 11
 Suggesi one reason fcr ihe diiieie:rce ir (ilj When cai: ncble gas apprcach ideal [ii) Expla:n your aaswei in icJ(i) isl (ci Explain ldry tire iirst ionisation energir
fc)
iil for aluminiuii-r is less than that for
r.raiues bei\../een
fb]iij and [b][iit. L?l gas behaviour? tJl
maglesium. 121

[d] Suggesi one reason r.r,hy the first iodsation

idl The siandard eiecirccie poteniials ior The fii-st ionisaiion energy, in kJ mol-', ior energy for thaliium is larger than 'rhat ior
calcium and barium obta:neci from rhe ii 1.00 rim3 (10-3 m3) of a mixiure of ihe elements in Group 2 and Group 13 are as bari'.m.
Ic) 12)
Daia Bookler are as folic-'ris. ki-;,pioa aad xenon has a mass cf 2.79 shown in iire foilowiag rabie.
t^
i t,atctum F!_ -2.87 Y g ai a pressure of B x
101 Pa and a
tempeiature oi 300 K, what is ihe ielailve
I

i Baiium tr'€ _ *2.9A Y

moiecular rnass of iie mixture? l2l Be 900 B 799
Botir ihe values of Ea are alnosi rhe Mg 736 Ai 577
same. Ho-weve4 tie r,'aJues obiained in Ca 590 Ga 577 ]'Vith the use of the Data Booklet to obiain
IeJ
[bJ, rhat is, i.rre ionisaiion energies, aHls Sr 548 In 558
aie very diiferent. Give cne reason for ihis D^
tle releva,rt ion:sation energies, expiain
502 11 589 rvhy lle compcunds of barium are ionic
observaticn 121
oT1 wheieas ',rhe compounds of boron are
= Thallium
cova]eni. l2l
{a) Explain rvhy the first ionisation energy
[aJ [i) Wiite the e]ectronic conilguraiion for decreases on descendilg Group 2. 12)
liihium.

leJ Give one more factor w'hich lnluences rhe

(ii) Complete the follorving table. iYou
value of 6" bul has ro efiect on r\,ryrF. 11 l
may use the Daia Bocklet)

Atomic charge Massikg

Pioion [bJ On the same axes iionisaiion energy 5 (a) Expiain \,vhy the aqueous ions of tiansition
[fl Explain your answer in [e). t21
against Period number), sketch two metals are coloured whereas the aqueous
Electron graphs that shows the change in the first ions of oLher meials are not. (You may use
lon1qqliSn C4qry19s fgr 9!e.qg94ls !q lbe l€rlHzojd+9i jln and J,A{I{2OJ6II ion,as-. -
above two groups t21 examples.)
l4l t6l
(b) (i) Predict how the ionic radius ol the
fluoiide ion, F-, is diifereni from the . i:.:..:..:.. , i:. r i.:
There are maay important uses for the noble ::- i:i i:a,-:r'r i: _:ii .
atomic radius of the neon atom, Ne. ::_.
gases. One of iis uses is in the discharge lamp.
(a) [iJ Sl-ate one noble gas that ionises easily.

[ii) Explain your ans';rrer in (a)[i) 13l [ii) Erplair your allsw-er in [b)(i) t3l
{bl Explain why transition metals fd-block)
show variable oxidaiion states in their
compound whereas other metals do not.
t4)

(b) (i) Give two reasons rvhy noble gases

increasingly detriale fiom ideal (c) [iJ Predicl horv lhe ionic radius of the . i..'. . .i r.
beha.riour when descencir'ng Group magnesium icn, MgZ-, is different fion I l i -: -.:,:.i ,: rl.'..-' L
i B (from helium io radon). the atomic radius ol Ihe neon atom, Ne.
.i.:,ir:r:l r i 1: -:!.::r1l-

L2
 On the axes below, sketch the graphs to sho!.i 8 {a) The volume oi an aiom ca-nnoi be used io 3 [a) Elements in Period 2 in Lhe Periodic Table Erplain these changes $'ith respeci tc iheir
the properties of ihe elements in Period 3. measure the size of an atom. Explain, 13
j show a diagbnai relationship \i.,irh elemeris structure and bonding. t15l
(6) Firsr !on;sa-e'or energy irPeriod 3. Discuss this siatement lr.iih

t reference io beryl1iuil1 and aluminiui-n. 7 [a) State aai explain ihe cha:rges in rhe radius
I ti 0l of ile
a'uom of elements in Period 2, that
tb) Liihiun show:s a diagonal relatronship is, from iilhiun: to neon. t4l
I w-iih .magnesium. Explain ihis siateroent (bJ Give ),our commants on ihe foliov-ing
ri../ith respect io the follolving. Cata.
(i) Lithium chlofide forms hydiaies such
(b) Give a short'explanation on diagonal Metal Atomfc Aiomic Density/
as LiCl'2H2O.
radius/nm g cm-3
relationships in the Periodic Talle. l4l (ii) Upon heaiing, lithium nitraie MASS

decomposes to form orygen, litJrium .lvlg 24 0.1 60 1.74

riiii tii> oxide and nitiogen dioxide. tsl
Na lrlg Ai Si P S Cl Ar A1 27 0.1 43

(b)
' ' Mel'Jng point oI elenent
t3l 4 [a)Si hat is meart by second ionisatton energ/
for an element?
Ca 40 0.197 1.54

t31 Fe 56 0.127 7.86

(b) WriiI the use of values obiained from
the Data Booklet, sketch a gmph of the li 1l
second ionisation energy for elemenis in
(c) Complete the table on diagonal Period 3 (from magnesium to chlorine). B (a) Wha'r do y'ou understand by the ierm
relationships be1ow. t6l
ionisation energy? L?]
Explain the difference in the second (b) Sketch the graph of fte first ionisarion
Ic)
ionisation energies found berween energy against proton number for the

\-\\t
LiBeBl

\ \ \l
aiuminium and silicon. t6l
elements, starting from lithium
sodium.
to

LI AT
rrrr]l 5 [a) State and explain with respect to its
electronic structure, three properties
of the d-block elements (iransition
Based onihe graph, explain the changes
in the ionisation energy and how it proves
that different energy ldvels in an atom
have differentnumberof elecrrons. Il0l
elements)., t6l (c) Street lamps contain sodium and neon
(b) With the use of the Data Booklet, comment
gases. Lighi is emir.ted when the gaseous
. on the second, third and fouflh ionisation
atoms ionise in an electric field. When
for the. elements of chromium"
t}ig swilch-iron; the -Ianp emitra-red^
manganese and iron.
---spg1gls5 Ie] Iight fint. The red light comes from neon.
However, after a while, it is replaced by
Give an account of the changes in meliing an orange light coming from sodium.
points and electrical conductivities for the Suggest one simple explanation for this
elements in Period 3 (from sodium to argonJ. phenomenon t3l

Na Mg
tzt
(d) {F, ry Questions
I,leliing point of oxides

I State and explain how the follovring properties

t change across Period 3 in the Periodic Table
i lrom sodium to argon,
I
(a) First ionisation energy for a! element t7l
[b) Boi]ing point of the element IB]

l
2 The first element in any group in the Periodic
' Table shows . different characteristics as
l,_
I

Na Mg AISiPS t3l
compared to othdr members of the group.
Discuss this staternent b), using Group 14 as
an example. Il 5l :

L4 :
15
I
I

t-
I
 !1hich oxide ca1 foim a soluiion rvi-& &e 12 \&'hich graph mos. accuraiely depicts ihe
lowest pH rvhen 1 mole of the oxide is change in boiling points of the elemenis fiom
.,..2^......
dissolved in I dm" of distilled r,vater? sodium to chlorine in Period 3?
NPTTR A P+Oro
B cl2o7
Boiiing cciilt Boiling poi!i
c so3
,i {
D MgO
I,
I

Which siatement aboui the oxides of Period 3

Which siaiement aboui elements in Period 3 is
not colrect?
il !
l. Questions is not correci?
A The atomic size decreases from sodium io
$t,ior.-choice argon acioss Period 3.
A SiOz exists as a giant covalent molecule.
Chlorine dissoh'es in lryater and forios a
A B P4Oto exists as a solid under room mirturc of hydrochloric acid and chiodc{i)
iial,igAl Si P S

condition.
pdsslble answers, kbelled A, B, C and D C MgO is not solubie in water but reacts
acid.
I Jt jlvon Jor each guestion. Chaose one correci -vYith When chlorine water is exposed io
dilute acids.
nvnn D AlzO: a.'rd SiO2 are amphoteric oxides.
sunlighq chlorine gas is liberated. Boil ing point
I
D The first ionisation energy in*eases from
I Wtty are the electronegativity values not sodium io argon across Penod 3. I

consldered as a physical property of an Which property is not shown by beryllium in

alGment? Group 2 ol the Periodic Table? l0 The ionic radii for p3-, 52- a;rci CY arc 0.212
A The electronegativiiy vaiues cannot A Beryilium chloride does not react with nm, 0.184 nm and 0.181 nm respectively. The
be measured because they are sei by wateL trend of decreasing radii from P3- to Cl- is due
chemists. B Beryliium oxide is amphoteric. to
Na,\'lgl! SI PSCI
E The electronegativity yalue for an c Beryllium chloride is covaient. A an inerease in the total numberofelectrons
element is not fixed but vades in its l'r Beryllium chloride exists as a dimer at . and nuclear charge 13 lr/hich statement concerning Group 2 elemenrs
compounds. mom temperature. B an increase intie totai number of eiectrons is not correct?
C The electronegativity values are but constant nuclear charge A The metats in Group 2 are good reducin!
classifieC under chemical properties of
\rfhich graph shows the change in melting C a constant number of electrons but agents.
on element. point of the elements across Period 3? increasiag'nuclear charge B The solubiliiy Group ofsulphates 2
D The electrcnegativity values are not of D a decrease in tle total numbet of electrons decreases on descending the group.
much use to chemists and therefore but constant nuclear charge C The Group 2
nitxales and carbonates
- .canno$e-eonsidered-a-p$eiealprepe+ql
of an element. I I The figure given shows a graph of the enthalpy corresponding oxides.
of formation of Period 3 oxides. Based on the .-D The charge density of the cations in Group
graph, which oxide has the strongest bond?
I Whlch statement concerning a Group 2 2 increases on descending the group.
alSment is correct? Enthaply
A The atomic size and screening effect oi fgrmation
14 Which meihod is the most suitable for
lncreases on descending the group. /VJ mol-t '
exhacting barium?
I The ionisation energy increases on
A Electrolysis of aqueous barium chloride
descending the group.
C The electronegativity increases on
B Elecirolysis of moiten barium chloride
d*cending the group.
+300
+200
C Reduction of barium oxide in aluminium
D The polarising power of the caiion +100 ctroT D Reduction ofbarium oxide in carbon
0
lncreases on descending the group. NaMsAlSiPSCl NallsAl$PSCI -1 00
15 lVhich statement explains vrhy the solubiiity
I Aryon !s an element in Period 3 of the Periodic -400 of Group 2 sulphates decreases on descending
Which of the following is true concerning the -500 ihp ornrrn?
llblc, What is the electronegativity of gaseous alkaline earth metals? -600
rl|on? A The metals are soft.
A The cationic radius is increasing.
AO B The metals form colourless cations.
B The size of.the sulphatd ion is increasing.
C
to! z.s
A.I{r6p46p. of th<i catjon is decreasing.
1,0 C The meials do not give characterisiic A Na2O ts tu-Igo D The elecrronegativiry of the elements is
D 3.s D
colours in a flame test.
The metals react vigorously with water.
c sio2 D Al?o3 increasing.

16
 lYhich graph mosi accuraiely depicts the 19 llhich graph iepresents the pH oi the sciutions 23 The table beiorv sho..,vs ihe decomposltica v'ihich is -uhe besi method for iie exiraciioa oi
change in melting points of ihe oxides of the ioimed rvhen crides of Period elemenis 3 tempemiure of ihe carbonates of Group 2 magnesium?
elemenis from sodir,ril to argon in Period 3? (froin sodium to argon) are added to \riarer? elements- A Reduciioa cl magnesium oxide in carbon
A fulating poiar
A. p,t_. B-- B Elecfoi,rsis oi raagnesium chloride soiuilon
+ + Carbonate BeCO MgC03 UGUUJ SrCO3 BaC03 C Elecuolysis of nolten magnesium cirloiide
D Pass chioiine gas inio magneslum bromi<ie
l/\ I

Decornposition
98 544 900 1290 13 60 soluiioil
/\ tenperaturc/"C

i\ i\thy is BeCO: unstable thernally?

27 In ihe anaiysis oi a soiuiion conialning barium
A The electron cloud or" ihe Bez- ion IS
ions, 50.0 cm3 of iie soluiion produces
oo co polarised by ihe CO32- ion.
z z - a 4.244 g of BaSOa (relaine mclecuiar mass
=r;
B The electron cloud ol rhe COr2- ion
,-,.
C ly'ielng point D Meltitg poini polaIISe0 Dy Lne _ue- = 233) r,vhen sufficienl sulphuric acid is added
T) ior_'.
ro precipitate all of the barium ions. What
lr
A
i -pH Down Group 2, the size of the carion
| ,\/ l/\ + inreases and ihe polarisaiion of the anion
is the conceniration of barium ions in the

Y'/
t/l
i/
V\ \
I
t/\
*,Zi
D
by the catjon becornes greater
A small cation abscrbs energly' mcre
soiution?
000x
A r5U.U
'="="i 4.244
"="=l-
liL IJJ no: dm-l
l-\
i--# L-/
eificienily and caa be exciied io a higher
energy level which is unsiable. p
"
50.0 - 0.244 -^r
1ooc, ^ 233 tILUt 611 l
g>+-;--"- -r'6o
2=;6;'A
o c o "N
o_?ddo-dc_ o_9ddo"do-
\NhA.t unit celi is found in magnesiu::r
1000 233
5 > .?; L^ e" 4 2 -4'a *-q Cj 24 rype oi " 5o.o 0.244 "'"'"
17 Which graph corecily and calcium?
shor,vs
electrical conducriviLy for the elements in
the chalge 1n
20 SiO2, P4Oi0, SO2 a;rd Cl2A7 ate oxides lvhich
i -.233
^u -a;-- /, -ffi,,,r, dm l
JU.U V.L+q
Period 3 of the Periodic Table? are Magnesium Calcium
,'
A B Electrica]
A ionic ard acidic A Face-centred cubic Bodv-centred cubic
conduciivity B ionic and basic Z6 The table beiow shovrs the reacliv.ity oI
C iovaient and basic B Body-centred cubic Clbsely packed
eiements in Period,3 wiih oxygen.
D covalent and acidic hexagon

.C Closely packed Face-centred cubic

Element Reacti\/ity
21 A metal )' has oaly one oxidation staie in hexagon
Na'llgA] si I H{lE all its salls. Most of rhe salts.are yhire. Tbc 'u Closcly paeked Body-een{red etb,it
Na Very vigorous
electronic configuration of I is proba,bly hexagon
D .\{g Vigorous
C Eiectrical Electricai A 1s22s22p63s2
c ondu ctiYi iy conductivity B 1s22s22p63s23p3 AI Vigorous
t* c 7s22s22p%s23p4
The values
valu of ihe lattice energy and the

|j*
'ation energy for three sulphaie salis P, O,
hydration Slow reaction
D 1s22s22p63s23p6 Si
wi
and R which are elements in Gronp 2 of the
P Slorv reaction
Periodic
rdic Table
I are given be1o.r.
,) The diagram below shows the scheme of l
S 51olv reaclion
i
NaNlgLlSiPSClAr Ial{gAlSiPSClAr reactions for a sa1t, X Lattice energy/ Hydration energ/
.9ah
i /<J mol-t /kl mal ' CI No reaciion
i8 Which of the elements in the table below can Coiotirless solution +d Fime test
+Red flme Ar No reaction
be found in Group 2 of the Periodic Table? ll P -248q -1 650
lilAdJ H.So.racl a 2374 -1 360

tit."'l
Ihear
Melting Boiling Density/
Electrical Based on the above tabie, the trend across
E[ement
point/'C point/"C g dm1 condLrctiyity/
R 2484 -i 480 Period 3 is that the
Jt'm' lYhite solid fomed Bro$n gas A eiemenls become more electroposiiive
A 55 144 0.66 1.98 x I05 Which h seqr
sequence ls .in the order of decreasi.ng B tendency of elements to donale elecrons
I'he salt X is probably ilirv?
soiubiliry? decreases
B )/o 1 /1 4.35 x i0-2 A reaction of the eiements wiih oxygen
195
A BaSOa P,O,R C
C 311 886 2.33 8.19 x i0-3 B MgCl2 B P,R,A becomes more exoihermic
C Be(OH)2 C A,R,P D stiength of the elemenrs as an oxidising
i) 1.22 x 106 D
771 1492
D Ca(NO3)2 R,P,A agent slowly decreases

18 19
!

L
i\l
 29 Wlich starement is not true of L1e elements in 33 Which graph shorrs the charge in radii oi rhe 36 39 Which of rhe foilo..^.'ing is true colcerning
tr4gSOa and SrSOa?
Group 2? elements of Group 2 r,iih increasing.proron Paysical propeilies
A The sclubiliry of ihe sulpaaies of ihe nurober?
A Agh-u,ir.,ion Nlg'= < 4fi'h..d.u-.i"n Sr2*
B Mtr,i.. I;1gSO. ( AH2,r;s SrSO=
elemenis increases on descenriing the A R.,iio, B R.n,,,.
C Ionic radius of Mg'' > Ionic radius Srr-
"n.r8-7 "r.."1
gr0up.
B The Mtyd.,rion for ihe ions of rhe elemenrs
+ D Solubility of MgSOz in waier > Solubilily
I
I '
C
dacreases on descending the group.
The Mirsi ioalsaror for ihe elemenis
decteases on descending the grcup.
i
i

l^= I'la,O MgO Al,O3 SiO2 P,Oro SO3

of SrSOa in lvater

is the sirenglh oi ihe Period 3 elements

\,tr/hy
D The thermal stabiliff of the carbonates of ., Proton numbei Prcion nunber
ClzO?
as reducing agents decreasing acioss the
the elements inffeases on descending :he The graph above shows tlle change ln a Peiiod?
group. D
Raiius RaCius piopert,v for iire oxides of Period 3. The A The aiomic radii of ihe elernenis
I t
physicai property could be incteases.
P, A, R, and S are four elements in Period 3 l\
I
A meiting point
B pH B The oxidalion siate of 'the elements

I *_r- C energy
I

of the Periodic Table and have _the following

properiies. t\
l, , ,1, 1,,,,r
lailice D solubility

of
incieases.
C At standard temperature and pressure,
(iJ The oxide of P is not soluble in water and 37 The tabie below shows the solubility the the elecirode poteniial of the elements
. in acids, but is solubie in hot, concentrated Proton number Proion number hydroxides of elements in Group 2. decreases.
sodium hydroxide. 34 P, A, ald R are -rhree elemenis in Period 3 D The electronegatil.ity of the elements
HydroxiCe Mg(OH)2 Ca(OH)z SrIOH)2 Ba(OH)2
[ii) The oxide of O reacts wii]r sodium oi the Periodic Table. Their oxides react vrith
increases.
hydroxide soludon and sulphuric acid. water as follows. Sohtbility/
.._7 0.0002 0.0r5 0.031 0.242
(iii) The eiement R forms two stable. acidic (i) The oxide of P is not soluble in water. maL dnl "
Which nitrale of the Group 2 elements, have
oxides. (ii) The oxide of O. is solubie in water and the highesi thermal stabilitv? ...:.
(rv) The oxide of S dissolves slightly in water lVhich starernent below explains the change in
and is neutralised by sulphuric acid.
forms a solution of pH 13. A Cilcium nitrate . ., .

(iii) The oxide of R is soluble in v/aier and solubiiiiy of the above compounds? B Barium nitrate
Based on the above iniormaijon, which sequence forms a solution of pH 3. A When descending Group 2, the lattice C Beryllium nitrate
iollows an increasing proton number? Which sequbnce is correct for the elemenis P, energy of tie hydroxides of ifle elements D Magnesium nitmte
A ,R, O, P,.S O, and X in Period 3 of the Periodic Table? increases.
B R,P,S,A A P,A,R B The large size of the hydroxide ion (OH )
C S, P, O,R B P,R,A ' increases solubility. ta lYirich of the follor,ving is true about the
D .t,o,P,R c a,P,R C The lattice energy decteases faster as oxides of Period 3 elemenis (from sodiunr to
-D ArR P - compared to lhe enthalpy of hyd.ration on chlorine)?'
31 25 cm3 of a solution X[OH)2 requires 10
descending the group. A There are more than two oxides of
1 .^. I
cnt' of 0.1 moi dm-' hydrochJoric acid for a 35 Which starement explains why there is a D When desceading the group, ihe non- -. chiorine.
complete reaction. Calculate the guanlity of decrease in ionic radii for elements in Peiiod metallic character incteases, thus B Silicon has the highest oxidation state
3 {from sodium to aluminium)? increasing its solubilify. when forming its oxide as compa-red to the
rhe sairX(OH)2 thal dissolved in I dmi of the
otler elernents in Period 3.
solution. I
Ion Sodium fulagnesium Aluminium 38 2Mg + O.2 -"ZMgO C Moving across Period 3, the acidity of
fRelative a'omic mass: H -- I, O - 16, X = ZCa + O2.+ ZCaO II
1 111 oxides decreases.
Ionic radius 2SrO
'2.74 0.098 0.045 2Sr + 02 + III D The oxide of phosphorus is basic and is
A g /nm 0.065
Which of the follou'ing is correct about the not soluble in disLilled v/ater.
B 3.08 g
above reactions?
C 3.42 g
A The total number of electrons and the
total number of piotons in the nucleus Reactivil Reason
D 6.84 g
A Decreases from The atomic size of 43 A.n o-ride .X has r-tre follotving properlies.
increase.
The iota-l number of elecirons and the I to III the elements (il Insoluble in v/ater
ilcrease (ii) Has a high boiling point
.12 The standard eiectrode poteniial, Ea,1|F-{aq)/ total number of protons in the nucleus
M(s) for elements in Group 2 becomes more decrease- B Decreases from Ionic behaviour of [iii) Has ionic bond with covalenI character
negative upon descending the group. This C The total number of electrons increase I to lll substances for;ned (iv) Soiuble in aqueous sodium hydroxide
shours thai its decrease OxiCe X is probably
whereas the toial nurnber of prot6ns in
A basic properties increase lhe nucleus remain constanL. C The same in |{ AII three elements A MgO
B metallic character increases The totai number of electrons remain and III afe reactive metals B
-c A12O3

C reactivify decreases constanl vrhereas the Iotal number of D Increases fiom Reducing power of sio2
D stiength as a reducing agent increases protons in the nucleus increase. I to Ill eiemenis increase D P.,Oro

20 2t

I
 44 Reierring to lhe iabie belor,.r, fie nelting poinis The diagram belol.r shows the scheme ci Section B 56 lVhich staienells are true concernilg rhe
of ihe oxides of Group 2 elemems decrease on reaciior,s for a solid -f,. oxides Na2O, llgO; ard A.12O3?
For each of the questions in this section, one or i Of ihe ihree oxides, only A12O3 has
descending the group because to 3 may be I
niore of the numbered staiements covalent character
Soiuble arrd iorms colourless soluiion
Oxides of Group 2 Mgo CaO SrO BaO €orrect. Decide if each of the sktements b or 2 Na2O, MgO aad AJ2O3 dissolr,e in Cistjiled
is not correct. The responses A to D should be lvaier.
Meliing point/"C i,,BBO 2614 2327 1915 Inscluble in u'aieI selected based on the following: 3 Na2O, MgO and Ai2O3 are amphoteric
oxides.
A itre electropositiviry of the eiements is NaOH(aq) follorved by NH.Cliaq) Whiie precipiiate, A B C D
inoeasing solubla in NH,Cliaqi

the ionic radius of the metal increases, and i onlY I andZ 2and3 1, 2 alci 3 57 Al element X is found io ihe left of alurninium
therefore v;eakens ihe ionic bond is coreci only are oniy ara are correct in the same period in the Periodic Table.
W-hiie precipiraie
C ihe covalen-r chaiacter in ihe ionic bond correct correci The oxide of Xis probably
incfeases 1 a basic oxide
D the poiarisation oi the anion by the cation 2 an ionic substance
is increasing 3 al acidic oxide
52 Which are the correct statements concerning
Blue piecipllele the elemenis calcium, shoniium and barium?
A5 (? 1
These elements react with cold rvater to 58 Magnesium reacts v/ith nilrcgen gas at a
Element ll{g L-a Ba
CornpounC X is high temperature to fcrm magnesium nitride,
gir,;e off hydrogen.
Enihalpy oJ A Al2O3 B MgO
2
Their oxides are amphoteric. MgN2. Which products are formed l,.then
hydration/ -1918 -1s75 -1 330 -1280 c sio2 D CuO
3
The aqueous solutions of their chlorides magnesium nitride reacis w-ith v/ater?
Kl mol ' have a pH greater than 7. 1 NH3
50 The following scheme sho.rs a few reactions of 2 Mg(OH)2
Referring to the above table, the decrease iit solid O. 3Nz
the entha.lpy of hydration of the elements on in Group 2 have higher melting
1#hite precipiiate 53 The metals .i
descending Group 2 is due io NaOH(aq) 59 Which statements are true concerning the
that is soluble in points than the metals in Group l. The factors
A ionic radii Mg'* < Caz' < sf* < Ba2* excess NaOHIaq) that may contribute to the high melting poinis aluminium ion, A13*?
B rhe decreasing ionisation energy on Dilute HCI I It reacts wiih the reagent aluminon and
descending Group 2 Colourless solution forms a red precipiiate.
C the increasing hydrophobic efiect on I I the shorter distance between atoms in the
r.r.1o.r1.
Yy'hite precipitate metaL latlice of Group 2 metals 2 It reacts rvith poiassium chromate(VI)
. descending Group 2 o K,Fe(CN)o 2 the availabiliry of trvo valence electrons in solution, K2CrOa and forms a yeliow
D' the decreasing electron affiniiy on I , Brown precipilate
each Group 2 metal, bonds the atoms into orange precipitate.
descending Croup 2
- J-
uu,coJ,qi
. White piecipitate a metal lattice 3. IL reacts with sodlum hydrogen_..
46 V/hich oxide cannot be prepared by direct
3 the first ionisation energy is higher for phosphate(V), Na;HPOa and lorms a white
Substance O is Group 2 metals precipitate.
hearing o[ dle elemeni in orygen? A ZnO B ClzOT i
A Sulphur B Phosphorus
C BaO D Na2O 60 lr4oving across Period 3 in the Periodic Table,
C Sodium D Chlorine r
54 Which statements are true concerning the the oxides of the elements change in its
47 Which staLement is not irue concerning the 51 lVhich statement explains r,vhy the solubiliry of oxides SiO2, PaOle, SO2 and Cl2O7? I properr,T from being less volatile to more

sodium metal? sulphates oi Group 2 elements ffrom beryllium

:
i Al1 are covalent oxides. voladle

A Met;ilic sodium is normally kept in liquid to barium) in the Periodic Table decreases rvith l
2 A11 are acidic oxides. 2 struclure from ionic, to a giant molecule
pdl4tlll' increaslng proton number? 3 Sllicon[IV) oxide exists in a giant molecular and then io a simple molecule

B Metallic sodium is the most reactive A The entlalpy change of hydration of Lhe form. 3 property lrom acidic to amphoteric and
positive ions becomes smaller when the then to basic
eiemeni in Period 3.
C Sodium is a hard metal. ionic size increases.
D Metailic sodium reacls with water anC B The lattice energyofthe Group 2 sulphates 55 Across a period, 6l Virhich statements are true about Group 2
forms a strong alkaline solution. decteases when the size of the positive 1 the ionisation energy of the elements elements?
ions increases. increases I On descending a group, the elecfonegativity
48 Which nitrate of Lhe elements of Group 2 has C The first arrd second ionisalion energies ol :
2 the properties of the elements change of the elemenls decreases.
the highest thermal stabiliLy? the elements increase. from metallic to non-meiallic 2 On descending a group, the ionic radius
A Strontium nitrate D t ne lonrc cnaracter of the bonds \ 3 the properties of their oxides change from increases.
B Calcium nitrate in Group 2 sulphates basic to acidic 3 The Group2 elements arc reducing agents.
C Barium nirraie the electronegaiivity of the elements
D Beryllium nitrate increases.

22

\
62 Vihich siatemenis explain lyhy ihe Group 2 iiil Explain rhe variaiion in electdcal : (al (il Sketch.on the axes beiow, Lhe boiling 4 (a) lrtlagnesiui! rfiiate and barium niiraie
elements halr +2 oxidation stares in alt their conduciivity in your graph. IsI points of the oxides of Period 3 decomposes upon heating.
comnounds? elements. {i.) Write balanced equai.ions for the
I The aioms of the eiements can achie',,e a decomposiiion of lhe two nitrates.
stableelectonic configuration.
2 Less energl. is lequired tb achieve a +2
oxidaiion srate.
3 The diiference bet\yeen ihe first and
second ionisaiion energy is small.: (ii) lVhich niirate decomposes ai a lolr-er
temperature?

iStrirctnred Ouestions

I [a) (i] On iie axes beiow, skeich a graph , I^l

!y'rite the electronic configuration lor
for ihe ionic radius of the elements of magnesium. Ill NaMgAl Si P S Ci
Period 3.
Ionic radius of Lrle elements (ii) Explain the variation in rhe boiling (iii) Explain your tu1swer in (a) (ii). I61
.A points of the oxides as shom in your
I graph. I61
I
I
(b) Sketch on the axes below, the consecutive
ionisation energies of magnesium against
the number of electrons eliminated. t3l

logro ionisaijon energy

NaMgAl Si P S Cl

Expiain the variarion in tbl Comment on the latlice energies for each
(i i) the (bl (i) Maximum oxidaiion number
of the following pairs.
radius shown in your graph. A.
(i) Magnesium nitrate anci barium
nitmie

-l

I 2 3 4 5 6 7 I I 101112
Number of electrons eliminated

(c) In the graph above, show the principal

(b) (i) On the axes below, sketch a graph quantum number, n. t3l
NaMgAl Si P S Cl

for the electricai cbnductiviry of the On the axes above, sketch a graph
Explain why the eiectrons in principal
(i i) Sodium fluoride and potassium
elemenis in Period 3. (d) to show the maximum oxidation
chloride
Electrical conductivily quantum number n I have the largest
= numbers of rhe elements of Period 3 14)

ionisalion energies, 13l of their respective oxides.

(ii) Explain the variation in the maximum
oxidation number as shorvn in your
gmph. l4l

24 25

L
 in If ba-rium hydroxide ionises completeill
(iil \4/ith ihe help of an equailon, explain (b)
Explain each of the iollowing ierms of [ii] holv the precipitaie car be foiined.
srruciure and bonding. calculaie the concentaiion of h1'droxide RJ MOI '
(a) The elemenis of Group 2 (beryilium, ions in the soluiion. 13l
Fiist ionisaiion energy of liihium +520
magnesium, calcium, suontium and
Marrni.z.,cr for li'rhium +159
bariuml have a constani o-{ida"Lion siaie in 1111
M:rcnisar!or for chiorine
iis compouncis. t3l
l- lec1ron allrnrw tor clllorlne -364
Mio,.urion for lithium chloride -409
Y/ith ihe help of equalions, explar each of ihe
following obseruatjons. Sketch the Born-Haber Cycle for
ti)
[a) Magnesium oxide is insoiuble in r,vaier lithium chloride.

(iiiJ Calculate the pH of a saiurated soluiion

tb) The boiling poini of magnesium cl-iloride of barium hydroxide if ii ionises
(1 4l B 'C) is higher tlan that of berylliutn completely. l4l
chloride (s47 "C). t3l

(ii) From 'rhe Born-Haber Cyrle, calculate

ihe latiice energy for lithium
(b) Barium oxide is soiuble in waier and forms chloride. I51
an alkaline soluiion. I4l

(c) lvlagnesium carbonate undergoes thermal

decomposition at a tempemture lo.lver
(353 "C) than that of barium carbonate
(i430'c). [b) (i) BeCl, can dissoive in organic solvent (c) Explain the difference beiween the lattice
I4I and form a dimer. Draw the molecular energy of sodium chloride and thal of
structure of the dimer. lithium chioride. tzl

An aqueous solution of sulphur dioxide

acidic

The solubility of barium hydroxide, Ba[OHJ2,

9 (a) Explain why magnesium atoms are smalier
at25'C is 0.24 g dm-3. thal sodium atoms. l2l
[a) [i) Calculate the molar concentration Write suitable equations for
of a saturated soiution of barium
(i) the first ionisation energy of lithium.
hydroxide. {ii) Write the equation for the hy.Jrolysis
of BeC12 in water. 13l
{b) When sodium is heated in a Btnsen flame,
lhe enthalpy of formation for lithium a characteristics yellow flame is seen.
chioride. Explain why sodium compounds produce
Ic) Bottles containing barium hydroxide
this yellovr flarne
solution must be tightly closed to prevent
the formalion of a white precipitaie on the
surface oi the soluiion. the lattice energy for lithium
[i) What is r]re white precipitate? chloride. t3l

26

\r
 I i_rni,US ifiL,a"I,ii
SD,l. -:f.
_%_ i
{cj Aluminiun carbonate decomposes more i0 (bl This quesiion concerrls ihe chlorides. Fill iEli'av Questions [c) Na2O. MgO a.d A12O3 reeci lTriI*rtiB--:
easiiy than magnesiu,a carbonaie rvhen in iJre 3aos in i,his iable: i,ihereas PrOrc, SiO? ani A1203 reaci \vi-tli
heated. Comment on Lhis statemenr. t7l
121
1 Siaie a,nri erplan holy ine acid'base behayioir
Explain ihe abor,'e obsen a'iions. In ycui
a1l
oi the oxides of Period 3
eiemenis change
answer, shcr,i, ihe cnenicat eqrations.
across ihe period. VYrite equaiions for 'rhe
reaciions oi these oxides li.ith r,,iaier, ii ani/.
, 6 (a) Explain the thermd decomposiiion of
1151
rhe niraies of Group 2 elemenis {from
Z Na2O, Aj2O,, a::d SO-. have meliing pcinis of magnesium to bariuml. ll0l
t,jl Examine rhe graph of the first ionisai-ion 1275'C,2A72 "C prd 17 "C respecii\,'e1y-. tb) Calculate ihe concen'rralion of barium ioi:s
energies of successive elemeris. in a satuiaied soiuiion oi baiium sulohate.
(a) Relai.e -uhe
l]leltjng poinis 1i,nh Lie srruciure
and bonding presert in &esa oxic:s, 19] lK,..lBaSO;) = 1.3 x
I0 rc mol2 cin:r1 1:1
[l) Give ar
accounr ol ihe soiubiiiiv and icJ Suggest one ieason why barium carbonaie
reactions oi ihese oxides r,viih 'uvaier. Give can be pcisonous i: ingesied.
121

the pH lor the soiuiions formed a-qd writa

relevant eguatlons I6l 7 (a) What v,,iil happen if caicium nirrate is
heared? l2l
J l.d] \Yiih the halp of suitabie equations, (b) V/hen 1.01 g of poiassium niirate is
erpiain the -rhermal Cecomposiiion ci the heated, a colouriess gas
g.iven ofi. is
" 10 20
carbonates of Group 2 elemenis (from
lThe mass of rhe gas liberaied is 0.16 g.l
Aiomic number Z magnesium to barium). I9l Ideniify the gas and write equarions for
Whar group of elements are at t}Ie involr,ed.
peaks ?
ti (aJ In the a,xes below, sho.r the pH variation (b)
Hydroxides oj Solubiiity/ the reactions 13]
for the chiorides ofPeriod 3 when dissolved Group 2 eiemen-ts mal d.m-3
(c) Lithium nitate differs from the oiher
in water. .: nitraies in Group 1. When heated, it
Mg[oH)2 2_019 x i 0-4 ' decomposes like a Group 2 nitrate. Suggest
(ii) Why is there a drop in first ionisation CaIOH)2 1.610 x 1 O-2 one reason for this behaviou.r and wriie
energ'/ between group 2 a;td group 3? Sr(OH)2 J-)l i /. 1C-2 equaiions foi ihe reacticns. 14]
Ba(OH)2 ?.40 x 1 0-r [d) Sulphur dioxide is used h the food and
drinks induslry bul it can aiso act as an air
. The table above shows i.he solubility ol the po'lu tanr.
hydroxides of Group 2 elernents. Comment (i) Suggest one reason why ii is used in
!! the lolqliliB/ of these hldqlcg!, lql , - variols fooiland-drinks indrsiry-
(ii) State tlvo sources of sulphur dioxide
I fa) S/rite equalions, for the reactions, if any, lhat poilutes the aimosphere.
l0 [a) This question concentrates on oxides. Fill betr\reen Ii) in ether and
magnesium - [ili) What is the effect of the presence cf
in the gaps in this table: CH3BI (rl) calcium and cold water. t4l sulphur dioxide ir the al'nosphere?
Chlcrides of Period 3
(b) State wheiher magnesium reacts with sr'eam.
t6l
lsI If so, viriie the equalion lor t}le reaction. [2]
(c) Explain why magnesium sulphate and (a) An aqueous solution of magnesium
(b) in the axes below, show the pH variation calcium sulphaie have diifeient solubiliiies nitrate and of barium niirate can be
for lhe oxides of Period 3. in water isl differentiated by the addition of dilute
(d) Give one commercial use each for sulphuric acid.
magnesium sulphate and for calcium By rvriting suitab]e ionic equalions,
sulphate.
[i)
l4l show hoY/ the two suiphates can be
diflerentiated.
Na2O, l\,igO, A12O3, SiO2 and PaO16 difier in
their physical and chemical properties.
[ii) Suggest one reaso]t why one ol the
sulphaies is soluble in r,vaier and ihe
(a) PaO,6 has a 10\ / melling Doint, whereas the
other is not.
other oxides have high meiling poinrs.
[ 1]
(b) Compare the numerical values of ihe
t+l lattice eneigies of sodium. fluoride and
(bJ Na2O and P1O1s dissolve in vraier rrrhereas porassiun chioiicie. txpJain your answer.
the other oxiCes do roi. t4] t4l
Oxides of Period 3

,a

-,:-,1::*,-:i'::1ii1:: -.
-l --1!
 The reiaiive molecular mass of alurninium 12 \\ihich siaierneni is not irue concerning 'ree
chlorida at room tempelalure is 267. lir'hich oi alumlnrum ron, .ql- i
dte iollov, ing repiesenis the sL;ucturai [:rn:ula A The A13- ion has a high charge densiiy anri
oi aiumiirium chloride ai ihat iemperaiure? develcpes covaieni characiei in iis ionic
iRelaiive aiomic mass: S1 = 27, Cl = 35.51 compounds.
Acrcr D
"c1cl B In rvaier, rhe Al3= ions exisi as a complex
i^-
\// ru,1, rAlru n\ l3i
l,alrrrvl6l
c1-Al-A1-Cl
l

c1-A.1-Ai-Ci C Aa aguecus soiuiion of -aJ3- ions has a pH

ti //\
The diagram belolv shows the apparatus 'rsed
Ci CI Ci Cl D If hydroxide ions are added io a soluiion
l-Miii*pte-choice Questions to produce certain chlorides by passing a of a,n aluminium sa1i, a whiie precipitaie
C D
stream of chlorine over suiiable eieraenis. is forned.
At'-[c1)6- Ci Ci Cl
Section A Which pair of substaaces is best represenied \./ \// 3 Which eguaiion represents . ihe re acdon
by O ald.R? AI A]
Four possible ansrvets, tabelled A, B, C and D //\//\ 1

behveen aqueous aluminium and potassium

are ghten Jor each question- Citcose one correct
CI Ci CI hydroxide?
answex A Al(s) + 4oH-(aql + [A][OH)a]-[aqJ
8 In rhe extiaction of aiuminium, carbon dioxide B A.l{s)+ 6oH-(aqi - [A](OH)613-{aq)
1 kr lhe extraction of aiuminium fiom gas is used to C Al(s) + 4H2O(l) + {A]{H2o)al[aq)
aluminium oxide, a large elec'rrlc current A accelerate the precipiiation of aluminium D Al(s) + 3H2O(i) + OH-(aq) +
(40 000 A) is used to oxide ?

A oyercome cell resistance so that lhe B neutiaiise the basic solution IAt(oH)ql-taq) + */, Hz(g)

process of electrolysis ca-n ptoceed C precipitate aluminium hydroxlde'

B maintain the temperature of the cell at D cool the hot eiectrodes 14 A high voltage eleciric cable is normally rnade
900'c gt aluminium because
C separate the A13u ions fiom lhe 02- ions 9 lVhich teaction is a redox reaction? A aluminium is light
D accelerate the rate of reaciion at the alode A AlH3(g) + H-(g) - AH+- te) B aiuminium wire is cheaper thar copper
ruira
and the cathode B A13-(aq) + 3OH-(aq) - AJ(OH)3(s)
C zAl[s) + 3Cl2{g) + A12Ct6[s) C alurninium is resisiianr to corrosion ard is
2 The same amount of an eLeciric current flow D AlO2-(aq) + H-(aq) + H2O[i) + AI(OH):fs) . more longJasting lhan copper wire
through molten sodium chioride and molten D ihe electrical resistance of a.luninium is
a.luminium oxide mixed with molten cryolite. lower rhan copper and thus aiuminiun is
L0. \thich siztpment is not .true concernlng the
a bettcr' condlcto. of electTl'ciq, --
If 4.6 g di-sod;umE-FioducEiIin one-cell, aiuminium metal?
rvhal is the mass of aluminium produced in the A Ii dissolves in hot, dilute hydrochloric
a R
15,An elemeniXdissolves in hot, dilute sulphuric
olher cell?
A 0.9g
A Soda lime Anhydrous copper(ll) acid.
acid and dilute aqueous sodium hydioxide but
sulphate B Nitric(V) acid does noi react u/ith is not soluble in dilute nitricfV) acid. \{rhat is
B 1-B g
B Arhydrous Anhydrous aluminium.
C 2.7g copper(ll) sulphate C Aluminium is amphoteric and dissolves in
element X?
D 3.6g
calcium chlorlde A Zinc B Potassium
C Calcium oxide Aahydrous hot sodium hydroxide solution. C Aluminium D Magnesium
calcium chloride D Aluminium reacts with hot, concentrated
3 Which of the iollowing .is used in -,vater
D Soda lime nilricfV) acid and gives off hydrogen gas.
treatment in Lhe water filtration plant?
Anhydrous t6 Which of the foilowing is not true concerning
calcium chloride anhydrous aluminium chloride dissolved in the
A Al2(so")3
11 A solution contains one oi the follor,ving rneral solvenl benzene?
B AI(OH)3
Why is the aqueous solution of al aluminium
c Ai2o3 ions v,rhich give a white precipitate when A Aluminium chloride exists as a dimer in
D Al2cl6
salt acidic? aqueous sodium carbonate is added. After soh,ent benzene.
A [A1{H2O)6]3* ion receives a proton in f.iliering, rinsing and drying, the residue does B The inlermolecular force of atlraction in
aqueous solution. not liberaie carbon dioxide when reacted lviih aluminium chloride is weak van der lVaals
4 When sodium sulphide is added to an aqueous
B a proton in
solution of aluminium chloride, the gas e'rolved
[Ai{HrO)6]3' ion donates an acid. What is ihe metal ion present in ihe force.
aqueous solution. solution? If the solveni caibon tetrachioromethaneJ
is
A Cb.
C [A1[HzO)6]3t ion disproportionates and A Al3-(aq) CCla, is used, aluminium chioride still
B COz
produces H-[aq) ions. B Fe3*[aq) exist as a dirher.
C H2S
D Acidic [AI(H2O)5OH.|2* ions are producecl C Mg2=[aq) D Aluminium chloride molecules form dative
in solution. D bonds -wiih benzene molecules.
D HCl
Pi:z-[aqJ

30 31
 17 A piece oi aluninum foil is rreaied r,vr-ih 22 iilhai is the gas evoit,ed -a.hen solid poiassium 26 There are |nar-,/' impoiialii uses of alui]linium A:i elecircl,viic cell for ihe exiraclio! oi
-fihich cf ihe fo]io.",;irg is not a use of aluininium is shov./n belo'ni
aqueous neicury(il) chloride 'ro expose a clean sulphide is dissoived in rn aqueous solLiriol oi oriide.
suiface of tle ;i.letal. The foil is iilsed and lefi aluminium niiraie? alurriinium oride?
to srand in',./aier. Bubbies oi a gas aie gi.,'ea cif. 4A U'IT
11Ut\ A The dehyC.aiicn of alcohol to an alkene
The iinal pioiucis include B NO2 B As al adscrpiion maierial in colu:nn
i. :. rminium oxic? a.-tC cl.or::e c so2 chioilaiography
ts aluminium chlcririe a.nd hydrogen D H2S C In the caialy-Lic cracking of high inolecuiar
C aluminir:re h.ldiorirle and hydrogen mass hydiocarbons io low moiecular mass
D alun:intum hydroxide rrci o:q,gen hydrocarbons
23 l.Vhich cf the iollo\4,.ing is irue coicerning D As a ca'ial,vs'L in ihe poll,rlerisaiion oi
I I -turnrrium su'0haie sclu:ion con-ails ao-Jecus aluminium chlorice and aluminiui:r fluorideT propene io po1i,[propenei
a1uminiun ions. \Vhat is iir3 s.nate of Ai:' (aq) l,iolaer
l..l
I A tltry 11um a lUniniUm a:- T it:: f,
ions? t"'.."""'*,,'
)
z7
A Tetrahedron Irl llunride t :hloride
B Ociahedron $/hich combination of X, Y afi. Z i.s coireci?
C Square planar A Iolic compcund Covaleat XYZ
D Trigona.l planar compound
r-:.-- ---- -.- wii:. , Y
Cooi A Platinuri Carbon Nloiien
I l'.ins? i,aJrai ii::er t i;ru_siai
^- ili!1:c: cailLoCe anode It13O3 in Ai2F5
i g Piecbs of aluminrum are dropped inio tlvo D Coyaient Ionic compound I I rceut:?r
i''""'*'l : t ' Carbon Carbon Ir,'lolten
boiiing tubes. The firs'r boiiing iube coniains compound cathoCe anode Ai2O3 in Na3A1F6
hot diiuie sulphuric acid while ihe second is Dry vr'ith C Carbon Carbon Moiien
fi11ed with ho! concentraied sodium hydroride.
C Ionic compound lonic compound iilter papel aaode caihode A12O3 in Na3AiF6
Whai are the gases given off? D Carbon Plalinum fulo1ten A1203
D Co-ralent Covalent anode caihode
First boiling tube compound compound
?? Which statemeni cannot be explained by the
Sulphur dioxide
Crystal X is probablv polarising pol,'er of aluminium ions, Al3-?
Hvdiogen I Orygen 24 Y,Ihy is ihe boiling poinr of AlF3 (1270 'C) A kaolin B mica
A A high boiling point for aluminum ffuoride.
far different from ihe boiiing point of AiBr3 C alum D quartz
B Amphoteric natuie of aluminium hydroxide.

DlOrygen
(262 "Cj? C The aluminium ions car pull the bonded
I O4'qen A The iniermolecular iorce in AlBr3 is vreak ao
electron pair in the waier molecule.
van der Waals lorces. D A solution of lAl!!lro)"]3'19ry ls g9i_d!g,
B There ar? strong covafint 6ondi nenden A -lhrlattice energy for alumld]]m or-ide is f
20 Aluminium ions react rvith hydroxide ions - high
. to form a \'vhite precipiiate of aluminium AJF3 molecules.
A concentrated solution of sridium hydroxide
hydroxide. The precipitare dissol.,,es in excess C Aluminium fluoride ls a giani covalent B aiuminium oxide has an ionic bond with
covalent character i$ used in the extraction process of aluminium
hydloxide ions. molecule.
D The elecuon cloud around the aluminium C aluminium oxide is soluble in water to
A13"[aq] + 3OH-(aq) + AiiOH)3[s) D aluminium oxide is an amphoteric oxide A neutralise the acid
ion [Ai3-) ls easily distorted by the bromlrie B increase the pH
Whire precipitale
ion. C aid in the conduction of electrlcify
Al(oH)3(s) + OH-(aq) + [A1(OH)o]-[aq] 29 .an aqueous solution of aluminium chloride has
lVhat is ihe shape of the IA1(OH)"1-{aq) ion? a pH less thaa 7 because
D puriff aluminium oxide
A Square planar 25 The reaction beti,/een aluninium foii and A H3O* ions are eliminated from water by
B Ociahedral hyrirochloric acid is slo-,rz in the beginnine. aiuminium chloride J4 \,Vhich statement is true concerning aluminium
C Telrahedral After a fer,y minutes, the rate increases. The B aluminium chloride is covalent a chloride?
D Linear' reason is compound A Aluminium chloride can be piepared in
A one ol the products acts as a catalyst C aluminiun ions undergo liydlolysis ihe laboratory through the reaciion of
2l Vihich reaction shor,vs the use of aluminium B the layer of oxide on the surface of D aluminium ions have a high charge aluminium wilh concenirated hyclrochloric
chloride as a halogen carrier? a.luminium slovzs down the reaction at rhe density acid.

400 "c beginning B Aluminiun-i chloride has a trigonal pyramid

A CH3CH2OH--'------+ CH3CHO.' H2 C ihe hydro$sis oi alumin jum ions deceases 30 What is the colour change when aluminium siructure.
B CH3CH2CI + NaOH -_> Cli,CHxOl{ + NaCJ the rate of reaction chloride is added io a beaker containing C Aluminiurn chioride dissoives in \./aier to
n D ihe chloride ion has a small size and hence universal indicaior? form a neutral solution.
- ,41 .1 ...6r. n,
\y_/ - u,2 - y-7 -. - HCI ciifficult to be polarised bv the aluminium A Blue; Red B Orange *
Green D Anhydrous aluminium chloride can be
D CH3CH2CI -+ CH, : CH2 + HCI ion C Purple + Red D Green + Pink useci as a catalysi.
 35 If a scluiion oi sociium hydroxide in excess is 39 What is Lhe iotal nu;nber of ions in 0.1 moi 44 Eie.trica-l w-ires are usualiy made of copper 47 Using the Nernsi equaticn, calculaie the
added lo an aqueous soluiion ol an aluminium aiuminium hydroxide? bui high voitage electric ca-bles are made from eleciromotive force of ihe cell involving ihe
Al" lOn
saltr the cornplex ion foimed ls A 6.a2 x 1a22 ailminiun. This is because DelOrlV.

A [A1{i{rO]2[OH)r]- B 1.204 x 1023 A aluminium is resisiaat to coiiosion Alts)./Ai3-{2.s M) / / Ca2'{0.6 M),uCu(sl

B [Ai(H2O)6]3r c 1.806 x 1023 B tllb cost of ihe extmciion of copper is
c [A1tH2O)5[OH)]2- D 2.408 x 1023 high A l,iiV
D [A](H2O)4[OH)2]' C aluminium is lighL B 1.55 V
40 A mixiure of cryoIite, Na3AlF6 and aiuminiun D aluminium has lower electical resisiarce C 1.98 V
36 'The leclrcling of aluminium has become a oride,A12O3 is used as an electroilrie in than copper D 3.14 V
more impo.iani process iilai ihe exiraciio;r of an elecuolyiic cell. The reaciion invoived
aluminium from ii.s ore.' !-rhich stalemeni can between iie
tivo compounds is as follora.s. oipieparlng
45 The diagram belowshor,vs ameihod 48 Ethene can be polymerised using the Ziegler-
er:olain tlis phrase? 3-Al3 + 3Na'- 3Or' . 6F-
A Non-corrosi,.,e aluminium cars pollute the
Na3All-5 - A1,O3 - a.luminium chloride in the la5oratory'. Natta cata]yst io form linear chains. The
It can be deduced ihar
mixture of
cata.lyst is a
en./ironment. A cryolite aids the alumiaium oxide tc iorm A]uminium
B The eximction of aluminium by means of ions
chloiide A /J2C15 + SOC12
elecfolysis is a costly piccess. B aluminium is oxidised B Ca3Al2O6 + A12O3
C, Dangeious gases iike hydrogen fluoride C the reacilon aborle is a reCox reacrion C Alcis + K2SOa'A1(SOIb'24H2O
and caibon monoxide are released during D aluminium oxide acts as a base D (C2H5)3A1 + TiCla
'the extraction of alumirium frcm its ore.
D It is riifficult to reduce Ai2O3 in an 41 Aluminium is a very reaciive meta.l as shovrn
elec'uolytic ce11. by its standard electrode poteniial ot -1.66 49 A sample of 0.455 g aluminium chloride has a
\,Yhat couid subsialce O be and what is its
V. Even ihen, the metal is resistant iowards function in the above diagram? volume of 53 cm3 at a temperaiure of 101 "C
37 An oxide X, has the following properiies.
corrosiol. Which statement explains this and a pressure of 1.0 x Ioi Pa. What is the
(i) A very high boiling poinr Substance A Function
inference? A A.bsorbs impurities in relative molecular mass and molecular formula
(ii) Ionic bonds wiih covalent charactei A Aluminium forms a layer of oxide cn iLs
Ca(OH)2
for the aluminium chloride in the sample?
(iii) Reacts wiih sodium hl,droxide solution chlorine gas
surface which is resisiant to corrosion. B Concentrated Dries the chlorine gas
chaiacter M Molecular formula
B Alurainium forms amphoteric compounds. H2504
Oxide X is probably
C Al3'ions have a high charge density. A 133.5 A1C13
A CuO C CC14 Dries the chlodne gas
B
B ZnO
D The atoms of aluminium are closely and D NaHCOT Absorbs the Polluting
266.8 A]2C16
- -1 aa <
rightly packed. A12C16
c A12O3 agent hydrogen chloride
D 266.8 AlCt3
D SiOz 42 Which slatement is true concerning the
in the chlorine gas
- eiiractibn of aiLrminium meial from aluminium
38 A piece of utur;nim metal is immersed 16 The follow-ing diagram can be used to prepa-re
. in sulphudc acid solution and connected to oxide by means of elecirolysis? 5 0 Which graph represents the first iive ionisaiion
the positive terminal of a cel1. The piece oi A A temperaiure oi 2050 "C is used to aluminium chioride. energies foi aluminium?
aluminium is then resled for its resistance decompose A12O3 into its ions. A H'."*",., B
B The method of electrolysis is used because Aluminium A.luminium
to corrosion. Of ihe fol1ov/ing combinations, po\Yder chloride
rvhich is correcl concerning,,ihe resistance io the standard electrode potential for
corrosion and ihe corresponding reason? aluminium is very positive. Chlorine +
C Cryolite is used to lower the melting point gas
Resistance Reason of Al2O3.
to cotosion Pure aluminium is dissolved in mercury to Solid CaCl, ffi
ii r r r t>
A Increase The reduced aluminium form an amalgam. Concentrated SolutionX
12345 12345
Number of eleclrons
Number oi electrons
ion forms a thick layer of sulphuric acid
melal. 43 lvhich statement is hue concerning aluminium C
B Increase The oxidised aluminium chloride? What is solution X and its function?
metal forms a ihick.layer A There are Al-Al bonds in its dimer, Ai2Cl5. X
Solution Function
of oxide. B Aluminium chloride dissolves in water to A NaOH[aq) Absorbs excess chlorine
No change Aluminium metal on its form an acidic solution. gas
olvn forms the oxide C Aluminrum chloride dissolr,es in B KOH(aq) Absorbs moisture in the air
layer concenffated hydrochloric acid and forms C Phenol(aq) Absorbs excess chlorine
D Decrease Aluminium meta.l is ion [AICI3]3-.
a complex gas
12345
dissolved by the The shape of the. molecule cf AICI3 is Pyrogallol Prevents oxygen gas from Number of electroDs
sLrlphuric acid. tiigonal pyramidal. enter.ing the reaction vessel

34 ot)
 Section B Which siaremenis aie irue concerllng rte ibj Du;in g .he elec,io-vsrs of rnoh. ;t a:ui;:ini ;.=. ) lei Alumiliun iluoride iissolves in
aiuminilm mela_? oxide using graphite eleciiodes, &3 mass hydiofiucric acid. Tne sodium sali of this
For each of the questions ln this section, ane or
nore oj the ruimbered statern?nts 1 io 3 may 1 ii cissclyes in concenrareC ni';ic acid. of rhe graphire a:ioda dereases wiih iji:re. compound is useC rn the extraction of
be
2 lt dissoives in soiiium hldroxide soiiliicn Explain. tzl aiul iniLrn. in ihe scdium salt. rvriie
carrect. DeciCe if
each of ihe staiements is or
aI]d in diiute sullhuric acid. the foimuia and shape of i-ne ion r,v-hich
is not coriect. The rgsponses A io D should be
selecrea' bes?C on Lhe jallavting:
3 l.s :iacricn ,..rilh o:rygen is erl . ccniains aluminiun. t21
erorhelmic.
EA Alurninluia is used ir &e nailng of the eI:gine
biock a:id a fetv oiigr paiis cf rhe car because Aluminiun chioride is a \i,hiie soiid ihai
lc)
I alu;ninium maial is resisiant ro coiiosiolr fui:-Les in moisl- air and sublimes ar 1E0 'C. [b) .Arl aqueous soluiion of aluminj::il chloride
2 alumilium neizl is light {1or,v ciensiry} Give your comnenis. is acidic. Explain t3l
I4l
3 soiii aiumirium has sLrong meiailic
bonds
5 1 vYhich sialemeilis are irue conceining
aiuminium chlor:de? \n/hich starenents are irue aboui
i It reacts rvith aqueous sodium nydrcxide l;iethylaiuminiun, {C2H5J3AJ?
to give a tvhite precipiiare r,i,hich dissolves fRelative aroric mass: i-l = ] . L = 12. .\I -- 271
. in excess alkali. 1 lt is a componenr of the Ziegier-Naita
2 it can exist as a diiner Al2C16 in the -i apour catail.st.
2 (a) When sodlurn hydioxide solutic:r is Ic) Vvhen heated, alunilium chlorlde remains
state. 2 A rnixture of (C2H5J3A1 and TiCla can be added to
aiuminium nitraie soluiion, a as soiiduniil 450 K onll', vrhereas aluminiutit
3 Ii reacis speedily tviih w-ater. used as a caiaiyst in tJre manufacture of white precipiiale is formed. The u,hite fluoride car remain as a solid undl 1530 K.
high densi.I polyei-hene. precipiiate is soluble in excess sodiunr Sugqesi reasors icr Lhis ciiiiererc? 12)
52 Aluminium oyide is amphot€ric. Aa elenent 3 The percentage of aluminium 1n
hydroxide sclulion. Explain. t4l
.M is found to lhe lefr of aiuminium in the same trie&yialurninium is 23.7%.
period in the PerioCic Table. An oxiCe ofM js
\r.'hich statemen:s a;e lrLe?
probabiy
1 an acidic oxide 1 AlCl3'6HzO cryslals can be obtaiqed froil
2 an ionic ccmpounci the reaciion between aluminium ancl
hydrochloric acid.
3 a basic oxide
Anhydrous alumjnium chlorlde cannot be
produced by heating AlCi3'6H2O crysials.
53 Which reactions occur at ihe electrodes during [ri) Sodium h.vdroxide solui]on is gradualiy
Aluminium chlcride, A12Cl6 can be 'lsed
trolysis for the €xt+aeijon. of alurniniu+l?
elee
ttf ormlltiiiumt?tia-ilydrlom-uminale(i11), . (jr) Aluminiu.rn 1ryd+exide is solLible in added lo aluminiun sulphai_e-. soluiion and
1 2O2- -> O2 + 4e- aqueous sodiu:n hydioxide bui ilsoluble then in excess. Explain your obsenatlcn.
LiA1H4.
. Z C+02+QQ, in aqueous ammonia. Give an explanalion t3i
3 Al3* + 3e- + A1 Which of the folioy/ing are complex ions lor this observatiolr t21
formed by aiumjnium?
54 The smail ionic radius and large charge ofAl3* I Hexafluoroalumin:tellll) ron
can explain 2 Diaquatetrahydroxoaluminaie[IIl) ion
I the high Hhydration of the A]3- ion 3 HexaaquaaluminiumIlli)
2 the high iattice energy ofAiFj
3 fte ability of Al3' ions to form Caive
bonds a (al (i) Alum is a Couble salt of aluninium.
iStr:irctured Ques ti o:.ls (c) Explain rvhat happens vrhen anhydrous Its molecular formula is
55 uZr15\
.,, alumlnium chloride is added to -,Yarer K2S04.A12(SO4) 3.2 4H2O.

(a) Aluminium sulphate is ,rery solubie in

follo,red by aqueous sodium hydrcxiCe, State t'rso salis involved in the
O: -- -AlC]" H3N : slowiy, iien in excess. I4l forma'rion ol alum.
c2LIs-- --AlC13 waier and forms an acidic solution. Explain
the acidify of the solurion foimed, t41
The alLrminium compounds above are
1 teirahedral in shape
2 rhe main compcnents in alumina ca.aiyst
[ii) Give fiyo uses of alum I4l
3 hard and stlong but brirtle, resisrant
to corrosion, and a heat and electrical
insularoi

aq

L
.g
 (bl ti) Siiicates and aluminates are a ferv 6 ia; Aluminium caibide, AlaC3, reac's ri'ith t@) Give two . reasons why ihe Tliermire ibl lVrite an eguailon for ihe reactiol in t]le
subsiances used as ceramics State u'ater and produces a colourless.gas. The reaction clnnot be stopped bir w6igL tube. ' tzl
two properiies of ceramics, gas does not rcacr v;ith bromine r.,'ater. +
Fe2O3(s) + Z|,,l{s} 2Fe[s) + A!2O3(gJ
(i) What is iJre gas? Aif = -854 kJ mol-r I-11

(c) liJ Wnat is the use of soda hme in the

alove set-up?
{ii) Wriie an equaricn for the above
[ii] Give two uses oi ceramics tal reaction, 13]

[ii) llirite '!ie equation for ihe reaciion.

(b) GiYen ihat 13l

AI3*+3e--AI
ic) Aluminium oxicie has a very high enihalpy FA__1 AA\T
oi formalion anC it is e.Yoihelmic- (dj Staie ihe function oi ihe coniaiiler in the
Mr' = -167A kJ mol-l SOa2- + 2e- + 4H- + SOz + HzO ib) Hoi aluminium oxide caialy-ses ihe above sei-up. t21
With reference to the abbve ciaia, staie
E" = +0.17 Y decomposiiion process of ethanol, C2HjOH.
one use of the compound. (i) Is the reaction between aluminium lYrite an equation for the reaction. 121
tzl
por,vder and suiphuric acid
sponianeous?

5 [a) Aluminium bromide vapour has a ielaiive

molecular mass of 533.4. Explain ilis [eJ (i) Name one oiher element with
(c) Aiuminium chloride is used in the Friedel-
statement. t3I Craft reaclion. Give two examples of this the same chemical property as
lReiative molecuiar mass: Br = 79.9;
reaction. ., alnminium.
N=271 t4)

[ii) Why do these tvro elements shol.r the

same chemical property? l2l

(ii) If there is any leaction, write the

- equatjor forthrreaerjori. _-l4l-
(II iomptei roq lBFit'
Borcn- can-rorm ttre
but aluminium iorms the complex ion,
[AlF6]3- instead. Explain. t4l

tc) A researcher carried out the following

experiment ro prepare some aluminium
chlorid e, A.luminium
(i) A little sodium hydroxide solution elecirode

is added to a solution of aluminium Poiassium

sulphate. hydroxide
[ii) The precipitate formed is iiltered. solu Lion,
KoHGq)
(cl A few drops of unjversal indicator are
(iii) Hydrochloric acid is added to the Tube

residue. The diagram above shows an aluminium-

added into a test tube which contains
(iv) The solution formed is evaporated to
a 1.0 lv{ aluminium sulphate solution. Concen[aied oxygen fuel cell.
Explain your observation. obtain AlCl3 crystals. sulphuric acid (aJ What is meant by the termfuel cell? I,21
t3l
Can the above conditions produce AiCl3?
Explain your answer. t3l Aluminium fluoride is prepared in the
laboratory using the apparalus above.
{a) What is the funclion of concentrated
sulphuric acid in the above apparaius? ill

JD 39
i
I
L
 (b) lvriie eqdations for !:1e ieacricls thai {ij Wrire one equatiot ici ii-Ie leac"tion
tb)
-Wiih
ihe help of a diagram, expiain hor.v tit CalcLilaia ihe reiaii','e molecuiai mass
occui at -uhe plaiinum elecrode and at ihe bei$,een alurninium and- sodiuin Lhis proces.s can be carried out. Give one 0l LJte alumrnrum ciliolloe vapour ai
aluminiuar elacirode. Conseqi-ien-J], wriie h]droxiie. example oi an aluminiuril obiect that has each iemperaiure-
ihe cverall ceil equa"iion. i3l (ii) Caiculaie ihe percenrage oi alurninjum been anodised. [Gas consianr, R = 8.31 J K-i mol i]
in the allov. tBl Whai is the advantage of anodising the (ii) What is rie moleculai foimula of
object meniionad? tel aluminium chloricie irapour at 200 'C
2 [a) Expiain ihe foilor;ing properuies of fcj Aluminium is extracied from a mixrure ard 800 "C?
a-iuminium oxide and \fiiie equations fol of molten aluminium oxide and cryolite, [Relaijve aronic i::ass: N = 27.0; Cl =
a.li the reactions involved. Na3A.1F5 bye1ectrol1sis. Suggest iactois 3s.sl
{ij A12O3 iras a high melring point. ihai ha1,e ro be taken into consideraiion (iii) lVhai is ihe nolecuie thai exisis at a
(c) Caiculate .he eleciroinoril'e foice cf the
(ii) AizO3 is not scluble in waier. rihen choosi::g a siie ior an aluminiun temperaturs oi 600 "C? tg]
above ceii. Wiiie the cell Ciagiam. 121
{iii) Al2O3 can reacr \""iih acids ard bases. iaciorl,.
[1 2] Sia're one adverse eiiectonthe environmeni B (a) Monorners oi aiuminiuin chloride are
(b) Give two inCusuial use oi aluminiun as a resuli of rle exuaciion nrocess oi bonded togeiher in rhe dilner Al2Ci5 by
oxide- 13l aluminium I4l dative covaleni bonds.
Sketch a dot and cross diagram to display
A.luminium fluoriie (meliing point = 1291 6 (a) Explain rhe extraction and the industrial ihe bonding in A12Ci6 tzl
'C) and phosphorus tiichloride (melting mal,lfacture of aluminium fiom the ore,
point = -151 "C) have very different physrcal bauxite. [12] [b) The Al3= ion exisis rn aqueous solution
prcpe r'ries. fbi Give tu/o major uses oi aluminium and as a complex ion [Ai[H2O)a]3-. Sketch the
(a) Sketch a doi and cross diagram to show how it is related to iis properties. ihape of this ccmplex ion. tzt
displalr the bonds in these compounds and I3l {c) Explain the reactions of aluminium with
explain their difference in melting poinis. (i). steam,
I6l 7 (a) With the help of a diagram, explain how [ii) iron(Iil) oi:ide,
(d) State the direction of lLow oi electrons in (b) Predict two more physical properiies that you can prepare aiuminium chloride in the (iii) concenrrated sulphuric acid,
Lhe ce1l above Iil are differeni in AlF3 and PF3. I3l la-boratory l6l (iv) sodium hydroxide,
(c) 0.a5 g of aiuminium chloride gas occupiesl (b) The densiry of aluririnium chloride vapour {v) chlorine gas,
at atrnospheric pressurc and temperatures (viJ dilute hydrochloric acid t11l
a voiume oi 52 cm3 ai a temperature of
(e) 100 "C and a pressure of i.02 x 10s of 200 "C,.600 "C and 800 'C are as
Ho',v can the above cell be ieused? 121
Pa. What iniormation can be obtained folio-v-rs.

from Lhis dai.a? Predict how the average

relative molecular rnass may vary if the Temperature/'C 200 600 800
temperature i s'raised. 16l
Densrtl//g dm " 6.9 2.7 1.5

4 (aJ Aluminium and its alloys have replaced

iron and steei in many industries. Give
one advantage and one disadvaniage of
Essay Questions using aluminium in industries. t31
(b) By using chemical equations and electronic
I (a) Ar aluminium object has a surface area confi gurations, exp)ain,
of 500 cm'. The objecr is to be anod.sed. (i] the chalge and colour of aluminium.
How much quantity of charge is required (ii) the reaction between aluminium
(in Coulombs) to increase the aluminjum oxide and sodium hydroxide solution.
oxide layer by 1 x 1 0-3 cm thick? Iiii) the reaction between aluminium
oxide and dilute hydrochloric acid.
{The densiry of A12O3 is 4.0 g cm-3-l l7l
(b) Tire aJloy of aluminium and rnagnesium 171

is used in rle manuiacture of aeroplanes (c) Explain u.,hY alurninium oxide is

because the alloy has a high strength and amphoieric. Pl

a lorv Censiry. A 1.00 g sample of the (d) Draw the Lewis structure ior aluminium
ailoy reacts rvith excess sodium hydioxide oxide. 12)

solution and the volume of the hydrogen

gas evolveri ar 25 "C and 1 .01 I j
I 0 Pa js [a) lVhat do you understand by ih e anadisatian

1.C0 dm3. of aluminium? lzl

40 4l
 lvluscoi/-iie, i(A12[Si3A.1)Or0(OH)2, is a type of 'rVhich of the foiloving is a use of graphiie
mica r.,rhlch ca-q be broken into thin layers. baseci on iis rrreak' van der lYaais forces
Vlhai ilpe of force holds rhe rhin layers beh.reen the iayers of iis aioms?
ioge&er in muscoviie? A As al elecircde
A Eleciiosiaiic force of attraclion B As a lubricanr
B Weak van cier Waals force of ai'L"ac-Lion C As a heai conduc-.or
C Hl,drogen bonds belr.aen iayers D As a pigmen-r in ink
D ltletallic bonds betlveen layers

ld
1: Pb[C2H5Ja is an organic compound oi
,i.Multif 1e-choice Questi on.s Iead. Whjch slaLemeni is r;ue concerning
I
o o Pb(c2H.,)4?
[]
O*.^..rC5^zrO
Iil
,.,, O A ['" ensures smoorirer ccmbusLion of perrol.
Section A U:r.--lzY\ B Ii is used as an anii-ireeze.
u.y-r---\ i,rl7"': 3Si
,$ B, tY E^_.-a:n C It can be used as a strong adhesive.
Four possible ans',^/ers, labelieri C and D r'Y:;!9-, ,"-" l/ VY'v\ |

D li.s reaciions follo-w the nucieophiiic

are given far each question. Choase one conect orr"\l 'c/,/ or,c$|fc....o subsiituLion mechan:sm.
ans\Aler;
1t til

o o
1 \trhy does graphite conduct eiectricily in the Fe(Co), Cr(CO)u 14 l,Yhich of ihe follo'wing are cxides of lead?
direction paiallei to the hexagonal planes bui The ciiagiam above displays a tlpe of silica. A Pb3O2, PbO
not in the direction perpendicular io ihese Which of the follorving has lhe above B Pb3O4, Pb2O
plaaes? Wlth reference to each of the a-bove diagrams, structure? c Pb3o4, Pbo2
A The deloca-lised orbita1s in graphiie are holv many eleclrons are donated by the carbon A [Si03)612- D PbO2, Pb2O
para-liel to the hexagonai planes and are monoxide molecule? B (SirOr r),6-
not perpendicular to them. Fe(CO)5 Cr{CO)6 c sio2
B spz hybridisation only a-llolvs ihe flow A46 D [SiO.).6- l5 Which property of a Group I4 element in ihe
of electrons parallel to 'ihe hexagonai 86B Periodic Table decreases rvhen the reiative
planes. C B 10 An elemenl is found io hal,e the follcr,ving atomic mass increases?
C The valence elecirons only moYe D 10 12 successi.re ionisation energies. A Basic property of the oxides
horizontally and not veriically. 760; 1540;3300; 4390; 8950 ard ir900kl B Ionic property of its compounds
D The bond aagle of 1 20" does not aliow the m01 ',. C Flrst ionisation energy
conducting of electricily perpendicular to trVhen CO2 gas is passed through lime water, In which group in the Periodic Tabie is this D Ease of hydrolysis of its tetrahalides
the hexagonal plales. q{qtg pi..jprl?t_e 9! C4e3 formgd If 31
l!
excess of CO2 gas is passed through, the white B eioup i 16 All tetrahalides of Crcup 4, with the exception
precipitate dissolves because C Group 13 D Group i4
1

of carbon tetrachloride ftefachloromethane),

.Y is a,n element in Group 14. X reacts tvith A as more and more CO2 gas dissol.res, are hydrolysed by v/ater. CCla cannot be
dilute hydrochloric acid to form a solution of the solution becomes increasingly acidic, 10 Which oxides are amphoteric?
hydrolysed because
X" wiih the following prcperties. hence CaCO3 changes io CaHCO3 lvhich A CO, CO2
A the C Cl bond in CCla is very strong
(iJ Reduces mercuryill) ihioride to mercury(l) is solubie B CO, SiO2
B -
the enthalpy of hydraiion of CCIa is very
chloride and iinally mercury. B as more and more CO2 gas dissolves, the C GeO2, SILO2
positive
[ii) Decolourises an aqueous solution of solution becomes increasingiy acidic and D SiO, PbOz
C iiie CCIa molecule is non-polar
100r]e. CaCOr lvill decompose D the carbon atoms in CCla do not have
l" lon rs proxaDly C as mote ard roore CO2 gas dlssol-res, a I1
CH: CH: cH, vacant d orbitals in their valence shells
A GeA* soluble complex is formed
B Pb2" D the precipitate CaCO3 will react with an
I I l

C Pb4* excess of CO2 to form CaO -si-o-si-o-si-o- 17 Silicon reacis lvith ethanol and lorms a
D Sn2- I I I
conpound Y. Y is used in the industrial
CH: CH, CH, manufacture oI ceramics. \Vhal is the formula
Which oxide of ihe elements of Croup 14 is The diagram above dispiays the molecule of an of con-pound /?
Which bond is jound in carbon monoxicie? the most acidic? organic compound. What is this molecule? A Si(CzHs)4
A Single bond A SnO A Silicate B IC2Hs)2Si
B Double bond B SiOz B Silicone c s'(oc2FI5)2
C Tr,vo covalent and one coordinate bond C GeO C Kaolin D Si(OC2H5)4
D Dative bond D GeO2 D Pyrosilicate

t_
42

t
::a l
 I
I

l8 An oxlde of lead ls fonned l.ry heating lead in 25 The valence electionic configuraticn for an iso E,ren though carbon and silicon are
sarne group, the complex
in
ion [CFo]2- does not
ihe The moiecule is ciassed
n silicata
as

air at 500 "C tbllorvcd by the action of cold, element X is ns2np2 and iis proton number is
concentrated nitric acid. The formula of the bet[,een i4 and 50. lVhich siaiement is rlue exist while ihe complex icn [SiF6]2- exisrs. B silicone
i This is because
oxide formed is concerning the oxicies of .X? i u qudl LZ
A PbO A
The element-{ ca:r form three oxides.lO,
I
A carbon is less reactive ihan sllicon D silica
B Pb3O! XO2 andX2O3.
|.

i
B silicon is a metalloid and carbon is a non-
c Pb2o3 B
The oxide XO is acidic. .i meiallic element 35 Tin is used rvidely in the marufaciure ol alloys.
D PbOz C
The oxirie XO2 is neuirai. t
I C carbon rioes not have vacani d orbitals Which alloy is not an alloy oi tin?
D
The oxide XO2 is sia-bie towards heai.
t D rhe size of rlre carbon atom is sma.ller than A Brolze
I 9 The advantages of cera-;nic over iioa and steei
that of silicon B Pewter
are as fcllol.rs except ihat 26 \Yhich compound is the most acidic? C Soltier
A 31 Wtich sta[ement is not irue? D
A ihe densiry of ceramic is lower CeO2
A SiCla is hydrolysed by waier at room
Brass

B ceramic is harder B SnO2

C ceramic cannoi be oxidised c co2
B
iemperaturc.
PbC12 is insoiuble in water.
36 Germanium has a structure siq'tilar to that oi
D ceramic is less bririla D SiO2
C PbCl2 is a solid at room temperalure.
diamond.

27 \Arhich oxide unciergoes thermal decornpositioa

D The boiling points of the tefachloddes
20 Y/hich oi the following shiows lhe change in of Group 14 elements decrease when
the properly of the oxides of Group 14 (from wiii the greatest ease?
descending the group.
carbon to lead) in the Periodic Table? A LUz B SiO2

A Acid, Amphoteric c Pbo2 D SnO2 3Z Which compound of lead belo-nr has the
B Acid + Base )9 Which of the following is correct concerning
following properties?
C Acid + Neulral {i) An orange-red soliri
D the elements of Group l4 (from carbon to lead) (ii] Reacts r,vith nitric acid to form a broym
Base -
Amphoteric
in the Periodic Table? solid lYhich statement about germanium is not
27 The oxides of Group 14 elements lvhich are
A The stability of the +4 oxidation state of (iii) The leaci ion is of hvo oxidation states true /
neutral, acidic and. amphoteric are:
the elemenis increases on descending the A PbO B PbO2 A Germanium is softer than diamond.
Neutral 'Acidic Amphoteric
group. c Pb3o4 D Pbcl2 B The'Ge Ge bond length is longer iian
oxide oxide oxide
B All elements can react lvith oxygen to -
theC-Cbondlengih,
form dioxides- 1-) The table belorv shows a few types of glass
A CO sio SnO
C Only the oxides of lead are amphoteric. and their uses. Which of ihe foilov,ring
C Germanium is a poorer conductor of
B CO LUz Sn02 electricity than silicon.
C Pbo GeO Pbo2
D Lead[V) oxide can act as an oxidising combinalions is wrong?
D Germanium is a metalloid.
ageht.
D sio CO GeO2
Ciais - uie
-Melting ZnO
29 point,/"C A glass
22 Which oxide of the elements of Group 14 can Soda Making normal mirrors, 37 CO[g) + 2H2E) ---
- + Compound X
r,vindor"rs, bottles and Compound X probably is
act as a ligand?
ACO B SiOz light bulbs A benzene
C PbO D SnO2 B Lead giass rVai<ing decorative glass, B methanol
prisrhs and lenses C carbon
23 Which of the follovring is noi true about D ethanal
iead(1V) chioride? C Borosilicate fulaking laboratory
A It is a liquid at room redrperaiure. Proton number glass apparatus 38 Which teaction of carbon monoxide is not
B It is easily decomposed when heated. The graph shows the variation in the melting D Ouartz glass Making cookware true?
C The shape of ihe PbCla molecule is points of the elements ol Group 1 4. Why is the A 5CO + I2O5 + 12 + 5CO2
tetrahedral. melting point of lead higher than tin? -14 lVhen siljcon dioxide reacis lvith bases, it B Fe2O3 + 3CO + 3CO2+ 2Fe
D It is ar ionic coinpound. A The metallic bond in tin has covalent forms the foilov;ing molecule. C zCO + 3Cl2 -
2COC|3
characler. o; ,o-
D CO + NaOH + HCOONa
24 Which statement is correct? The metallic bond in lead is stronger than \ ..'
A The melting point of quartz is 1ow. in tin. ./''\ 39 The existence of delocalised electrons in the
B Ouartz is a sofi silicare minerai. C Lead is a softer metal ihan tin. oo structure of graphite enables it to be used as
C Asbestos is a silicate mineral which cannot D The fourth ionisation energy of lead is
o'..'' I si-- I ..o A a lubricant at high temperarures
be attacked by an acid. ,zery high. Thereiore, ferver electrons are si
.r'\ ,B a decolourising agent
D Asbestos is a silicaie mineral r,vhich contribuied io rhe 'sea' of electrons in the to' \
./ \-b C an electrode in an elecrrolytic cell
fibrous. metallic bond. n( D a moderator in the nuclear reactor

44 45

:-::j:::::s-'ffi1!@
 40 \{hich is iiue about carbon and 45 a4 Two qvpes of g1ass, P a.rrii O, ha.re the foilolving
siaiement Tesi lube P Tesr ilbe O Section B
silicon? compositions.
For each of the questlons in this section, one or
A Both form giali molecular struciures.
B CC14 and SiCla can be hydrolyseri by f,7ie of the numbered staiements 1 to 3 may be Glass Composltion Industrial use
\Yater. cofi?ct. Decide if each of the statements is or
C Boih form Coubie bonds wiih orygen. is nat correct. Th.e responses A to D should be P 10% Na2O, 9% Manufaciure of
D Boih oxides, SiO2 and CO2 dissolve in seleited based on the follovting: CaO. Bi% SiO2 glass bottles

lva ie r. o &lanufaciure of
6% ita2O,2%
A l, C D CaO, 14% 8243, cooiovare
Carilon aeuachloriie Silicor ietiachloriCe

41 There are three a-lloiropes of calbon, -riat is, !\taler is added io each of r-he aboYe test tubes 1 onlY l aadZ 2and3 1,2 and 3 78% SiOz
is correci on11, 21u only are ara correct
giaphiie, diamond, aad fullerene. Which of the \/hat vriil be the obserualion?
cortect correci !\rhat is ihe funclion of B2O3 in glass O?
fcllowing seis show the correct coordilaiicn Test tubt P kst tube A
number for each ailotrope? A CCla did not
SiCia reacts wiii water 1 Reduces the coefficieni of thermal
expansron.
Graphite Diamond Fullerene dissolve and gives olf a gas, a
Afa .) v,rhite precipiiaie is 49 When conceniiated hydrochloric acid is heated 2 Increases the density of g1ass.
rvirh conpound d chlorine gas is given off. 3 Increases lhe refractive index of
834 4 formed
Compound X is probably
g1ass.

c34 3 CCla dissolves SiCla dissolves in water

1 lead[IVJ oxide
D'44 4 in water
2 silicoa{lV) oxide
C CCla did not SiCla reacts with water, a 55 A rlethod to detect air pollution is to expose
dissolve white precipitate 1s 3 tin$) oxide a piece offilter paper dipped in lead(ll) nitrate
42 llinlch slaiement correcliy explains why silicon formed solution lo a known volume of air. Then the
tetiachloride, SiCla, fumes in moist.air, but D CCla did noi SiCla reacts wiii water filier paper is rinsed in distiiled water to
carbon tetrachloride, CCla, is not hydrolysed dissol-re and gives off a gas 50 An oxide C gives off chlorine gas when determine the mass of a preclpitare of leari salt
by water?
with concentrated hydrochloric acid.
heaied foimed.
A .SiC14 molecules have empry valence When a.l1 of the chlodne gas has evol.red, Y/hich gases in the polluted air can be detected
46 Which statement is true concerning the
ii'ie remaining solution is mixed with dilute
orbitals to accommodate the water telrachlorides of ihe elements of Group 14?
using this method?
molecule. of the
sulphuric acid. A white precipitate is lormed. 1 Hy-drogen sulphide
A The tetrachlorides elements of O is prcbably 2 Oxides of sulphur
D Carbon reLrachloride is inert. Group 14 decompose upon healing.
C Carbon terachloride requires hot wa et i 1 PbO2 3 Oxides of nilrogen
] B The +4 oxidalion state becomes
2
for hydrolysis [o occur. increasingly stabie on descending Group
SnO2
D Si C'l bond is weak compared to C CI
l
3 PbO
-
bond. - I 14.
56 Which property of a Group 14 elEmeni,
C A11 of the tetrachlorides have ioniC bonds
from carbon to lead, increases with increasing
I
vrith covalent character. 5l Which oxides are amphoteric? proton number?
D The X-Cl bond becomes longer and I SiO2 1 The stability of compounds wiLh a +2
43 lVhich indusirial use reflect the hardness of
weaker on descending Group 14. 2 GeO2
diamond and lhe softness of graphite? oxidation state
Diamond Graphite 3 PbOz 2 The first ionisation energy
A Drill head Lubricant
\Vhich ion can decolourise aa acidified solution 3 The thermal stabiliry of the tetrahalides
B Pencil'leads' of potassium manganate(VII)?
Insulator
C Glass cutter Electrode
A 51- B snz* 52 Of the oxides of the elements ol Group 14,
D Abrasive Moderator C Gez- D C2* which property ol the oxide increases on 57 lVhich statements caa explain the use ol dry
descending the group? ice as a coolant in the food industry?
46 Which properiy is correct concerning the i Siability of the +2 oxidation slate 1 Dry ice is non'toxic and safe to use.
44 Which statement concerning Group 14 tetrachlorides of the eiements of Group 14 2 Covalent character 2 Dry ice sublimes al atmospheric pressure
elemenis is irue on descending the group? (from carbon to iead) in rhe Periodic Table? 3 Acidiiy and toom temperature.
A The melting point of the tetrachlorides A The physical stale changes from lhe liquid 3 The meliing poini of dry ice is -5 "C.
decreases. staie to [he solid siale on descending the
B The inert pair effect of the elemenis group. 53 A chloride of a Group 14 element, fulCla, can
The thermal stability dbcreases on be easily hydrolysed by water. This shows 58 As glass is inert, glass botiies are used to keep
increases.
descending the group.
' that chemicals such as the following except
C The stability of the +4 oxidation stale of
the elements increases. C A11 of them are easily hydrolysed by r,vater. 1 the element M is nol carbon -1 concenrrated sulphuric acid
D The electronegarivity of the elements D Only ihe CCla molecule has a tetrahedral 2 MC14 has covaleni bonds 2 hydrofluoric acid
increa.ses. s tructure. 3 MCl4 is more stable to heal than MC12 3 concentrated sodium hydroxicle s0lution

46 47

t..
 3 [aJ Silicoail\) oxide is chemicaliy unreac'Li1'e. ti) Erpiail why sheet silicates are soii
j,i, ct,-r.edQuestions Ho\.veve4 ii ca:-r be at'racked by conceniraied and slippai*y.
hy-drochloric acid and sodium hidroxirie-
1 [a) \\rrire rhe aiectonic coniigurarion iot Complete ihe foiiowing equa-ijon.
(i) (i) Siorfs] + 6HF[aq]
silicon: -
Iii] germanium (ii) SiOu [s) + ZNaOHfll t2) (ii) Gile two examples of silicaie shee'Ls.
lrl - Izt
(b) The struciure of silicone is displayed beio-,r'.
{b) Explain l.ihy rhe energy invoived in the .RRRR
follov,.ing process is highest for carbon
amcng ihe Group 14 elemenrs.
llit
,Vio\-A,42=lol-?e r,,ziif ,t1it, l?if ,rfit,,, (e) Predict Lhe shape of the SiOaa- molecule.
t2l
The diagram disp1a1,s lhe molecule, C5s. The ololololo Draw ihe shape of the molecule. l2l
molecuie is also known as fullerene. RRRR
fa) Eacn caibon aiom in the moiecule is
{i) State one physical properiy oi
hlbridised. Name the ripe of hybridisatioti silicone.
in lhe mclecule Irl

Iii) Give two industrial uses of silicone.

(bl State one soivent that can dissolve
tz)
(c) (iJ Arrange the foilor,r,,ing bonds ln order fullerene. tll
of increasing bond strength.
C-C , Si-Si, Ge-Ge, Sn-Sn
(c) The molecule reacts rvith fluorine gas. Write a (a) (i) Predjcr the shape oi the SiFu2- ion
the moiecular formula for rhe pioduct. t1] (c). The structure for a single chain silicate
or pyroxene r,nrhich has a repeating unit,
51(rr" ls snown he o1v-
Iii) Explain why silicon can form ttre
(ii) State &vo elements in Group 14 th at ^.- 7_ v,'neleas carDon
complex ion )rtd"
undergo catenatlon.
(d) Suggesi one method to separate a mixiure ,
t3l cannot folm complex ions the way
of fullerene C66 dnd C76.
silicon can. I3l
Name a chemicai sr:bstance lvhich rsa
double chain silicare.

fdl Of the two elements named in (c)(ii),

which element is more Iikely to undergo (ii ) Siaie one disadvantage of using ihe
catenation? Expiain. 12) (e) Srate two more ailotropes for carbon chemical subslance mentioned in
the R?e of hybridisation in lhem. (c)(i) as a construciion material. t2)
ib) GeCi, can be hydrolysed by water ard
Ce02 is ore ol ihe products.
The structure for a sheet silicate arid ils
(iJ Write an equation for the above
(f) (i) Fullerene can also be produced from (d)
nyororysls.
the vapourisation of substance .{. empirical tbrn:ula, (Sijoj),'"- is as follor,rs.
What is X?
Ie) Why are Group 14 compounds containing
the /'/14' and. Ma- ions seldom found? tzl

ore can naturally occurring (ii) The oxide from the abo,"'e reaction,
[ii) In v..rhich
fuilerene C6e and C7s be found? 12)
GeO2, can be reduced by hydrogen.
Write an equation for the reaction.
t2l

[g) Give one use of fullerene

48 49
 (cl (i) It is difficuit to prepare rin(il) chloride Ic) LeaC giass is produced ihrough ihe iusion oi 7 b) N1 Group 14 te'trachlorides are B The property of the first member in each group
cry-stals, SnC12, from ihe reaction silica aad one more chemical subsiance. easily hydrolysed by waier excePt of the Periodic Tabl€ is different from ille otirer
between tin and concentraieC iiJ Name the chemical substance. teirachloromeihane. members in ihe group. Discuss this siatement
hydrochloric acid. Explain. (iJ l1'riie the equaiion for the hyirolysls lvith reference to ihe elernents in Gioup 14 of
Sn[sJ + 2HCI(aq) +SnCl2(aq) + H2(gJ reaclion \1.iih Viater for one of the the PerioCic Table. I10l
ieirachlorides in Group 14.
(iij Give one prcperiy of lead glass

fiiiJ Sate one use of lead glass. 13j

(ii) Explain why tetmchloromethane does
{ii) Suggest one other meiiod to Drepare
not react v/ith lvater I3l
SnCl2 crystals. 13l
Draw the struciure of the siiicone molecule
formed from the hydrolysis of the following
organosilicon compounds. Explain each ofyour
answer.
(a) Si(CH3)3Cl t3i
(d) Predictthe product ofthe reaciion between
Pb3Oa and concentrated hydrochloric acid.
Wdte the equation for the reaction. [2] (b) (i) Whal is the change in the thermal
stability of the tetrachlorides on
descending Group 1 4?

5 [a) Complete the iable below by giving the (a) Explain how you wouid separate a mixture
acid'base properties for lhe oxides of of CO2 and CO, 141
Group I4 elements. (iit Suggest tvvo rcasons that can explain
the change in (b)(i). 14)
Oxide Property
(b) si[cH3)2c12 t31
CO

Gor-
sio t-
sio2
GeO
(b) C+CO2+2CO
GeO2 kJ moll
LH = +173
Sn02 {c) Carbon dioxide is a gas, whereas silicon(IV) Pb+PbOz+ZPbO
oxide is a solid with a high melting point AH=-157Umol-r
Pbo2 for the difference in
(cJ SiCH3Cl3 and boiling point, How can the difference Suggest one reason
t4l
in physical properties of the two oxides be the enthalpy of reaction, AH above. t3]
t41
expiained? I3l
(b) If you wish to dissolve lead(Il) oxide
povrder in
acid, which acid would you
choose? Explain your arsweL 13l

50 51

L
i)
l' (cj (i) \tr;riie the eleciroric ccriiguraiion of {c) Ir. 1972, 1 .0 x 1 0r2 liries (dm3) of leaded 12 (a) Silicon dio::ide is an imporiari component 3 (a) Vlirh refarence to ihe fo11o1,/ing staie ihese

t germanium, !;Ge. peiroi is used in vehicies. Each liue of in glass making. Droperiies as applidd io ie trachloron.ie'rhane,
)[ peiroi contains 0.60 g oi ieiraeth)4lead. Complete the iable belolY silicon teirachloride and iead[1) chlorjde
rl Calculate in kg, ihe mass of lead in the Phystcal property [Gioup,i4 chlorides).
exhausi gases of vehicies in rhat year. [2] T,,'De af slass Component
and use (i) Ph,vsical sraie ar room remp.raiure
[ii) Elecirical conductivigr in Lha liquid
Scda s
(ii) Staie a few phlsical propertles of siate
GeO2. t3l Lead glass (iiij T1'pe oi bond
Boiosilicate [iu) Eiieci of adding lvaiej- ai rocm
temperaturc t6I
(bi {'l !\'riie an equaiion ior the reaciion of
Aluiniaosilicate
CO1 gas wiih a bas3.
slass
(ii) \{rrire an equaiion for i}re reaciion of
IB] acid.
SnO2li,itJr an 14]
I I [a) Conpare and contrasi the properties of (c) [i) lVhich elemeni in G:oup 14
trie Gioup I4 chlorides by ccmpleiing ihe ibl Why is first ionisaiion energy- ol lead nore forms ions lvhich can decolourise
-table ihan tin? an acidified solutiorr of porassium
belo.:r
l0 (al The melting points of lead, iead(11) chloricje marganaie(VIi)?
'and lead[V) chloride are 327 "C. 4qB 'C (ii) lvi'rtr ihe use of the Daia Booklei.,
and -15 'C respectively. lvriie a ba.lanced equaiion ior rhe
[i) Siate the type of bond in each of the t2) reaciion in (c)(i). {51
above chemical substance.

lps{ay Questions 4 (a) The elements oi Group 14 form oxides

. ',vilh oxidation numbers af +2 and +4.
I (a) The densities of tin and lead at i A,ith suitable examples,
25 "C:are 7.3 g cm-3 and 11.3 g crn-3 (i) explain horv the stability of the +2
respectively. and +4 oxidaiion siares chalge when
(i) State ihe faciors thai results in the descending the grcup.
diiferenae in the above densities. (ii) state the eilect of oxidation number
iiil Explain how bonding influences the (ii) Suggest, with reasons, of the factors ' on the acid-base prcperties. I10l
melring point of each of the chemicai (b) The element germanium is wideiy
mentioned, which iactor i.s the most used
substance above. 16l importan[, in transistors, When i.00 g.of germanite
(h) For each of the silicates below, state the ore is processed, 0.177 g of germanium
(iii) Solder is an alloy of tin and lead and
anion formula.
has a density of 9.7 g cm-3. Calcula[e chloride is produced. Germanium chloride
'-' consists of 33.9% germanium by mass.
Silicate Anion formula composition by mass of each
the
(i) rneial found in solder. t6l Calculate
(b) Lead \,/ith an oxiCation number of +2 is [i) the empirical formula of the chloride;
more staille than rhe +4 siaie. Hovrever, (ii] the oxidation number of germanium
fcr iin the +4 oxidation number is more in the chloride;
srable than the +2 state. lvith ihe use [iii) the percentage oi germanium in
Iii) h- -4 ore.
i)<t oi the Data Booldet, arid using suitable germanite i5l
examples, explain the above statement.
&/\ I0t
Carbon dioxide is a soluble gas and reacts
with \,r'ater Siiicon(lV) oxide is an insoluble

&
(iiil 2 (a) Discuss the advantages of using an alioy solid ard does not reacl v/ilh lvater. The
over a pui'e metal when making solder. tetrachiorides of carbon and silicon are liquids.
(b) Some cases of iead poisoning are a result of [Solder is an alloy of iin and lead] t5] One of these tetrachlorides rcacts rvith water
the rcaction befween lead in \-vater pipes (b) Suggest one reason why two meials in the and the other does not reaci y/iih \r/ater.
and oxygen dissolved in ihe'"vater- l,Vrlre a (i'J molien state can be mixed inio an alloy. Expiain this difl'erence in physical and
balanced equation ior the reaction. 121 Hor.rever, lhis is not possible l-;hen l.ire chemical propeiries for the four compounds
metals are in the solid siaie {sl mentioned in rhe above statements. lVrire
Ic) Expiain why graphite can conduct balanced equarions for ihe reacrions thai
I4l electricity whereas diamond cannot. [5] cccuired Ii sl

5ll

:::::=r;::i5::::-'lt
 TeimelhJ,llead is adderi i.o peiroi so thai the airangemeni of eieciions 1n ihe linear : , l. r t: ::1rf1..i:,j.-;l;;r.;111,;!1.;f
cyalamide ion, NCN2 !,.; . i.i.j:r::," :a:;i:t-r;:ri t:,li ti:.ta:::
combusiion of Ferroi
more smooihly.
in car engine picceed

[a) ti) Stale Lhe r,7pe of bonc "rvhich exisis

[c) C1'aaamide can be used as
in agriculrure because cyanamide
a
i,21
feriiiisei Grsu$ fS:.ruE#ffiffi'#
bei:,^reen lead and ihe ethyl group. reacrs r'idr u,aL3r in 'te soL, io relcas:
[iij What is the shape'of ieiraethyllead ammonia. Y,rriie an equa-Lion to shorv iie
molecule? I3l h,vdrol.vsis of the cir2-112pjde 1o:r. NCN2-,.
(b) In ihe car engine; ihe high iempemture in r,i,'atet 12)
causes the ietraeihyllead moiecule to
decompose to tw-o main componenls. Pure liquid an:monia !s a r,vea.k electrolyte.
Name them. B faj Siate ire sirucinie and bonding in ihe ,,lfu1tiple-choice Questions This is because
12)
elemeni silicon i,;hile in the solid sraie.
[c) Yittiie a ba]anced equaiion for ihe conpleie A NHa- and NlJ2- ions are found in pure
combusiion of teiraethyllead. tzl liquid ammonia
i3]
{bl Pure silicon is needed ia the manufaciuie Section A
[rij [1) Which product from [cj can damage B NI14' and OH- ions are'iound in pure
tho rar onojao2 of rnrcrochips. Pure silicon cal be obiained
four possibie ansvvers, labelled A B, C and D iiquid a".nmonia
by heating silicon tetrachlodde wiih zlnc.
[ii) To preveni the car engine from belng aie gi/en 1or each- question- Choose one conect C 'rhere are free elecirors in pure ammonia
spoiled, 1,2-dibromceihane is added [i) lVriie an equaiion for *&e reaciion. ansl/y'et D ihere ale lone pair elecrrons in a;irn:onia
to peiroi. Suggesi a formula for the [ii) A sample oi silicon teirach]oride
' chemicai compound, contaiililg contains 109/" of impurity. Calculate i Nitrogen gas reacts .riih aluminiunl to folm 1trrhy is rhe entha-1py of formaiion of the oxides
bromine, rvhich is found in the
tie rnass of pure silicon lhai can be soiici aluminium niiride. If ihe solid is boiled of nitrogen positive in value?
obiained -+;hen 8.50 g of ine sample in wale! lvhat is the gas given off?
exhaust fumes oi cars.
is hea'Led wiih zinc. l5l A NOz Nzo
(iii) What is the adverse effeci of the
Silicon tetrachlodde a-nd teoachloromethaae
Oxides of niffogen NO Noz
chemical substance you meniioned in
l
Ic) B NH3 LHr/kJ mol-l 91.0 JL.J o t.o
are cova.leni liquids. CNO
(d)iii)? l4l (i) State and write {if any) the equaiion
(e) Whai wili happen if leaded perol is used D N2O4 The niirogan atom has a pariially-fllled d
for lhe reaciion of each of lhe above
.' in cars fitted with a cataiytic converter? orbital (p3).
',131 I

{ii)
compound with w'arer.
Explain your answer in (c){i). i8l
2 lt/hich mixture upon heating wiil give .off B The bond energy N = N is very high.
nitrogen gas? C A large amount of energy is required to
[a) Explain with respect to struciure anC A NHaCi + NaNO2 bleak the oxl,gen molecule to o,{ygen
bonding, ho\,v the melting poini and 9 (a) Gi-;e an account of the bonding, shape of B KNO3 + ZnCl2 atoms so that a reaction can take flace.
electrical conductiyity of the elements ol moiecule and the reaction vrith warer lor C CH3CH2NH2 + HCI D The reason is that nitrogen is
Group L4rbange hom carbontoJead. 11 1l lhe telrachlorides olGroup 14 elements- D NJ.{aeL + Ca[OH)7 pa rain agnetic.
(b) \,Vhen calcium carbide is heated at a tBl
lemperaturc of 1000 "C in nitrogen gas. tb) Explarn how the lhermai stability for the In the laboratory, ammonia gas is usually dried lVhen an excess of ammonia is added to an
calciurn cya-namide is formed. Drarv a Group 14 tetrachloriCes changes when using
-'aqueous soluiion of copper(Ii) sulphaie, a
dot and Closs diagram io displaii the descending the group. t7l A concentrated hydt"ochloric acid dark blue solution is formed. Which structure
B concentrated suiphuric acid represents the complex ion in the dark blue
C anhydrous calcium chloride solution?
AD
D anhydrors calcium oxide AD

t NH^ )2-
Lead nitrate, Pb[NO3J2 decomposes upon t'l
n'W?1*"'l
heating. Which compound is not formed when
,r:;;'*]' I
Pb(N03)z is heated?
A02 ln.n4**
I rtt,'i
l

B NO2
C PbO2 C
D PbO
l,Vhich of the Iollowing substances is not friN-*^ *-Ns.1'.
I
formed when dry, gaseous ammonia is passed
through copperilll oxide? ln,,
-tLU*-olr,l I

ACU BNz
c H2o D NO2
54 55
 \trrhai is fie pH oi 1.0 x i0-7 i::ol dm 3
niric 13 The diagran belor.r shor,vs the set'up of the 17 Which reaciica shc!,T rhe s{ong heaiing oi 23 !i,/hich siateineli exnlains the unieacii-iiry of
magiiesium nitraie? 111L1UXC1] -^-f
-:+-^^^-
acid ? appaiarus io studv ihe oxidaiion cl anmonia. <a;:
A + &1g[NO2]2 + C2
1C :r.olrdn:-';l A
Mg(NO,.)2
[,( = 1 0] i O\-/--ri c:r.+ B Mg[NO3J2 + lvlgO2 + 2NO2
The nirrcgen aiom has a siabie electronic
: C Mg[NO3)2 + MgO + N2C + 2O2
colliguration.
B The niirogel-r atom has a
B 6.7 D 2&fglNO3i2 + 2MgO + 4NO2 + C2 !>rtrnn aoe ririi nr
high
c 7.0 p

D 14.0
l
I C The nitrcgen aiom has a nigh fiisr ionisarioa
18 1,','l1ich sra.cil't?nt is itue concerning el.-m:n: energy-.

10 Hoi plaiir,.ia X oi Group 15 in tI-re Periodic Tabla? With D The bond dissociaiion energy cf rhe
Densiry increasing protcn number of,{, niirogen ilclecuie is high.
Pressule Conceniia[ai A ihe electricai conductiviry of solid X
I| SaS
amnonia increases
/,;nr.lf,a 24 tlihy
1,/
i// trVhich staiemeri coi;ceming tle above reaciion
B the oxides dO3 becomes more acidic
C rhe hydrides,YH" beccnes moie acidic lroil
does a:.i:rnonia shotv
ldeal gas behaviour?
a large deviaton
is incorrect? A The iniermoleculai force of
I -r'- .--;j2ages D t-he chlorides XC13 shclrr increasing atraciion
- A A brcwn gas is liberaied.
corraient cha-racter ihe ammonia moiecule is strong.
bei',nieen
I
B The platinum ..*ire acis as a caialyst. B The size oi tire a-rnmonia molecule is
i C The hct platinum v.,ire is used because rhe
19 Silver chloride can dissolve in aqueous small.
Pressrre reacrion is enCori-.-:rrric.
ammonia b,ecause C Ammonia caa behave like an ideal gas oaly
In ihe graph above, \,vhy does the value oi D The plaiinum v,riie glows ihroughout ihe
A soluble anmonium chioride is iormed ar lo,v Lempetalu:'es.
experimenl. D
densiiv B a soluble compler ion [Ag[NH3)2]- is Ammonia behaves like an ideal gas ai high
nl"essir re formed pressures.
p iessu re ? 14 An ion ,Y uncergoes the folJciving chemical C a coordinate covalent bond is forrned
A There are hydrogen bonds belween charges. beilveen arnmolia and siiver chloride
ammonia molecules- molecules
25 Oxrides of nitrogen ha,,,e pcsilive enthalpy
B Ailmonia gas is difficuli ic compress. D hydrogen bonds are formed betiveen chhnge of formation. $/hich factor probably
L There is repulsive force betvreen lhe ammonia and si.lver chloride molecules explains lhis slaiement?
molecules',vhen the pressur? incr?ases. A The teadency of oxygen lo form oiier
Ammonia gas decomposes lvhen a high 20 Nitrogen is,/ery unreaciive because the gas o,Yrdes, u-
pressilre is applied. A exisis as diaiomic molecules B High bond energy for the nitrogen
B' has a siabie elecrronic configuration molecuie, N2.
1 1 Dilule nitric acid cannot be used in the titraiion Ion X coriid be C. has partiaily filled p orbitals C Large eiectron affiniry for oxygen aioms.
--):.
of Fe'" ions with Iv4nOa- ions because A SOr2- D has a high a:omisaLion energ). D The sane eielctronegativity for oxygen
:
.q nt'-ilc
-- --
aclo 0xl0lses
-i
+ ,l
re- tons l B NOz- and niirogen. "
B nirric acid reduces lVInOa- icns io l\{nO2 c No3- 2l Phosphorus and nitrogen are found in Group
C MnOa- ions oxidises nitlic acid to NO2 D NH4- 1 5 of the Periodic Table. Phosphorus can form

lwo chloride compounds,

26 Concentrateci sulphuric acid reacts wirh
anC NO gases I PC13 and PC15, bur
ethanedioic acid. concentrated nitric acid and
D of the formalion of ihe complex ion 15 Which physical properfy ol ammcnia makes nirrogen can onlyform one chloride compound,
sulphur according to ihe follo.ffing equations.
IFe{H2O)6]2- il unsuitabie for use as a reirigerant in NC13. Which statemenr best explains this
refuigerators? difference? Conc. FI2SO1
---------J CO + CO2 + H2O I
12 Ammonia forms a few coinplexes with A Lorv boiling point A Phosphorus can make use oi the 3a' H2C2Oa

Lransirion metals. Which combination correc-iy B Easily lic .re[ird on coi,rpression orbital. HNO3 + 2H2SOa + NO2* + H3O* + ZHSOa- II
gives the shape of the ions? C Easiiy vapourised accompanied with B Phosphorus can form coordinate covalent S + 2H2SO4 + 2H2O + 3SO2 III
sudden expansion bonds, What is the function cf sulphuric acicl in the
\oarllex D Corrodes meials C Phosphorus has a larger atomic size ftan above reactions?
{Ag(NH3)rl ICuINH3ia]2 lCr{iiH:lel3'
57lare \ nitrogen. ilt
l6 \\rhich statement is coriect concerning nilnc D Nitrogen has only one icne pair elecrrons. Dehydrating Acid Oxidising
Trigonal frigonaJ ageni
A I'elrahed ral acid? agent
planar bipyiamidal 22 Oiher ihan oxygen, suggest one more gas thai
A Reacis \,vith all metals to iiberate hydrcgen Oxidising Acid Dehydrating
gas.
suDports combusiioit ageni
'V' shaped Square plarra Octahedral
B
B Oxidises chloride ions to chloiine gas.
A NzO+ C Dehydraiing Oxidising Acid
C Linear Teirahedral Pvramidal C Reduced by all i:reials ro give oif NO2 gas.
B N2O agent agent
D Causes certain metals to be inert because
C N2HJ Oxidising Oxidising Oxidising
D Lin ear Square planar Ociahedral
oi the formaiion of a layer ol oxide. D NO2 ageni ageni agent

5h ;'j

*.*rrwj
 27 Ammonia car easily disso1.,,e in waier becausa 32 Which siaieaent is trre concerning diniirogel 36 Whai is i11e product.r,'l"ier magnesium is burni
n1 Liquid I is probabiy
A ii forms cocrdinaie co-/alent bonds lyiih 'relraoxide, N2O4 at room iemperaiur€? in nitrogen dioxide, NO2? A NH:
the warer molecule A Compleie decomposition of N2O,i ro NO2 L ir{gO a-ad NO B I,lgO and ii{gN2 B NCi3
B eneigy is abscrbed rvhen amrnonia occuls. C I,lgO and N2 D llgN2 and 02 c Hzo
dissolves in \i,/ater B Decomposition of NO2 io NO and O, D NzO
C a.rery soluble NH:OH is iormed OCCUIS. 37 l\hich siaiement is not true colcerning
D amrionia molecules form hydrogen bonds C A mixiure of N2Oa, NO and 02 exisis. niirogen ciroxide, NO2? 1Z Y/hai is the iuncricn of calcium oxide in ihe
wiih $,aler molecules D A mixture oi NO2 and N2Oa exists. A Niriogen riioxide is a yellor.v gas. above apparatus?
B Nitrogen dioxide is an acidic oxide. ATo dry rhe aininonia gas.
C Niirogen Cioxide exisis in equilibriun BTo absorb fte pungent smell oi ammonja.
33 Which statement is not true?
Hydrazine, N2Ha, is
A
N2O gas supporis combus'Lion.
r.l:r-h diei'rro gen tetraoxide. CTo absorb chlorine gas.
A a base aiid arr oxiriising ageni.
B
NO gas is a neutral oxide.
2ltio2(g)
= N2Or(g) DTo ciry hydrogen chloriCe gas.
B a base and a reducing agent
C
NOz gas is an acidic oxide.
D Ligni energy- can decompose niirogen
C an unreactive compound and neutral
D
Liquid N2Ha does not dissoive in'viraier.
dioxlde gas. 43 llrhich compound gives brovrn fumes and a
D aa acid and an oxidisiag agent Lighr white solid r,.rhen heared?
Noz(g) + No(gJ+ o(g) A
Ammonium nitrate
34 The maaufacture of niiric acid from aminonia
A gaseous hydride of niirogen, I, involves a ihree step reaction as foliows.
B
lronfiiJ nitrate
29 contains 38 A caia11'tic convefier is insralleC in car to C
Copper(Il) nitraie
12.5% af hydrogen by mass. When mole of i 4NH3(g+5o2(g) + 4NO(g) +6H2O[g); reduce air pollulion. ll'hich staiement is not D
Magnesium nitrate
I
7 is strongiy heaied, dissociates io 3 moles AH = Negalive true concerning the exhaust gases emilied
of gaseous molecules oi iis eiements, Which 2NC[g) + Orrg) + 2NO2(gJ; ircm ihe caial).tic converter? ii
Compound X is an important mw material
molecular formula is conect for 7J AII = Negative A The percentage of carbon monoxide is in ihe field of agriculture because ii can be
lRelative atomic mass: H = 1; N = 14.1 4NO2(gJ + 2H2Ol1) + O2($ + 4HNO3(aq) lo...rer.
A NHz trVhich statemeni explains why 8 atm oi B The percentage of carbon dioxide is
oxidised to compound )'. Compound I can be
B NH3 hiohor us.ed in the making of feriiliser Z. Whal are
pressure is used in &e industrial process lo
c N2H4 'manufacture nitdc acid? C The percentage of unburnt hydrocarbon is
piobable compounds of X, Y and Z
D .X Y Z
N.Hu A To prevent tha formation of the dimer, lower.
AtNo2 HNO3. NH4NO3
.
Nzo+ D The percenrage of lead brcmioe is lower.
B HNO2 HN03 KN03
30 A compound i'has the following properties.
B To avoid the use of a high temperature C NH3 HNO3 Ca(NO3)2
(i) Reacrs with copper(ll) suiphate solution to C The solubility of NO2 in water increases at 39 The elements ..Y'and Y have 2 a,td 5 valerce
D SO2 H2SO4 BaSOa
' high pressure elecfons respectil,el',/. X reacis wirh f to form
form complex ions
(ii) Forms a white precipilate wiih'an aqueous
D To compress the air which is used as a a compound of ihe formula
45 Which statement explains why nitrogen gas is
source of ory"gen AXY nof iEaciivi: ar' robm temperature?
sriluiion o'f le--il{ll) ions B XY3
(iii) Reacts with oxygen in the presence of a c x3y2 A
'' The nirogen atom has partially filled p
catalyst to form water and gas Z 35 Ammonium nitrate Cecomposes as in the
following equation. D X2ys orbital.
What is compound Y and gas Z! B The nitrogen atom has a stable electronic
tl NHaNO3[s) + N2O[g) +2H2Olg) Questians 40,41 and 42 are based on the diagratn
configuration.
A HCI Ctz C The nitrogen atom has a very high
B HNC2 NO'
But NzO{g) -, Nz(g} + *2'O,(g) below.
ionisation energy.
c H2so4 Soz So, 2NHaNO3(sJ + 2N2(g) + O2[g] + HrO(g) CuO D The nitrogen molecule has strong covalent
D NH:
I
Calciun oxide
NO bonds.
The rate of reaction is very high. Why is
ammonium nitrate used as an explosive? t
A A large amounl of heat energ-y js liber"ated
Heat 46 Nitrogen gas is stable at room temperature and
31 Which equation shows thai nitric(Vl acid does is iimiied in its reactions with other elements.
during an explosion. Ice
not act as an oxidising agent? NH4CI - I trVhich statement expiains this limitation?
A HNO3(aq) + 3H|(aq) + 3e- + B Non-ioxic gases are given off during an Ca(OH),
Liquid

expiosion.
I
Heat
A Nitrogen gas has a high enihalpy of
NO(g)+ Z4zott) atomisation.
B HNO3[aqJ + 3HCi(g) +
C A sudden increase in volume, thai is,
B
from solid NH4NO3 with a smaii voiume The nitrogen molecule has a very lo.,v
Cl2($ + NOCl(g) + 2H2O(1) 40 Evolved gas X is boiling point.
io large volumes of gases, gives a strong
C HNO3(aq) + 2H2SOaQql +
explosion.
ANO C The nitrogen molecules are bonded by
2HSOt(aq) + H3O=[aq) + NO2"[aq) D Ammonium nilrate is stable at room
B NO2 . strong van der Waals iorce.
D 2HNO3(aq) + 3H2S(g) temperature, and hence suitable for use as
c N2o D The niirogen atom has a partially fl1,\ed2p
4H2O(l) +2No(g) +3S[s)
->
aa explosive.
DN" orb ita.l.

59
58
 Sectioe B 51 V/hich is a probable s:ruciure for NzOr? (bl Sliips of ccpper are dropped into a conical (ii) Suggest one exprassior for ihz

For each of ihe quesiians in this seciion, one or

t 'c\ flask ccniaining hoi 50% niiric acid
soluiion. A colourless ard very reaciive
equilibriura consiant,
reaciion.
(=, fot 't:re

more aJ ihe numbered siatements 1 to 3 may be

t{-N
/'o.' gas is gi,,'en off. The gas then reacrs with
121

correct. Dectde i"f each aJ the statenents is or o;,ygen in the air tc form a brown gas.
[s not correct. Ihe responses A.io D should be (iJ Na:le the cclcurless gas.
selected based on the iollov,/ing:

A B C D :b.. -"o:
{ii) V!'iiie the eguarion ior the reaciion
1 cnly iand2 2aad3 1,2and3 N.N
]s correct only aie only aie ale CoIIeCt . ,/l \ beiween copper and nitric acid
o-. soiuiion.
correct correci

47 Which statements are true concerning ihe .\ (iiil Idenlii/ ihe brorvrl gas and write
industrial preparation of ammoilia in the Haber N-N
Process? :Q..
\..'.o equaiion foi ii.s formaiion. i4l
tb) At a iempemiure oi 25 "C and a pressure
1 The nitrogen for Lhis process is obtained of 101 kPa. i.00 g mi-rture oi N2Oa and
' from rhe fiacrionai disiillation of liquid 52 The reactions invoh'ed in ihe industrial NO2 gases occupy a volurne of 3.17 x
air.
manufaciure of nitric acid from ammonia are 10-a m3. Calculare the average relative
2 The hydrogen for this process is obtained as follorvs. moiecular mass of the mixiure. 11l
through the reducdon of sream. (c) The heating of tead[II) nilrate \,fi11

3 The catalysi used is fine iron povrder. 4NH3 + 5O2; 6H2O I

Pt
4NO +
produce a brown gas. When cooied, ihe
brown gas changes to colourless. Ai a
2NO + 02 ;- 2NO2 II temperaiure abole i50 "C, the brown gas
4B Nitric(V) acid reacts with benzene, sulphur and 4NO2 + 02 + 2H2O + 4HNO3 III decomposes.
hydrogen chloride according to the following Which statements concerning the above
(i) Wrile an equation for the heating of
reac [ions- process are true?
jf5 c6H5No2 + H2o Iead(ll) nitrate.
HNo3 + c6H6 1 In reaction time of contact between
1, the
6HNO3 + S - H2SOa + 6NO2 + 2H2O the reaction mixtuie and the cata.l),si must
HNO3 + 3HCI + C12 +, NOCI + 2H2O be brief.
The reactions aboye show that nitric(V) acid 2 In reaction /1, the temperature must be (ii) What gas is formed when the brov'n
can act as at least 600 'C to promote the forward gas is cooled? Write an equation for
1 an acid reaction; &e reaci-fon at equiiib-iium.
2 a nitraling agent In reaction /{ light can increase the rate
3 ' an oxidising agent oi reaction.
(c) Staie the Le Chatelier's Principle. Explain
49 In which reaclion does .ammonia act as a how the average relative molecular mass
[iii) Ar a iemperature above 150 "C, rvhai of the mixiure above change if
base? 'str,gctured Questions wiil happen to the brovm gas? t4l (i) pressure is increased
1 Ammonia is bubbled through a solution of
Fe3* to form a brown precipitate,
Ammonia reacts lvith a concentrated I (a) When ammonium nilrate is heated, rl
hydrochloric acid to liberate lvhite fumes, iiberates a colourless gas. The gas can be

Ammonia reacts with waier to form NH,- used as an anaestheLic.

(i) Give the name of ihe gas.
At room iemperature, dinirogen tetroxide
and OH- ions. and nifiogen dioxide gases are at dlmamic
equilibrium as follorvs.
50 Niuogen monoxide, NO, and nitrogen dioxide,
titrO"(g) .- 2NO2r$ - -58 kJ rnol-r (ii) temperature is inmeased. t3l
{a) (i) ^Hlhe ierm dynam{c
What is meant by
NO2, are alike because both oxides
equilibrium?
Iare reduced to nitrogen by hot copper (i i) Write the equation for the above
2 aie deliniiely dimerised room at reaction. 'tzl
Iemperature
3reacis with aqueous sorlium hydroxide at
ioom tempetaturc

60 61
 (dJ Nitrogen dioxide in ihe e.rhaust gases of cars {ii) Y/hy is ile piaiinum-rhodium catai.v-sr Compiere Lhe oxldalion number ci IcJ Tubes coniaining NO2 and N2Oa gases are
will react \\/ilh sr-rlphur dioxide gas from Lhe coaied on ihe aluminium gauze? nitrogen in i1re tabie above. ieft io siand in viaier as shov/n beior,v.
combus'ricn of fossil fue1 to form sulphuric [ii) i,Yriie a rhermochemical equaiioa ior
acid ald nirogen monoxide, NO, in ihe ihe r'ormaiion of nitrogen monoxide,
lresence oi -,i/a'Ler vapour The niiTogen NO. In your equaiion, sho\../ iie yalue
moaoride gas is cxidised by orygen in 'rhe of Affi.
air io niiro;en dio>,ida agajn.
(i) 1.'friie balanced equations for the
ilii l \,irhy does t\e caialy-sr need 'ro be
abore rwo reacrions. heaied? Whar is iie colour observed ia each of the
i3l
iesi iubes? Expiain y-our answ-er t3]

[iij) Using your equailon in [aJ[ii], explain

the presence of nirrogen monoxide in
{ii) Suggesr one role played by nitrogen the exhausr gas of cars.
ciioxide in ihe process. 14)
[C) Suggest one reason vrhy leaded peirol
carnot be used in cam flred viith caraiy'ric
converters. 11 I

The combusiion of petrol in the car engine

produces a varieiy of pollutanls such as
Compleie tne follo\,ving iv/o equalions ihat (iv) Suggest one reason why Cinitrogen 5 (a) ii) Explain r,vhy nitrogen gas is chemically
niirogen monoxide, NO, and nitrogen dioxide,
NO2. The NO and:NO2 gases can be rernoved
occur in a catalytic converter.
l2l oxide, N2O, cal rekindie a glowing not reactive.
by channeling thein io a catal),tic converler.
(i) CO[e) + Noig) -, splinler tsl
In ihe calal)'tic converter there is aluminium {ii} COtd + I'trO2(g) +
gauze coated r,,/ith platinum-rhodium catalysl Other thax the catal)tic conyerter; suggest
if)
The cata.lyst requires a lemperature oF,250 "C one other method to remove carbon
io function effeciiveiy. Cars fixed v,,iih catalytic monoxide and unburnt hydrocarbon from
eoH+erters m-ust use ualeade4pelrol- threxhaustr gasesolcars. ttl
[a) Name fwo more poliutants found in the
exhaust gas of cars \,vhich use unleaded
peirol i1l
Iii) Orl-:er than the Haber Process, give
(b) The following oxides can exist in (rne more reaction of nitrogen gas. [2]
equilibrium.
NzOr[g)
(b) Write fwo equations that show horv oxides = 2NO2(g)
Calculate the enlhalpy change, AH, for the
of nitrogen are formed during combustion
forward reaction. t21
in ihe car engine. l2l
4 The table belolv shows dala concerning four
oxides of nitrogen {bj E:<plain why aqueous ammonia has an
aikaiine pH. t21
Oxidation
sH/
Expiain the iollowing.
Formula
lu mot '
number of Calour of gas
{c)
nttrogen
[i) How does a catalyst inf]uence ihe rate
of reaction? N:O +82.0 Co Iou rless

NO +94.4 t) Colourless

Noz +.11 a Brown

Nzoq +9.?, Colourless

62 63
 [c) A soiution rvirich acis as a buffer soluljon Iiv) Suggest one method u,here Iraces of
(c) The iirst ionisation energy ior nitrogen is 7 (a) Explain hovr ammonia reacls r,T ith boron
conlains ammon:a and ammonium chloride. amino acids formed can be separated iarger ttran.the element to the left aad the trifluoride. Draw a dor and cross diaqram
Calculate the pH oi a buffer solulion s,hich and identilied. element to the righi in the Periodic Table. for the producl of the reaciion. 13]
t4l
contains 0.10 mol ammonia ald 0.05C moi Erpiain this observation. tZ)
ammonium chloride per dm3.
[Dissociation consiant,' ,(a, for the
ammoniun ion = 5.6 x l0-10 ino! cim-3.1
t2j

6 [a] The bond energy oi one niirogen atom

rvirh another nitrogen atcm in rhe niirogen
rnolecule is 944 kJ mo1-l whereas the
bond energy of the carbon atom wiih rhe
oxygen atom in the carbon monoxide
molecule is 1A74 kJ mol-r. Explair the
difference in bond energy. I3l

(bJ Explain rvhy phosphorus can form lv:o

chlorides, PCl3 and PCI5 bui niuogen can
td) At a remperature of 60 "C ald a pressure of ' form only one chloride. l2l
(d) A mixture of ammonia gas, metiane and 1 atr-nosphere, 50% of dinitrogen telroxide
water vapour is illuminated wirh ultravioiet decomposes inio nitiogen dioxide.
radiation. After a felv days, amino acids NzOa[g) + 2NO2(g)
are formed in lhe mixiure. Calculate the equilibrium constant, i(0, al
this temperarure. '
[i) Write the structural formula for 2- l2l
aminopropanoic acld Ialanine).

(b) The equilibrium constant, fp, for the reaction

N2($ + 3H2(g) + 2NH3{g) decreases when -(c) The ethanedioate ion, CzOo'-, is
the temperature increases, i,vhereas ffo with dinilrogen tetroxide,
isoelectronic
[ii) Write a ba.ianced equation for the for the reaction N2(g) + O2(g) e ZNO(g) N2Oa. When heated, N2O4 decomposes
lormation of alanine. increases when the temperature increases. and liberates nitrogen dioxide gas. This
Explain the difterence. 13l process invoives the breaking of the N-N
bond in lhe N2Oa molecule. Suggest one
reason why ihe ethanedioate )on, C2Oa2-,
is not likewise when heated. tzl

(iii) Suggest one reason v,,hy ultiavioiet

light is required for this reaction.

64 65
 suitable condirions for ihe The rate equaiion lor ihe reaciion is tb) One of ihe main uses of nitrogen (c) (i) Explain why the oxides of niirogen
[d) Staie three compounds is as a fertiliser in agriculture. musi be remoYed from the exhaust
industrial preparal-lon of ammonia in the Rare = ,t{NollFzl
The mechanisn ol the reaction in'rolt'es (i) State tlvo compounds of niuogen x4)cJ ul Lcl),
Haber Process. t3l
i1.ro steps. One of the hrio sleps produces
used for this purpose. [ii) Siate one oiher chemica] substance,
ONF aad the free radical F.
(ri) Erplain why a nitrogen-based lerijliser found in exhaust gases oi cars. Show
two needs io be adderi to soil a fe-rv iimes holv cataiyijc converiers, charge 'this
[i)\v'rite equations foi ihe sie.Ds

in,/olved in ihe above mechanism. a year, whereas a phosphaie based subsiance to a non-poiluling produci.
Indicaie the slorv sieP. feiiiliser needs to be added only once
[ii) Explaln youi ansYier in (c)[i). 19]
a yeaf. [dJ Explain r,vhy rhe Haber Process involves a
[iiiJ Explain rhe effect of a:.r excessive high aciivaiion energl'. l2l
use of nitrogen-based fertiliser in
:lP!w Questions [a) The boiling poinis of the hydrides oi [a) What is meanl by the lerms
elemenls in Group 15 are as ioilorvs. agricullure on the environment. 19]
(i)
meliing poini?
(a) The perceniage of nirrogen in food
{iiJ boiling point? t4)
Relati/e
indicaies lhe anouni of proteins preseni Hydride Boiling point/K [bJ VVith reference io the data below, si(etch a
molecuiar mass 5 (a) llagnesium reacts with niirogel at high
The method belorv shorvs how ihe tempemturcs and forms a yello',v soliri D. phase diagram for ammonia at 1 atm.
percentage of nlfogen can be esiinateC. 17
NI-i5 240 D contains 7276 magnesium by mass- Boiling point 240.0 K
34
(i) Explain why a high temperalure is
Meli@ point 195.0 K
11) The food is weighed and then boiled in PH: l85 needed for the reaction. Triple point 194.9 K
conceniraied sulphuric acid. Ail the nilrogen in
AsH3 218 77.9 [iiJ Calculate the empirical formula for
the food is changed into ammonium sulphate, compound D. l4l Give commenm on your sketch. 17t
[/4 Next, an excess of sodium hydroxide solutjon sbH3 256 125 (b) When water is added to compound D (c) When red iilmus paper is dropped
is addeci and ihen boiled again. The ammonia into aqueous ammonia, it turns b1ue.
114 above, ammonia gas is liberated and a
gas liberated is passed into an excess of diiute BiH3 255
white liquid is formed. Identify the white Whereas a blue litmus paper turns red
hldrochloric acid.
is liquid and v,/rite an equation for the when dropped into aqueous ammonium
(1/4 Unreacted hydrochloric acid tiirated wi'Lh (i) Draw a graph of the boliing poini : chiorjde. Explain.
sodium hydroxjde solution. reactl0n t21
against relative molecular mass.
(c) lYhen solution of ammonium chromate[VI)
(ii) Explain lvhy the boiling point of a
o Give an accriunt of the Haber Process in
ammonia, NH3, is higher ihan that of
is added to ammonium thiocyanate, 'an [a]
the industrial preparation of ammonia. [5]
[i) Write equatlcns for &vo reactions in ammonium sa.lt .4 is formed. ,4 has the
siep 1L PH3 and AsH3. (b) Ammonia gas a.rtd chlorine gas reacts to
(iii) Why is' the boiling point of BiH3 iormula NHa[Cr[SCNtNH3t].
(ii) 1.00 g as in the above
offood is boiled The percentage composition by mas's for,4
form nitrogen gas and solid ammonium
method, and lhe ammonia liberated higher than that of ammonia, NH3? chloride. Write the ba-lanced equation for
is as foilows.
is--passed into 50-0 saf, 0,10 mol- the reaction and explain how ammonia
dm-3 HCl. only 2o.o cm3, o.io mol (b) (i) When aqueous ammonia is added to a can act as a reducing agent and also as a
dm{ NaOH is required to neutralise solurion containing Cu2* ions, a dark Cr 15 .5%
base simultaneously. lsl
c to 10l
lhe unreacted HCl. Calculate the blue complex is formed. ExPlain. Explain rvhy the nitrcnium ion, NO2- is
percentage of nitrogen in the food. [9] Draw the struclure of U:'e ion in N 29.2%
linear whereas lhe nitrile ion, NO2- iS
(b) Give one reason why hYdrazine, N2Ha (b){i). t4l non-linear. Isl
dissolves easily in aciri: (c) Give two Iarge scale uses for an-rmonia.[2] {i) Caiculate ihe values for x andy in the
t3l
(c) Calculate the pH for a solution of 3.2 mol
formula of ,4. e (a) (i) Give an account of the indusirial
4 (a) Nitlogen can be obtained in the laboratory
(ii) \Vhat is the oxidation number of preparalion ol nitric acid from ammonia.
dm-3 ammonia.
chromium in the complex.4? (ii) Give two main uses of nitric acid. [8]
[ffs for NH3 = 1.75 x
1'0-s mol dm-3] [3] bl, heaiing a mixiurc of ammonium chloride
and sodium nitrite, NaNO2- Steam and a [iii) Suggest one shape for the complex (b) Explain the follorving observations.

2 (.a) What is the oxidalion number ol nitrogen solid are produced in the reaction.
anion and explain the ry?e of (i) Benzene is nitraled by a mixture
in the following compounds? (i)What is the solid? lryriie a balanced isomerism displayed by lhe cornplex of concentraled nitric acid and
(i) equation for the above reaction.
anion. I9l concentrated sulphuric acid.
No (ii) The pH of a solution of ammoniun
[ii) oNF t2] (ii) Determine the oxidaiion number of
nitrate is less than 7,
the nitrogen atom in (i) above. t4l
(b) Draw the dot and cross diagram for the 6 [a) ExpJain what happens when a solution of
(iiiJ A simiiar reaction occuts when (c) A catalyst is required in the slirithesis of
following moiecules. dilute ammonia is added to an aqueous ammonia in the Haber Process.
(i) No ammonium chloride is heated wiih soluiion containing copper ions, Cu2-[aq1,
(ii) oNF t4l sodium nitraie, NaNO3. However, followed by EDTA solution
N2(g) + 3H2(g)
= 2NH3(g) AH= Negative
'lhe compound, niirosyi fluoride, 171 Horvever, a cataiyst is not needed in the
(c) ONF, an oxicle of niirogen is also formed. (b) Is the reaciion betlveen nitrogen monoxide synthesis of nitrogen monoxide.
is produced from rhe reaction between Suggest a formula for the oxide of and hydrogen an endoihermic or
niuogen and \'"rite an equalion for the
an N2(g) + Or(gJ
=
ZNO(g) aH = Positi.re
nitrogen monoxide and fluorine. Explain.
ZNO(g) + F2(g)'- 2ONFtg) reaction.
exothermic reaction? t21 Explain. {31

t)/
66
 l0 lVhich oxo-acid is not foimed by chlorine?
..:,2A.iJr?.1-ii:.. A HC1O2
B HCIO3
c HC!O4

1.l[[::#ii Graphite
aaode
Giaphiie
cathode

Concenirated
II
D HCIOT

lVhen chlorine gas is bubbled through dilute

sodiuEl
sodium hydioxide solution, a solution ,r is
chloriCe formed. Soluiion X can be used
3 If acidified potassium chloratefV) is mixed A to kill bacteria in water
I
t{ultiple-choice Questions with a solu'iion of iron(Il) sulphate Narne the proCucts foimed ai the alode,
B as a pesticide

A white iumes of hydrogen chloride is

cathode and in the electroiyte when the
C to develop phoiographic filn
released eleciiolytic process is carrieri out at 15 'C aed
D as a bleach
Section A B chlorine gas is evoived 70 "c?
an&vers, tabetled A,
C and Dfl C liBht green iron[llJ sulphate solution l2
Four possible
are given for each question. Choose'one correct changes to Yel1ow
Electrolyte Electrolyte
answer D there is no reaction Anode Cathode
at 15'C at 70'C Gas iar

.when chlorine and Oxygen Hydrogen

I Which product is formed When potassium chlorate(V), KCIO3 is heaied, A
gas
NaCi03faq) NaCiO(aqJ Hoi plaiinum wire
gas
iodine are individually reacted with sodium or/gen gas which supports combustion is
thiosulphate? liberated. This makes potassium chlorats(V) D Chlorine Hydrogen
l.laClCIaq) NaCIO:Iaqi
Hydrogen iodide gas

Iodine being widely used in the making of gas gas

Chlortne
A SzOz2- Soo2-
A fire crackers
Chlorine Sodium
Which statement concerning the above
B silicate gel C NaCIO(aq) |laC1O3(aq) exp€riment is not true?
B so42- Sooo2-
C fertiliser
gas
A A purple gds is formed.
c s4o62- Srort D slnthetic fibres
D
Oxygen
Sodium NaClO3(aq NaCIO{aq) B Hot, platinum wire supplies the activation
D .SOz So.2- gas energy.
Which graph depicts the change in C The cova.lent bond in hydrogen iodide

"-ru,,,r),
molecule is rveak.
electronegaiiviry on descendmg Group 17? 8 Sulphur reacts
"rith
chlorine gas to form a
compound X. Compound X is a yellow iiquid

D Dropper
ir\
l/\-
that can be used in the vulcaaisation of natural
ruhtrer-.Compound
A SCI
X is l3 Which stateingnt is not.lrue?
A Concentrated phosphoric[V) acid can

)(- Droplets of slarch

V, Proton numbe!
B
c
D
SCl6
s2cl7
S2Cl2
'- oxidise HBi to Br2.
B Concentrated sulphuric acid is not strong
enough as an oxidising agent to oxidise
HCI to C12.

l"l Electronegati./ity
I
ElectronegativiiY
9 One of the oxides of iodine is iodine(V) oxide,
C Concentrated sulphuric acid can oxidise
HBr to Br2.

Ft_
,|
t\ 1205. This oxide can be used to study the extent D HCIO3 acid is a stronger acid than HCIO.

tl
IronUiI) chloride(aq)
+ poiassium iodidefaq] t\ l\
I

l\
of air pollution due to carbon monoxide.

l\ A
I2O5(s) +5CO(g) +12(s) +5CO2(g)
sample of polluted air is reacted with
t4 Which statement is not
A
true?
Iodine dissolves slightly in lvater, but is
very solubie in potassium iodide solution.
Proron number Proton number
iodinefV] oxide. The iodine formed requires B One method to remove the smell of
Chlorine water is added to a iittle potassium 48.00 cm3, i mol dm-3 sodium thiosr.rlphate in chlorine in water is to add a little aikaline
Which statement is true concerning the alove the titration involving the fwo solutions. What
experiment? iodide solution. The solution is then shaken soiution to it.

A A dark blue comPlex is formed. with liquid tetrachioromethale. What is the is the mass of carbon monoxide in the sample C Potassium iodide forms ayellowprecipitate
of polluted air? rvith AgNO3(aq). The yellow precipitate
B Starch is hydrolysed into a reducing colour of the tetrachloromethale?
A
A Yellow J.12 s
-
dissolves in excess ammonia.
sugar.
B B 2.24 g D Sodium chloride forms a white precipitate
C A brolvn precipitate is formed. Red
C
D The chloride ion is oxidised and chlorine C Violet 3.36 g AgN03(aq). The lvhite precipitate dissolves
D Orange D 4.48 g in excess ammonia-
gas is traPPed in the starch.

68
l5 Which acid is the strongesr? 19 Evaporating d!sh
28 \l'hich combination is correci concerning the
A HCIO Cold waier
cnange in 'rhe cclour intensity, lioiaijlir], and
B HC1O2 Crital,{ boiling point oi halogens on descending Group
c HClo3 \,'ery hot r,rire
I 7 ia the Periodic Tabie?
D HC]O] lia,oour X Colourintensis Volatility Boiling point
A Increase Jnciease Inctease
t6 When chlorine lvaier is exposed i.o 1ighl, a gas
A mixture oi
poiassiun iodide Hydrogea iodide
B Increase Deciease increase
is liberaieC. The gas is ilangane se (nr) !_a30uI C ]ncrease Increase Dectease
A chloiine I o-(ice and D Deciease hcrease Decrease
B oqgen I
Heai
concenttaiei
sulphuric acid 29 Predic'i rhe shape ol rhe IC13 molecule
C hydrogen chloride
A piece of hot r.ire is introduced into a gas A Trigonal planar B 'V'shaped
D hydrogen The diagram shows a method io prepare jar filled v..ith hydrogen iodide vapour. lYrat C Teiraheriron D 'T'shaped
crystals of X. lYhat is ihe crystal? -"voulci be observ-ed?
17 the change in bcad energ'
Vtrrhich graph shows A Ma:rgalase A A yello-w gas is formed 30 ironfflJ chloiide can be prepared by passing
for elemenis in Group 17? B Iodine B A small explosion occurs in the.gas jar chlorine gas over hoi iron. Why is ii ihai
A Borc.n"--gy B tsoni energv C Potassium sulphate C A purple gas is formed iron[1] chloride cannoi be nrepared this vlay?
A^
I Ll,
D Manga-nese iodide D The lvire will give a brighter glow A Iron{lllJ chloricie js more siable ihan
ti
I /\tsr. iron(ll) chloride.
tt\'
ll -\1 20 When bromine solution is exposed t0 sun.light, 25 The reaction beiween chloiine and aqueous B Fe2- ions are more reaciive than Fe3- ions.
tl
JF,
?

ii slowly gives off a gas. Yy'hat is the gas? sodium hydroride can be represenied by the C Chlorine will oxidise iron[II) io iron(lll).
+
I

A Bromine B Hydrogen bromide foilowing equation. D The thermal stalility oi ironfii) chloride is
Prolon number
C Hydrogen D OxYgen 3C12(g) + 6NaOH[aq) - Yery low.
C Bond energy Bond energy NaClO3[aqJ + SNaCl[aq) + 3H2O(l)
l Which siatement is not true conceming tile 3i T;he products of the indusirial elecirolysis of
21 The disproporiionation reacrion betlveen the above reacrion? brine are chlorine gas, sodium hydroxide ald
hydroxide ion and chlorine dioxide is shown A Dilute NaCi solution is used in the hlrdrogen gas. If brine contains xmoles of.sodium
as follows: reaction.' chloride, hor,v maay molas oi each product can
ZOH- + 2C1O2: ClO3- + ClO2- + H2a B The reaction occurs under warm be obtained upon complete electrolysis?
Proton number The results of an experiment on ihe raie of conditions.' Chlorine Sodiumhydroxide Hydrogen
The experimenial set-up used for the
preparation of X in the school laboratory is
reaction are shown in the table below.

Expe.riment [oH-]/ [cror]/ Initial rate/

C The chlorine molecule
disproportionation.
undergoes
A +- z'
I 1_
2^
sho.wn below 7
mol-dn+ " s:
D The highest oxidation stale of chlorine is
u z^
o 1._ 1. -x
namber- ffiot dm " matitnA ldund iiaNaclOj. a"

)
I 0.1B
0.1 B
0.12
0.06
0,s96
0.14q 26 A mixture oi hydrogen and chlorine will uz*
^l x 1
:X
0.09 0.04 0.033 explode if exposed to sunlight. State the 1
3
product of the reaction and the mechanism DX x :y
4 0.09 0.12 0.298 Z
involved.
Based on the above information, ihe mie A HCI and iree radical mechanism 32 The properties of the chlorides oithe elemenis
constant for lhe above reaction is B HC1 and electrophilic addition mechanism X, Y and Z in ane of the short periods in the
A2BB9B C HCI and eleclrophilic substilution Periodic Table are as lollows.
c 153 D 230 mechanism (i) Chloride ol-X dissolves in water and gives
D HOCI and nucleophilic addition off rrhiie fumes.
mechanism [ii) Chloricie of Idissolves in water and forms
22 In which compound does chlorine ha,re an
a solution of pH 6.
oxidation state oi +5? 27 Atoms are said ro have disproportionaied if [iii) Chloride of Z easily dissolves in water
lYarer to Concentrared H2SOd A HCIO B NaC1O2 they are oxidised and reduced slmultaneously without being hydroiysed.
a:sorb HCI(gJ lo absorb waier C NaClO3 AlCl3 in a reacilon. Which equation does not show \ /hich sequence of elements is in the order of
this ty?e of reac'tion? increasing proton number?
Gas
A
X is probably
oxygen 23 The tpe of reaction betl,veen chlorine and an h ^
ZLU -, LU + LU-')-^ A X,y,Z
B chlorine dioxide alkaline solution is B 3BrO- 2Br-+ BrO
- B Y,X,Z
C chlorine A redox B reduciion C Ci2 + H2O + HCI + HC1O C Z,Y,X
D dichloro oxide C hvdrolvsis D
ydrolysis propori
disproPoriionaiol D HNO3 + H2SOa -, NOz* + H3O= + 2HySO4- D Z,X,Y

70
33 The reaciion ireir.'.,'ean iron[ii) sulphicie and 39 trVhen aqueous aininonia is rrix=d v"iih a 43 lVnen caicrine gas is
passed through 48 ltnicn graph correcily shor,:s the change in

diiute hvdiochloric acld m';si be carried oui in soluiion containing a piecipiiaie oi silvel concenirated sociium h_vrircxirie at 70 "C, rle eiecrionegaiivity, E, ior elemenis in Group 17,
chloiide, ine precic:iaie dissol','es. \(hich anions formed are fioln fluorine to iodine?
a fume chamber lecause ihe gas e',rolved ale
pungenl and poisonous. lVhar is lhe gas? equaiion represents lhis reaciion? A ClOl-, ClO4- DI

A Sulphur iriox:de A AgClisl - 2NH3'ai) - B Cr, C1O3-

I
I

B Hycirogen sulphide [Ag(NH3)z]=ta,r) + Ci-iaq)

c cr, clo4- ;

C Sulphur diorioe B Agcl(s) - NH3(aq) - D ClO2-, Ci-

D Chloiine [eg[NHs)]- [aq) + Cl-[aq)
NH3(aq) 44 Which maiching of haiogens n-ith their uses is F CtBi I

A soiution of a bleaching ageni conlairs C 2AgC1[s)+ 2OH-[aq) wrong?

Ag2O[s) + 2C1-{aq) - H2O(1) CE+
chloraie[J ions. $/hat lvill happen if a solurion Haiogen Uses
of bleach is pbuiad inio a beaker of iodide ions.
Nii3(aq)
"-_4 A Chloriae Sterilise drinking waier
i-?
D 2AgCl[s) 2Ag(s) + Ctz(s)
B Chlorine Bleaching agent in the
A The soiuiion in the beaker turns yellovr. cioih and paper industry
B The soiuiiot in the beaker-lurns purple. 40 Which compound reacts wiih waier io form
C Bromine In the making of
C The chloraie ions reduce iie iodide ions. hldrogea chloride?
phoiographic film F ClBr I
D. The chloraie ions undergo disproporiionaiion. A KCI B ZnCl2 D Bromine As an insecticide
C CC14 D PC15 49 3Cio-[aq) + 2CI-{aq) + CiO3-[aq)
35 \vhich species below is Lhe strongesi. reducing 45 V/hich reaciion sirows the underiined substance The reaclion above seems to be
agent? acting as an oxidising agent? Aa disproporlionarion reaction
41 lVhich prcperry increases on descending Group B
A l-(aq) B I2(s) A HzS+Cl2+S+ZHCI a homoly.tic reacdon
C D Cl-(aq)
177
B + Cl- + OCI- + H2O C
a heterolytic ieaction
Br2[g)
A First ionisa'lion energy Cl2 + 2OH-
D- an o.xidation reaction
B Hyfl1ai1en energY of the ion C 2NH3 + 3Clz + N2 + 6HCl
36 Which statement explains rvhy the volatilify C Aionic radius D 3Cu + BHNO3 + 3Cu[NO3]2 + 4H2O + 2NO
of the Group 17 elements (irom chlorine to D Eiectronegativiry 50 A solid X shows lhe following pro;erries.
iddine) in ihe Periodic Table decreases on (i) SoiiCXforrns v/hi'Le precipiiate lvirh silver
A srudent carried out a laboratory experimenl- nitrate[V) soluiion.
descending ihe gioup?
A The nunber cf electrons in the molecule 42 'fhe dlagrarn belcw shows a fine siream oi anci obtained ihe following observations. (iiJ if an excess of ammonia is added to iie
chlorobenzene ilorring near an electiicaliv (j) When sodi[m chlorioe solution is mired white precipitale in (i) abo.re, it'dissolves.
increases.
charged rod. with a solution of silver nitrate, a white
B Th€ enthalpy of atomisation decreases. preqrpiiate soluble in aqueous ammon_ia
Solid X is probably
C The-rne-lling po!+t and the boiling point
is
A-KI- .
increases. Clilorobe!zen9
formed. B KCI
(ii) Then, rvhen sodium bromide soluiion C KBr
D The intermolecular force of attraction is mixed u.ith solution (i), a pale yellow
incteases. D KC1O3
Bureite nozzle precipirale soluble in sodium thiosulphate
solution is formed.
37 The thiocyanate ions (SCN-) form complexes The relative sirength of ligaads towards Ag+ 5l Which species is the strongesi reducing
with transilion metals. Stiite the colour of the agent?
ion in the order of descending strengih is
solution formed in the follo'wing reaction. A NO3-, C1-, NH3, B;-, S2O32-
ACT
Fe3*[aq) + SCN {aq) + FeSCN2*(aq) Fine str€an of B Br-
A Dark blue
chlorobenzene B S2O32-, NH3, NO3-, Br-, Cl- CT
B Dark brown
C Cl-, NO3-, NH3, Br-, S2O32- D Clz
C BlooC red D S2O32-, Br-. NH3, Ct, H2O
D Pink 52 \Vhich statement explains why rhe volatiliry
Which pair of answers explains the effect A7 Solid iociine is less soluble in water but very oi the Group 7 1 eiements decreases on
-16 Which combinatipn shorvs the correct matching of a charged roci orr a fine stream of soluble in poiassium iodide soluiion because descending the group?
ol the oxidation number of bromine in the ion chlorobenzene? A the potassium iodide molecule is polar A The enthalpy of vapourisation dereases.
or molecule? Positr/eu lvegativelY B iodine forms an activated complex v;ith B The intermolecular force cf altraction
BrO j' D-- Brz charged rod charged rod pota-3sium iociide increases.
A+5 _l 0 A Repelled RePelled. C in potassium iodide soluiion, iodine forms C The strength of i.]ie covalent bond in the
B-5 -1 -i B Attracted Attracted a soluble iO3- complex . molecule increases.
c-5 0 +1 C Ailracted RePelled D in potassium iodide, iodine forms a soluble D The boiling point of the elements
D-1 0 +1 D Repelled Atiracied 13- complex decreases.

72

L '
: :' : : -:.: :
-.
- - -;. -
i
--
 53 Chiorine and an aqueoLis soiution of coid 58 Three oi the properiies of ',he halogen h"'drides, ib) ii) When aa e;,:cess of aqueous poiassir-rm {iiiJ Calculate '&e vaiue oi n. IdeniifiT the
sociiuil h1d1p;iide reacis accorCing to ihe HX a:e as follov;s. iodiCe sriuiioir is 3,dded io a lrecipitate elamenif. l4l
iollovrlng equation. [i1 Sirong acids ihai rlissociates almosi ci lead(1il icdide. ihe piecipilate
C12fg) + 2NaOHiaq) + NaCliaq) + NaCIO[aq) 66;n_pls;elf in vraie; dissofties again. Erpiain.
+ H2O(1) [ii] Reacis v;irh a1coho1s, R-OH, io produce
In lhis ieaciion, ch1orir13 undergoes R-X
A drsproporucnai.ioi-i (iii) Can he oxidised by conceniraied
B subsrirution sulphuiic(VJ) acid
C neulralisailon \-Vhich h]''drides shor,'; all of ihe above
D decomposi-rion properiies?
1 HCi
54 ''vr,'hich
hyciriie deconposes lYiih 'Lhe gr3aiesi 2 HBr
ease inio its eiemenis rvhen in coiliac'L -'l/ith a 3HI [il)
-Write
an ionic equation for the above
hnt oleqq rnri? feacilon. t3l
A Ammonia 59 !\tich staternenis are 'Lrue
conceining Group
B HyCrogen chloride 17 elemenis (iiom chloriae io iodinel in tle
C Hyd;3ggn 1e6i5. Periodic Tabie?
D . Jvlerhane I The oxiciation number of rhe elements (c) The element X forms the chloride XCln
changes from -1 ro +7. which rnelis at 3 'C. trVhen 0.500 g of the
55 Diaphragm celi is used in the mmulacture 2 The elemenls have the secold higirest chloride reacls lviih elicess of an acidified
of chlorine. \\hich of the follor,ving is not a liisl ionisation energy in their respective soluiion ol sllver nitrate, 1.19 g of AgCl
prociuct of the process? periods. is formed. Another sample of the chloride
A HTdrogen gas 3 The ions ol the elemenis can aci as of mass 0.500 g is heateci strongly and
ts Chlorine gas Iigands. chlorine gas is liberated. When the residue
C Sodium hydioxide from the reaction is mixed vrith excess of
D Sodiun" meial 60 \,Vhich siatements are true conce;ning Group an acidified solution of silver niirate, only
17 elements in tlie Periodic Table? 0.714 g of AgCl is precipiiated.
56 Which property of halogens and their 1 Ionic tadius increases with increasing {i) Predict ihe tlpe of bond in the chloride
z [a) When 1.00 g of copper(lJ halide, CuX,
proton number. compound.{Clr.
is reacted with aa aqueous soiution of
compounds increases from fluorine to iodine?
2 The firsi ionisation energy'decreases ..lzith ethane-1,2-diamine, NH2CH2CH2NH2, a
A The bond length of the halogen molecuie
blue solution'and a precipitale is formed.
B The electronegativiry of the eiements incieasing proton number.
When tlre m.ixture is fi1tered, 4.22 g of
,C The fipst ioaisaiion ea€rg1z of ttre*e-le-meat 3 Theoxidation.numbet of lheelements in
copp,ii meia rs o6aiGed.
D The lariice energ'y of potassium halide their compouncis is -1 only.
(i) Wriie aa equation for the above
reaction.

Section B iSrtuctured Questions

For each of the questlons in this sectiory one or (iil Calculate the nass of halogen aiom
more of ihe nurnbered statem;'nts 1 to 3 may be 1 (a) {iJ Name two melal ions lhat form
X,
correct. Decide if each of the statenrcnts is or a precipitate r,r,,hen an aqueous
[s not correct. The responses A to D shottld be solution oi polassiLim iodide is added
selecred based on Lhe following: to it. (ii) Suggest, with reasons, in which group
n._ayXbe found in the Periodic Table.
A B C D

1 only landZ 2and3 1,2and3

is couect only are only are ate correct (ii) \\tite an ionrc equation for the
coffect cotrec t reaction in [a)(i). I3l

57 What are the products formeci r,vhen fluorine

oxidises r,vater?
1 Hydrofluoric acld
Z Ox,Jgen
3 Flydrogen

71 75
 (iiiJ Identify ihe halogen X 131 (c) Chloiofluoiocarbon. CFC, is a small alkane \\ii* reierence ro Lhe Daia Booklet, predict {c) State th3 reac'rions thai occur when
' molecule r.riii a fe't; h)rCrogen aioms whether there is a reaction befrveen chlorine gas is pasSed rhrough
sutrstiiuied vrith aroms oi chlorine and (ij acidified li4rO3-(aq) and B.(aq) (iJ cold sodium hydrcxide solutioa
(.b) fluorine. (iiJ Fer'(ag) a-nd Cl2(aqJ (ii] hot sodiura h1'droxide soluijon
Deteir-nine and explain lv-heiher ihere is a
reaction beiween
(i) Sa:e two uses for chlorofluorocarbon. Calculate rhe values of E+ and staie \{rite the eguations arrd explain how- ihe
chaages in rhe oxidaiion number of
(i) iodide ion, I-[aq), and Fe3'[aq) ion 'Lhe oxidaijon numbers of chlorine cha:rge in
ttLnsi'"ion metals in ih? reaciions. i4] t}te react'on. trlhat is the indication that
chlorlEe gas has rcacied?
t4l
Iii) Exp!ain '&e eiiect oi chlorofiuorocarboq
on the enviroflmeil.

(iii) Compound D is one of rhe

chlorofluorocarbons which ccntains
tiie follon'ing elements:
c 17.8%
H
CI 52.6%
F
The mass specirum for compound D dispia-vs a
peak at the ma,ximum value of l2 ai

Use the data above to detern:ine the empirical

iormuia and hence lhe molecular forrnula of
(ii) iodide ion, I-(ao), and Fe3*(aq) ion in D. I5l
the presence of CN-[aq) ion.

4 (a) Chlorine gas is passed through iodine

sblut i6n i n-hb i s od jtrili h-tidio*i
dd sO U ti on.
I

Both the halogens react in the ratio Cl2 : 12

= 7 ; I Mrh sodium hydroxide to form i
rvhite precipitate A and sodium chloride.
(b) By writing suitable equations for the The vrhite precipitate .4 contains the
electrolysis of brine (concentiated NaCl following composition by mass:
solutio:r), calculate the ratio of sodium Na 16.9%
hydroxide to the ch.lorine gas liberaieri. H 1.t%
I2l I 46.7%
o 35.3%
(i) Calculate the empirical formula of
precipitaie l.

l2l

lo 7i
 tii) Using the empirical formuia write/, [ii) Give one imporlant use ior eacfu O {a) (i) Skeich iire electronegativiry graph ior (cJ [iJ HIO: acid is a r,',,eaker acid ihan
one balanced equation foi the above of -ihe chloride compounds name6 '.ie haJogens F, Cl, Br and I. HCl03. Expiain.
reaction. above. I3l

(iii) iVhat is ihe oxidaiion nunber oi

4?
iodine in precipiiate l4l

(b) (i) lvhen aqueous sodium chloride

is added to silver nitraie, a rvhiie
piecipitaie is formed. l,l,iiie an
equation for rhe reaction. [ii) Give one reason why the acidiry for
the oxo-acids of chiorinq increases in
the follorving order.
HOCI, HCiO2, HC1O3, HC1O4. i3I

tii) Ii an excess of aqueo-Lis ammonia (ii) What is the relalionship beiween 'rie
{b)'(i) State your observaiion lvhen an is added to the product. the white elecbonegati!-ity and ihe reaciiviiy of
aqueous solution of bromine is added precipitatedissolves.Expiain. t3l halogens? t31
to ar aqueous soluiion of potassium
iodide.

(ii) Wrjie the equalion for the above 1a) drne following table shows Lhe va.lues of
reaction. t2t
rhe staraard electrode potgntial E:+ for
the elements chlorine, bromine' and
iodine.
(cl The thermal stabiliry of the hydrogen r-l D.
[ci Explain why a mixture of hydrogen halides decreases in ihe order HCl.> HBr
Element
bromide and water does not behave as ari > HI. Explain. 12)
(b) [i) Arrange the following haiides in the E4/V +1.36 +1.07 +0.54
ideal soiution but shows deviation from order of decreasing bond energy.
Raouit's Law. HF, HCl, HBr, Hi Explain the difference in the oxidising
strength of chlorine, bromine and iodine.
t3l

{ii) Arrange the above halides in the order

of increasing acid strength.

(d) With ihe help of an equatlon, erAlain

lvhy iodine dissolves easily in aqueous
(iii) Explain the relationship be8veen the
potassium iodide. I2l (b) When chlorine gas is passed through
bond energy and the acid strengttr of
concentrated ammonium chloride, a
ihe hydrogen halides. t4) yellow oil of nitrcgen trichioride [NC13)
and hydrochloric acid are formed. Nitrogen
5 (a) (il Oiher than sodium chloride, trichloride is hydrolysed by aqueous sodium
name
two compounds of chlorine v'/hich are hydroxide to produce ammonia gas and
sodium chlomte[) solution.
widely used.
(i) Write a balanced equation for the
formation of NCl3.

78 79
 Iii] lVrire a baianced equailon for [cJ Complete ure follorving equatiolr (ci) Chlorine gas is passed Lhrough aqueous (b) Chloiine dioxide is a srrong oxiciising
soci:um hydrcxjde ai roo:n re:.rperaiure. ageni .,vhile in atidic conditions.
hydrolysis oi NCl3. ii) Nacl(s) + H2SOsiaq) -
concentiated The mixiure is ihen heaied. I3l ClO2[aq) + 4H'{aq) - 5e- +
[ii) 2HBr(g) + H2SOr{aqj + CI-[aq) + 2H2O{1)
conceriraied Ei
= +i.50 V
(iii) HCI[g) + H2SOa(aq) + Whai can be obser,red rvhen ar acidified
ihe snape of the NClj
{iii) Drarv solution of chloiine dioxide is reacred
concel-Lrated
molecule. l.3l -,ffith
{iv) i,'ln02(s) + aFiciIaq) 1 (i) H2O2 {hi*drogen peioxide)?
conceniaaied

Siare and explain youi cbsewations for each of

the follcv;ing experimenis.
(a) Soiid lodine is shaker wiih aqueous
poiassium iodide, and ihen scdiun
Ic) Aqueous ironIillJ suiphaie oxidises thiosulphate solu'Lion is added. I3l
sodium iodide to iodine. Hor,vever, sodium
hexacyanoferrate(II) reduces iodine io 10 (a) (i) On the given axes, skeich the boiling
sodium iodide. Explain. t4) poini graph for the hydrogen halides.

Boiling poirt

Iii) I- [iodide ion)? t4l

HCI HBr

[b) Aqueous ironfil) sulphate is adied t0

Give one reason r,,rhy hydrogen
tii )
8 [a) Al room tempemture, the enthalpy of aqueous potassium iodide, follo-,ved by a
fluoride has a higher boiling point
formation for hydrogen iodide is endothermic. few drops of starch indicatot Izt lhan other hydrogen fluorides.
However, at high temperatures, ir is
exo*rerrnjc. Explain. t3j

ll Chlorine is made induslrlaliy by tire electrolysis

of brine (saturated sodium chloride) by using a
diaphragm (membrane) cell as shov;n below:
Concentrared salt solulion
ct,(g)
Iiii) Compare the-boiling noints of hydrogen I

Ic) Aqueous chlorine is

iron(ll) sulphale, followed
added io aqueous
by a little
iodide and hydrogen chicride. Explain
the dilference in rheir bciling poini.s.
lt
lLl
draphragm
I
l'

aqueous sodium hydroxicie. t2l t6l

(b) Hydrogen chloride in water changes
lilmus paper from blue to red. However, + NaOH + i!'aCI
hydrogen chlorjde in methylbenzene has
Sieel
no effeci on dry filter paper. Explain. i3l
cathoCe

Ia) Chlorine is produced at the anode. trVrite

the equalion for rhe reaciion. tij

80 81
 Sketch Lhe graph oi the i:oi1lng points 6; (c) BonC energy ru The soluilon is acidifieri and hromine
lbl Hydrogen gas is produced ai the cailode. is disillled out of the solution.
\r/riie 'Lhe equa"iion for Lhe reac'iion. [1] the hydrldes of Grotp 1 7 a:rd explain why tsond eEeigi'

hydiioies fluoride has the highest boiiing t S,tite an eq{ation for Lhe reaction in
polni in ihis gioup? I3l l
I
siep 1.
I
Step 11 produces sodium bromaieF')
I
soluiion, NaBrO3, and sodium
Ic) Suggest lvhat happens io the Na' ions in -+-#
I

FCIB.I
bromide, NaBr, in ile molai raiio 1:5.
rhe solu'rion. Wriie an equation for il-re formaiicn of
I2l
brcmine in siep 111. l5l

Give an ou'rline of ihe indusiriai

manufacture ol
chlortne from briae {a
is pressure app]ied to the sysrem ald saturaied solution of sodium chloridel. [7]
[d) How
q,rhy? Explain ho.r chiorine reacis with
(i.) hol aqueous sodium hydroxiCe,
{d) Standard electrode poieniial (ii) aqueous potassium biomide,
Siandarti ?lectrode po.eniial
(iii) ethare.
A In each case, state your observation, wriie

t_*
ihe equation ior the reaclion and ldentiry
13 Skeich the 'rrends ol ihe stated properties of the i'?e of reaction involved. IB]
[e) Stare one disadvaniage of rhe diaphragm Group 17 elements. lVrile a briei explanation:
ce11. (a) Eleciron affinty t3l Iodine and chlorine can react to iorm
Electon afijtriry
l Brl compound -4. The mass specilum for .4 has
V peakr. The first three peaks correspond to
& udu", of 35,37 aad.127. The parent-ion
e
(f) Whal is the purpose of rhe asbesios m
DeaK lalls at lJU.
diaphragm in the cell above? 121 'c - =
Predici the ll values of lhe other peaks. [4]
e
Suggest a molecular iormula for compound
l. Calculate the sxtdatiqjl !qi!b_ei arrd
t2 (al Sterch and label the diagiam 0f an iEt$ay Questions percentage conposition by mass for iodine
!-:1! ti
apparalus to prepare a. pure sample of in compound ,4.
hydrogen bromide gas. (Note: This gas is I A11 Group 17 elements are oxidising agents. When dissolved in atl excess of aqueous
llowever, rhei- sLrength as oxidising agents -(c)
denser tharr air.l potass.ium iodide, compound I gives off
varies. Using E" va.lues from the Data Booklet,
explain the above statement \,vith reference to
the reactions of the eiemenis with hydrogen
[i) Predict the chemical reaction bebiveen
tb) Boiling point u4and potassium iodide aad write an
and the thermal siability of the hydrogen
equaiion for ii.
Boiling poinl
l
halides
lYhat is the volume of 1.00 mol
dm-3 sodium ihiosulphate ihat is
2 (a) Reducing agents such as sodium required to react rvilh ali of the iodine
thiosulphate and Fe2* icns caa react with iiberated, when 1.00 g of .4 reacts
Cl2, Br2, and i2. Relate tlleir strength as with ar excess of aqueous potassium
+ Prolon iumber
oxidising agents with the above reacdons. iodide?
(bl Explain why you choose the particular Sketch
melhod to colleci the gas in [a) above? [3] {b) Bromine is obtained from sodium bromide (i) a dot and ffoss diagram to display the
dissolved in sea lvater through lhe bonds in ,4.
follolving steps. the shape of ihe molecule
1 Pass chlorine through sea water at pH
J.J. Horv do tJre reactions of the chloride,
{l Biomine gas formed is absorbed by biomide and iodide ions riiffer when
aqueous so(iit)m carbonate. reacted r,rritlt
 (i) siiver niiraie, foliowed by aqueous (i) l.v'riie one balanced equaiion for the
ammonia? reaction beta,een caiboa monoride
. t :. :. ,..1.a

(ii] concentraied sulphuric acid? and iodine[VJ cxide.

h each case, suggest the products
reaction and lvriie tha eguation for the
oi the (ii) The iodine produced in the abot'e
reaciion is iitrated Y/iih sodium
d;block
a reactions- 11 r l thiosulphate solution.
11 (b) Explain why ihe d:fferences menlio:eci i:t 2Na2S2O3 + 12 r Na2S4O6 + 2Nal
;. (a1[i) exis'r. t41 1.U Cm' or polluted ari requrres
)f 20.0 cm3 of 0.10 mol dm-3 sodium
;l thiosulphate solurion for ihe reaction i't:|. a 3 V/hat is the coordination number of the centia.l
Chiorine dioxide acts as a slrong o,r:itiising iNlultipi e-choice Ou cstions ions in
to go io completion. Calculaie the mass i::r'. I

li agent in an acidic soluiion. of carbon monoxide ln the sa-mple or"

a [a) [i) What is meanl by dispraportionaiion? poiluled air. t4) Section A
,] (iil Suggest one equation foi ihe cl 12-
disproportionalion of chlorine dioxide, Four possible ansu/ers, labelled A, B, C and D
ClO2, in an alkaline soluijcn t4l 8 (a) (i) Give two uses oi iodine in our daily are given for each question. Choose one correct x*,.,
crir I

[b) Ouiline how ihe standard eiectrode life. answer. l

potential, E$|CIO2/C|-) can be measured [ii) Give an accouni of how chiorine
e laboratory
in ihe 17) reacts with cyclohexane. t5l I Various volumes of CuC)2 and a neutrai ligand
v (c) C1O2(aq) + aH'(aq) - 5e- = (b) One of the main uses of chorine is in O of concentration 1 M are mixed. The +ag+OHr]'
[UrO
il Cl-{aq) + 2H2O(1) the industrial manulacture oi sodium readings obtained from the colorimeter for
E€ = +1.50 V chlorate(l). Sodium chlorate(l) is used as a the complex ion formed are recorded and
I With reference to the Data Book-let, predict bleach in homes. Suggest one reaction you plotted.
s whether chlorine dioxide in an acidic would use to produce sodium chlorate(l) Cu Cr Ag
l medium will react wiih and chlorine gas in the school laboratory. 2 ,1
6
Relati.re
-I [i) aqueous iron(ll) ions t51 intensity B 4 6 2
[ii) aqueous hydrogen sulphiCe, H2S (c) A-rL acidic solution of potassium bromate(V), C 2 I J
In each case, calculale the E" value and KBIO3, reacts l./ith hydrogeil sulphide, D -2 3 1

write the equation of the reacdon involved. H2S, to form a precipitate of sulphur and an
t41 orange solution. When the orange solution
is shaken rvith trichloroethane, the orange
colour moves to the organic layer. Wrlte an
7 (a) Explain the volatility of the eiements on
7.
equalion for_ the abovg re.action. Identify if,l. I oH. f2.
deScending Group I I5l the orange producl. Explain your a:rsv,'er.
Volume 0 I | ''554'n" I ''"d77"''l
l*zF*,
10
(bl
Bond energy/ld moll
i5l of cuctr(ao)
/ cm3 I
l"pHo* l

Volume 10
LCI ] LC] ]
H_F +530
e (a) [i) What is the importance of adding oJligand
Dark green Light green

chlorine to drinking lvater? Afug)/cm3

(ii) With the help of an equaticn, explain
H,C1 +431
why the smell of chlorine disappears What is the formula of the complex ion
when aqueous clilorlne is made formed?
H-Br + JOO
alkaline. Isl A [Cu(Q)3]2'
{b) lVrite one equation for the reaction B
H_I +299 [Cu[OJ4l2*
between chlorine and magnesium polvder.
C CuO3-
State the change in oxidalion number. [3]
The tabie above shows the bond energies of (c) lVhen aqueous magnesium chloride is left
D CurOz-

the Group 1 7 hydrogen halides. How can to dry a basic salt, Mg(OH)Cl is formed. Three isomers with different colours shov,n
above are isomers for a chromium complex.
bond energy explain the thermal staliiiry [i) Y'irite one equation for the formation How many isomers are there in the complex
The chromium corrpiex is probably
of the Group l 7 hydrogen halides? 16l of the salr, Mg(oH)cl. ion [Co (NH3)a{H zO)z)3 * ?
[c) The carbon monoxide in a sample of (ii) When the salt, Mg(OH)Cl, is srrongly AJ A [Cr(HrO)6]3-.3Cr
polluted air can be determined by passing heated, the residue is magnesium DO B CICL.6H2O
it over solid iodine(V) oxide, i2os, to form oxide only ard ihere are no traces of C3 c [cr(Hro)5ct]2-.2c1-.H2o
carbon dioxide and iodine. magnesium chloride. Explain. (/l D4 D [Cr(H2O)aC12]-. Cl-.2'd.2O
 lYhich siatement is not true? Chemists found that mos'r Cu* compounds 12 The cyanide .ligand in the complex ion t< Study each statement below ald determine
A Copper(ll) sulphate is added to lYater are white. Holvever, Cu2- compounds are [Cu[CN)a]2- can be replaced by other ligands ivhich is true.
to prevent the growti of moulds and ncrmally blue. lrus rs Decause, to form t-he dark blue complex ion, Z. The A Concentrated hydiochloric acid changes
fungus. A in Cu+ ions, d
) d electron tralsi-rions do complex ion Zis probably oi coppar(ll] chloride to
i-he blue solu'Lion
B Cyanide ions {CN-) are used in ihe not occur A [CuC12]-
ye11ow-.

extraciion of gold and sliver B the exciied eiecirons in Cu ' ions are in a B lCuCl.l2-
B Copper(l) chloride dissolves in lvaiei and
Titaaiurn is used in the construcijon of higher energy Ievel forms a light green soluiion.
C C [Cu[H2O)a]-
The light green compiex ion
aeroplanes and spaceships. C the Cu- ions are less siable as compared to
D EDTA is used as a component oi food ^ a-
uu' .
10ns
D ICufNH3)a]2'
INiINH3)4(H2O jz]2*shows opiical
dyes. D the Cu'ions absorb energy ai a different isomerism.
frequency from the Cu2* ions 13 The arraagement of electrons in the d-orbitals Both ihecomplexes of
vanadium,
The stucture of the complex ion |Ni[EDTA)]2 of four compier ions of iron are as follovrs. K3V(C204)3 and K2VCi5 shovi opticai
is as iollows. has a permanent dipoie isomerism.
1,1
o
ti
L-
B [Fe2{H2O)612*
+'+'+
,/ 'r l3+ I -T- +-
o... ? 9H, ,l *,1. lFezEzO)rl3-
1- 1- -t-
. t'c
/- - o-----l----f ----" o
I I ."\c --o t, ,,
H,i '' Ni2*l
| 1.,: / t' 1
{Fe2(CNl6l} /t
tv + 1-
;r' .N.- cHz ,1t lt il
*
l\v | -v-
IFe2[CN)6]N v
lLIr-
)
Uflr
"l *',1 The arralgement of electrons in the aiove
t- zVn The blue precipitate, pink solution and yeliow
11, U
" tcl
ll
,l table shows that
A the complex ion [Fe(H2O)6]3* has Lie
highest degree of paramagnetism among
solution are
Blue Pink Yellow
o precipitate solutionsolution
lYhich staiement concerning INi(EDTA]]'z- tle complex ions
is
10 [Fe(H2O)6]2+ + 6CN- + [Fe(CN)u]a- + 6H2O B the H2O li,gand is a stronger ligand than A Co[OH)2 [co(NH.)5]2- [Co(NH3)6]3*
correct?
the CN- ligand B Co(OH)2 [co(NH3)6j2* [co[H2o)6]3-
A It is an ociahedral complex. C
B The complex ion [Ni(EDTA)]2- is blue in
Complex ion IFe(CN)6]a- IFe(CN)6]3- C the malnitude of paramagnetism is not CoO ICo(H2O)6]2* iCo(NH3)513-
slab.iliu.-constant 1.0L1 0? 1.0 x i0l3 directly proportional to the number of D CoO ICo(H2O)612* [Co(H2O)6]3.
AqugQUs lolqlio4-
The [Ni[EDTAJ]2- ion does not undergo unpaired eteCiioni
hydrolysis in water. Which statement is not true? D the splitting of the 3d orbitals in the 17 Which statemenl is not true?
I mole of Niz* ions react with mole of i A The stability constant for the above hexaaqua complex is greater than in the a The stoichiometry of the complex ion can
reaction is hexacyano complex be determined by means of titralior-r.
EDTA to form 1 moie of the complex ion
-- iFelCN)^l4- B The method to determine the concentration
lNi(EDTA)12-. ^' lFe[H2O)6]?'lCN l6 14 Study each staiement below and determine of a compound by measuring the extent of
the absorption of light by the compound is
Fe3* + + Fez-
e- Ee = +0.77 \ B The complex ion lFe(CN)613- is more which is true-
stable than the complex ion [Fe(CN)6]a-. A . When 'a solution of potassium iodjde is called colorimetry.
Fe(OH)3 + e- + Fe[OH)2 + OH- E" = -0.56 V C The complex ions of [Fe(CNJ6]3- and added to a solution of copper sulphate, C Beer-LambertLawallovrs the deiermination
by ar of the extent in which a compound absorbs
02 + 4H- + 4e- + 2H2O Ea = +i.23 V [Fe(CN)6]a- are octahedral in shape. followed excess of
sodium
monochromatic light.
D The lower the oxidation state of the metal, thiosulphate soluiion, a brown precipitate
D The photoelectric ca-lorimeter cal be used
From the above information, it can be concluded the more stable is ihe complex formed is formed.
that behveen the metal and its ligands. B A purple solution is formed when to determine the degree of paramagnetism
potassium cyanide is added to a solution in a complex ion.
A Fe2n ions are more easily oxidised to Fe3t
ions in alkaline solution than in acidic The complexes with a coordination number of of ironIII) chloride.
C Ayeilow solution is formed when potassium 1B Which complex ion is formed when potassium
solu lion 6 are octahedral in shape. Which complex is
thiocyanaie is added to a soiution cyanide is added to a solution ol iron(ll)?
B Fe2* ions are a strohger reducing agent octahedral? of
than Fe{OH)2 A {MnClal2- iron(lli) sulphate. A [Fe(HzO)o]2'
C Fe2'ions cannot be oxidised in air B [Cu(NH3)4]2* D lVhen ar1 excess of ammonia is added to a B [Fe[H2O)u]3"
D Fe[OH)3 is more reactive as compared to C ICu(NH2CH2CH2NH2J"l2' solulion of copper(ll) sulphate, a dark blue C [Fe(CN)o]a-
Fe(OH)2 D [Mn[C2Oa)3]3- soluiion is formed. D [Fe(CN)6]3-
 Which giaph shows the neldng poinis of 21 \,tririch ligarC is noi a morcdeniaie iigzld? 1< i\:ra'- is r:e shepe ic: r^.e irVinCi,l]r- n:oleruie? 31 \\,-hat is ihe oridar.io:r nui-nbel for chiomium in
iransiiion metals? AB A Trigonal planar Cra2C12?
A O,2
\ t-l
H.
H_ No
B
C
Ociahedral
Trigonalbipl,ra:niri
A284
C5 D6
Doir;i,/K
o D Tetrahediai
-*>. H/ \Yiich chaiacierisiic is not one of ihe
\-/
\ HH Srate the catalysi. used ln ihe pol'vmerisai.ion characteiis-Lics of ualsiiion elements?
o\a-o piocess beior'r.i A Coloured ions

#
i,,l
Ci I
lil\
/r T\
B
C
D
\/arialle oxida;ion siales
High densiiies
Can fcrm ccmplexes
Ti V F: Cc Ni ,11 n o/c - nC.H,--l-C-C-5
\i\ri
Cr Nin Cu
11 i,'t a-
t /"I 1.3 g of a meial (relaiive atomic ii:ass 52)
I{elting I H Cisplaces 2.4 g of cop,Der (relatjve aiomic iiass
poiri./(
'i I 64) from a sclution oi copper(ll) sulphate.
\,Yhat is the name for the complex [Fe(CNJrl'3 Nickel l.Vhat is the formula of the metal ion ir the
l
I A Hexacyanolerrate(1) B
i B liexacyanoferrate(il) C Aiuminium AM BM-
C Haxacyanoierrate(lll) D Zieglei'Natta caiaiyst C fuT7' D M3*
D Hexacyanonitrile(li)
The reagenis below are separately niixed to an A stuCenr places a feur drops of acidified
TlVCrMnFeCoNiCu aq-ieous soluion which con:ains Fel= ions. ]n potassium dichiomaie on a piece of filtei paper
\',ihich reagent will the sclution turn tc blood and then drops lhe paper into a gas jai iiiled
Melting { ,CH:CH2 reci? r^,'ilh"SO2 gas. The fiJter paper
ro:ntlK A H2S B KI(aq) A .'iurns io orange
I A'' C D
I l-1
KSCN[aq) NH:(aq) B turns to green

l/\l \
C shor,vs no changes .
28 How many isomers aie possible for tire coinplex ]
D is oxiiiised to black
Co(tr-H3)3C13?
AO BI
#Ti V CrMnFeCoNiCu\
35 A solution coliaining one of the following
C2 D3 metal . ions gives a brovrn precipitate whet
c:o CH Whai v;iU happen if aqueous amrnonia is added
aqueous sodiun-r hydroxide is added. Whal is
the fietal ion?
CH, to the complex [Ni(en)3]2-?
lvlelt!ng J.
/ CH, A Al3'(aq)
point,/K
// C :o Ions Complex 1 Log(stabilifl cottstant) B -Fe3"(aq)
C
n ,/
,/ cHz lt i2
lN NH:)ol2' 8.6 D
Mgzn(aqJ
Pb2'(aq)
rf ,/ The diagram above displays the atoms arranged Ni2' 18.3
s
*/' in the haemoglobin molecule. X is
[Niien)3]2
36 The standard elecirode poieniial for a fev,, hall
A iv-lg2= ion B Zn2'ion A No reaction.
. cell reactions are given be1ow.
n Ti V CI IV1N FE CO Ni CU
u le' 10n D Fe3- ion B '' '.,' ''
The complex [Ni(NHj)"]"
,,. '
is forned. Half-cell reactian E',/V
S C The solution changes colour to lighr
24 Mosr iransiiion elements ate useful green. -Lg,o,+H=+e--H"o
2" +1.77
c heterogenous calaiysts lor various reactions. Ammonia gas is liberaieri. fg3+ "f g- ; fs2- -0.77
n Which set of values given coriesponds toa Which statement can explain Lhe catalytic
02 + 2H+ + 2e- -, IfzOz +0.68
transition element? properb/ of transition elements? Which statement is true concelning transiiion
fe' +le -ie -0.44
Melting Boiling Density Electrical
A The ability of the eiements to act as metals?

point point (g cnt3) conductiviiy

reducing agenis- A Only these metals can form more rhan ore Which reaciion can occur under srandard
B
fc) rc) (n-t m-t)
The ability of the elements to lovv-er the
enthalpy of reaition. B
valency {oxidation sraie).
Only ihese n]etals can form compiex ions.
conditions?
A
A 98 BB3 0.97 2.4 x 107 The ability of the elements to form coloured C Only d.ese metals can p'oduce anhyd-ous
Fe3=
-2 -, ] u,o,
- H,o + H- + Fe2-
B 113 1Bs 4.93 7.7 x lo-a complexes $,ith a yarieiy of ligands. ch.iorides wiih covalent bonds. B Fez- + 2Hro -, Hzoz + 2i1+ + Fe
c 1t3 444 2.07 5.0 x 10-r5 The abillry of the elemenis to adsorb D Only these rneials can give coloured ions C 2Fe2* +2H- +02+ t12O2+2Fe3-
D r 083 2567 B.g2 6.0 )< I Oi inolecules onto its surface effectively. in aqrreous solutions. D Fe + 2H- + 02 + fl2Q, -r Pg2-
 37 T he eiecironic coniiglraiion s22s22p63 s2 3pi
1 42 The table beiolv shor,,,s t\e piolon numbers 0i 4B Soiuiions containing iron{III) salis aie acidic. 54
3d34s2 a iel... imnsiiion elements. trYhy is this so? l.
A is 'rhe elecironic configuraiica for an ftbu can assume ihai Fe(H2O)63- ions are Ns. i
eiemeni in Grcup 2 of tjle Periodic Table Elenent i Cr Mn Fe Ni LU Dresent in ihe solution.]
B is rhe eiectronic conflguraiion for air A
I

The complex ion Fe[H2O)53= can aci as a

elemeni in Group 13 cf the Perioriic
Proton number I 24 zslzolzaizi prcton donor.
I

Taile
C is the eiectronic configuration ior an
Which set of ionisaiion energles (in kJ mo1-lJ, B The complex ion Fe [H2O)63'can donaie a
ione pair of electrons.
3l I

correspond io the sei of ionisaiion energies fgi

elemeiit in Group 15 oi the Periodic copper? C AJl solid salis of iron$l) are acidic.
I

Table D Fe{H2OJ53- ions in -rhe solution unrlergo

Geomeirical isomerism occurs in compiex
D is ihe eiectrotic configuration foi a
First Second Third
Fourih disproporticnation.
ionisaiion foniseticn ion[sation ionisation ions. Narne the complex ion shov,n alove.
tiensirion rn€tal
erterg energy ensw enetgy has a variable oxidation state,
A cz.r-teiraaminedichlorochromium(lllJ
49 Manganese B
A 653 15q0 2990 4770 bui does not form I{n7- ions easily. 14&ich
/rans"'ietraaminedichlorochrcmiumIIIl)
38 CrrOr2-{aq) + H2O(1) + 2CrOa2-(aq) + 2H'(aq) B 716 151 0 3250 5l 90 C brs-dichioroietraaminechromium{lIIl
siatement expiains this?
\lrhy does the addiiion of. an alkali to c 745 1 960 3550 5690 A Manganese is very reacrive.
D cls'dichloroleiraaminechromium(ll)
the dichromate(\,{),zchromate(V1} equilibrium D 736 1750 3390
produces a yeJlow colour?
5400 B The maximum oxidation stare for
maaganese is +6. 55 \iVirich complex ion shows optical isonerism?
A. The aika]i reduces the concentlation of A B
H2O in ihe equilibrium. 43 Which statemeli is true concerning the C l\'[n2* ions have a stable elecironic [Mn[CrO1)3]3- [Co[NH3)5]3*
C [Cr[H2O)aCl2]. D [Fe(CN)5ja-
B lyiore Cr2O72- ions are formed. transition elements (from chromiurn to copper) configuralion, [Ar] 3ds.
C The alkali reduces the concentration of in the Periodic Table? D The ionisalion energy to produce Ml7- is

H- ions and rhe equilibrium shifts to the A A11 are silvery white, t^^
Lvw l.rd6
rqr6u. 56 Which statement does not refer to a

righ t.
B A.l1 have low melijng point. . characteristic property of transition element?
D The alkali reacts wit\ CrOoz ions and C AII have fully filied 4s orhiial. (n lvhat is the coordination number for the A ..Nickel is used in ilre hydrogena'.ion oi
produces a ye11ou' colour. D A11 caa be.used as cataiysts. complex ion tetraaminedichlorocobali(lll) f vegetable oil io solid fais.
chioride, ICoINH3)aC12]Cl? B Oxides of manganese have rhe formulae

39 When drops of concentrated hydrochloric acid A2 B 3 MnO, MnO2 and i'ln3Oa.

Manganate(Vll) ions act as s'Lrong oxidising ^A
are dropped onto potassium mangalaiefVlf C4 D 6 C Iron teacts rvith dilute acids to release
agenis in hydrogen.
A acidic conditions crysrals, a gas is evolved. State ihe name of tlre
D Copper(ll) hydroxide.dissolves in an excess
B alkaline conditions 51 Po'tassium thiocyanate soluiion reacis wirh
A form a coloured solution. What ls of aqueous ammonia.
C neurral conditions Orygen Fe3* ions to
D cold condiiibni B Hydrogerr the coiour of the solution?
C Chlorine A Yellow 57 Which stalement is not Lrue about the element
D Hydrogen chloride B Dark blue manganese?
40 Which complex conmins a transition metal ion C Brown ,4- Manganese can exhiblt variahle oxidation
wilh a +3 charge?
45 \{then Mn[OH)2 is exposed to ai4 it D Blood red states in its compounds.
A Itr[Fe(CN)5] turns
black. What is the black chemical substance?
B The electronic configuration ofmanganese
B INi(NH3)61C12 .
52 AII of the following species are ligands excepl is [Arl 3di4s2.
C [Cr[H2O)aC12]CI AMnOa- MnOa2- B C Chlorine gas is released when MnO2 is
CMnO2 Mn2* D A NH:
D [Pr[NHr)2]Ctz BCO heated with concentrated hydrochloric
C NH4" acid.

41 l,Vhy is an indicator not necessary in the

46 In which reaction is copper (the underlined D OH- D The highest oxidation number is +5.
species) reduced?
titration of aqueous manganate[Wl) ions with
a soil-1tion containing ethanedioaie ions?
A
,
^
7!
Cu" - H2S + CUS + 2H' 53 trVhich reaction does not show the formation 58 'vVhich reagent wiil dissolve litanium and form
A The manganate(VIIJ ions tviil turn to
B CuCO3Cu(OH)2 = 2CuO + CO2 + H2O of a complex ion of a transiiion element as a a purple solution?
brcwn at the end-poini. C eu2* + 4Cl-+ [CuCIa]2- result of l.igand exchange? A Diiute hydrochloric acid
B Al Lhe end-point, CO2 gas is no longer D cuz* + 5cN- + [cu(cN)a]3 n A z{Ag(CNlrl- + Zn + [Zn(CN)al2- + 2Ag B Nitric acid
given ofL ]tcN), B [Cu(H2oJa]2= + 4NH3 + [Cu(NH.)4]2* +
C Sulphuric acid
C A precipirare. of Mn02 coilecred. ar rhe 4H20 D Aqueous sodium hydroxide.
basa of the tiirating llask indicates the 47 Which formula of a complex ion is not c [Fe(H2O)6]3n + SCN- + [Fe(SCN](H2O)512'
completion of the reaction. coIIect? + H2O 59 Ai room iemperature, iiianium(lV) chloride is
D The manganate[yl]) ions will change from A Fe[H2O)3* B CuClaz- D iFe(SCNI(HzO)dz* + 6CN- + [Fe(CN)3]3- A an ionic solid B an ionic iiquid
purple to colourless. C JNi[en)3]2. D CuBr2z + SCN- + 5H2O C a co.raleni solid D a co,/alent iiqr.rid
 60 Ia tvhich ci the follo'"r,ing formulae does the 66 lrcniii) suiphare is used in medicine. \iihich A iileial i.acts ,.:.ihen heaied lviiil dry chlcrile (cj Duiirg rhe eieciiolysis ci a solution
uansiiion eleneni show ine highesi oxidaiicn r€ageni can be used to deiermine fte perceniage and with dry h.vdrogen chloride to form coniaining 6';i-[ac) icns, o;rygen is
siate? oi iroir in medicire by means cf ritraiion? riiifereli solid producis. \(hich metals behave liberated at ihe anode and chiomium
A Cr2O,=2- A lcciine disscl,.,ed in po'"assium iodiie tlis r.vai.? meiai is deposiieci ai ihe caihoda.
B CuCL2- B Nitric acid
1 T;an (i) 14'ri:e ihe equaiion for the reaction at
C MnOl- C Potassium nangaraie[\']lj the caihode.
D lvlnO:2- D Sodium ihiosulphate 3 Magnesium

61 The Ziegler-Naiia carai,vsr is usei in lle vYhich staiemenr is irue concerning rhe 72 lhe values of ihe sianiiard elecirode
Poil'merisation of alkenes. It is a mixiure oi transirion melals? po'.eniia1 for thiee hali-ce11 reacticns are given
AilC2H5)3 and A They aie inetals rvhich form complel belo,,,*
(ii) if 1.00 xg clioinlum is foineci ai the
A K2CI2O7 B iC\,{nO4 ioas. caihcde, -rihai is Lne voiune oi oxygen
C TiCI4 D EDTA. They are meia1s r,vhich la.,'e mote ihat uatJ-celi reactton i t"l ti j liberaied ai ihe ar:ode? l4j
one oxidaiion siate.
62 Which complex ion has a coordiraiion numbei C They aie metals lvhose a-nhydrous chlorides
Lo"laql+e
^t_,^L iLo'[aq] +1,81
of 6? are covalenrli, boeded. Cr3-{aq)+e-=Cr2=(aq) -0.41
A lFeCl.l- D. They are metals which iorra colouied icas lr"taq]+e +1r-iaq, -c.37
B. [NiCi:12- in aqueous soiution,
C [Ag(CN)z]- Which reactions can occur at standard
D [Fe(CN)6]a- 58 Which sequence of elemenis is arianged in ihe condirions?
orCer of ascending iirsl ionisaiion energy? I Co3-[aq) + Cr2-(aq) - Co2-(aql + Cr3-(aq)
63 The electronic conliguration for three ircnsition A Ti, Cr, Iln, Fe B Fe. Cr, lvIn, Ti 2 Crr'(aq) - - Cr2=(aq) + Ti3*(aq)
Ti:'taqJ
eiemen'rs ,Y, I and /
are as follows. C Fe, Mn, Cr Ti D ivin. Cr, Ti, Fe 3 Ti3-1aq) + Cor-{aq) - Tir-(aq) r Coi-(;o)

73 An elenent with a yaience electionic

x(.qrrrrll,EtrtrEE Section B coniiguration of 3(ts4s2 is expected lo
r(.{n il,ltrtrmtrm For each of the questlons in this section, one or
1 form coloured ions
2
zf.:tfrE[|Etrtr more aJ" the numbered siaiements I io 3 may be
coffect. Decide i,f each of the statements is ot
3
fcrm complex compounds
ha-ye a low.meltirg point
\{ith reference to the abo;;e, irhat is the most is not carrect. The responses.,A to D shouid be
stable oxidaiion siaie for the icns of each of the selecLed based an tlrc fallol//ing: 74 Which sralemenrs are uue concerning the
eiements? element'u,/ith a proton numb,er of 22?

6, r)
x YZ
,a ,1
iaisicioi I
2 Ii
It is a good conductcr of electriCiry.
forms coioured ions in aqueous
B+2 L) L) I tonty I tanozl zana: lt,zu.o:l solution. [d) (i) What is the colour of chromaie(V1)
C+2 +3 +1 I is correct I oniy are I only are I are .orrect I 3 it reduces sodium ions to sodium metal. ion?
D+2 +3 +2 L Icorrectij91.1 i I

64 The cornplex ion [Ti[H2O)6]an cioes not exist in 69 lVhich statemenls are true concerning the .Slryctured Questions
an agueous solulion because compiex ion iFe[CN)6]a-?
A Ti4- ion has high polarising pornrer IThe oxiciaiion siate of iron in the compiex (i i) State the colour after a few drops of
B I than one million tonnes of chromium
fu1ore acid is added to chromate[VI) ion.
Ti4*. ion reacts lvith r,vater and lorms ion is +2.
ion is produced in the ,,,./orld eachyeat 70% of
Ti(oH).1 2The coordinalion number of lhe complex is
the chromium is used in allovs and ihe rest in
C Tj4* ion is a strong reducing agent 6.
electroplating.
D Ti4'ion is noi stable 3 The complex ion is nor stable in waier.
(a) State one aiioy lr'hich contains
chromium. I1I (iii) Acidified chromate(VI) ions are
65 An elemeni M has onl',t one oxidation state for 70 S/hich statements are lrue concernir')g ihe
all its sali.s. A probable eiectronic configura'iion complex compound ICu(NH3)a]SO1? reacted with excess zinc. Slate the
ior lhe M atom is I oxidaiion number oi chromium in the
JCu(NH:irlSOj solution is dark blue.
A 1s22s22p3 2 One mole oi [Cu(NH3)a]SOr reacts r^ritlt (b) Give one reason lvhy chromium is used.ro produci. I At
I- I

B 1s22s22p63s2 n\,.0 moles clsil,,.er nitrate. elecrropiate metal objects. tl]

c 1s22s22p03s23p2 3 One mole of ICu(NH:)rlSOa in atlttcoLts
D 1s22s22p\s23po soluiion forms I"ro moies of ions.
Cadmium icns are poisonoi:s. One ol ihe tbl \i/riie one balanced equaiion for ihe Ie) Suggesi oae reason \,'i-hy the E€ value (ii) \'}'hat is the o::idaiion numl:er oi
reacrlon befween ihe oxochromium ioit for the oxomanganesefi{i) ion is m0re chronium in the compiex?
neihods of treaiing cadmiurn poisoning is to
administer EDTA soiution. anC an acid, i2l posiiive than oxochromium{VI) ion. t21

o. ,.o-
)cct+,..
,// '\ ,,cYzc.,\'o
9" / Siate youi obselvaiion vv'hen rne
u.\/--\r-a )*ar,,ar,*
Ic)
oxcchromiumfi{i ion is mixed'niil
\-.ccHr ,,- \ -
cHrc z
'a'/ ' EDTA' \o- {i) a liii1e dilute aciC; (iii) Suggest a shape for ihe anion of the
complex.

fa) State tie ilpe of bonC

iormed berween the
iiganc EDTA and lha meiai ion. I1j (ii) a li.rte diluie a-ikali

[iv) Siaie the iype of isomerism show'n b;,r

the anion of the complel.
tzl Stainless sieei is an al1oy containing
{bl Circle on ihe EDTA diagra-m six atoms chromium and iron. Why is chromium
which form bonds lviih the metai ion. [1] (d) Predici whether acidic S:r2- icns can ieacl
used in the manufacture of stainless
tc) Given: vziih steel? I II (v) Draw -rhe isomers for the anion of ihe
Caz'+ EDTAi- + [Ca(EDTA)]2- (iJ oxochromium[VI)ion compler. 16l
Ks:a-biliry = 5 x 10ro dm3 mol

-
cd2; EDTA'- +[cd[EDTA]I]
r-.",,,,^. = 4 x 1016 dm3 moi
i

7i):"i pplar- + lzn[EDT.A)]2- ib) (i) State one common chemical property
Ksublir/ = 3 x i0l6 dm3 mol-l beiween ions of iroa and manganese.
Give your comments regarding ihe
effecliveness of the use of EDTA in the
teatment of cadmium poisoning. I4l 5 Transition metals are normal.iy used in
Iii] State three differing chemical (a)
prop erti es between iron and industrial processes in,/olving hydrogen.
manganese. t3l
(i) Give two examples of metals used in
ihis lvay.

Iii) State the processes which use

Ic) A salt of formula NH*lCr(SCN)"(NH3)rl transition metals named in (a){i). {41
[ii) oxomanganese[Mi) ion has a perceniage composition by mass as
follows.
Cr 1 5 .5Y"

(d) How can the limitation in (c) be rectified? S

a0 1a/
I2l N

ti) Calculate the values of x andy in tJre

above salt.
ib) What is the factor that causes transition
metals to show variable oxiciation states?
Oxoanions are negatively charged ions that t3l
contain elernents combined vrith oxygen. The
higher oxidation states ol d-block elements
normally exisL in the form of oxo anions.
(a) Give [he iormula of the oxo anion for
(i) chromium(VI):
(ii) mangarese {\rll):
l)t
l-1
 (c) Radio aerials are rnade up of a miriure [iij Dicriomaie[VI) ion and iiott[ll) ion l+1 { tij Biiefly explain r..rhy ihe Cr3-[aqi ion is id) Aciriiiied potassium dichiomaieIvri')
of ine oxides of calciuiu anii iron. This coloured. tZl can be used io ri;iierei.tiaie a piima;y
mkiure is aiso krior,.z:t as ferrite. Ii collsisis a1coho1, secondary alcohol and a ter'Liary
oi 18.59'6 cf calcium and 5 i.994 of iron b1' alcohoi. Drar,,' ihe prcduci [if any] when
mass. the follor.ving aicohols are reacted v,'i'ili
(i) Caiculaie r,1e empiiichl fcrinuia of acidlfied potassiuia dichiomaief/l).
ferriie. (i) cH3cH2cH2cH2oH

(c) Suggest one reason wh,v Poiassiun

manganareIVII) and not potassiurn
dichromate(VI) is used in Ln? iii.iaiion of [b) [iJ Give two ieasons l,vh-v ihe Cr6-[aq)
Fefll) ion. ion does not exisi bui the CrO12-iaqj
I1l
ion can be iormeri.

cH3cH2cHCH3
{ ii)
i

OH

[ii) What is the oxidaiion number of iron

ln ferriie? i3l (d) An iron nail ol mass 1.40 g is dissolved
in 100 cm3 dilure sulphuric acid. 10 (ii) Wriie one eguation for the eflect of
cm' 01 the solutron regulles +.u x lu - an acid on tle aqueous chromateflil]
nroles of manganate(VIIj ions [or conp)ete ion. I3l
oxidation. Calculare
(i) rhe number of moles ol Fez* produced
by ihe iron nall. (cl [1) \4tith reference to the Data Booklet,
wrire a. balanced equation for the
oxidaiion of Ct'*[aq) to dichromate[YI;
ion by hydrogen peroxide, H2O2, under
6 (ai Staie the colour of the follovring ions. acidic eonditions. (iii) cH:
Ii) MnOa'(aq): I

(ii) Mn2=[aq): aH _a_nll

(iii) Cr2O72-(aq): l

OH
(iv) C13*(aq):
t2) (ii) the percentage of iron in the iron
naii. t3l
tbl lYith reierence io the Data Booklel, \"/rile
balanced equaiions for. the following
reactions at lov; pH.
(i) ManganateIVII) ion a;rd iron[11) ion
(ii) Using your arswer in (c)(i), explain
tn;hy an alkaline condiiion is more
suiiable for the cxidarion of Cr3*[aq)
Chromium (proton number = 24) is a d'block by hydrogen peroxide, H2O2. l2l
element. A lot of chromium compounds are t3l
used in the lai,oratory.
[a) (i) lVrite the electronic configuration for B [a) Staie one industrial use of tiianium[IV)
the ur"- ton oxide. i1l
 tbl Suggesi anC briefiy explain tv/o ways [iii) W'hai is the shape oi rle [Fe(CN)u]<- IO The graph ireiolv sho-rvs -rhe redox poten-rial oi [-,J [FetC2Oa)3]3-
;n which ihe rusiing of iron can b3 ion? some aqueoi]s slrsiem.
i?I 3- [',')
Dievented iJj

[bJ Dra,,v all the ISOM CIS

lCiiC,O.,l,fH,O,ll-.
(iv) Draw ihe shape of ile [Fe[CN)u](
ion. t4l "
-*-rr)-/C_2r
''\-.,v gt1c, -'_)G.
(c) Explair why Mnfli) ion is a siionger Cr iJr Fe Co Ni
oxiriising ageni than Fe(lll) io;r. Pj
What coi:clusicns can be made about:
[i) Cr

(h) (i) lYhat is meant by the ielm transition

element?

(ii) Mn

[ci) State the coiour change w-hen an aqueous (ii) State fwo propenies of iron or its t51

soluijon of iron(ill) chloride is added to compounds which qua.lifies iron as a

(i) aqueous potassium thiocyanate, transition element. I3l
KSCN,
irqSaY Questions
(iii) Fe
I Transition metals are
ncrmally good
homogenous and heterogenous catalysis. Using
suitatrle exampies, explain lhe action of the
'catalysts. [15]

(c) Hadfield steel is a ty?e of steei which 2 {a) Siate the possible shapes for the transilion
(iv) Co metai complexes wiih 4
or ligands 6
is very hard and made up of a mixtule
{iiJ zinc powder. t4l of manganese, iron and a littie carbon. attached to the central metal ion.
t3I
When 0.2 g of steel is dissolved in a {b) Draw the shape of the complex ion and
dilute acid, a purple solution containing state the type of isomerism found in the
iron(lll) ions and manganate[VII) ions aie following complex ions.
formed, lVhen the soluiion is titrated lvith ti 0l ti) [CuC1a]3-
iron(ll) sulphate, it requires 24.5 cm3, of (i1) [FeF5(H2O)]2-
0.1 M iron(ll) sulphate to decolorise the Name ihe following compounds: (iii)[Co(NH2CH1CH2NH1)2F21* Il0]
9 {a) Prussian Blue is a type of blue pigment purple solution. Calculate the percentage ti)
[Ni(co)41 Ic) Calculate the oxidaiion number oi the
which is r,videly used. It can be formed by of manganese in Hadfield steel. metal in the above complexes. l2l
mixing FeCI3 solution and KaFe[CN)6. [Civen that I mol l''IrlOa- -
5 moi Fez.i
(i) Siale the oxidaiion number of iron in t3l
3 (a) Using chromium and iron as examples,
both ol the soluiions above. Iii) [FetCN)5]a- siate four physical properties of tansition
melals which are different from those of
magnesium and aluminium l1 0l
(iii) [CuC12]- tb) (i) Suggest the function of haemoglobin
in the human body and how ihis
(ii) Suggest one important use for the iunction is carried our.
Prussian Blue pigment. (iv) [Ni(H2o)oCl2]
(iij Name one poison detrimental io
haemogiobin and explain how ii acis.
lsl
 (aj [i) Explain iie elecirochemical process using ihe follcwing daia.
in i,he rusting of iron. The poiass junt sa. r 01 fie i:cn(lil)
I'i (ii) State iwo conCirions tvhich acceleiaie e:hanedioare comple:. has ihe
ihe rusling of iron. Ii 0] ioJlor+'::rg per"c3niaq? conposi.ion 5y
F;esiis #r,'*i? itrs,i 7 * p i k e i S ?-Fi'rit, x *rg**,'s e n e n: i s? r y
'a I : a i i::''i 'r.:r-riiiclli,ilFer:+ES
(b) Explaia r.ihv *&e foilcr,ving objects rust mass.
slov,'iy oi noi ai a.ll. K, 26.8%; Fe, 12.8%: i;i"^-."-- rr i0 D Each pea.k represenis fte last el€neni oi the
fij The boiiom of a ship fixed..,rriih biocks C, 16.5%; O, 43.9%. lvirdPLtr pedod. P is rhe second lasr eiemeni of the third
oi magnesium. \,Vri-Le the formula of 'rl1s complel pea\ thai is, Period 3. So, P is tle ser.enlh
(ii) A greased bicycle cnain. i5l ion. t6t MuITIPLE-CHOICE QUESTIONS eiemert in Peiiod 3. P is chloriae.
(bl Suggesi ihe q.?e of isomerisra shown by ii D TheelementsXarrd lcalformioniccompounds
ihe above co;llplex and drarv ihe isoineis. 1 C There is a big jump beoreer the flith alC v/ith ihe sodium meta.1. Therefore X md Y ue
Iu) Explain how a bond is formed beirveen sixth ionisarion energies. Thls iniiicaies that noi netais. Ifo-rve'v-er I cal foim iire rrrolecule
a ligand and a iransition metal ion in a Isl ihere aie five electrcns il tle ouiarmost shell I?6, indicailng -&at I has empf d orbitals. X has
(c) \i/hen a soluiion cf poiassium ihiocyataie
complex. i3l [va]3nce elecirors). Hance, the elelreni,l.fis 1n no empq. d oibirais and cannoi form,YF6. X alri
lhe foliowing obselations.
(KSCNJ rvas added io rhe above compiel Group 1 5.
tb) Explain I/are in the sa-ne group in the Periodic Table- For
solution, the soiution turned rei. ZD The oxidalion numb€r of sulphur in
[i) When ammonia soluijon is added to
Hou,eveL when Foiassium ihiccyana.s
example, oxyge! anC sulphur ftom Group 1 6,
an aqueous solution of Cu2-, a blue SO2: +4 A: ls2Zs:zpt {no d orbitalsl
coloured complex is formed.
soluiiol vras added io a solution of SO3: +6 st 7s22s22p63s23p4 (has d orbitais)
(i!) Chroniumformsaseriesolcompounds
potassium hexaclranofellate(lII) instead, 3B The oxide l? forms a strcng acidic solution Therefore, Xiakes the electonic configuration of
no red solution v;as obtained. Explain the rvhereas ihe oxide I is a \veak acidic oxicie (ior O arrd i'takes ihe elecironic codguration of S.
viiih the formuia CrCl3.5HrO. One example, SiO2). The oxide .t is amphoieric.
of these compounds is purple and difierence ldt
L ,] 12 A The eiement .R is in Group 1 5 hecause it has 5
The sequence of oxides in order of increasing valence electrons. .! with 7 valelce elecirons
dissojves in water. lVhen AgNO3[aq) basicity is X, I ard S.
is added to this soluiion, a1l of the
8 (a) Wiih the help of suiiable diagrams, explain comes from Grcup 17. n aad S require 3 ald 1
the tlpes of isomerism that can exist in an
4B On descendiag Group i4, the size of the . more electrons respectively to achieve a stabie
chlorine is precipitared out as AgCi. atom increases and the first ionisation energy
One ofier compound is green and also
octahedral complex. IBI decreases. Even though the nuclear charge
_ octet configxra-Lion. Therefore R and 5 will react
-wii]l one another to form a covalent compound,
(bl \r,ihen a cold solurion of chromium(iilj i-
dissolves in water. trVhen AgNO3(aq) increases, its effect is offset by the corresponding P,E, lvhich obviously has covalent bonds. Non-
chloride is evaporared, purpie crystals 0f increase in screening effect. The increase
is added to this solution, on1y melais react to folm covalent compoulds.
rd ! CrCl3 (H2OJ6 are iormed. in scieening effect is due to the addidonal
13 B The electronic configuration
lg of the chlorine il Horffever, r,vhen a hot solution oi election filled shell in each s'ubsequent atom as
[Ar]3d64r2
the solution can be corresponds io ihat ol the iron atom. It is
1e precipirated out as AgCl chromium[II) chloride is crysiallised, *,e descend.the group. Therefore, the valence siiuated in the d block and shows ihe
112l
5l light.green crysials of CrC13(H2O); are electrons aie increasingiy easier to remcve.
characteristics of a tra.irsilion meta1. Iron reacrs
formed. If aqueous AgNO3 is added to [/ole: The fimt ionisalion energy of lead [715 with oxygen to form irol(lll) oxide.
,n 6 (a) Ixplaia why an aqueous solution of lhe purple and fight green cryslals aboye, kJ rnofr) is slighiJy mole thq4 thai of tin (707
14 D IfXhas fwovaience electrons) itis in Group 2
transilion meral ions ale coloured, r,vhereas all of lhe chlorine in the purple crysial is kJ mol-'1. The ne tallic bond jn lead is strcnger
ls in ihe Periodic Tatle and takes a +2 oxidation
an aqueous solution of other metal ions than ihe bond in tin.l
rl number in all its conlpounds. I'has 5 va-lence
d are colourless. (You can use iCr[H2O)5]3-
precipitated out as AgCI, bui only IJ of the 5D On descending a group, the atomic mdius -- electrons and hence is in Group 15. Its
and IA1(H2O)513' as examples.) li 1l increases. Therefore, the radius of the
oxidation nuinber in its compounds is -3.
e chlorine in ihe lighi green crystal is phcsphorus iP) atom is larger than the nitrogen
{b) Giye an explanation why lrallsition precipitated out as AgCl. Explain this (N) atom.
Therefore a prollahle formula for a compound
elements shov,rvariable oxldatio.n numbers observation formed behveen X aad Y is XjY2.
t3l 5A Beryllium is Lhe first aiom in Group 2. All the 15 B
in all rheir com!ounds, vihereas non Ic) The stabiiity constant ior a few compiex elements in Group 2 have a +2 oxidation state
The Mg2* ion tlas a sta.ble octet coniguraijon
transition metals are not abie to. ions are as follor*is. [2.8). The nuclear attraction towards the
)l 14] in all iis compounds. elecfons is verF strong. Therefore, a lot oi energy
e 7D A transiiion elernent is defined as al element is required to remor.e eiect-rons from fu1g2*.
rj 7 (a) (i) lvhat is meant byihe stoichiometry of u'hich forms at least one stable ion v/itll 16 D The d block metals show va-riable oxiCation
a transit[on metal camplex? parLaUy Illled d or.b1tal. states in their compounds. The reason is thai
;, [ii) Calculate the stoichiomeiry of a I C Silcon exists as a giart covalent molecules rvitl tie difference in energy between 3d and 4s
I complex formed beiv,'een iron and i tretcr.l)ul3-
_-[__ _ o, shong covalent bonds. When it boils, a loi of orbital [energy leveisJ is very smail. Therelore
ethanedioate ions, energy is required to break these bonds. Therefore, eiectrons from both the 3d ald 4s orbitals can
(f = Stability constant) the boiling point of siiicon is very liigh. be used in bonding.
i o (i] \4trite one expression to represent the )C Group 1 B corsists of noble gases with a sta-b1e 17 A The elements in Group 1 aie very
I
S
\ .'c-o- stability constant for the cornplex ions
in the table above,
octet configuration. The attractive force of the electropositive, that is, have a high tendency
nucleus tolvards tf}e outer electrons is ./ery .io donate electrons and form posiiive
strong. A large amount oI energy is required io.ns. Hov,.ever, elements in Group i7 are
)
.c-o-
l
(ii) Of the tvro complexes jn tlrr: table to renove (ioniseJ a single electron fuom its _
o
I above, which one is lhe more stable
complex? [/l
orbital. The ans',ver is C because it sholvs the
highest ionisaticn energy.
electronegative axd tend io receive electrons to
iorm negative ions. The compound KCI is ihe
most elecirovalent (ionic) in nature.

101
 27C PbO anri PbO2 aie amPhoreric o^0, eleciroposiiive rhan magresiurr. Howe,,.e r as silicon and germa;rium in Group 14 are F^:
18 A Ca -+ Ca2' + 2e-1
H2+2e-+2H-; oeconprsas :pon i.:adrg. chlorine is ./'2l1r' eleclronegaiiye. Thereicre melalloids. Hence, 7is a meialloid. o'
Theieioie. l]drogen acts as an o{ldisii1g agent 2lco,lsl + 2PbO:il; O,:gJ ihe coinpound CaCl2 has ihe sirongest icnic 46 D Fluorine has ihe mcsi positi,ie ,". Thaieiore, =
G.
.5 when ii reacis wift caicium ro forn CaH2 bord. AiCi3 is a covaleriL coinpcund. CCl. ir is Lhe sfongesi oxidising ageni as compared oi
io
19D Acrcss a period, the elemen-6 snifi irom nreialiic The e1e ctronic c0nfigl.traiicn of aluminiu:1 is aiso a covaleni conround wiii cor.alena to Lhe other halogens. Filiorine can oxidise
io nc[-meiaiiic. The nol-inerai]ic eien]ents is 1sz2s22po3sz3pr. iis successive ionisaiiol bonris. biomide ions io bromine.
E-,.r , ar-_r>_r + 2f [aq) I Brzlgl
haye gari moiecular siruciures consisrirlg oi ereigies :ncrease cecau:e oi -ie :icle2se i: jg A X,Ieia.l1ic bonds ile sirong eiecirostaric forces oi
co.,'alei:i bonds. Ii
can be said ihar il.le covaleni nucleai aiaiaclion on the iemaining elecir'ors. aiiraciion bei.,-ieen .loseiy packed posiiiire ic''rs B:o'.irr eas
character incieases across a period. The fourth lonlsatioir eneigy is higiei ihan and a '-<ea' nf.ralence eleciroEs. 47 D The difiererce in energy berrveer ihe second
expecied because ii inl'0i,,'es ihe renolal of a.n On riescending a group, Lhe size cf "rie atom ionisadon energ_\,- and tie rhird ionisatioir energl'
208 Moseley aranged rhe elemen'rs in ihe Peflodic
eieciron irom aa inner si.lell r','hich is closer [icnic radiusJ iqcreases. The metal ions can no is vei*). large. Thjs shov;s that the valence sheii
Table in Ordei of increasing proion nunber. to
Mendeleev had auanged tie elem€nts in ordel lie nucleus. Joager be closely packed and -&us .,',,eakens the has oni-1 tl^'o electrons. Therefore the elemeli

of increasing atomic mass. Lorhar -I,'leyei dre-'# 29B From iiraniun rc copper, the aiomic mdius bonds in Lhe meial ci-),'sial. Hence, ihe sireilgih U is in Group 2. It js i]l iact beryllium.
a graph oi atomic volume agaiisr aiomic mass decreases slowly. As the proion numbel ol rhe merallic bond decreases and so coes ihe Beryliium chloride is a coi/alent cor-opound.
ivhile Dobereiner divided rhe elemenis into increases, elecfons are added to Ure 3d oibiial. meiling poini. iA'riej Chiorides of oi.}]er Gioup 2 ejements aie
groups oi ihrees lr''hich he catled uiads. Tre 3d e ecirons shield ile outer tlectr-;15 40 C The hear absoibed .,vhen 1 mole of subsiance ionic compounds.]
in the 4s oibiiai from ihe nuclear at'Lraction in the soiid stare is changed into a ljquid ai Ber"i'liium chioride is hvdrolysed by \,r,faiei io
!1 D Across Period 4 (dblock elen:Eitis), the nuclear
(screening eiiect). Thereioie ihe aiomic radius iis meltjng poini is kno'lvn as ihe eni.halpy oi icr-n an acidic solurio:r.
charge increases, bui iitis is accompanied by
dereases slightly only. fusion. BeCl2(s) + 2fl.2O{!)-+ Be(OHlz(s} + zt1CL{aq)
the adCiiion of elecirons inro the 3d orbital.
The 3d eiecirons shield ijle eiectons in ihe 30D The B,pe of bonci has no eiiect on fte densiry Acioss Period 2. from liihium to boron, ihe 48 C In a given pedod, elements on the righi-hanij
4s orbirai fiom tire luil eiieci ci the nuclear of an element. enihalpy of fusicn iacrcases due to an increase side oi ihe Peiiodic Table are non-meials and
charge. Therefore, the size of the aloms ol ihe There is a Ciagonal relationship in the Peilcdic in strengti oi the metallic bonds. This is their oxides are yery acidic. Elemenrs such
d block elements rcmain almost i]le same Tabie, for example, belween aluminium and because the number of valence electrons for as siucon {in the middle of a period) ha,re a
lhe ei2clron'c conliguraiion of man3anese i: beryllium. These 8vo elements have similar forming the metallic bond increases. giani molecule slruciure aad their oxides are
chemical and physical properries. Carbon has a giant covalent neitvork (in .a.eakiy acidic. Eiemeils on the left-hand side
lArl3di4r2. its parlially iilled readily orbital has
exira siabilii),. These eieciIons are not available Nlrogen reacts l,vith hydrogen gas to form diamond, graphite and fuilerene) lvith strong -of ihe Periodic Table are merals and they iorm
lor ihe formation of meiallic bonds. So a mm on ia. covaleni bonds. Therelore, its enihaipy of ibasic oxides. Thereiore, the order of increasing
fusjon is very high. ' basicity of the oxides is Z, X, Y.
manganese has a lower roelling poini ihan
other transition metals. Hcwever, nitrogen, oxygen, fiuorine and 49 C The difference in energy between the first
Ammonia gas dlssolves in waier and iorms a
neon (lnonoaiomicJ are simple molecules. and second ionisation energies is very large.
L) U Densily is not one ol the faciois ihai influence
rveak base in aqueous soluilon. The iniermolecular (interatomic for neon) forces This shows tiat the valence she11 has only one
the ionisation energy.
24C When compared to o'frer elements in the NH3(g) +Hro0) + NH4"{aq) +oH-(aq) are vreak van'der vVaals lcrces ol altraction. electron {that is nsl). Therefore R is in Group
Periodic Table, helium has ihd highest first 33D The proton number denoies lhe number of Therefore, they have a lou' enthalpy of iusion. 1. There is a gradual increase from the second
ionisation energy. This is due. to the small proions in the nucleus of a;r atom. 41 D An exailple of a Group 1 element: Na ionisalion energy to the seventh ionisadon
size ol ihe aiom and the slable, iu1ly filleri ls Across a period, the attraclil€ force of the An example of a Group 17 element: CI energy. A possible configuration for.4 is ls22s2
orbiial. A large amoun'L of enelgy is required to nucleus lorvards the electrons incredses The compound formed is NaCl trhich ls very zp63s23p64st.
remove the electron from Ihe nuciear attraction as a resuli 61'3 s6rlssponding inciease in soluble in lvater 50 A l'he Group 2 eienents are also known as the
of He. the number ol protons. Therefore, the filsl 42D Th€ elernent,Y has an incomplete d orbital. X -- alkaiine earlh meials. These elements form
25 D The elements in Group 1 (alkaij metals] have lonisation energy increases acrcss a peiiod. is a transition metal. Trensiiion metals are noi compounds wiih a +2 oxidation state onll'. The
very low firsl ionisation energies as compared 34D Metalloids aie metals having both metallic and soluble in polar solvents (like water). cations are colouriess.
to other groups in the same period. This is due non-metallic properties. Tin is a metal. it is not 43B On descending Grcup 14, there is a change 1n 51 A The weaLness of the F-F bond is due to lhe
to two faciors; a meialloid. propeiV from non-merallic (carbon) to metallic small size of the fluorine arom. The lcne
[i] the valence electron is occupying a new 35B The definiLjon is IoLha'M?!e:s. [iead). The increase in metallic characrer pairs ol electrons ln fluorine are very close to
shell and hence further hom the nucieus. 36C On descending a gioup, the aiomic radius r€sulls in an increasb in the densiiy of the one another and they repel one another This 6',.

(ii) by removing a singie electron, the siable increases because the number of shelis elenenls. weakens the F-F bond.
octet configuration is' achieved (orbitals) increases. Therefore, the valence 448 Lead is an elemeni in Group 14 and it can 52 A The size of an anion is laiger than tre size 0f
26 B The enl[a]py of vapourisation is the change in electrons are located furihel from the nucleus conducr eieciriciry PbCla is a colourless volatile the original atom. Ionjc raciius: N3- > 02- >
I
enthalpy lvhen mole of an elemenl changes and ihe atomic radius increases. liquid. However, PbCi2 is a colouiless soiid. F-. The size of a calion is smaller than lhe size
fiom the iiguid state to rhe gaseous state at 37 A Carbon exists in thrce forms of allotropes' 45A The eiement Z is 1n Group 17 because the of its criginal aiom. Therefore the ionic radius;
Its boiling point. The values of ,ryvapor.isa:io. are They are diamond, graphite and fuilerene. additi0n of one more electron can make Nr- -r\1g - > Al' . He::re,Nl > O: F-.- -
indicative of ihe fype of bonds and forces In diamond, each carbon atom is bonried by it acquire a stable noble gas eleclronic Na'>i!'lg2*>Al3'.
strong covalent bonds to four others !n a ihree' configuration. The element X has five 53 C Each aiuminium atom has threevalence electrons.
Preseni.
Sulphur is a simpie covalent molecule Only din ensional ccl'alent nef'vork. electrons less ihan the element Z Theielore X The metalllc bond increases in strength il the
!\,eak van der Vy'aals [oraes exisi bef,veen . A large amcunt of energir is required to break is in Group 2. f has two eiectrons more rhan number of valence electrons used to form lhe.
molecules. fu{agnesium is a metal wiLh strong these bonds. Theiefore ihe meliing point ol X. Therefore the element I is in Group 14. sea of delocalised eleciron increases. Thereiore,

melailic bonds. Horve',,er silicon is a giar-It carbon (diamond) is very hjgh. The eieraents of CrouD 2 are metals, hence _ aluminium has rhe highest boiling point.
ccvalent molecule consjsting of strong covaleni JO D On descending a grcuo, the elsmenis becones .{ is a netal. Elernents of G:oup l7 are rcn )4 C Usualiy, hycirogen is considered as a Gioup I
ilonds bet'iveen aior.ls. more electroposiiive. Calciun metal is more meials, h€nce 7 is a non.meial. Eler:renrs sLrch elPin"nL Hor,r. uct, :r rhu.\s rn.try pIOp?r:."9
 ii.lat are uncharacterisiic of a Gioup I c[:;Itilt. 6,1 A lr
llrIrI t, llltlr' '.',rll;rll{)r) lrr,-' l,lil ioflj:irlijoit i(o.tcri()n !virij NHr(aq)
STRUCTURED OLIESTIONS t-::r
Ii is also nci classified as aI aikali meial. In 0rrrrgv ol (/ bloak rl('ilr('ilts. 'l hr' firs" clcclron is ..ilr'(aq) .i 3OH-(aql + A1(OHj3(s) -l:.
I ia) ti) The poiassiurn netal has a body_cerued
iaci, hvdlogen can be considered as a member iemoved fioil a 4s orbital rvhich is shielded fro6 Whiie precipiia,.E
iI,a(r irrrt- \vi dl Na;C03(aqi cubic pactring viith a coordinarion number =:ri:.::
oi more than one group. the nucleus by screenlng effeci.
of L The size of $le poiasjium atom is
55 D Siiicon is a giant ccvalent molecuie rviih 65 A The elements dghr on top are group I elemenb. 2AIr'(a_o) + 3COr2-[aq) + 3H3Oi:) _ laige, hEnce, a iolv densiry.
srrong covalenibo::ds. A large amoun'r of energ], 66 D Electronegariviry 0i elemenls increases across a 2A|[O]J) j(s.) + 3COz(gj
is needed io break rhese s'ucng bonds. Therefore period, $ith increasing prcton numier, !Vhire precipiiate {iii The copper metai has a face-centred cubic
'Ihe Alr. ions do pacldng wifi a coordinarion number oi
ii has a high boiling poini. However, argcn is 67 AJ3- has oniy 10 electons. 1i232p63s03Da not reacr wii.h KI[aq). '
a nonoaiomic gas. Argon aicms have weak Nuclear atfaction is very suong because cf 794 In (iroup 14, some elemenrs are meiallic and 12. The aioms ci ccpper are healier and
some non.merallic. On descending Group 2 aie closell, packeri, aad thereiore, has a
'ran rier lVaals forces of atiraction. Therefore, ii increasing prcton/electron rario ( 1 3pl 1 0ei.
hish densir/.
has a lolv boiling point. So iis ionic radius is very small. (increasing Droron number), the meliing p;inr
(iiiJ From poi,assium io cclper, the mass
16A i,{etal lon Total eleciions N-umber 68D i1'hen going across 'rne period vrirh increasing and the boiling point oi rhe ele!tsllis decreases.
'l he (nucieon.) aumber increases \v-hije the
oj protuns proion nu-rnber, the chlorides become moie first ionisation energy of iie elements also
decreases. atomic radjus decreases. Hence, the
1\a l\a 10 11 acidic
80D density of Lhe elemenis jncieases.
t0 t2 69 B
{b) .
PrOio
l rti- The meliing point of copper ii higher than
t0 i3
that of sodium or poiassium.
Fiom ihe above data, it can be infeired thai - '.+f (+)1+) ele:rotrs
-'Sea'of . Copper is a betier conductci of elecrncifu
from sodium to aiurninjum, ihe nuclear (l)-Pcsiiiveions
.artracrion rowaids the ele-irons is increasing
-t {} ihan sodium or Dotassium, that is, copper
in strertlh. Theiefore, ihe ionic radirrs for _-_o@_o- has a higher electrical conductiyity.

ihe elemenis of Period 3 from sodium to [Aiote: Another physica] properry :,o consider
is lhai copper is a harder rneial rhan either
aluminium is decreasing. The metal crystal cons jsts of a .lattice of posilive sodium or potassium.]
57C The transition elements have a high melting ions surrounded by a negatively charged ,sea, (c) [i) I
point, boiling point and densiq'. They are also 70D Noie: The ions mus'r be in gaseous slate. of elecbons. The metallic bond is i strong
good conductors of eiectricity. 71 D When descending group 17, the atomic force of attmction beF,veen negatively charge;
(ii) 12
'
s8B There is a big jurnp betlveen the sixth and size increases a,rd thus the electronegativity electrons and positively charged metal ions.
(d)
seveni.h ionisation energjes. Therefore, the decreases.
lNote: The strength of the meiallic bond
first six electrons removed are from the valence 77. A All the elemenis in tiis group are gases. Some increases when the number of valence electrcns
shell. The seventh electron is in the inner elemdnts react wirh halogens. Example: XeF1. increases.l
shell. Hence, the elementX is in Group 16. 73C Ionic radius: Na' > Mgz' r 43+ 5;r+ , 81 C Eiectronegativify decreases on descending a
59B The fifth electroir is located in the inner shell (because p,/e ratio increases, nuclear attraction group. For a period, the positive charge
of Sodium
lvhich is closer to the nucleus. The nuclear iowards tie electron increases so ionic size the nucleus increases and tie atomic radius Copper
altraction for tle elecirons in the inrer shell decreases) decreases. Therefore, across a period, the
2 (aj The firct ionisation energy is' the energy
is greatei. Therefore, the ionisalion energy 10n1c radlus: f" > 5' > Ll
-deareases,
ionlsatjon energy increases. The polarising required to remove one electron from each oi
increases accordingiy. (becauie p/e ratio nuclear atfaction po|er oi the one mole of atoms in tie gas phase tc forrn one
cation depends on its charge
60c The element U is in Group 2 (alkaline earth towaids electron is less. So ionic size increases) densiry
mole of cations in the gas phase.
metals). The elementZis in Group l7 (halogen). 74C Tran.isition elemenis have high melting points, M(g) -+ M=(g) + e-
Therefore, the compounds formed by U and Z boiling points, high density and are good Chargedensiry=,9n"g:
' (b)_ti) Ca(g) + Caz*(g) + 2e-
.Lonic radius
are electrovalent compounds. For example, conductors of electdcity. Transition elements Across a perr'od, the charge of the positive
Ca.-Car-.......-.-:.
+590 kJ mef ! - + I I 50 kl mot-i "'
MgC12. are metals. ion_ incteases (for example: Na., Mg2;,
6l c Mendeleev arranged all.the klorvn elements in 75C They have small aromic radii which means Atrl
and tlre ionic radius decreases. TtrerJfore, the
order o[ increasing relarive atomic mass. their Ionic radii is also small. This contiibutes chalge density increases. Hdnce, the polarising all= 590 + 1 150
62D Sjlicon is a giant covalent molecule with strong tc high charge density in these ions. They have
Power of the cation increases. = +1740 kJ mol-I
covalent bonds wheleas argon is monoatom similar electionegative values. So these pails 828 The elements of Group I are very reactive and (ii) Ba(gl : Ba2-1g) + 2e-
rvith weak van der Waals forces of attmction- oi atoms show similar chemical and phlricai cannot be produced at the cathode during the
So silicon has very h.igh melting point and pr0perry.
electrol).sis of an aquecus solution of its salt Ba -: .. ,----l Ba+ ..-......'....-.-.--r Ba2+
*
argon has very iow melling poini. 76A There is a big iump betlveen the nrst and using inert electrodes.
+502 kJ mol-i +966 kl mot-,
63A Na, Mg and Al have meta.llic bonds. second ionisalion energies for lhe elements P 83 C The aromic radius of an element is determined tH=5C2+966
Metallic bond sbengrh; AJ > rVlg > Na and O. Therefore, theilralence shell has onll
by, = +1468 kJ mol-r
Silicon is a gianr covaleni molecule with strong one elec'Lron. lt shows thai P and O are in (a) the eifeciive nuclear (c) Alrhough barium ancj calcjum are in the same
charge
covalent bonds. Group I in me Periodic Table. (b) screening effect group, rhe size of the barium arom is Jarger.
In
So very high melting point. 77R On descending Group 2, rhe sjze ofal atom and barium, the valence elect.rons are fuither from
its ionic radius increases because tite numbel
fc) number ol electron shelis
P4, Ss, Cl2 and Ar are simple covaJeni molecules The aicmic radius is not influenced by the the nucleus- Hence, nucJear artraciion tolvards
with weak van der Waais forces of aiiracrion. oi elecLion she1ls increases. The elemenis electronegativity oI an elemelt. the \,alence elecrrons are w.eaker. As a resulr
Molecule size: 56 > P4 > Cl2 > fu oi Group 2 act as reducing agents because l,Vole..Elecironegatjviiy of an arom js the rhe ionisadon energy oi barium is less ftan ihai
'y'y'eak val der Waals forces of atiraciion in Sa > the valence elecirons are easy to remove. abiliti/ of the aiom ln a covalenl b0nd ic attract of calcium.
Tie reactivity of the elements increases 0n -
Pa>Cl7>Ar bonding electrons.l (d) The va.lue of f, reiers Lo metals jn rhe solii
so melting point of se > PI > cl2 > Ar descendiog the gloup. staie as lvell as rhe cotresponClng ions in

104
 tbl tsoron is in Group '13. To foim the 83- ion:
inass (J
M = Relaiive inolecuial AH
reiers io gaseous
nRT lonisation energy./U nol-r B[S)+ B'*(aq) + 3e-
so'lui:ion. I{o-weYer, AH1e11.t-;e1 . nv=-
t:;,:.ri'< Vicjsziior -- l "
:ions and 3aseous ions M lonisrrion energy +
.i:...o
ie) 6;;';;;; ?ui.' i' *' i3l'1or hldration or
-DT 27qxB'31
x300 2"c ion,lsaiion energ),- +

,5
."-.-.^.,ri.. ion (caiion) This iacior influences
on rhe lr=""::=ffi 3'i ionisaiion energy
:;: fil; ;;; t'iv -o has'no eiiact I
pv
= 799 + 2424 + 356A
,/aluo of ]-dionisaL;on' = 86.94 j
= +6879 kJ r-nol
(ij ';,.'t',;"';i 'L.re ca2' icr' is sinaller L\ar I
4ial (ii 1s22s1
From the values of the ionisation energies
highei
^l
;i':;r,'a'- ions have a numerlcal1v 1 (!i )
a,bove, it sho\,vs that in order to form ail
enilalPY oi hydralioil' ionic compound, boron requires a very large
a 1.67 x 10{7
ionisaiion energy. This is not feasible during
1

Atr-Yir?i:di --r
i i

of rhe icilic charge I reaction. Therefore, boron lorms a coyalent

\^/here q = Magnitude coinpound instead. Ho$€ver, barium foms a.1
r = lonlc radius 1.67 x io-27 ionic compould because it has a low ionisation
3 (a) [i) Radon gas -. uroup 18' atomic slze enErgy.
Iiil On descenoln3 ^ fte fluoride ion' F-' is
larger
6 (aj In the complex ion, [Cr(HrOJ6]3*, the ligand
''-' ,naaaurar. Also, rhe Screerlng erlcrL tb) ii) tne laOlrs of
of electron shells ',ian radius oi the neon
atom'- [H2Oj car repel ald split the 3d orbilals of
increases as the number of electrons ln t', = " the transition melai ion (Ct'.) to t'ffo sets
is at *le bottom of Gioup uU Th.e number
intttu"' Radon
,." r..nat in \s = I 0
cf electrons oi energy levels, separaied hy an eneigy gap,
;b iit valence elecuons are located-"far
and the neon arom
ar?

from the nucleus' The

screening e{fecl ir,.'-rl AE.
'on cr3*: [Ar] 3d3
;;;'kt;t the nuclear attraction for
lhese i soelectronic'
:, = ' 1o
.itttton'' fitttttore'
Rn[g)->Rn*(e]+e-
radon is easily ionised' The number of Protons ln
iir. ,"*0.,
;:"'#';;;, ,to*
of ProLons =
1n 1gg
na' more Prolons'
u,lttttion towards-iis
electr0ns
ihe
are
[T
(o) (i) First reason:..
On descenorng GrouP 18'
from h€liun
nauut'
to radon' alomic size increasesvan
The weak der
nrJu,
il;;;,,n-
the radius oi lhe t 1oi']
*:
T,'rl- l:ls rartst
4 for Ne > F-'
illJT:lT'; Period ' fT l-T-l-l
i

3d' orbitals
l*
+
atom is ihe iarges-L'
atomic radius oi neon
Wi'l' iottt of at'Lraction betwe€n
,n.r"ur"t ihe atomic size increases'
atoms'

(cl (i) Tne ruairs of Mgz- is lmaller than the

(c) The electronic configuration of A1:
ls2?$22p63s23p1 (singly occupied 3p orbital)
rT-r-t
'j'-^:;;,:" as
,^ rhP Kinetic theory foi an radjus of dre neon atom . .. ,- The elecironi€ configuration of A{g:
3d orbitals in tlie
electrons in
T-he number of
;::l';;,: ;;'i;... or attraclion exisis r\r - ;^''
(ii) :l^C 1s22s2zp63sz [fully filled 3s orbital)
llr |v

b;;.:;' fartictes Therelore'

radon -il;'"
The number of electrons
and tre neon atom are
From the. above electronic configurations, Lisht enersy in rhe visibre *;H?;::.ta-
rrom idealirv il; ion a.luminium has only one electron in its 3p wavelengths) is absorbed during d;d electron
;;;;;;. ieatest deviation
Second reason:
isoelectronic' ,,-2.
ln
NIts
la orbitai. Only a small amount of energy is trarsitions, that is, a 3d elecilon f.rom the set
for an The number ol Protons necessary to remove ihis electron. Therefore,
i..rtJt"* to the kinetic theory of iower energy level orbitais is excited to ihe
do not occupy
ii".f grt, tf'" gas particleson il; ;;;;"' o1
ln
o'ton' m
)l,i
lvlts ,'"on ,.,,0 the filst ionisation energy of aluminium is set of higher energy orbiials. The lCr(H2O)6]3*
,r., ti"rr*.. However' descending The nuclear attruction less than 'Lhat of magnesium. More energy is aqueous ions is coloured because certain
Ztl,"o", a,'int volume o[ the
particlesgas :i;.,;;; sreaier Lhan
Ia( ild,l
thatiX,i:] needed to remove an electron from a fully filied wavelengths in the visible spectrum are
;;;;;., ,igni:itunt and can no )onger be atom Therefore, the ionic radids or
.s orbital than from a singly filled p orbiial. Fully absorbed and lhe remaining lvavelengths
;;;; $an Lhe aromic
neglected '
i";"';; filled s.orbital has extla stability. are reflected, giving the complex ion colour
,,,, ^i", ,".r nressure, the gas parilcles dre neon [4 ,u1is 161 JMgz- > Ne)' (d) The number of protons in thallium is 81 , while However, the 3d orbitals in the complex
"" i^. ih" forte of aitraction berwetn p'#i"[:.:'#]\'r'.'r',1 the number of protons in barium is 56, This ion, [AI[H2O)6]3* are empty. A1so, the energy
"r.r,. is rveak'.At a high temperatu'e' 5 (a) on a.r.t'ai"n g c'o.u
indicates that the nuclear atlraciion in thaliium required for d-+d trans.itions is outside the
;;r;:r., move at a high velociry'
The screening effect
a

has^incre?se0' iowards its valence electrons is stronger than vjsibje spectrum. Therefoie, iLs aqueous ions
ihe eas particles fte number of electlon shells
are
in"inL*.r"ttt''ar forc" of attraction I0r Lrtc '"'- ' that in badum. Moreover, ihe screening effect are colourless. N3*' 7s22s22p63s' 3p"3d'
The nuclear attraction Therefore' dle llrsi of the 4/ and 5d orbital in tlallium is very (b) in transition metals [d-blockJ, the energy
O1/'eICome' u/eaker'
eleclrons becomes difference between the 3d ald 4s orbiials
pV = nRT tnttqr decreases on descendrnB weak. So, the first ionisation energy of thallium
Ic) io"l=ti'on- is higher than that of barium. is very sma1l. Therefore, the electrons from
n,,,, - 4. and where m = Mass; Gi oup l' Barium is in Croup 2. To form the Ba2' ion: the 3d and 4s orbitals cal be used for bond
M' [e)
Iormation. Hence, iransition metals show
AH
Ba(g) Ba"'(aq) t 2e- Yariaile oxidation states.
a/ rionisation Ilowever, olher netals renrove or donate
-=,
ionisaiion energy + 2nd ionisation energy electrons io achieve a stable octet configuration.
= 1st
= 502 + 966 = +1468 kJ mo1-r fhey have fixed oxidarion slares.

r06
 I " iolisaijor er3rg,
(b)
Boiling iroin! d oiblals to ior;n dative bonds ',yir-h ihe y,'arer
Nor.ilreiallic properties molecules.
inc;ease across a peiioC t . Caienation is ihe abiiity oi an ele!'n2nt to ioirn al

I /'t
./
bonds bef*,een aroms oi the same eiement. Oniy
Diagonalili neiaiiic and carbo;r can caienate.
i!1?iallic pioperiies \ noi-metalllc,Jiopeiii:s . Carbon can form
irrcrease do..l'ii \ cance! our
couniless number of
lhe g:oup
I \-.^. hydrocaibons. The covalent C-C, C=C a;rd
C=C bond is si.rcng. Horvevei, oiier elemenis in
Group 1 4 Co not iorn: as many cornpcunds.
Na L'Ig Al Si P S CI Ar .
Ic] Carbon forms four coyaleni bonds and completes
its ociet. Therefore carbon d€s noi form complex
cs (i')
NaMgAl Si P S Cl Ar
ions. Omer elements in Group 14 can expand
L,leliing pcjnt of elemants
It) their ociet and fonn compl.)- jons like SiF62-,
I Frcm sodium to alurniniurn, r.he boililg poini
le
lg lti ,/\ increases. Na, Idg and A_l are meta.ls lvith
SnCI52- and FbCla2-.
3 (a) Berylllum and a.luminium s.iTorvs a diagonal
-lt t./\ menllic bonds. The st.-ength of the meiallic relaiionship because
i./\
1,/\',\ . boii rnetals aJe passii.e
n bond increases lrorn sodium to aluminium and do not dissolve
because ihe number of valence electrons
n tJt
Il-\> t"'\ ESSAY-OUESTIONS increases togeiiler tvjih a dectease in il'reir .
in nitric acid.
botlr meials react $.ith aqueous alkajis ro
d I (a) Across Period 3, ionisaticn energy is increasing. atomic radii. give oii hydrogen.
)f Na ?r4g Al Sl P S Cl Ar Therefore, the boiling poini decreases ir rhe . oxides of beryllium and aluminium are
:s Fiist ionisation energy/'kj nol-r ioilo'*iing order. amphoteric.
), (c, Aiuminium > IUagnesium > Sodium . chlorides of beryl)ium and aiuminium are
Merdtrg point of chlorides However, silicon has giant molecular structure
a
covalent.
t with strong covalent bonds and cornmands a . chlcrides of beryllium and aluminium aci
very high boiling point. as Le'"vis acids (recipient of a lone pair oi
I
The force of attraction beiween the mole.cules
I
\ ol phosphorus, sulphur, chlorine and argon f
[b) (i)
electronsi.
Magnesium chloride a]so forms hydra[es,
I (monoatomic) is weak van rjer Waals fories of MgC12'6H2O.
I
Si P S ClAr aifaction. Thereiorg, the boiling point of these (ii) When heated, magnesium nitrate also
I molecules is low. The strength of van der Vrhals decomooses inro orygen, maBnesium
Na tulg Al This is a resuli of increasing nuclear charge and forces oI attmction increases r,r.ith tie size. oi oxide and nitrogen dioxide.
decreasing atomic radius across ihe period. the nolecule. Molecule size of Ss > Pj > C12 > The chemical equation is as foiiows:
(d) The nuclear attracdon on the eiectrons incrcases Ar As such, tie sequence of molecuies in order 2Mg(NO3)2 -+ 2MgO + 4NO2 + 02
Melting point ol oKides
a-nd the iirct ionisation energy also incrcases.
of decreasing boiling point is: 4 (a) The second ionisation energy is the energy
N The ionisation energy for phosphorus is bigger Sa>Po)Cl2>Ar
The first element in Group 14 is carbon. The other
required to remove one mole of eleclrons from
than tha.t of sulphur.- ohe mole of M-(g) ions so rhar one moie of
/\ The elecrronic configuration for P: members in Group 14 are silicon, germanium, tin
and ]ead. Characteristics of carbon that are nor
-_ M2.(il ions are formed.
/\ 1s22s22p%s23p3 |t'lg)+M2'lg1 -e'
The electronjc configuration for S: similar to the other members of the group are: (b) From the Data Booklet:
\ 1 s22s22p63s23p4
. Carbon can form double bonds (C:CJ and triple
bonds [C=C). Other elements in Group 14 do
Na Mg Al' Si
Half filled orbitals (p5) in
phosphorus have 2nd ionisation energt/kJ mot-l
addit"ional stability. Theretore, the ionisation not.
. Oxjdes of carbon are,gases; for example, CO and
8 (a) Atoms can be packed in different crystal energy oi phosphorus is higher than L\al of
CO2. However, oxides of silicon, gemranium, tin
structures. If atoms are packed in open sulphur.
structures, their volume 'is big. Aioms that The ionisation energy of magnesiurn is higher and lead are solids at room tempemture.
than that of aiuminium.
. Tetrachloromeihane, CC14, is stable towards
are closely packed, have a smaller volume.
The electronic configuration Ior Mg: hydrolysis by water. The carbon atom does not
Therefore, volume of atoms is not indicative of
ls22s22p53s2 [fully filled 3s orbiral) have d orbitals at all lor the water molecule to
its individual size.
occupy.
(bl Across a period, from dre left to the right, The electronic configuration for Al:
non-metaliic properiies increase, Howe'/er, 1 s22s22 p63s23 pt(partially filled 3p orbi tal) All other chlorides in Group l4 are easily
on descending a group, metalljc properiies More energy is needed to remove an electron hydrolysed. These chlorides use their vacant
increase. Thus, eiements 'rhat have a diagonal from a fully filled s orbiial than from a partially
relaijonship teod to show an increase in both filled p orbital. Fully filled s orbital has extra
the metallic and non-metallic properties. stability. Therefore, it is easier to remove a

Eiements that have a diagonai Ielationship single elec[rcn from the aluminium atcm. This
end up v/ith simiiar physical and chemical results in the ionisation energy of magnesium
properties. being higher uan that of aluminium.
 Of 'r1e three d'block elemenis alove, Cr has 7 I,a) lb)
r- -Lhe highesa second ionisailon energy' I'r ion!saiion ereig)
:o ci'1g1.crr-1gl-e
e
(J
lr4aaganese has
energ-y.
iie highesi ihiid iclisaiion
/i
,u-ln?,[g) ) tr.,hj.{g) +e_ /\
Hoi,vever, iion has ihe highesi fouiih ionisaiion /\/ \

//t\
energ)'.
Fe3'[g; -+ Fer'19) + e- ./\
This isbecause the Cr-, Il4n?- ald Fe3- \
ions have a stable electronic corrliguatioa: j LiBeBCNOFNe
1 s22s2 2p6 3 s2 3p', 3dj. Parially f illed d orbitals
\
PIC:Cn
have exua sraiiiiry. Thereiore, iilsir ionlsation ln Peiiod 2, Lhe aioirric iadius decreases irom
liihium io necn. This coniraciion is due to ihe 345678 nunbar
energies are higher.
6 Sodium, magnesium ald a-iuminium are metals and incrcase in nuciear charge (number of proions). IVhen noviag across a perlod, ihe nucleai
are good conduc'Lors of electricity' Their melijng As tie number of electron shells remains charge increases and the atomic raiius
points are high. The number of va-1ence electrons for Lhe same in Period 2. irle screening effect is decieases. Thereforc, the valence elecirons
aluminium is 3, for magnesium is 2 and for sodium kepi constant. The attraction 0f the vaience are more strongly held by the nucieus
ls 1 A]so the size of the atoms are in *te order eiecirons by the nucleus increases anC [he and as a resuh the ionisation energy
Na > Mg > A1. As aluminium has more 'ralence atomic radius (atomic size) decreases. increases.
eiectrons thai aci as delocalised elecirons, ir has a (b) Magnesium and aluminium are in Period 3. Beryllium (proion number = 41, niirogen
higher electrical conduciivity. Order of tiecreasing The nuclear charge (number of protons) of {proton number = 7l ald neon (proion numbei
1600 electrica.l conductivitl is Al > Mg > Na. A smaiier aluminium is higler iian magnesium, therefore, = I0) have high ionisation energies.
sized atom ald a larger number of va.lence elecirons ihe atomic radius of Al is smaller than Mg. Be: 1s22s2
resuli in an increasing strength of the raetallic bond' As aluminium uses its three valence eiectrons 1y. 1La
t1. "22.21.3
)P

Therefore, the order of decreasing melting poinis is io form the metallic bcnd as compared to -r

magnesium which uses only two, aluminium Ne: Isl2s22p6 [nob]e gas)
-aJ>Mg>Na.
1 400 has a stronger metallic bond and its atoms are Fuily fiiled [s2, p6J or ha]ffilled [p3) orbitals have
t4c AI Si P
closely packed. Hence, aluminium has a higher extra siability. Therefore, the first ionisatron
Ic) The electronic configuralion for lJ+: densiry than magnesjum. eneigjes of beryllium, nitrogen and neon are
7s2kzzp63sz (fully iilled 3s orbita]) Electrical conduclivitY Both magnesium and calcium are in Group 2 high, Holvever,'Lhere is a large difference
The elecfonic coniiguration for Si*: but calcium-has one more electron shell than bet\.r,een the first ionisation energy of neon.
7 s2 2s22p63sz 3 pt [parrialiy filled
3p oibital) fproton number - 10) a-nd that of sodium
magnesium. Additional screening efiect due to
The 2nd ionisation energy for aluminium is the extra shell offsets the effect ol an'increase (proronnumber= i1).
higher than that oi siiicon. More energy is in nuclear charge. Therelore, tiie aiomic radius Neon: 1s22s22p6
needed to remove aI1 electron from a fully filled (size of atom) bf calcium is larger than thai Sodium: Is22s22p63sr
s orbital than from a partially fi1led p olbitai' oi magnesium, Due to a larger atomic radius,
Ful1y filled orbital has extra stabiliry
This shows that the valence elechons in
calcium iras a iower density than magnesium. sodiun is located ai a different energy 1evel
Thereforc, it is easier to remove a single Iron has a strong metallic bond. There is a small than ihe valence electrons of neon. It proves
elecLron from the 3p orbital of the Si* ion than difference in energy barw,een the electrons of the existence of different energy levels in an
from the 3s orbital of the Al= ion. the 4.r energy level and the 3d energy leve!.
5 . Variable oxidation sta.te atom rvhich are occupied by different numbers
[a] However, silicon is a giant molecule v/ith strong This enables iron to use elections from botl the
of electrons.
l'his is because one or more electrons from covalent Si-Si bonds' Hence, il has a very high energy levels to form a srrong mera]lic bond.
Ici The street lamp gives off red light first (caused
the 3d or 4s sheils can be ionised. The d-block elements yary very litfle in the size
. Formation of comPlex ions melting point. Sllicon is a semi'conductor, that is, a by neon) because solid sodium in the lamp
relatively poor conductor of electricity. of ihe aroms. This is because ary additibn oI has not yet vapourised. V/hen solid sodium
The metal ions of the i1:block have vacant d elecbon goes to the 3d shell ald not the outer
orbitats which can tecelve the lone pair of
[Nole: Silicon is a metalloid.] has formed sodium vapour, orange lighi due to
ihosphorus, sulphur, chtorine and argon are simple shell. Therefore, the high nuclear charge (number
sodium is emitled.
electrons from the ligands. of protons) in iron results in a strong at[aclion for
moieiules. The intermolecular force of attraction is lNote: In the solid state, sodium cannot emit
. Formation of coloured ions and contpounds
weak van der Waals force. They have low melting the electrons. Iron has the smallest atomic raciius orange light.l
d J d electron trarsitions give rise to colour'
points. The ',l/eak van der Waals force is greater if of the four metals listed in the ta-ble.
(b)
the size of molecule is big. A very small aiomic size and a very strong
I o nisatian e nergY / kJ ma l' t
Order of decreasing molecular size: metallic bond make the iron atoms very closely Chapter 2
Eleinent packed. Therefore, of ihe four elements lisled, ,
Second Third Fourth 58>P4>C12>Ar
Therefore, ihe order of decreasing melting point: iron has the highest densrry
4774 B [a) MUTTIPLE.CHOICE OUESTIONS
CI I 590 29SA Sulphur > phosphorus > chlorine > argol Ionisation energy is the energy requiied 'Lo
Sulphur, phoSphorus, chlorine and argon do not remove one eiectron from each of one mole 1 -A The electronegativjty vaiues cann0t be
N{n i 510 3254 51 90
measured because the values are sel by
conduci eleciricity because these elements do not of atoms in the gas phase to form one mole of
?.960 5400 cations in the gas phase. chemists, especially by linus Pauling.
Fe 1 560 have delocalised electrons.

111
110
 z A- The atcnic iacius (size of an aionl and l'he radius oF tl)? l' lon ls iarge because oi 17 B Na, l'4g and A.l aie meiais, Their eiecirical Wate: Ihe poiarising pfiver of the Be2- ion is
screening eifeci jr.i?ase on descendiiig Crcup iis small nuclrar cirnrrl8 (rIJnlbei of piotons) coniucti./iries iacreasa fion Na to A1 because high because oi jts high charge deilsiii,.]
2. l\'reieas the rariius of the Cl- ion is snlall due b Lhe number ci elecirons coniributed b.v -Ai 21 C The ulir ceil found in magnesiuTn is a closelr.
3A The eiecirolegariv[i, 66 n"51a gases is iixed ai i- hig.\ nuclear charn'. 'lherefore the eleci:ois io iis concuaiior banC is moie ihai-I ilai b.v packed hexagor rvhereas in caiciuiTl ir is a iace
ra are rnoie scrongly r.tuacted tor'.'ards the nucleus. Na. Si is a meiaiioid {semiconducior) ai'}d is a celued c,:bic. ..t i
4D .A.i2O3 is amphoieric anri SiQ is aii acidic 1 i B MgO has the sr.rong0st bond and is packed in poorei ccnductor of eleciriciiy'. i}'hereas P, S, a:. li
oride. a giant ionic lairice. ,{ large amount ol energ'y Cl ard Ar are non-nerals and do not conduci 4 ".':
H
n 5A tseryliium chloricie is easily hydrolysed b1,, is released in its formaljon resulting in a vety e.lectricinr. o'.., :j

lvareL sirong ionic bond. 18 D Elemenis of Gioup 2 are meials. Metals have
BeCl2(s) + 2H3O{l) - Be[OH)2{aqj + 2liCl(g) lz D The boilinS poinl of the elernents increases iion high melting points, high boiling point, high
+
Yrrhii? Na to .Al as 'rie strength of the rneta.lllc bond densiiies, and high electrical conduciil,iiies.
]I furaes iacreases- It reaches its ma\imum in Si u'hich is 19 C Acrcss Period 3, from sodium to chloiine, ileir Y

lr iirsi elemeni in Group

[Aloie: Beryiiium is ihe a giani covaieni moleculs \vitji strong covalenr propeitigs shifr ircre nelailic 'ro nol]-Iileullic.
ls 2 and it
has Eropenies differeni f;om olher bonds. Ho.,vever, P, S and Cl are simple coYaleDi Hence the properiies oi rireir resoectir,'e cxides
ts eienents rvithin ihe group. This is a resuli molecules v,'iih lveak van der Waals forces of l,..ill change from Lz,iet A
1S 3f iha high charge ie;lsir/ rcuad in ihe B::= aiiraciion befl,,'een molecules resuliirg in low Sliolg + lVeak - dnphoteiic - IiYeak + Strong
',y
ion.l boiling pcinis. The boiling point of S is higher base base acid acid
6D The melung point oi fie elemenis from sodium ihan those of P aqd CI because ihe Ss moiecule Na20 lvlg0 Aiz03 sio, soz
Closely packed he.xagon

io aluminium increases because ihe forces is larger i,han -rie P4 and C12 molecules. As the P,O,^ SO,
oi aitraction beh./een aioms in the meial vaa der !\raais fcrces in Ss are iarger, the Iarger P.Ou Ciro
Iaitice, thar. is, the siiengih of metallic bonds poini oi Ss is higher. Third layer +
ci2oi
incieases. Silicon has very high rnelilng poini
a charge
because it gxists as a giant covalent molecul€ I3 D Chargedensity- fNotej A soluiion of a sirong base has a high pH Seconri layer +
Ionic radius
vaiue while a solution of a sirong acid has a low
rvitl strong covalent bonds between the atoms- The ionic charge for all Group 2 elemenis is +2. Fi$t la-yer +
pH value.l
Hoi,vever, phosphorus, sulphur and chloiine The ionic mdii incleases resulting in deffeasing
ie exist as simple covalent molecules. The forces charge densiiy on descending Grot:p Z.
20 D SiO2, P4Olo, SO2 and C12C7 are covaien'L oxides
w-hich are acidic. Face cenued cubic arragemenl
)n oi attraction beir./een the molecules are weak 14 B All metals in Glouo 2 are very reac[ive.
re van der lVaais forces, therefore resu]ring in low Extraction of such I metals is through ihe lNote: PaO6, SO3 and C12O are aiso acidic
:e melling poinis. elecrrol)'sis of its molien halides. ,'lence barium coYalent oxides.l
)n Ivlolecule size: SB > P1 > Clz > Ar is extracied by meens of elecilot,vsis ci mollen ?1 A I and 2 in rhe Periodie
The elemenis of Group
IN \\'eak i'an der Waals artraciion: 58 > PJ > Ci2 > Ar bariull-l chloride. Table have only one oxidation staie iil all
So, melting point: 56 > Pa > Cl2 > Ar 15 C Mscrudon = ia{;r,,j."i-l3Hn"o-.,oni iheir salts. Their salis are usually vr'hite
7B The elemen$ of Group 2 are also knowr as i,\e The radius ol the metal ion (caiion) increeses becailse'Lhey absorb light \i'hich is ouiside
alkaline ear'Lh metals. All the elements form on descending Group 2, so that the ${0,1;." and the visible range in rhe light spectrum. All
colourless cations. Mrryaraloi for tjre Group 2.sulphates dee reases. visible light are reflected and the salt appears
IN
$.hite. Face cenlred cubic
e1
B B However, Mnydraiion decreases ai a fasier rate
pH than A.{u,i;... Hence the value ol Msolution 22 D When calcium ions are heated over a Bunsen
es
fla-rne, red light is emitted. Ca(NO3)2 dissolves 25 B Msorurjon=iaHr"ui."rn*gy1 - jMhyd*,ioni
ul becomes more posilive and as a resuli the -- The more posiijve AHsolurjon is, the less soluble
solubiliiy of group 2 sulphates decieases on ir ',r/ater to iorrn a colourless solution.
IS
is noi a transition meial. is fte sulphate {endothermic).
descending the group. Wore.' Calcium
i 16 B Na2O, MgO, and AJ2O3 are ionic compounds Normally transition metal ions form coioured The more negative c.H.o1r,ion is, the more
rd soiuble is the sulphaie {exothermic).
with srrong electrostatic attraction betvtfeen sol u rions.]
rp Salt P:
the ions, and hence have hiSh melting points. When Ca(NO3)2 is heated, NO2, a brolvn gas,
m Aflcrurion -, 1-2489i * l-1650 1= 839 kJmol-l
to Lattice energy of MgO > Al2O3 > liazO. So is foimed.
Sall O:
meliing point of MgO > Al2O3 > Na2O.[Nore: 2Ca(NO3)2 (s) + 2CaO[s) + 4NO2(g) + 02(gJ
Na2O MgO Al2O3 SiO2 P.Oto SO3
SO3 ClzOT a A,l'sotuiion =1-23741- l-1360 l= 1014 kJmol-r
Al2C3 is an ionic compound rvith a little covalent Brown
Salt .&:
I C Chlorine v,raier consists of a mixrure 0i cha;acterj. SiO2 is a giant covaleni molecule gas
iWsorurion = 1-24341- l-1480 1 = 1 004 kI mol-l
hydrochloric and chloric[Ij acids. Chloric[) with strong covalent bonds. Ho.wevei PaOo, Ca(NO3)2 reacts \yith dilute sulphuric acid to
acid is unstable and will decompose vvhen Therefore, ihe order of ihe sulphaies in
SO2 and CI2O are simple covalent mo:ecules. form a white precipitaie. CaSOl.
decreasing soiubility is P,.R, O.
exposed to sunlight. As such the meltjng point of SiO2 is higir Ca2'[aq) + So.z-[aqj + CaSOa(s)
26 C Reactive metals of Groups 1 and2 arc ext:acted
Lighr compared to ihat of PrO6, SO2 ard C12O whtch 23 B The polarising po-r,,'er of Be2* ion is high.
by electrol),sis of molten oxides or sa.its of the
2HOCl(aq) 2HCl(aq) + 02(g) ale held only by 'veak van der Waals lorces of Thereiore, the eiectron cloud in CO32- ion is metais.
Ox.vgen gas is given ofi aad not chlorine gas. attraction. Molecule size of P106, S02 and Cl20 poiarisecl by the Be2- ion. This results in Lhe
)e 10 c -> molecules are in the order of PaOr > Cl2O >
27 A * ?1' .
Ba'-{aq) -SO;'-(aq1*BaSOr(s)
easy decomposjtion of ihe carbonale ion.
ry 0
Soz. Nurnber oi moles oi BaSo,, ool
Weak i,an der \Ajaais attraction: P4Od > Cl2O > //l,O = -2.o-4
233 " -'
Soz.
BeZ'-o-:-cr l- Beoisi + Corrgl
Number oi moles of B;'
l''
0'244
IOD =-IIlOi
So, melting point: P6O6 ) Cl2O > SO2 to-
712 113
 . a"-)n4 consecuti.,'e arom has an exira eleciloii. Oa riescenditjg Gro-tlp 2, ihe isnpemiure of aad rnaglesium reaci .,','iih srzL:il i".,.ileieas
50 cn" of schtior contairs moi B:j- decor;lposirion of t.h9 niirares iilcreases, Lhai is,
255 iilled shell. Therefore, the nuclear artractioit calcium, sirol-rium and baduE ieaci r..,iii cold
I UUU .ril" { I om-J so:ui]on Conlalns (effeccve l]ucieai chargeJ tclvards Lhe elacirons their th€Imai smbjliry increases. Barium nitraie 1:.,/aiei.
I 000 0.244 . - ,- decreases ,ld ihe size of the aioE incieises has ihe highast theima] siabilir.r.. 53 B The tnelting pojni cf a subsiarce depends on iis
r.1.1.,f* fU L)J v,,iii increasing proton number. f,Vole: Tle i}}ermai siabiiiry for rhe carbonaies siiuciure aad bonding. Metallic bonrjs become
F.t
,:d Therefore, ihe concenuaiion oi bariun ions in 34C The o;ride P is anphoteric ald is insoluble and h)'droxides oi the Group 2 elemenis a.lso siiongei if the number oi valeilce eiectrons
ihe solution is in rryater A pH of 13 indicaies ihat -'ie oxide increases on descending ihe group.] irvclvei in forming ihe sea ci delccaljsed
:!O 10c0. c.244 ,,_3
:X-.-.-ITIOICiIl'
O is basic. Horvever, a pH of 3 indicaies rhat Chlo:ine caj] fclia moie Lhan iir/o oxides. A eiecirons incieases. The number of '..alence
5{) Z.t.\ Lhe oxiie ,R is acidic. Across Period 3, ths ie-*- examples aie Cl2O7, Ci2O, ar-ld CiO2. electrots oi Grcup 2 meials is 2 $,nercas iitat ()
z8B Across PerioC 3, ihe nuclear charge increases c;iides change froin being basic to being acid!.. 438 AluideiulIl cxide, A12O3. is noi soluble in ivaier cf Group I meia.ls is 1. Moreover, rne size
and the aiomic raoius decrcas3s. This resulis Tneiefcr:, Lhe corieci sequence is O, P, .R and has a higl meliing aild boiting poini. AJ2O. oi ih3 aiorns ci Croup Z is smailei ihan
in an increase in eiecrronegaiivity and ihe 35D carr dissolve in agueous sodiuiii h)'Croxide. ihai of Group 1. As a rcsuli. ihe inieiatomic
ionisaiion energ.v. From sodium to argon, Lhe
lon l\a r\,1g2- | .ti:' A12O3[sy + zOii-(aq) + 3H2O{1) +
2[At(OH)j]- disiance is srnallgr in -uhe rcerat lairice of the
tendency oi i}le eiements io donate elecirons Number of elecirons t0 10 IO Iaqi G.oup 2 metals (vrhich mea-ns closely packei).
decreases, iherefore, the reaciion of the ,aJrO3 is an ionic substance. ionic bond \,/ith 54 D Ai oi ihe siarements are correet.
Number oJ ptotons ll t2 13 co,,.a.leri characier. 55 D A.li of r,he statements are correct.
elemenis wiii ox-vgen becomes less vigoious.
Z9A On iiescending Group 2, tr?nrc,=,-n ior ihc 44 B On descending a group. ihe radii oithe meiallic 56 A A.12O3 is ar ionic substance \,,rith covalent
The toial number of elecirons are rhe same fcr ions increase. Therefoie the ionic bond is chaiacier
sulphares decrcases at a faster mre than the
Na., Mg2- and Al3= bul the number oi prcions rr,,eakenedald becomes easiiy broken when Na2O dissclves in lvaler bui Al2O3 and tvlgO
Iaiiice energy. Therefoie, SsciLiioil beco;nes
in the nucleus increases. Across Perioi 3 (iiom heaied, resuliing in lo',v melting poinis. are not soluble in warer.
morc posidve.
sodiun ic aiumirlum), the nuclear ai',raciion 45 .^- On descending Grcup 2, iie
ionic iadius Na2O and MgO aie basic oxiries v.;hereas Al2O3
Msoluricn = iMtani." - Snro.r,,o"l to.,{.arCs ihe eiectrons (eifeciive nuclear charge) increases. is an arnphoieric oxide.
That is, rhe solubilily ol the sulphates increases which results in a reduction in the a- 57 B
drnvlralon _ Sodium and magnesium are elements found
decreases. magniiude of rhe ionic radius. i
I ro rhe lefi ol aluminium in Lhe same period in
30D The oxide oi S is a basic oxide because it reacis 368 Na2O and llgO are basic. Vvhen Na2O dissolr,ed For the elernenrs of Group Z, O, = 2. rhe Periodic Table. The oxides of sodium and
with sulphuric acid. in water, it forms a solution with a high pH. Therefore, when the ionic radius (r.] increases,
The oxide of O is an amphoteric oxide iVlgo is inscluble in water. A12O3 is amphoielic. Mhydndon tvill decrease.
. magnesium are ionic compounds and basic in
character.
;4
ii \irith both an acid and a SiOz is weakly acidic and does not dissoh,e jn '
because reacts lNote: The enthalpy of hydration is ihe enertsy- 58 B- The reactjon of magnesium nitride lvith v/aier
base. waier- P2O16, SO3, and Cl2O7 are acidic oxides. . reieased when one moie of gaseous ions is is as foilows.
The oxide ofP is a weak acidic oxide. Thereio;e, SO3 and Cl2O7 dissolve in ,,vater io form strong dissolved in water at standard condiiions,l .lvlgN2[s) + 6H2O(lJ + 3Mg(OH)2[s] + 2NH3(g)
it is necessary to heat lvith acids with lor.r pH's. Across the period, -tie 46 D Oxides of chlorine (such as Cl2O,, Cl2O, and
concentraied 59D .Ali of Lhe statemenis arc coffect.
. sodium hydroxide lor a reaction to occur- acid-base propefiies of the oxides change irom CiO2) can only be prepared by decomposition. 608 In Period 3, ihe oxides of tie elements on
The oxide of.q is a strong acidic oxide. Ii forms basic to acidic. 47 C SoCium is a soft metal. the leii"hand side of the period are non.
rv/o slable acidic oxides. 37C &sorurion =, M:r,u.", - I Affnyor",ron 48 C Barium nitrare has the highesr thermal stabiliry voiatile metaliic oxides wher€as those on
Across Period 3 [increasing proton number), Due to the small size'of the hydroxide ion, the The thermal stability of ihe nitrates increases the right-hand side are non metallic and
the oxides change lrom being basic to lattice energy decreases at a lasler raie than on descending Group 2 because the size of the vo1at11e.
acidic. Therefore, the correci sequence is the hydration energy. Therefore, on descending cation increases. So polarising power of cations
s, a, P, R. Group 2, Msolciion becomes more negatlve decreases. P qoa so, I cr"o
Orlce- IisO !J;Ol Si02
3l C 2HCl + X!OH)2+ XCl2+2H2O (exothermic). This resulis in the so1ubiliry 0f 49 B The Mg2*. ioa in solid MgO 'vril1 give the ?.or o so, { crp,
Let the molariry of X(OH)2be M2 the hJdroxides of Group 2 elements increasing obseryalions as shown in the scheme of itpe ol lonic ionic 1oilic Cianr Sinpi€ SlmDIe iSimDi?
MlV1 2 on descending the group. reactions- wit\ covaleni covaleti ,ou.l.n, l.ourirn,
MzVz I 38D On descending Group 2, the reactivity of the 50 A The Zn2' ions in solid ZnO lrill give ihe
aovalent noleaule moiecri. molecule I mclecute
:haractel
0.1x10 2 elements lowards oxygen incieases. AIsc, their observadons as shown in the scheme of reaci:ions.
tuf" >< 25 strengths as reducing ageDts increase.
s1 A lgn*,,,i",=lq-l+iq-i 61 D A11 of the statemenrs are coirect. On
'r,i
1

0.1 z t0 r--3 39D On descending Group 2, the ionic raclius inffeases

I r-l ciescending Group 2, lhe
elements become
&/r=-molOm
- lxzS -^r in size. The ionic radius lor Sl" is larger than thai wtrere q = The magnitucle of ionic charge moie electropositive. The size ol the atom
The relative molecular mass of Xtaq)2 171 - o; Mg-'. Tirerelore the hydralion energv for SrSO. r =The ionic radius and iis ionic radius a.lso increase. Eiements
..The mass of X[OH)2 thar djssoi,/es in 1 dm3 is sma.ller, resulijng in its enthalpy of solutjon On descending Group 2, tlre radius of the of Group 2 are metals lvhich have a tendency
0.ix10x171 becoming more posirive. SrSOa is less soluble as ion increases. This results in
posiiive the to cionare the electrons fould in rhe
2x25 compa-red to IvlgSOl. yalence sheil. l'herefore they act as reducing
40D Across Period 3, the positive nuclear charge
enLiralpy oI hydration of the positive ion, i4.,
= 3.42 g 1f
- , agents.
32D The more negaiive f
is is, the stronger increases and the atomic radius decreases. getting smalier. Therefore, the AHhri,arioo value 62 A The elements ot Grcup 2 have tu.o (nsz)
the reducing agent. Cn descending Group 2, Therelore the electronegativiiy of the elemenls decreases and the value 0[ Mrotrrion becomes valence electrons. In all the reactions, tlie
the standard electoCe potential, E', becomes increasrls. Elements to ihe dghr of the period increasingh, positive. Thus the solubility of two valence ejectrons are lost through
more negaiive. Therefore, its sirenglh as a have a higher tendency Lo receive raiher ihan Group 2 sulphates decreases with increasing ionisarion. As such, the elemenis of Group 2
reducing agent increases, to donate electrons. As a result, the srrength proton number. can achieve a stable noble gas configuration
On descending Croup 2, the screening efiecl of the Period 3 elements as a reducing agenl 52 A Ail elements in Group 2 will react rviih anc an oxidarion state of +Z in all its
{shielding ellecl), increases becaLLse each decreases across rhe period, \vaier ro give off hydrogen gas. l3et.yllium comoounds.

115
 STRUCTURED OI]ESTIONS The bond Present in PhosPhorus i6 Lie molecules are \reak i'an der \",,aais g- = Charge oithe anion
chloiine is increasingly covaleni. Theie foices. Tceiefore ihese molec'rles have L = Anionic iadius
t (a) (i) loni. radius oi
lo\,v bolling points. As i}}e sirengilr oi l.an Therefore, the iaiiice enelgy of sodium
iite elaneaiS are no delocalised electrons in phosphoius,
lr,, sulphur, chlorine and argon. Therefoie der \l.aals iorce depends on iire size of iluoride is largei rhan potassium chloiide.
ln0 they calliroi conduct elecEiciq' the inolecuie [PrOrc > Cl207 > SO3], ihe 5 (a) The elenents of Grcup 2 [alkaline eanh t"t,
,:
tlls boiling poiar oi PiO,3 > C12O7 > SOj. ire.ajsj have a consiani oxida-Jon number {+21
2 {a) B22s22p%s2
r.i I
(l) & ic)
ibl (i) ivlaxinrn c::idaiion nlr.bei irr 'Lheir coirrpouncs because Lhese elei'llenis -i
l( l' -o ha1,e i,vo valence eleciions (ns2i. In otdei io (J'l
L.g.c {lonisaiion er?rg.}, +
l,rt l,1, achieve a staile ociei coniiguraiion. only -ir?se
),.t.
I 2 )-') &?o eiections ieed io be renoved. Group 2
eiemenrs rvill noi eiiininaie ihree elecrons
Na i\ig .A1 Si P S Cl + |ia lr,1g Al Si P
l

S Cl
oeiause the third ionisaiion eneigy is veIv
iarge.
(ii,} Na-, llg2=, and Al3' ioas are positiveiy (ii) The maximum oxidadon number oi eacn (b.) Magnesium chloiicie is an ionic subsiance rvrdr
char8ed and isoelecfoaic [have ihe sarrre elemen'r is rhe same as iis ;especuve sirong ionic bonds. Thereforer it has a high
number oi electronsj. Si4-, P3-, and Cf group nuni;ei, ivirich is indicailve oi boilirg pornt. The bery1lium ion, Be2', is very
icns are negaiively charged and are also the number oi valence electrons present. sir1all compared to the mag.]esium ion, iv{gz=.
isoelectronic. From sodiurrr to alurniniurn, i{oving across Period 3, the maximum As such, Be2* has a high charge densil,v and
the increasing nuclear charge Y/ill attraci oxidaiion liumber increases irom 1 to 7. hence a high polarising povrer. This maxes
. electrons nlore stronSll: thereiore the 4 la) ii) The balanced equation for the beryllium chloride a covalent moiecule. The
)rl
ionic radius of t-he eiements decreases. decomposirion of nagnesium nitrate: iniermolecular force is vzeak van der Waais
The silicon ion has the biggest ionic 2Mg[NO3)2 r
2]\4gO + 4NO2 + 02 forces of attraction. Therefore, it has a lorv
id radius because ii has a small nuclear ln=3 The balanced equation the for boiling point.
n charge (14 protons) and a large number decompcsition of barium nitrate: (c) The Mg2' lon wiih a high charge densiiy
d of eiectrons {18 eieclrons). From silicon 123 15 67I I 10 11 12 2Ba(NO3J2 -
2BaO + 4NO2 + 02 . and high polarising po\i/er can markedly dision
n io chlorine, the eifeciive nuclear charge NLnber oi elec[ons removed (ii) Magnesiuir nitraie , the electron charge cioud of ihe carbonaie i0n.
(iii) On descenriing Group 2, the size oi
increases. Eiectrons ate more slrongly
aitracted by the nircieus and the ionic
(dl The elecirons in Principle Ouantun Number,
the meialiic ion increases. The size of 'i This rveakens the C-O bond anC the compound
n = l, are highest in energy. The electrons are decompose.
radius decrease. very near to the nucieus-.Nuclear attraction the maglesium ion is smaller than ihe
NegatiYe ions have a bigger radii ihan
posiilve ions because the negai.ive icns
on these elecirons is very strong. So ionisation
barium ion. Thereiore tJre ft1g2- ion has
a higher charge density and a greater s -O
i //o
-- a\^-
energy cf ihese elecucns is very hgh. Ir,1g2- /r4gO - CO,
compared polarising povrer than the barium ion.
have one extia quantum shell as
3 {al (j)
to lhe positive ions. A high polarising povr'er lvill distort rhe O
Boiling point
(b) (i) electron cloud ar the nitrate ion. Hence, Therefore magnesium carbonate undergoes
of the oxlCes
Elecrrical
the co,ialent bond betlveen the nitrogen rhermal decomposirion aL a lorv remperaiure
conduciiviiy and oxygen atoms js weakened. As a resuli (3s3 "c).
magnesium nitrate decomposes at a lou, Holvever tle Ba2* ion does not have a high charge
tempemlure. . densitf When heated at a high temperature
ibi (i) The lattice eneigy of magnesium nitrate is (1430 "C), it is themallydecomposed.
larger than that of barium nitrate. BaCO3[s) + BaO(sJ + COz(g)
l-Laltlce tnelE.V] =
0 -o_
=-(r. r-)
6 (a) [1) Reiative molecular mass of Ba(OH)2 is
= 171
NaMg AI Sj P where q- = Charge of the cation The molar concentration of a saturaied
{ii) Ionic bonds are found in tle
oxides of r- = Cationic mdius soiution of BaIOH),
sodiurn, magnesium and aluminium- The q- = Charze oi the anion 0.24
electrostatic force of attraction beh^/een r_ = Aoionic radius
the positive metallic ions and the neBative The size of the magnesium ion is srr,aller 171
Na lvig Al Si P S Cl Ar oxide ion is very s[rong. Therefore, the than that of the barium ion, hence Mg2' = 1.40 x i 0-3 ;noi dm-3
(ii) Sodium, magnesium and aiuminlLlm are boiling points oF the metallic oxides are can be more closely packed than Ba2*. As [ii) If BalOlt)2 ionises compleiel]i
metals nlade up of p0sitive ions in a sea high. Lattice energy of MgO js very hjgh. Iattice ener€i/ is inversely proponional to Ba(OH)r(aq) - Ba2-(aqJ +ZOH-(aq)
of electrons. These delocalised electrons So. its boiling poi0t js the highest. ionic size, magnesium nltrate has a larger 1 mol Ba(OHJ2 produces 2 moi of OH- ions.

conduct electricity. From sodium to Silicon(lV) oxide has a giant molecular Iartice energy. The concentration of Oll- in the solution is
aluminiurn, there is an increase in the structure where lhe silicon and oxygen {ii) Radius oi Na= ;on < radius of K- 2xi.4oxio-3
n',imber of valence elect.rons and so .an aioms are heid by strong covaient bonds' Radius of F- ion < radius of Cl- = 2.80 x 0-3 rnol rirt-3 j
1

IOH-J = 2.80 x lo rnol dm-3

increase in the electrical conductlvitl llence, silicon(lV) oxide has a hiSh boiling q'q-
ilartice Eners./ . tr_
, + r_1 ,
(iii )

Siiicon is a poor conductor of electriciry point. pOH = - log;elOH-l

Its conduction and valence bands are PsO16, SO3, and CI2O7 are simpie covalent where g+ = Charge oi the cation =-logro[2.80 x 10-3]
separalec by a snre.ll erergy gap. molecules. The force of attraction bet\veell r* = Cationic radius

116 r17
 n;.1 +
^OH =
l1 ,:t,rH.
|,.] .",iai1.9 rlqO-;rn- 121-i6i irl D PlO,3isl + 5H2Oi1) -
4li:POrlaql
Eiem:ni SJ
PH = i4
_ 1n
- POH
?
= 409 k-l ncl-: SO3(g) + H2Oit) -
HzSO"{aq)
<< Siructure 4i:r r Sinple Siilple Sliilple C12O7(g) +H2O{il + ZiiCtOriaq)
A{21ri6s = - 8i5 kJ irol-r
Aigol gas is ineft a]d does nor iorm oxldes. Ii F.l
= I r.45 q 'q-
laiiice col'alei'!i cor.aie:-li co,,,aleni is
(bi {i) lc' .Laiiice lne;rv = nolecute molecuia moiecule insolubie in ',1?ier. rD
,CI \!_-t_] !l

CI-Be
,/\ Be-C]
The icnic radius ol Ci- in NaCl and LiCl is ihe E-Uc.L 0J Soiid Dissoive Dissolve Dissoive
iaj Na2O end A1rC3 hal'e giani ic:ric struciuies
lvhic! ale heid ioge.her b.y ionic bonds. Sfong
G
L'
o
same. i{or.lEver, the ionic radits of i.,ia- > i-i-. \,/2i?r dissol';es in,r"ier in lvaier in \i'aier
Y-
'cl -./ ]
[&at is, r- sodiurn r- liiiiuni. Therelore, in \.,,arei. Acidic Acidic Acirlic
eiectrosiatic iorces of airaciion exisi bei!.ieEn
the ions. Thereicre Na2O aaC Ai203 har.e hig:r
iire iatiice energy ior NaCl is sinarler thal rhe Neuirai soluiion sol[iio]) soluiiorl
(ir1 BeCl2(sJ + 2li2O[) - Be(OH)2iaqJ +
laliice energ;r oi LiCi. soltriion
mrlrins nninrs
2HC1[s] Of the 84'o cxides, A12O3 has a hlghe; meltiag
(cl {i) Barium carbcnate, BaCO3. 9 (a) Niagnesium aloms haye 12 proions ,tu-rereas
poirr trlan Na2O. This is because th.e ionic bo::d
sodium aloms has only i 1 protons, Nuc)ear
iii) Bariura hydloxide soluilol wjll reaci vviii 11 {a) pli variation for the chloride of Period 3 vihen Lai\veerr slj- io.'ls and 02- iors is s(rongel
carbcr dioxide gas in &e aii to form a atirzciion tcri.ards the el?cuons is gree:er ir pH dissolved ir lvater. rhan thal be'"\l,een Na* ald O2-. The charge
inagnesium Llan in sodiuin. So atomic radius oi
lyhite precipitaie of baiiura carbonaie. on the Ai3- ion is largel than thai oi ihe Na-
l',{g < Na.
tsa(OH)2(aq) + COzigl - BaCO3(sl + H2O(i)
(b) The electrons in the sodiu:n atom 1,yhen heaied
ion. The latiice energy of Al2O3 > Na2O. So,
(a: -\H,, ..o. = AHu..."""p,-i - W.;.,,'r. meliing poinr ci A12O3 > Na2O. The ariractivg
The laiiice energy of MgO is larger than iis are eiciteri io hrgher eneigli level. V/hen t-he force beh.,'een sulphur idoxide molecules, S05,
hydration energ_v. Therefore MgO has a high eleetrons reiurn to ground sraie, a Visible ale 'weak van der Waals forces of attracd0n.
yellow lighi is emi'rred.
. and posiiive enthalp,v of solurion. Compounds Therefore, ii has a very low melring polnt.
\riih high positi-re enthalpy of sclution do noi ic) The A13- ions have a greaier chaige densiry (bl NazO dissolves easjiy in water
riissolve in waier Hence, MgO is insolubie in lcnarge,/ronrc ialr:sl man lvlg-'!0r'r. Ai- loi.s Na2O{s) + H2O(1) + 2NaOH(aq)
polaiise ine carbonaie ion CO32- anion more [1aC1 MgCI2 .{lc]r Sicll PCls S2Cl2 Cl2
watet The soiution Iormed is strongly alkaljne. Th€
(b) Ol descelding Group 2, the lailice energy and and lveaken the bonds in ihe carbonate ion. pH for a strong alkali is 14. The reaction
iie hydrarion energy decrease tvith inrreasing This causes aluininium caib0late to decompcse between Na2O and lvater is exoihermlc. Al2O3
size of icn. However, the decrease in the latiice more easily than magnesium carbonate \r'hen {b) pH variation fot the oxjdes oi Period 3
" is insoluble and does not react lvith waier.
energy is greater than ihe hydiatiol.] energy, heated.
pH ;j' However, SO3 dissolves easily in r,vater.
Thereiore, BaO has a more negative enthalpy tdl (i) The peaks in first ionisation energ-F are SO:(g) + HzO(l) -
HzSO,{[aq)
of solution. It can dissolve in r/ater. always the nobie gases. The soiuiion formed is a strong acid. The pH of
Vlhen BaO dissoives in waier, Ba(OHl2 ls (ii) The eiectror in Group 2 is from a fuliy a strong acid is i. The reaction betr,veen SO3
formed. fi]led s orbital {s2) , ,hich has extra siajriliq( and water is exoLhermic.
BaO(s) + H2O{l) + Ba[OH]rls) So tle iirst ionisation energy is higher (a) On descending Group 2, ihe slze of ihe
Ba(OH)2 ionises in solution according to the Whereas Lhe eiectron from Group 3 is meialli€ ions is increasing from maglesium
follorving equation. lrom a pania]ly filled p orbilal (pl) \,vhich lo barium. This results in the charge densiry
-
Baz-(aq) + 2OH-{aq)
Ba{OHJ2(s} can be ionised easily. So iower ionsalion getting lower and a diminishing porver of
The solution formed is alkal.ine. enetw. Na2O ivlgo A12O3 SiC2 P4O,0 SO3 Cl2Oi polarisaiicn. Ii means that the abilit) oi the
(c) When SO2 dissolves in \.,rater, H2SO3 solution 10 [aJ metallic ion io dis'Lort the eieciron charge cloud
is formed. The H2SO3 molecules in lhe solutjon
Element t\tg A1 Si S
-, of the carbonate ion decreases.
ionises a-nd produces Hr ions, ESSAY OI]ESTIONS
SOz(g) + H2O[) + H,SO3[aqJ O.tide 1 Across Period 3, the oxides change from being hasic
/o
H2SO3(aq) -' 2H.iaq) + SO.2 {aq) Jormula
I'lgo Al203 sio2 so2, so3
in nature to ampholeric and finally io acidic. Na2O ''/
M-<-A C
Therelore an aqueous Solution of sulphur Strong
is basic in nature. It reacts vr'ili lvater and forms a
dioxide is acidic. srrong alkaljne solutjon.
o
Bond!ng lonic Ionic coYaient Co./aient
B tal (i) Li(g) -, Li-{gJ + e- bonds Na2O[s) + H2O(i) +'ZNaOH(aq) &.12- = N\etalhc ion in Group 2l
l lVlgO is a weak basic oxide. Ii is nor soiuble in H2O, Therefore, the ease of thermaj decomposition
(ii) Li(s) +-Cl2{gl + LiCl[s) Giant Giant
Sinple but can react wjth strong acid. of ihe Group 2 carllonaies, from magneslum to
2 Structure
lattice lartice letrice
covalenl lv{go(sJ + HCI(aq) + MgCl2{aq) + H2O(1) barium, ciecreases.
(iii) Li'lg) + Cl-(g) ; LiCl(s) moiecules A12O3 is amphoteric. It reacts lvilh boih acids and For example, IvigCO3 decomposes easily 'rr'hen
tb) (il Aciri-base alkalis. heated.
Base J.npioieirc Acidic Acldic A12O3[s) + 6HCl(aqi +
2AiC1r(aq] + 3H2O[) llgCO3(sJ + llgOfu) + CO2[g]
praperty
Li-(el A12O3(s) + 2NaOH(aq) + 3H2O{1) + 2NaAl(OHlr(aq) A
f (bj A12Or is insoluble in waler. However, BaCO3 does nct easily decomDose
520
I
SiO2 is slightly acidic because it reacts \vith a strong ,r ha,iino
Elernent Na Ai D ^^n
Li(e) Si
(b)
,| alkaline solution io lorin salt and \.vater. al1s.r.ilm = I aHr.rri.n .n",g., - I AHnror",.n 1

I50 I
Chloride NaCl AlClr siclr PCi: SiO2[s) + 2NaOH[aq) -
NazSiO:[ag] + H:O(l) On descending Gro,,tp 2, the lattice energ-y and
formula PCis SiO2 is nol soluble in r,valer. However, the ox.ides lhe hydratio[ energ'/ deciease uriih increasing
Li(s) of phosphorus, sulphur and chlorine are acidic and cailonic size. However, ihe decrease in lariice
Bonding Ionic Co.raleni Covalenl Covale;i
reacrs with rvater to form acidic solutions. energy is greater than Lhat of the hydration

118 r19
 subsiances. The electrostaric force oi aiuac-rion When barium carbonaie is accidertaljl,, iitgesreC,
energy-. As a r:sult, Allsoreirr becomes iLl ir fte size of L1e metallic ions [Ba?- >
negaiil.e Iexoiierrnic). benveen &e ions are very slrcng. Hence, tlese it r3ac6 wirh lhe
aciC in dte sl0r,-]-?ah. Mg2-) result! in a greater ciecrease in
F--_--.
compounds have high meldng pcin-.s. BaCO3[sJ + H'(aqJ + Bar.(a:t . HCO3-(aq1 &e hydraiio.n energy as ccmpared io rhe
SiO2 is a giali co\.alent molecule. A ioi of l ae da-' t0r-l prodlcc0 js poiso,tcus.
latrice enersv. d;r;d:ator oi lv4gSOl >
energ,v is rcquired to break ihe covalanr boniis. 7 ta) U.oon heailng, calcium nitrate deco;nooses as
.a
l,4elilng point is high. shown belorv.
BaSOa.
Msoruiicr = lAffi.,u..
\'
(bj Na2O reacrs lyiih lval€i io ioiin sodiun 2Ca(NO:)z(s) r
2CaO(sJ + 4NO2lg) + 02(gJ
unurg.;] - iAllnro*uoni
Therefore, Ms:rrjor for tsaSO, is very
h]dro*Ce. d posiiive and ihe sulphate is not soluble
Na2O{s) + H2O(1J -
2NaOH[aq] . A browrL gas, NO2, is given ofi. in waier rvhereas Affr";u60. loi Jv,lgSOl is
P1O1s dissolves in water to iorm phosphoijc . A rvhite soiid, CaO. is foimed. negaiive and rhe sali is sojuble.
acid. . A gas. 02. iiat rekindles a glolv.ing spiinrer
P4O1e(s) + 6H2O{iJ + 4H3POa{aq) is iibera'Led. (b) llarice Energyi , iqtq- i
B.(OHlu MgTOHi, CaiOHj2 S;iCH), 3e{OH), + r-l
\r.
SiO2 is insoiuble in rvaier. The Si-O bcnd is tb) When potassium niirate is heared. oxygen gas Charge of the Na- ion = Charge of
is given oii.
ilie K- ioa
Therefore, the solubilitv of hyd;oxides in lyater very simlg and carnot be hydrollsed by waier.
2il\Orl's) - ZKNO2(s) + Or[g) = +l (q*)
increases on descending Group 2. This expiains The Mg2* and 'rhe Ai3- ions have high latrice Charge of the F- ion = Charge ol tire Cl- ion
rvhy Ba[OH)2 is very soluble in wa'rer lvhereas energies forming strong ionic bonds in MgO A
and Al2O3. These oxides are insolubie in {'ater. The relati're mo!ecular nass oi It\O3
=_ 1 {q_)
Mg[OH), is only slighily soluble. but radius of the Na'ion < Radius oi the K-
4 (a) {i) Mg reacts rvirh CH3BI to ioim Grignard {cJ Na2O aad MgO are metallic oxides and are = 39.1 + 14 + 3(i6) ion b.l
basic in naiure. The-v can react with acids to = 101 .1
Radius of rhe F- ion < Raciius of the
form salt and $-ater. i._i Cl-
Frhor Therefore, tIe laitice energy for sodium flr:oride
+Mg "-'"'
1, The nrmber oi rnoies oi KNO3 *0,
CH3BI r CH3iv4gBr Na2O(s) + 2Hcl(aq) + 2NaCl[aqJ + H2O(1)
=
#l is larger rhan tltat of Dotassiunt chjoride.
(ii)Calcium reacis lviih cold water. Hov,rever MgO(s) + zldCtlaq) + MgCl2iaql + H2O(l) From the above eouarion, 0.01 mol of KNO3
the reaction is slow. Ai203 is an ainphoteric oxide. It shows prcperiies lvill release
Y = 0.005 moi O,
te Ca(s) + 2HzO(l) + Ca[OH)2(aq).+ H2[g) ol a base lvhen it reacts w'rth an acid.
A.l2O3(s) + 6Hcl{aqj + 2A1Cl3[aq) + 3Hzoil) 0.005 mol Oz = 0.005 x 32 g= 0.16 ga2
n {b) Magnesium can react lvilh steam. iglilpter 3
Ivlg(s) + HzO[g) + MgO(s) + H2[g) A-12O3 shows iis acidic property by reaciing Therefore, it is sho\m Dat the gas is oxygin.
)j
(cl Msoirilon =
dt.ru,e ene6yl - laHn'r,"uori wid: a base. [c) The size of the Li. ion is the sma]lest ivhen
r.
compared to the other metallic ions in Grcup uurt', irur"cHolcE ouESTi oNS
The difference between the lattice energies of A12O3(s) + 2NaOH(aq) -, 2NaAI{OH)a(aq)
magnesium sulphate and calcium sulphate is +.3HzO(l) l. Therefore, iis ability to polarise the anion ii I B A high electricat current [40 000 A) is used to
)f very smali. The reason is that the size of ihe 5lO, and P4O16 are non-I]1etalljc oxrdes v/hich greaier than the rest ofthe Gtoup I caiions. fix the cell temperarure at 950 .C _ 900 "C.
)3 SO,2- ion is so large that any changes in size of are acidic. Thev can react with'a base to rbrm This explains why ti:hium njtrare behares 2 B Na'+e-=Na
the Mg2- and Ca2* ions do not significantlli alter salt and warer. d.ifferenijy ftom the Group I nibates when heaied. 1_ F pro{uces I mole of sodium
AA
e ihe laLtice energies of the Croup 2 sulphates. SiO2{s) + 2NaOH[aq) + Na2SiO3(aq) + H2O(l) 2LiNO3[sJ - 2LiOis) + 4NO2[g] + 02(g) 4.0gsodium= =0.2mot
n Ca2* ion is larger than the Mg2* ion. Horvevel PaOlsisJ + 12NaOH(aq) + 4Na3PO1(aq) + At f
ar increase in size of t}le cadons does cause a 6H20[])
(d) (j) Sulphur dioxide is used as a preservaiive 0.2 F produces 0.2 mole of sodium
v
l significant decrease in the hydration energies. (a) The Group 2 njtxales.decompose upon heating
' in various foods and drinks. Al3-+3e-+A.l
e Mhyor"1on of MgSOa > CaSO.. io form the corresponding oxides, nitrogen [ii) Two sources of sulphur dioxide are the 3 F produces I mole of aluminiurr
c EnerB
dioxide and o-rygen. combustion of fossil fuel and volcanic 0.2Fproduces=!3x, mot
eruprions. - J
2&/{NO3)2(sl + 2lvlgO[s) + 4Noz(g) + Oz(g)
A [iii) The Dresence of sulphur dioxide gas in _4.2\27 a
On descending Group 2, the size of the meiallic tie aimosphere causes acid rain. AciC rain J

ion [rom magnes:um to barium is increasing, acceieaates i,lre rusting ol iron, altacks and = 1.8 g aluminiLrm
lvhile the power to polarise is decreasing. As a corrodes buildings and kills aquatic life in 3A Ajum, K2SOaAl2[SOiJ3.24HzO, is used in u/ater
result, tlle N-O bond in the NO3- ion gets less
rivers and lakes. treatment in the rvater filtration plant. It is
polarised as we descend the group. Therefore,
8 (al (i) Mg2.[aq] + Soa2-(aq) - MtSO+(aqJ used to precipiiate the suspended particles in
MgSOa is soluble. No change is observed. water_
BeSO. l,lgsoa C2SOr SrSOr Basoi down tie group, the nitrates are becoming
Ba2*(aq) + SOoLlaq) 4 C Al aqueous solution of aluminium chloride
more stable towards thermal decomposition. BaSOr(s) - conrains u]e complex
Therefore, Msolution for CaSOa is more posilive In this respect, barium nitlate js more stabie Howevei, BaSOo is ar insoluble v/hite solid. ion JAI(H2Oldl3*. The
than for MgSOa. Thus, an aqueous solution of magnesium complex ion reacrs rvith sulphide ions and
lhan magnesium nitrate.
means that MgSO4 is more soluble in
This ^H.o,r,,on The ionic equation is as lollorvs: nitrate and barium nitrate can be
liberates H2S gas.
{b) difFerentiared. 2JAi(H2O)6J3.(aq) + 3S2 (aql _,
waler than CaSO4. BaSO4(s) + Ba2'(aq) +SOa2-(aq)
(d) Magnesium sulphate is used as a laxarive. v _ tD^Z+tta^ 2-
,,rp
{ii) l'he difierence in the lanice energy 2lAl{HrO)r(OH)31 (s) + 3H2S(g)
- t-" [.-J ]
Calcium sulphaie is used to make vr'riijng Bur [Ba2'] = ISO42-l
bettveen magnesium sulphaie and bariilm lVoie: Al(H2O)3(OH)3(s) can also be rvritren as
chalk. sulphate is very snall. The reason is that Al(OH)3.3H2O(sll
s (al The force of attraction beiween simple co'/alent
.. (r, = lBa2"12 the size of ihe SOa2 jon is so large that 5D Concenrrated HCI acjd reacts wjth KMnO. and
molecules of P*O,p is rveak van der r.Vaals i.3 )< l0-ro = 1Ba2-12 any cha,rges in the cationic [ir4g2* and produces chiorine gas.
.
forces. Therefore, the melljng point is low. [Ba]-l = \'/13,.. Jb-io. Ba2t1 size can only atfucr a small change ZKMnOr(sJ + l6HCt(aq) +
However, Na2O, lv1gO. and A)2O3 are ionic = 1.14 x l0-5 nrol drr'r in lLe latiic(e:'tergy. However, an increase 2KCl(aql + 2MnCi2(aq) + 5Cl2(g) + BH2O(IJ
 31 / is ihe carbon anode and orlgen gas ts
Tne Al3- ion ilas a hlgh charge densiryr C
2Alts) r 2NaOH[aq) + 6i{2Oii) ' Thereiore, it can poiarise the electron cloud Iiberaied.
r-omoound O is anhydrous calcium chloride 2Na,qltOH).(ao) + 3H2(g) f is rile caibon caihode and tire reducticn cf
R oi the Cf ion to folm a covalent bond. Hence,
I,i;',ffi; io J'Y cniorine gas' comoound
efu*lnio*'Ao.t "ot react r'viijr dilute niiricori
AJCI3 is a co'/alent conpound. -A]3* ion occuts.
ffi;. ;;; *a li utto to absorb uoisture and
acid.
pair of Holvever, '&e F- ion is very small. The Al3- ion
Z is ite electrollte comprising riiolien
IT. AIE
Al2O3

anv excess chlorine

-r^r(H;;l;il;;' acid 16D ii. o.nr.n. molecule has no lone vacari calnoi polarise ihe eleciron clcud oi ihe F- ion.
-.f, l\o33r
dru 6.

6B act as a Bronsied'101"/ry
.i..,*., lo form dative bonds u'itI the
Therefore, A1F3 is ionic.
fuminium flucride is ar ionic compound'
Thefe is sfong eleciiostaiic [orces oi aiiractjon
ard donaies Wore.'Ionic size Cl- ion >> F- ion. Also F
Pro'Lons' orbitals in aluminium' lon
rrrru nt.t3't:n\ + H,O{l) = of aluminium oxide is bei-*een the oositive Al3= and negadve F ions'
i 77C *"""O,, a laYer is highly elecironegativel
fi iij;;i:bii'"i,qt ri,o=t'q t
,;;;;-;; the suriace or fte alrminium
244 /Juminium fluoride is an ionic compouiid'
So AlF3 has high boi)ing Point.
rnrr'Jr',irJ"" sotuuon of an aluminium salt
mpral This oxide leyer ca:: be removed
by
The force of altraciion beivieen ions is strong
J) U Bauxiie is heaisd in concentiaied sodium
is acidic. Alurni':rium will reacr with hydroxide soiuiion to dissolve the aluminiunl
rn.r*"itii.n,"t'de' elecirostaiic forces of att€ctio;l. Hence, iJre
7D O,.oo*i.*O.t,ture' alullrinium ch'ol]1t :^Ilt::
or vdLdrr .r.,.ii"'f.r* a whire precipilare of
alumirium
compound has a higir boiling poini- Horvever,
oxide. This is the first step in the extraction of
l i.-,,9 as a dimer, A12Cl6 The availaDill;v libera:es htdrogen gas' aluminium bromide is a covalent cornpound'
aluminium.
r': :: Zj ir"tiiti-um allo'r the aiuminium
ion "'"'J^trrltu]d6H2o(i)
hvdioxide
+ 2A'1(oH)3('1 + 3H2[g] 34D Anhydrous alumioium chloride. is normally
"rli"ttl" The force of atiracticn between a.luininium
i" t...ir. , *t pair of elecfons from chloiine ' e-\ ist as a) used as a caialyst in an elecirophilic subslitution
In an aqueous soluijon, AIi ions bromide molecules is \ijeak van der trVaais force
f

to form daiive bonds'

188 reaction.
ocrahedial complex JAl(HzO)ol'=' of attraction.
8C Ltn"n oi"*ia. gas is use
- toa mixiure
precipitaie-
of z5B The reaction is slow because the thln layer of
CI
ili"""t,*niu, tlidroxiae fro-m (A+cr. acit,
.or** l"o'"* aluminaie' NaAl{OH}a'
and oxide on tie surface of the metal reacts slowly
\l ,",: A*ncr
\2
sith HCl[aq) acid.
sodium silicate, Na2SiO3'
+ AJ2O3(s) + SHCI(aq) + 2A1Cl3(aq) + 3i{2O(1) 35A ' In water, the Al3- ion exist as a complex ion,
2Na-{1(OH)a[aq) + CO2(g) (Oxide tal'er) lA](Hzo)ol3-.
zAltoi)3(s) + Na2Co3(aq) +
H2o(l)
AJter ai] of the oxide layer (Al2O3) has reacied The v,ihite precipitate [A1[HrO)3{OH)3],
u"*.ri., ,i,ji"m siiicate remains in the
rvith HCl(aq) acid, then the pure aluminium is aluminium hydroxide is formed lvhen NaOH
soiuilcn. exposed and will reacturith the acid' Therefcre, soiution is added.
liberaied'
ec 2Al(s) + 3Cl2(g) - 19A sillohur d.ioxide aIId hydrogen gas are the rate of reaction increases. , [A1(H2O]613'(aq) + 3OH-[aq) +
In this r€action, aluml ^rTI:,. is oxidised and
il;;;;;ilrt for the reacdons are as foliows'
2Al(sJ + 6HCl[aq) + 2AlCl:(aq) + 3Hz(gJ f lerlHro;.1oH)31[s) + 3Hro(l]
chiorine is reduced irifJ - Jt rso.tao) Al2(S-oa)3(aq) r 3Soz(g)
- [Pure metal)
ihe white precipitate will dissolve in aa extess
Ci + Cl-
+ 6H:O(l)
26D Zigier-Natta catalyst is
used in
the of sodium hydroxide solution to form the
Element Al - A13*
+ 2NaOH(aq) + 6H2o[1) -
2,aJts) aluminate ion, [AI[0H)r]-[aq).
pol),rnerisation o,f proPene.
be wdtten
Charge 0 0
2NaAt[OH]+(aq) + 3H2[g) INote: l\ll{zo)zloH))al-(aq) car also
ion exists as a tetrahedral as [At(OH)r]-(aq)l
agent' Ii will only zoc ii" l^foHlri
10D N-*i. u.'a is an oxidising tAl(Hzol:(OH)gl[s) + OH-(aq) +
;t:;;il; al,minum oxide laYer on the complex.
' [Al{Hro)r(oH)4]-[aq) + Hro(l)
nol roHl
;;;fr* .fah.
react
aluminium, tterefore' it does
wiih aluminium itself' trl
I dr i
36B A large amount of eiectilcity is required in
the extraction of aluminium by means of
o-,i-rou.ou. ion of aluminium is acidic
and
11 A luo" i"*oHl electrolysis as compared to the recycling of
,-, rlr.i*r,1,l a base Na2C03(aq) to produce
a
toH.t Poly[propene)
-aluminium. As such, a high cost is invoived'
r"n'" rt..ip,",. [Al(HzO)r{OH):] {aluminlum
Aluminium chloride acts as a halogen carrier
in 37C Aluminium oxide, Al2O3, is an ionic substance
;;;;;-';;;.,' wirhlcid ro rorm salt and 21 c IA type of Ziegler-Natia catalyst is a mixture of [ionic bond) with a litt]e covalenl character'
the halogenation of benzene'
wa[er]. TiCla and (CzH5)3Al,l Al2O3 is amphoteric and can dissoive in aqueous
2lAl{HrO)ol3'(aq) + 3COlz-(aql
- Mechanism 27c The crystal formed is alum, NaOH.
;1;1,ji61.1onr,t(sl + 3H,otr)
+ 3coz(g) AICIr+Clr-AJCI,- rCl' K2SO4.A.l2(SO4)2'24H2O. AJ2O3[s) + 2OH-[aq) + 3H2O(l) +
uuo,*' oifrirOirloHl3, aluminiurn
hydroride' 28C Aluminium oxide has an ionic bond lvith 2lAltoH)al-(aq)
H*,CI !I covalent character. Therefore, it reacts with point.
Ir"'.rro n. t"ri.Ln ,' Al(oH)3 3H2ol
it is not
A12O3 has a very hiSh boiling

12c ; ;;.;rt solution

acto'
of 'Al3'. ioils is acidic' It
@?.,'-@-@., dilute acids and alkalis' However,
soluble in water it is amphoteric.
JO D The anodising process is carried out on a piece
of aluminium metal. The piece of aluminium
acts as a Bronsted-Lowry
with aqueous potasslum A1C1.-+H-+AICI,+HCI 29c In aqueous solulion, the aluminium becomes coated 1!ith a frick iayer of alurninium
13D A]uminium reacts ion, Al3'(aq) exist in the form of
aluminate ion and sulphide gas oxide which islresistant to corrosion ln
iiol"-iJ.' t,. fom the )1. n The gas evolved is hydrogen hexaaquaaluminiurn(lll) ion, IAlIH2O)6]3*. anodising, an aluminium plate is connected
Iiberates hydrogeo gas' lvhich smells of rotien eggs'
The is hydrollseu The jon undergoes hydrolysis and produces an to the posiiive terminal (anode) and sulphuric
i4D ;;;^"; haia lorv eiectlical resistance ln sotuilon, aluminiu;n nirrate acidic soludon IPH <7].
in the lorm of heai acid is used as the electrollte.
i"" energy and forms A13.[aq) + NO3-[aq)'
lAl(H20)olr-(aq) + H2O1l) - 39D A1(OH)3-Al3*+3OH-
"i-.i..,t1.,1
energY can be reduced' Al3*tao) = lAl(Hro)613-[aq) 3-(dq) lAl(H2OlsOHlz=(aq) + H.;O-{aq) 0.1 mol 0.1 mol 0.3 mol
15 c ;;;*, reacts wilh diiure sulphulic acid i,i.ii*'i' ii,t'uiiii"'i*''ur IAr(H'zol(
" iffi'.i.l*i"lrm
I
30c ln ,qr.oui soiution, ihe Al3' ion, [A][HzO)5]r., |Jumber of moles of ions = 0. i + 0-3 = 0.4 mol
and gives off SO2 gas' hvdroxide' A1(oH)r'3H2u undeEoes hydrolysis and produces an acidic Total number of ions = 0.4 x 6.02 >< 1023
zo,rii - ottrsoiuq)
- - etr(soo)r(.q); 2Soz{s) and H25 gas. solution. Therefore, the colour of the universal 4x0.1X6.02x1A23
+ 6H'O(1) 2[A.](HzO]613'(aq) + 3Sr-(aq)
+ indictor charges from green to pink. x
solution = 2.408 1023
Aluminium reacts r/ith' NabH
anO
2N(OH)3. 3H2O(s) + 3H25(gl
gives off hYdiogen gas'
 _i5 A Thes3 conpoi.:rds exisi as teiiahedral ca;nDlgxas. STRUCTLRED OIJESTIONS
.10 A A sirong ionic bond betlveen Ai3- icas and , , TIRT
A] aiom is qo' hi'brid'sed. Ai:O; is the ;:iai:t I ia) V/hen aiuiliniuri sulphaie dlssol.,"es in ',vaier,
02- resulis in alulilinium oriCe havrng a high componeni in aiumina caraiyst. Cera:lics is haiC
FieliinE point. C!-iolite rcduces the meliing
o:i; * s.: r :. itc) + 273t aid stiong b,.:i bii::l€, i:sisiant io corros.ion ald
lAl{!irOl5l3. and SO"2- jons are formed. The
1.0 x loj .< (53 ( l0-') high pciarlsing eiieci oi ,i.1:- icrs aiiiact
poini ci aluminium cxide and heips aluiliniurn a gcod heat ald el:cirical insu.iaior. [Noi Lhe sirongly ihe bcnCed eiection pair in rhe lvarer
oxids to form ions = 266.8 coinpounds in 'rhe qu€sucn]
The relaii.ie mclecular mass cf A1Cl3 is i33'5' molecuie. This rveakens the O-H bonC in ihe
41 A The ieactiviiy oi aluminiun is r'educed by Lhe 56C Niiric acid does noi react v,'ith alun:inium
The value o:t the l'1, obiained is dou'cle ihe '14 H2O raolecuie. herce H'ions ate ieleased.
presence oi a &in lai'ei oi aluminium oxide on meial. Niiiic acid is an oxidisiag ag?ili which
ior AiCl:. [tuiH2o)5i3=[ao) + H2O{ti
its suiiace. Thereiore aiuminium it resisizjli to ihicl<ens ihe oxide ia'yer on the surface oi t1t,il n1 nui2 i--t
4qJ : u
=i^^! ..)
corrosion. il this case, aluminiurn chloiid? exisis as a aiuminium. in faci, this oriide ia'rei prevsn.s
t..i.rtrvrjvrir :1jv^ (.qJ .,.'

diInei, A12Ci6. The hydioxonium ion, H3O-, ioimed causes

The meliing poiili of aluminiuIn oxide is very anv reaciion bei'*'een ihe r-nelai anC tne ecii. -J1e sclJrion ro :e acidic. a:':'l
high (2050 'C). -{i2O3 is dissolved in rnoiien 50c The eiect-onic configuration oi aluminiura is Reaction n;ii: H2SO; acid:
r -Zt-2t^6c
t5 Ln .P r) -2t^1
(bi Tie or-i,r:n gas o.oduced ai '-le giaDhire alcde -:::.:
o;.-
cry"oir:e so ihat elecitolysis can ptoceeil in ihe
Jy
The valence (ouieimost) sheil contaiiis
2.:.!(s) + 6H1SC:(ao) -
AI;(SOol3racJ , v,'ili reacr wirhiie giaphit?. Craphiie bxins ro
elec-uol1*uc cell at a iemDeraiure of 900 "C' 3SO2ig) + oH-Oitl
3 ve.lence elecirons. The ionisarion eneigy release carbon dioxide. Therelcre, i..he mass ci
,? E A solution oi an aluminium sali in waier is Reacdon \,vith hot NaOH(aq): &e graphile arod3 C3cieases \riu rji:le.
aciriic. V'lhen alualiilium chloride is dissolYed increasss sio.,l'ly 1'vit]1 each elecuon removei 2Aiis) + 2NaOH(aq) = 5H2O[1) +
This is because the ion formed becomes more C(s) + Oz($ -+ CO2ig)
i!] v,'aier, an acidic solution is forrned' 2Na-Ai(OHJ1(aql + 3H2[g)
posiiive and lhe remaining electrons are
The reaciion of aluminium \'{ith ox-yg?jt is veiy
{cl Aluminiuin chloride is a co-/alenr compound
CI.\./\/,Ci. ,CI strongly attracted bv rhe nucleus. a
whicn €xisrs as dimer, A12Ci5. The
exoiiermic. A lo'L of energy is reieased. interinolecular force of atraction in ,^j2ci6
A] A1 Nuciear aiiraciion on the iourth a-ld iifth
' c\/ \ctl \ct elec'lrons is very suong because the fourtll and 4Ai[s) + 302[g) - 2A.12O3is) 4H = Nagative is v,.eak van der l%als force of ailracrion.
iiiih electrons are in the inner she1l and clos?r s7D The metaliic bond is fomred as a iesult of ihe Therefore, solid aluminium chior:de sublimes
A12c16
to fie nucleus. Thereiore, theie is a big jump elecoostalic atracilon beireen the Ai3- ions aad at a iolv lemperature. Moist air conlains water
Dirner berween the ii'Iird and fourth ionisation energy-' iie s3a of delocalised elecimns. As flre number of molecules. A[2C16 reacts lviih \..!.ater and gives
s1 lnitia.lly; the A13' ions lrom a.luminium chloride ofi whire fumes.
There is no Al-Al bond. The A1Cl3 molecule is B delocajisedr.aience eiectrons of the meu.1 increase,
reacts lvith aqueous NaOH io form a $'hiie . AJ2clb + 6H2O + 2A1(OI{)3 + 6HCl
tdgonal planar in shape. In A1Ci3, lhe drom is rhe strenglh of the meiaiiic bond also increases.
sp2 hybridised w-heieas in A12CL6, the Al aiom precipitate. A.ifH2OisIOH)3, aluminium The aluminium aiom has rhiee delocaiised valence lVhile fumes
(a) .jAluminium niirate solution conains [Al {}J2O)6]5'
is sp3 hybridised. hydroxide. The .Diecipiiate dissol'/es in ail excess elecuons. Therefore, iis r-neiallic bond is suorger : ions. The aluminium
of aqueous NaOH to lorm the aluminate ion,: ions react with hydroxide
44D Aluminium is a belier conductol of electricily Lhan that of iron. A]u,].I1intum has a lcwer densit/
than copper, hence not much energy is losl Lhan iron. The layer oi aluminium o)ode on ihe ions, OH- and forms a lvhite precipitaie
iAl(H2O)rIOH)4r.
caa exist as a dimer A12C16 sudace of aluminium makes the Inelal more Al(H2O)3 {OH)3, aiuminium hydroxice.
thiough elecarical resistanc2. iluminiurn chioride
O is concentiaied sulphuiic acid in the vapour state until 400 'C' The h1'Croi-vsls lAliilro)dl3-(aql - 3OH-[aq) +
458 Substance resistart to corrosion.
.vhich is used to dry chlorine gas. This is reaction of aluminium chloride lvit'\ rvaier is 58D The relatjve molecular mass oi JC2H5)3,AJ is 1 1.1. Alil{2Oj3(OH)3{sl + 3}-l2Of I)
the aluminium chloride iormed is slo\r The percentage composition of hluminium Aluminium hydroxide djssolves in an excess
because
easily hydrolysed by the moisiure in the air" s2C The elements to the left of aluminium in the )7
"' of sodium hydroxide and forms the aluminare
2Al[OH)3(s) + 6HCl(g) same period in the Pe rodic Table are magnesium
= t14 'Y. 1C0
ions, [,A.](H2O)a[OH)a]-:
AlzClo(s) + 6H2O(lJ - Al{H2O)3(OH1_r{s) + OH [aq)
46A Sodiun hydroxide solution is used to absolb and sodiun. The oxides of magnesium and - 23.68% -,
excess chlorine gas. sodium are basic ionic comPounds' = 23.7% lAi(HrO)r(OH)41-(aq) + H2Oill
+NaCl(aq) + NaOC)(aq) (bl_ Aluminium hydroxide dissolves in aqueous
2NaOH(aq) +Cl2ig) 53D Reaction at anode: The Ziegler-Natta catalyst is a mixiure ot TiCl:
and (C2H5)3AI. It is used in the producrion of sodium hydroxide and forms a compjex ion,
+ HzO(l) -
2o2-lll o2(gJ + 4e-
47C The reaclion occurred is as foilows. Reaciion at cathode: high density polyethena. lAr(oH)rl-:
At3-(t) +3e--A1{l) 59D 2A1[s) + 6HCi(aq] + 6H2O{11 -,2A1Cl3'6H2O + Al[oH)3(s) + oH-(aq) + 1.,\]{OH)al-[aq)
2Al6) + 3cu2.(aq)-.2A13*(aq) + 3Cu[s)
Aluminium hydroxide does not dissohre in
Cu2- + 2e- - Cu Eo = +0.34 V The gmphite anode ivill react lvith the oxygen 3H:ig)
A:* * 3g- + Al l.o = -1.66 V gas liberaied: A1C13'6H2O undergoes hi,rirolysis upon heating. aqueous ammonia because aluminium cannot
E9 - E0"oslti,, e,-inai - E0n"gu 'ra te:mlnol C(s) + 02(g) -, CO2(g) Therefore, anhydrous aluminium chloride forn complexes v/ith ammonia.
= 0.34 - ( -1.651 V = +2.00 v ,o- cannot be prepared by heating AlCl3.6H2O. [c) When anhydlous aluminium ch]oride is adCeC
548 r/h)drarion - | f-] 2A\C\.6H2O ; to water,
c
Lcct-" - E3 0 059 ,^" lOx;dised ion] u;;7 AI(OH)3 6HCl
n.,"" [Reducedion] The charge of rhe Al3' ion is large' [Al(HrO)ol3-[aq) and Cl-(aq) ions are lormed.
2.5v q.=3 Preparat:on of LlAlH3: .4.lCi3isJ + 6H2O(1)+ A1(H2OJ613.[ao) + 3Ci-(aq)
-,on- 0.054.--
_z.v!-_ 6 ,ogl;- H-o.j/e"'ei. the ionic mdius (r.), Al3'^is very BLiH(s) + Al2Clu[s1
Etht', 2LiAlt{.k)+
6LiCtG)
When aqueous sodium hydroxi.ie is added io rhe
small. 1-hereiore, e\f/1..,1r.,;on for 'Lhe Al3* ion Al(H2Olej3- ions, a w,hite precipitate is iorrced-
is
= +1.99 V 60 D The availability of vacant orbitals at ihe *
48 D The ziegler'Naita cat'a1)rsr is a mixlure oi high. ouiermost shell enables the Al3- ion to accepr
[AltHrO)6]3- + 3OH-(aqj
(C2Hsl3Al and TiC14 and is used as a caialysl in .. q-q- [A.i(Hzo]s(OHJ:](s) + 3HzO[1)
lone paris of eiectrons from the ligands to form
the Pol'rmerisation of ethene-
rtlzt!:cc- - , n In an excess oi
sodiui'n h].droxide, the
a cornpiex iol. rvhite precjpitate oi aluminium hydroxide,
Note: The oolymer lr.rnned is a linear chain i.,'here g, = The charge of the Al3- 16n - ;3
uoroaluminatelillJ ion, [AiFrl3-
He;<afl
po1;irner (no branching). 4- = The charge of the F- ion = -1 IAI(HrOl3(OH)31, djssolves and forms the
DiaquaietrahydroxoaiumjnareIill) ion, alunrinare ion, [A](HrO)2[OH)a]-.
49 B (ldeal gas eqLation) r* = Radius of Al3* ioll = Very small
PV=nRT i,Ar(H2o)2i0Hl4j- ' JAI(H:OI3(OH,}:](s) + OH-(aq) :
.. mRT r- = Radius of F- = Aiso srnall
Hejiaaquaalrn'riniurnilli) ion, lAl(H,O)dll
'\l
'l'here[ore, 1H,,u ce for AIFs is higlt [A][HrO)riOH)4f(aq) + HzO(1)

124
 3 ial The ioi']ic formuia is iAiF5l3-. Hcu'ever, borcn does noi haYe 3d oibiials. ' A.}'lstion tM, ioi NzO3 = 102)
The shaDe of the ion is ociahedfal.
An zqu:ous soi:t'cn oI ar'lmi,l:urr ci:loride
Therefore, ii can iorm tl'Ie complex ion, iBFrf
oliv.
oo
li
4A1{s) + 302[g)' 2Ai:O:isJ
;ror,-- the above reaciion.
.--.,i,
_C ^,nr
a- C
{bl
Aluininiuill suiphaie scluticn _ Cn. " Cti. = HCI
vi;1
coaiains rhe iAIiH2O)613' ions \,.hich uliergo icl coi:tai!s Ci ro procuce 1 moie oiAl2O3, i-no1es oi 02
hyiroiysis. l,{[r]2o)613- iols $'hich hydrolvses as follo-.','s. ]
l,J(H2O1ul3-1aq) i- H. Orr j.,' lAi(J?Or"lr-(ao,j + H:O(l) + I [a) The func',icn of coirceiitraled siiiphudc acid is .rd r6d),i.6d

iA.l[H2O)5OIj]2*iaq) + H:O-[aq) lA1li{2O)5OHl2-{aqi + H3O={aq) tc dry the ctllorine gas, From the reaction belcl'./,
The ii3o- iors cause iie scl,iiicn io be acidic. The H3O- ions cause iie scluiicit to be acjCic. rb) 2A1{si + 3Ci:[g] +,{J;Ci5{s) 4oil-[aq) + O2{g} + 2H2O{1) + 4e-
Aluiainiuil flucride is al ioaic compound. The The u:rivelsai indicaror sho'rs i]]ar ihe pH oi icl ii) Scdalime is used to a-bsortr excess chlodle io produce I mole of $rygen, 4 mcLes oi
l:t !t) ic)
: r
electroslaiic foi€e oi atiraction beilveen Lhe the soiuiion is less ihan 7 lpH < 7). gas. eiecirons a:e requiied.
A13- and F- ions is rei-y stiotg. Therefore, ii 6 (i) Meihare gas, Cl1a. [iiJ Clrfg] + 2NaOH(s) +
NaCIO{s) + NaClis) )
=i; nol Al,O3 reqriies
[aJ Th:reiore,'TIJZ
.:"i:rr iE remains a soiiC uniil 1530 K. (iiJ AltrCr:s) lzH2Olt1- JI(CH)r{sJ -
= + H2Oilj
Hcl.,,ever, aiuninium chloride is a covaieni 3CH4(g) iC) A large suriace area in r-he coniainer prot/ides a 2 .. 3
con:pound. The intermolecuiai iorce oi tbl til ,{13'+ 3e- + Al ......... {1) coid suiiace foi ii:e aiuminium chloride vapour 1A2 2
aitraciion is tieak van der \4raals iorce of E'=- 1.66V to charge to ihe solid ard can be collecied
atiraciion. Hence, ii is a s01id uniii 450 ( onl/. c,A.Z- _ )"- r AH
-- _ S/1.
--2-.:t1v...
?u n i1
lLl
,',riihin. = -l mot Oz

\Vher heated, ii s.jblimes. E' -- - 0.17 Y te) (ij Beryllium

.. 3 .^
mol u2 requtras
(,:i ) Aluminiuin sulphaie soluiion contains lt) x 2: [iiJ.aJun:inium and beryllium have the same 102
IAi(i1zO)d13" and SOa2- ions. s/hen sciium 7X1s' a gs- + 2A.1 .. {3) elecironegaiiviry ( j .5 in rhe Pauling scale).
=#"4elecrrons
h'.rdroxide solution is added, a 1vh;ie preciDitate (2J x 3: Also, rhe charg? densiLies cI rhe A]i' and
of aluminium hydroxide, AliH2O)3{Oil)3, is 3SO,2 + 5e-+ \)fl+ ; 3SO2+ 6HrO... [4] Be2- ions are approximaieiy iie same. Ouaniiq/ of eleciricitY
formed u,-hich dissolves in excess NaOH{aql. [a) - (3): Ia) The fuel cell is an electrochemical cell r,vhich = Number of moles of eiecirons x
Al{HrO)r{oH)rtsJ + OH-(aq} + rqn 2_ ,^13_ , rru_ --' lje, + 6H.O corveris chemical energy to elecirical energy. Faraday Consiant

lAl(HrOJr(OHJ4l-(aq) + HzO(l) - 2?J Fuel is supplied to one elecuode and an . i: , 4 \ 96 5oo = t1 J5?.9-.1 C
[Nole: Aluminium hydroxide, ,A1iH2O)3{OH)3 or 2Al + 3SOa2- + 12H* + 3SO2 + 6H2O oxidising agent issupplied to the other taz
Ai(OH)j.3HrO. Aluminare ion, lAiIH2O)2{OH)]l- + 2Al3* electrode (b) (i) The equaiion for lhe reaciion is as follo.,r's:
or IAl[oH)r]-[aq)] Eo=+0.17-(-1.66) (bl Platinum electrode: 2A1{s) + 2OH-[aq) + 6H2O{J) +
4 [aJ (i) The aluminium sulphate and potasslum . = +1.83 V a2ig) + 2H2O(1) + 4e- +'4OH-(aq)
,| 2lA1[OH).]-[aq] + 3Hr(g)
sulphale salts. As .g! is posiiive, ihe reaction i..,'iil occur (ii) Using tlie ideal gas equaiion,
(ii) Aium is used in the puriiicatlon ofdrinking sponianeousiy. pV - nRT
,AJ1s) P3r (aq1 r 3e
-
1ryater and in sewage treatmenL (as a (iiJ
The equation for the reactjon is: Number ol moles of hydrogen gas ca,r be
Overall celi reaction:
calculaied
floccuiaiing agent). 2A1(s) + 3SOa2- (aql + 12H=(aq) - 4Al(sJ + 3O2{g) + 6H2O(l} + 4A1(OH)3[s)
(bj ti) Ceramic is hard,' brittle, resistant to 3SOz(g) + 6H2O(1) +2A13"(aql (c) E.m.f. of the ceil: {1.01 {'1O') * -!=n\B.3l x
corrosion and can stand high temperaLures. (c) Not possible. Aluminium chlorjde is hydrolysed ru (25 ,273)
(ji) Ceramic is used io manufaclure iiles, - I iosiLreterrinrl -L regr:iver?rnind
byu,ater. Therefore, AlClj cannot be crystaiiised .01 x i 02 = 247 6.38n
insulaiors and 5parK piugs. flom solution.
= -
0.40 [ -1.66] V 1

.. n=0.04inol
= +2.06 Y
{cl Due to the extremely la.rge amount oi heat 7 (a) In a combustion reaction, oxygen comes from Celi diagram: hydrogen gas
energy released during the io.rmation of the air. Water can teiminate combustion From the equation,
A1(sl lA13-(aq) llOr{g)}OH-(aq) IPtts)
aluminium oxicje from alumlnium, alurninium because it can prevent the cxygen irom ccming
(dl From the aluminium electrode to the platinum '
2Al(s) z6i1-1to) + 6H2O(l) '
oxide is a suilable solid propellant in rocKeis. in contact rvith the surface of the burning electiode.
2[Al[oH)a]-(aq) + 3H2[g)
5 (a) Aluminium bromide vapour conslsts oI 412816 obiect.
(e j a
Afier while, the aluminium electrode i mol H, sas = 2 mol AI
molecules. ln rhe ThermjLe Process, oxygen is obtained becomes thinner and the volume of KOH
3
Therelore, the reiati./e molecular mass ol from a metai oxide {Fe2O3) and not froni Number of mo es oI a]uminium
soiution decreases because r,vaier is used in the
A12B16 the air. The tenperature in the Thermiie
= I{27 x 2) + 179.9 x 6)). Process exceeds I 000 'C. At ihis temperatur?.
reaction. Therefore, i.he cell can be used again =o.o4xz3
by
= 54 + 479.4 water will react ivitil aluminium and liberaies . = 0.027 mol
replacing the aluminium elecuode
= 533.4 h)drogen gas. The hydrogen gas burns even . 27 x 0.027
fulass ol aluminiurn =
adding distilled rvater.
Bi.\,/\/',Br - ,Br more vigorously. Therelore, the Thermjte = 0.729 g
Process carnot be stopped by water. Percentage ol aluminium in the alloy is
ESSAY OUESTIONS ff7)Oo
Br/ \8.' \Bt (bl C,t{5OH[g] '"r" j,
At-n -
CrHd{Br , H:Olg) I (a) Vbiume of Ai2O3 foimed = Area x Thiclcress
AlrBru molecule iDiiner) Ethanol E..hene Steam 500 cm2;< x
I 10-3 cm = 0.5 cm3 = 75.9%
{b)
'lhe electronic configuration of aluminiuin: This reaciion is called dehydration of alcohol, (Aiea) (Thickaessl (Volumel 2 {a) (ij Alurninium oxide js an ionic compound.
'lr,.ro examples oI Friedel-Crafis reaction are:
s22s22ph3s23p1 3do (cl fuiass ol A1.01 is The elecrrostatic force ol attraction
.
1

The electronic ionfiguration of boron: Alkylation = Densify X Voiume bon,.,een rhe Al:- ancj O:- ions js v.ry
1s22s22pt !H, =4.VxU.J=Zg sirong. A lot of energy is required to break
Aluminiurn has vacant 3d orbiials. lt can use AlCl. -i
irs 3dorbiials io lorm the complex ions {AlF6]3-.
(ol , cH:cr
--r (9 . t{ci Nunber oi nroles ot Al,O. - =!=
loz
mot
rhe ionic bonds during melring. Therefore,
it has a high melting point.

t2$
 (ii) Due to rh? lery srnall size of ihe Ai3- rr,'here n = Nunber of ;noles
In Lhe anodising process) graphiie is the
ion coupled v,'irh jts hjgh cnarge, ii can m = lviass
(b) Aluminium hyCioxide is heaied ro obtain pure
caihoCe and an aluminium obieci is rhe anode. aluminiurn oxide
colarise Lhe oxide ion, O2-, aird exhibiis rl,/. = Relaiive nrolecular mais oi
Normally-, diluie sulphuric acid solu'riol or 2Ai(OH)j(sl - lJzo:(s) + 3H2O{g)
cci'alent charccier. Thereicre, ajunrinium alunrinium chioiicie
phosphoric acid is used as ijre eleclrol)te. A
oxide is ar ionic ccnpounci \viih ccvalent o'45
chaiactei and is noi scluble in \."'aier, -,v.=L- - -"
0.00171 =z63:s
At the anode:
aoH-(aq) - O2igJ + 2H2O{1) + 4e'
(iiiJ Aluilinium oxide is amphoieric. Ii can The value of 263.15 is double thz M,tt'"1as 1o,
The ory"gen gas evolved ai the anode i1111
react wilh acid. NC\ 127 + 3(3s.s) = i33.51
oxidise ihe a.luminium ald lorms a thin 1a1's1
Ai2O3(s) + 5H-(aq) + DJ3=PC) + 3H2O(l) This shoivs ihaa, ar a reillperalure of 100 'C
of a-luminium oxide on iis suriace. The iiitaie
k alsc can r€acMiL1 an alkaline soluiion. and a pressure oi LO2 x
1 05 P2. AlCl3 e\lsts
4Al(s) + 302(g) + 2AJ2O3(sj coniains
.a::.
A12O3(sJ + 2OH-[aq) + 3H2O[i) - d5 d uMlgt, ru2u]o.
lJ(oHl4-
2[A.l(oH)a]-(aq)
Alumina (AJ2O3] is a type of cerarnic $.hich
ci.\,/\,/-cl. ,cl ani SiO.2-
tb) oi
is of great inCustrial importance. Il has a A1 A] Ar(oH)3
higher nelting point bui a lolver densiry ihan C1// \crl \ct Aluninium
piecipiia',e
Graphi:e
sieel. AJ2O3 is also used as a caiaiyst in the when temperaure increases, ihe dimer object as
carhode
cracking of hydrocarbcn. Ii is also used in the decomposes inio rhe mooomer, AiC13, anode
Dilute
dehydradon of alcohol. . Therefore, the relaijve molecular mass
3 (a) Aluminium fluodde is an ionic substance. rvill decrease if Lhe temperature is raised.
[1.1,J
sulphuiic
acid Fil,pJ
l'
A12Cl6 + A1C13
This layer ol aluminium oxide protects rhe Aluminium oxide, Al203, has a high meiiing
263.15 I 33-5
iAl : i;P'; 4 (a) Advantage: Aluminium is light and resistant to
corrosion-
aluminium object from corrosion due
acid, water and salt. This obiect becomes
Iesista nt towards corrosion.
Io dilute point. Ii is dissolved in moii.n cryolite,
Na3AlF6, to reduce the melting point io
850 'C. During the eleckolysis of molten
Ho'r/e./er, phosphorus trifluoride is a cova.leni Disadvantage: Numinium is exuacted by means
An exampie of an alumilium object that has alurninium oxide, the lemperature is maintained
molecule. cf elecirolysis and iierefore, expensive.
been anodised is cooklvare. The coolcr'iare at 850 "C by lhe elecuical current flowing into
(b) (i) Aluminium exists in rhe +3 oxidation has a lai,gv of aluminium oxide $,hich resists the molien eiectrol),te.
state in its compounds lAl3-]-
F: The electronic configuraiion the of
I

(c)
corrcsion.
Aa aluminium factory has to he locared neai
j Graphiie anodes
alLrminjum atam is I s22i2po 3sz3pt. I
a pori so that the raw material, bauxite ore,
The electronjc conFiguration the of can be eaBily transpofted to it. This 1,r'ill reduce
ten
fuIol
Insulatcr
io!, electrol}'Ie
aluminium lAl3'1, is 1s22s22p6. I
cost. At,03
The ionic bond in aluminium fluoride is very The alumini'Jm atom donates three valence Graphire
As the electroiysis of molten aluminium oxide dissolved
strong. A large amount of energy is required electrons so titat it forms the lA13"l ion cathode
involves tte use of a laige arnount of'electricity, in cryo!ite
to break them. Therefore, ir has a high meiting which has a srable octet configuration. ihe aiuminium factory must be located close
poin t. The 3d orbitais -of the aluminium ion to a h)droelectdc dam for a supply oi cheap
Phosphorus trifluoride is a simple covalent are vacant. Thereloie, tirere is no d-'d Oudet for Molten
electricity,
molecule- The intermolecular force is weak electron trans.ition, Ali the electron These two factors can help to reduce the cost
aluminium aluminium
van der Waals force of attraction. Therefore, its transirions in the aluminium ion occur At the graphite anode:
of producing aluminium. Orygen gas is released.
melting point is low. outside the visible light spectrum. Hence,
. One bad effect on the environment caused 202-0))oz(g)+4e-
(b) Aluminium fluoride can dissolve in water. the aluminium ion, Al3*, is colouriess.
by the extraction of aluminium is the release
Hor,vever, phosphorus trifluoride does not (ii) The reactjon belween aluminium oxide and At tie graphire carhode
'' of poisonous hydrogen fluoride and fluorine Pure aluminium is deposited.
dissolve in water sodium hydrcxide solution is as follows. gas into the air, rvhich are fornied during
.
Moiten aluminium fluoride can conduct r'J2O3(s) + 2OH-(aq) + 3H2O(i) +
AI3'(1) +3e-+Al(i)
electrolysis oI a mixturi of aiuminjum oxide Pure molren alurninium will collect at the base
electr.iciry lvhereas phosphorus irifluoride 2lAI(oH)41-(aq)
and cryolite. of the electrol).tic cell and flow out rhrough an
cannot do so. (iii) The reaction between aluminium oxide 6 (a) The firsi step is to obtain pure alrminium oxide
(c) Using tie ideal gas equation, pV = nRT, the outlet.
and diiute hydrochlor.ic acid is as follows. from tie bauxite ore. (b) The aluminium metal is light but strong. It
number of moles of aluminium chloride gas can AI2O3(s) + 6H.{aq) -
2A.13'(aq) + 3H2Ofl)
When concentrated sodium hydroxide is also a good conduc[or of heat. There is a
be calculated. Aluminium oxide is amphoteric. The size of solution is added to the bauxite ore, A12O3,
pV'- nRT the Al3* ion is small and has high charge [+3).
thin layer of aluminium oxide on rhe surface
SiO2 dissolves. l{olvever, Fe2O3 and olher of tie metal lvhich is resistant to corrosion.
x So it has a high charge densrty. The oxide ion
(1.02 105) ="x 8.31 x (100+273) impurities do not dissolve and can be filtered Therefore, the metal is suitable for making
"# is polarised by the Alr' ion. The ionjc bond 0ut.
n=1.02x l05x 52 x
body of aeioplanes and cookware.
in Al2O3 develops covalent character. Hence, +
10" alumini'rm oxide is amphoteric in characlet
Al2O3(s) + 2OH-(aq) +.3H2O(l) 7 (a) A.luminium chlorideis prepared by passing
2[A](oH)al-(aq) dry chlorine gas over aluminium powder
.]-"L3?3
B.3i 2 rAlr3'3lt d: I2-
t.I SiO2i, + 2OH-(aq) -, SiO:2-(aq) + H2O(i) which is slrongly heated. The apparatus has
Carbon dioxide gas is passed into the above to be dry because aluminium chloiide is easiiy
= 0.00171 mol 5 [a) The anodising of aluminium is an electrolylic
solution to precipitate aluminium hydroxide. hydroly'sed.
process whereby ihe aluminium object is matltr
'M,n =
Ho\VeVer. 2[A](OH)a]-(aq) + Co2(g) + Aluminium chloride is prepared in the
- ihe anode in eleclrolysis.
2A1{OH)3tsl + CO.2-(aq) + H,O(l) laboratory using the follolving appaiatus.
 (b) The complex ion [A1[H2OJ6]"- is ociahedral i1 1t A rriple bond is iound iD carbon monoxice. The i 128 As ihe van der \,',aals' force beftrreen Lhe layers
Almjaiurc CO molecule lias i-rrro covalent bonds aitd one I
of aio.ls are r.reak,''rhe layers can slice on iop
Dry-H
* i
Po1\'der siraoe.
oH, coordinaie (dative) bold. The dcnor at-om is
I

oi each oiher. This jrakes gmphiie suiiabl? ior

cirtor;rE I .+ j{ .,j,-... I,.l--=Fj- 13'
I
oxlgen. use as a lubricani.
sasBlr -. \Y /l
u_ u 'niin:
.ux;v: 13 A Teirameihyilead is used as an anti-hqocking
ll elrm::ium'absorb
Sodalim: Io )
-fr.ot1 r'i\, agent jn peirol. It allows the smooiher
ncdt :hlo:ide moislurt .- t :\bu-
,I
)

|
Wore: There is one dative bond in the structure
and e;rcess of carbon monoxide.) combusilon of petrol in Lhe car engine.
H.O i
4D
chlorire Each C=O group (carbon rnonoxide) car aci as 14 C There ar'e onl_v i-hree oxides of lead, i.hai is.
[c) {i) Aiuminiuirr reacis 1.viih sieain at high a Levris base. i]tai is. it donates a lone pair oi iead{li) oxide or ,--bO, lead[[V) oxide ot PbO2,
:::fn
(b) (i) Pv = nRT iemperatures.
,, MRT eleciJons. Each C=O donaies flyo eleciions to and red lead, Pb3Oa.
"l:ro 'DV =--rVr 2AI )+3HrO(g) +AIrO3(s) +3H2[g) ihe ceniiai meral ion. Therefore, in Fe(CO)5, 10 Wofe: Pb3O4 is aciilally a combinaiion oi
(Note: A does nor reaci rvirh colC 11.arerJ electrons (5 x 2 elecirons) are donated by caibcn
,. MRT ZPbO.PbOI.J
'pv [ii) Aiuminium is mci? reaciive than iron, and monoxide a:rd in CIICO)5, 12 elecirons (6 x 2 15 C On descending Group 14, the lelaii./e aiomic
ii can reduce iron{IIJI oxide. electrons) are donaied by carbon monoxide. mass and the size of fie atom increases.
because 4 = p (densiry in g m-3; Fe2O3(s) + z,aJ(sJ + 2Fe(s) + Al2O3{s) When CO2 gas is passed ihrough lime water, a
V The nuclear attraction on the outer elecirons
103 dm3]
white precipitate of CaCO3 is formed according decreases. Therefore, the valence electmns
[1m3 = T-his reacrion is called t}le Thermiie
oRT to ifre follo$/ing equailon: are more easil), removed. The firsi ionisaiion
r . Prccess. COz(g) + Ca(OH)z(aqi - CaCO3(s) + H2O[1) energy of ihe elemenis of Group I 4 decreases
(iii) Aluminium reacls wiih hot, concenhated As more and more of CO2 gas dissolves, the when Lhe relalive atomic masses increases.
Ai a temperature ol 2A0 "C,
sulphuric acid.
6.9x103x8.31 x( solution becomes more acidic. 16 D The elecironic configumtion of carbon:
2A1(s) + 6H2SOa[i) - Al2(SOa)3(aq) + C02(g) + H2O[U + H2C03(aq) [carbonic acid) 1s22s22p2. Therefore, carbon does not have
a ssorlg; + 6H2o(lJ CaCO3 reacts with this acidic solution and
= 267.7
3d orbita.ls to alio\{' the vnter molecules to
(iv) Aluminium can react \Mith acids and forms soluble Ca(HC03)2- form dative bonds during hydrolysis. However,
Ai a temDerature of 600 'C,
alkalis. With sodium hydroxide solution, CaCO3(s) + H2CO3(aqJ + Ca(HCO3)2{aq) other elemenrs in Group 14 have vacaai 3d
x rc3 x 9:31-\ (600 + ?73)
M, -2.i hydrogen gas is liberated. 6B GeO, SnO, PbO, GeO2 and Sn02 are amphoteric orbitals. Thus, all Group 14 tetrachlorides
2lJ(s) + 2NaOH(aq) + 6H2O(lJ - oxides. The oxides of tie elements that are - lvidr iie exceDtion oI carbon teiracilloride are
= i 93.3
2NaAI(OH)a[aq) + 3H2(g) found higher up in Group I4 are more acidic.
At a temperature of 800 "C, (vl Dry chlorine gas reacts lvith hot aluminium
{ hydrotysed by water
I 5 x r03;< 8.31 x l80a+273) Therefore, SiO2 is the most acidic among the D Si{s) + 4C2H5OH(1) + Si{OC2H5)a(s) + ZlF-2tg)
M,.ffi po.rder and forms tfle dimer, AJ2C16. five oxides.
17

- 111 0
2A)(s) + 3Clr(g) -- AlzClo(s) 7B \4reak van der Waals' force of attraction hclds oc2H5
aiumjnium chloride vapour
Irii VYith dilute hydr'ochlcric acid, hydrog?n together the thin 1ayg15 in muscovite. This
{ii) Ar 200 "C, gas is liberaied. force of attraction can easily be broken and the
I

consists of molecules of Ai2Ql6 dimers' + zAlclr(aq) + 3H2(g) Si r OCrH,

2Al(s) + 6HC1(aq) thin layers are no longer.held together. ,,, \
'\/\/
CI. .PJ,Cl .
A]
,,Cl
) ;,:,r.1
OU Silicaor silicon dioxide, Si02, has a giant
molecular structure. Each silicon atom is bonded
. H5C2O oc2Hs

/(7\ iChaprer 4
to four orygen atoms by means of covalent 18 D The oxide of lead lvhich is stable ar high
cl" \cl' -cl
Si-O bonds, in the shape of a teirahedrcn. temperatures is PbO. Cold, concenimted nitric

At 800 "C, aluminium chioride vapour is ,.,,,,*,,.",OICE OUESTIONS 9D Group 14. The reason is. tiat there is a
- acid is a shong oxidising agent. It will oxidise

1 A In graphite, there are delocalised rr electrons Iarge difference between ihe fourih and fifth PbO to PbO2.
made of A.lCl3 molecules'
ionisation energies. This indicates that the 19 D Ceramic is biltfle. Therefore, ceramic is easily
[Ar temperature above 400 "C, molecuies running parallel to the hexagonal planes of
broken,
element has fout valence electTons.
of AlzCla dissocjale irto A'lClg molecules'l carbon.
10 c Tin{IV) oxide and germanium(IV) oxide are 20 A The oxides oi the elements that are found
T electron cloud
cl\ ,'cl above the plane
amphoteric oxides. higher up in Group 14 are acidic. For example,
A1
Reactions with ar acid: CO2 and SiO2. However, GeO2 and SnO2
SnO2(s) + 4H+(aq) + Sn4*(aq) + 2HzO(l) [oxides of elements found in the middle of
I r eleciron cloud GeO2(s) + 4H*(aq) - Ge4*(aq) + 2H2O{l) Group 14) are amphoteric. Even though PbO2
C1 below the plane
Reactions with an alkali: (oxide of an element found at the botlom of ti)e
(iii) At 600 "C, aluminium chloride vapoul Therefore, graphite can only conduct eleckiciq/ SnO2(sJ + 2OH-taq) + SnO32-(aq) + H2O(l) group) is also amphoteric.
consists of a mixtuie Al2C16 and AiCl3 in the direction parallel to the hexagonal planes. GeO2(s) + 2OH-(aq) + GeO32-{aq) + H2O(l) z1 B Carbon monoxide, CO, is a neutral oxide.
molecules. ZD Tin reacts with hydrociroric acid to fornr an Silicone is a type of organosiiicon pol)mei It Carbon dloxide is acidic. However, tin(iV)
8 (a) aqueous solution of SnCl2 vrhich contains Sn2' contains Si-O bonds. The structure of silicone oxide, SnO2, is amphoteric.
ions- However, in compounds of tin, itre +4 is as follol\'s. a) A CO can donate its pair of electrons into the
,i1... ,iir^ ./ii,
A]
'\ ,/'
\ ,/. ,
oridation state is more staile than t}le +2.
ZHgCt2@Q + SnCl2(aq) + SnCla(aq) + Hg2Cl2{s} trl RRR empty d orbitals oi transidon metals to fornl
complexes. So CO can act as a iigand.
\0,y' \ai, MercuryIII] MercuryilJ _si_o_si_o_si_ .J D To form Pbd=, the ionisaLion energy required
.^,y'
,:,1
x
ii
= Eiectron of CI
'" chloride
Sn2*(aq) + 12(aq) + Sna+12q1 +
chloride
21-{aq)
Ill
RRR
, is extremeiy high. This large amount of
energy cannot be obtained dur)ng its reaciion.
' = Elecron olAl I neleiore, tne l"
ron ls 5n- (R is an alkyl group such as CH3, C2FI5) Therefore, PbCla is a covalent compound.

131
 ?asilii sljie oi tcp ci eacir crh€r. io: ire ia,veis 53 B -:.r: ..6.:21h;6ri6gs Oi C:.-,:l,J l-.1. 1',.ili i-.
24 C Asoesios is a silicaie in:leial iibre i'riicn is 33D C:ai,z glass is us:c ic lllake i;isiiun-::'ns fil
:_-, \c - t..._.1 ,- : \' '.r..Fi'r r.r d,: t,,,aiiS, -fCe e):-'eo-l:1 ci CCl., a:e i.:::1.':ei :1'r''a::r. ?:
's
resislant io acid aiiacks- Ii is 2lso a heai ir'ls dlz-ici S'i::, i ;1. Op:i:5.
t,,'r": .ilur..:nos' ::;:= c.lJ'i is L5 'u r ''" oi alir?^cijoa. T5er:iore. graphiie is suitable ior iC:;:,.'.,"- iaI. i.1e iO-;(f i(: a,.te:5t. lCq.i:i=i :S
? 1'.':ri:h rl:r ','. i;,t-.anC f.:;'. .:r: -':a:u;es
1;1y .:;r. lie::iJ;e.
?5 D l he ,.'21ence' siectronic coiiiqur:tion of eitlllei:li glass coclrrvaia.) use as a lubricali.
"ii :.t'aci.o::res :;-, :r:
i
A 15 lt5 t\-) -- l;lc - y'
-l \:':te;.le ei.'ci:cns ir"a::a-< Sirccn,jioxide r?acr,s i'!i-& sases to forn sillcaies, 448 On descaniiing Gioup 1r. rhe ir:ei. Daii eiieci +4 oridarion siaia aie coi.aienr. H3nae, lr'Icl1
Tf: i:fi?ciile apD?ziiirg il) L.-'e ques;:i: is a iici3ases. The ::reii p2r: eia.a is \yha:? ihe tias col=leni bcnds. /r,1ci? i-r more siable to hzar
!ha'r ihe ele:-ieni ,{ is locaiEij il Group 14' -:-
s,l:-'eie '.', i:.1 :i:a icrE::la Si,Oc'-- elemeei ras an oxiCaiion siate iiyc r;jiis io\rzr i.ial ,n4cir.
proion nuinbei ^&ai llas setYieeil 14 ard 5C -rhajl i-ha: sir'pula:ei by ihe nui:]bzr oi -!'alenae
suggesis riai ,} js probax,'r' Si. Ge or Sn. SlO3. ilicra: A ,ci-!'sialliie fcin: ci silicon{i\ ) oride 54 A Giass P is soda glass. iioi.,e'';'ei, giass O js
is call3d quaitz. Sjlica is siliconil\') c;tica. eieciions ioi ile gioup, Caruol rlo:s nor foiin bcrcsilicaie slass. Boicsilicaie glass has a lc-,v
GeO2 anc SnO2 ale stabls io"':afds heai ^)- \\,-i,e;?jS l.:.1 a:ll, ll: :r::..:n: Yf,- , -LIi2
t: Z5 C Ca:^bcn ijcxide gas. CC2, ?asjl',' djssoi'.'es l:r s..iuo",. :s a:r or::. ci l:i-n plhTll::.; L- c:e:::-.e;r a: --lEirel ? i;eis.ci.. ;lie,-atb'?,
35D l:.s; :: ::': a-;oj'o:'cooDe. aic ::nc. ?ieciions in i .rbiial a:e n0i ieiioved. !cicsilicaie js uhernallir si:jle and can ivirhsia.-ld
waier and foims an acidic scluiron. 'hs
)i
CO2(g) + H,O[i) ii2CO3(aq) lcaibonic ac:dl 35C Gei;nariljil is a betier co:lCrcici oi :lec:r::iry tighei renpeie-Lures Lha;r soda dass.
= -drai silico:!. O.r--Or- Os- 55 A H;'drcgea suiplide, H;S. sirrells oi ioiisn e3gs.
Ho./.'e\'?r, SiO2 has ic reaci $riih aikalln3 I
E'iectiicaI ccnductij'i4/,/Ohn- i:1- ; if5 A Ti:e ca::cn atom in th? CCl. riciecule has it reacis r.l'irh lead[.111 n]iraie and forns
soluilors i!1 show iLs ac:dic proDeiiies. GeO:. a

SnO2 a-tid PbO2 are anPhoieric Sr 2.52 x 10-' ro d orbjtals io accepi rvaier nolecules. piecipiiaie oi leai{ll) sulphide.
Gz i.45 Theleioie, CCll is not scluble in lyater ani Pbr-laq) - H2SIg) - ?rSlsl - 2i--(aq1
s Z7 C Lead(l\rl oxiCe easily deconpcses upon hea-Ling.
is not hvdroly'sei bv lvatei. llolveyei siiicc:r
(J
S 2PbO2[s) - 2PbO(s) + Orlg). 378 l,iiefrarcl. CH3Oil is formeC. This is a-n indusiilal 55 A Cn desceriing Gioup f .i, 'Lhe stabiliqr oi rrhe
process iDi i-he manuiacrure oi ixelhalol. in tl:e SiClr ;Eclecule h:s vacani d orbitals. +2 c;{iCaiion slaie increases. Theieiore, the
CO2, SiO2, GeO2 anC SnO2 are sl'abie eve,-l ai
38C CO+Cl;-COCI:(gl The:efore, SiCi: can be hyirol-vsed bv rvater.
JS
high remperalures. sl-abiliry oi Grcua 14 compounris rvirh +2
ZB B All elenenis of Groirp 14 can react wiih (Phosg€ne) SiCil{il +2H2OilJ +SiO2is) + .lHCl(gl oxidalion siate illcreases down the group.
oxygen rc lorm the respeciiYe cioxides. 39C Ti? deiocalised eiectrons in graphiie makes (\Yhir? lwhii? 57 B Sclid caibon dio):ide is called dry ice, Dry ice
C: CO2 Sr: Si02 ii a gcoi conducror oi electrjciiy'. Theiefore, pre.ipiiatel fumes) is a ',i,hiie soiiC and is also klolvn as drycold.
3 Ge: GeO2 Pb: PbO, gialhi:: js used as an elecilode ir-l €iectrolysis. 46 D On descending Grcup J4. ihe ,Y-C1 bond At roo;r.i iemDeratuie aild piessuie. dry ice
Sn: SnOz .40 A Ca:bcn a-rld silicon exist in gia-li nlolecular in ihe retrachloriCes ol Group 14 elemenis sublin€s. Thereiore, ji cools food subsiances
I zg B The atorrs of lead hava a face cenrred cul-'ic ioims rliih each atorn in the solitis beirg becomes longei because lhe size oi ihe X a:cE wiihcur inaking it.,\iei. Soiid CO2 is nor-ioric
s packing\r.hich is a moie clos€ly packed sii;Jctuie boldei acgetller by strong ccvalgnt bonCs- increases. The.refore, the -X-CI bonC l-lecoines aid safe to use.
than the reiragonai packing founC in tln. Such lveaker, dovm rhe grcup. 5g C Hydrofluoric acid, HE reacrs uirh SiO2 in giass.
t_- 47ts KJvlnOlrH- solution oxidises Sn2' to Snr*.
a packing results irr a strcl',gei metalljc bond
in lead and conseqr.lenll-\'', a liighel me liing l1\"t
i?
' 2rvlnOa.faq] + l6H-(aq) + 5Sn2-(ao) -,
SiOz(s) + 6HF[ao) - 2H-[aq)+ ISiF!]2 {aq)+ 2H2Oil)
A conceniiaied alkaline solurion like NaOH
point. -lJ;.-ri:.. . 2I'1n:'(aq) - J::joil) + 5Sr | 1ac)
reacrs srit SiO,.
3C C Siiicon has vacan'. C orbiiais 'Jhich cali llccept !j-,J'+J t f Therefoie, ihe pur,rie coloxi of acid!iied (i"1nO.
ihe lone pair el€ctions fron-r !rs 1i1:;:ncls (i)urrrir!: .;il'-,ril
) j -l lo
turrs io colouridss.
S!O2is) - 2)iaOliiaq) - \a;SiO:laqj + lirOfi)
iolr sJ. ,,t-
J./ j
/llj_r:
).-( )
D
Oil descending Group f,i, rhe slabiliry ci ihe
The electronic configuiailon :- +4 oxidaiicn staie deciea.ies. The ,{.-Cl bond STRUCTURED OUESTIONS
)j
sl 1s22s22pr3s23p23(io
( _lr(,:,11,,[ts il]
in ihe ietracnl3rides iilcreases in lengrh and 1 (al (i) 1s22s22p63s23p2
c Siiicon a:cns rn in siienglh. l'herefoi-e. Lrle l].rennal
ls2zs22p2
r',, , ,;';.1r1,-6"1g ihe g:ani mclecr:e
decreases $l p% s2 3 p6 3
I s1 2s22 ri\
c
4s2 4 p2

. Horveveq carbon has no e,niJav r/ otllii,,l; t'' stabiiity of lhe te$achlorides C€crease-i upon tb)--As Ihe aioinic radius of carbon is small
.'(ll,li''.ill(l cl siii.cn
accept the loire pair e1?ctrons frotn l:llilrtl:' desce,-roing Lhe gioup. compaied to the other elemenis in Group 14,
(fluoride ion). Therefore, carbon does nt)t k'|rrrl ir l'.rrl)lltl,. t'aclt carbon aiom is bonCed tc 3 ,19 A Of Lhe o;iides of Croup 1 4 eiements, onh, iis elecrlons are closer to the nucleus. The
ICl6l- lons. ,'tli,'r',, ii,r)n itolrls in a lleliagon. {n ciianorrd, leadilVj oxiie can liberale chlorine Bas nuclear atrraction for the elections in carbon
li D The t€irachlorides of Group l4 clrrtili'lillr ;rtr' , rr lr , rrrlrrrrr irl,)trl is bonded to 4 other caabon ,trhen reacted 1l'iih concen.liared hvdrochloric is stronger Therefore. rhe sum of the first and
simple m0lecuies v.'ith a tetrahedral sh'11" '
,r,rIr', irr ir t,'lr,rir.dron. In ftilielene, each acid. second jonisaticn enetgies ior carbon is ihe
1
The size ol the mclecules: r rrl.rrr) .,ior1r i; l,ott lctl io 3 other caiboil PbO2is) + aHCi[aq) + PbCl2is) + 2H2O(1) largest in Gioup i 4.
PbCl* > SiCir > Geclr > Si(;lr (.;(;l.r ,l rllil"
+ C12(g) {ci (il sn-sn, Ge-Ge, si-Si, C-c,
1
The intermcleculai van der ' \ira;i!s' l(rri" o' iI , rl',,r .rtorr ir ll:' {l(;!-: inolecule has no
f i / rrll, I rl, lr) I,,fr) (lIli\'( lr<;ilCs (coordinate
50A Lead([Vj oxides reacts wilh hot, concentrated
attr3ction and boiling Point: Increising bond si:eng'h
l hydfochioric acld zlnd releases chlorine gas.
Si(;lr '(l{:ll
PbCle > SnClr > GeCl; -- l, l I ..,rllr llr rJ.rl,'I tir rl,-'ille, Holvevet, [ii) Carbon and silicon
' ll . | il ',rr il r Irolr'( t:lC i:;:; vacant d PbO2(sJ + 4HCIlao) -, PbC12(s) + 2HzO(l) (cl Carbon
Therefore, the boiling points ol ll"'
, I Lrl ..r|,11't,,. + Cl2(gl
te'Liachlorides of the Group I /l ( lr'lrr( rrl '
"111.lrrr'l,l
llr'', f.rill,'I rrolecuie,
PbCl2 foimeC will r.aci .,1,iih sulphuric acjd tc
Carbon has rhe ability to catenate nore because
increase on descendjng tht groL:1t. the C-C boiC is stronter rhan ii.e Si-Si bond.
ibrn a !,rirjie piecipiraie 0i lead suiphare. (el Compoulds of Group 14 ,r,hich ccnlaiis M"
JZ C Trilead tetraoxide, Pb3O1 i';,rrl ('|rrrlrrl: l
PbCl2(s) + H2SOa{aql -r PrSO:[s) + 2HClt?.q]
s0lid. icns are rarely Iound because a Ior of eneigy'
\,/itr niiric acid:
Reaction
iWhlte precipira:e) is riquiied ro remove four elecirors fu'orn rhe
<r n CeO2 anC PbO2 are afiphoterjc. SiO, is aclcirc. :le-Lal, 1,4. Cornpouncis oi Group I 4 r,,ih jch
i'b3O1+4HlJ03'> PbOz i ll'l'll'l()L).'' I I

Broltt "l s? On clescerlcinS Groul 14, ihe siabiiiiy oi ure contains r'r1r- lons are also selCcm iound becailse
^
sol irl -2 oridaiioa stai€ incieases. ihe inetal, /l
has to accepl four eleciions and a
,r' lrr'rll ' I I (iloicj Ol ces.-zriir:3 Cicul i4, rrc o:iirjes ?it lot oi energT is needed to or:ercolile [he io:ces
{A'crej The compouil(|, Irlr,{ ).1, I

PbOr.2PbOl
mo.e ionlal. c: reiJlsio:r f,anvetn e;:cliors.
 (c) Ii SiCH3Cij is used as an iniiiaiorr rhrce .
The number of hydrocarbons fcimed by carbon
(r) r/,/ lrIlrt ldlsalioll chloiine atoirls can be hydiolysed. Tnis gives is high because of the very siiong C-C bond.
{lr) lit'ltzttttl r:se io cioss Iinkages. fHydrocarbons are compounds made up oi
lrJ C6sF6e hydrogen and carbct aioEs only,) Ho.xever. ihe
tdl A mltture oiC53 and C,-3 f'lilereee is dissolved in cil. L_n- number ol htdrides iornreri b'y othei rrembers in
the soh'ent benzeiie, ihe C5,3 a:id C76 componenis
are ihen seDarated by column chroinatography-
I
l

si-o-si-o-
l' Gioup 14 is very smail.
(a) Pass tie mixlure oi gases inio poiassium
Giapiite
sp2 hy-bridisarion
Diamond
II o
hldioxide so)urion. CO2 gas is acidjc and is
absoibed by poiassiui-,r h1;droxide s0lutjon.

sp" nybnolsailon
II
tl
However, CO gas is Ileuiral and js lrot absorbeC
b'y poiassium hydroxide sclurion.
(n (1) Graphire (b)
{ii) Shungiie ore -o-si-o-si-o-
it
II
For Jead, the +2 oxidalion siate is more srable.
Theiefoie, rhe reaciion Pb + PbO2 + 2PbO is
ic) Fullerene is used as superconductor, lubricanr CH, CH, exoihermic.
o
and airasive- For carbon, the +4 oxidarion; siate js more
5 tal ti) Siorts) + 6HF(aq) + 2H+(aq) + [SiF6]2-(aq) 7 la) (i) H-vdrolysis of SiCia in r.,'ater stable. In tire compoun<i CO, rhe oxidation
G Nitric acid.
+ 2H2O.(l) Siclr+2H2O+SiO2+4HCl number of carbon is +2. The compo',inC CO is
(J
{ii) SiOz{s} + 2NaOH{i) - Na2SiO3(aq) + Niiiic acid is suitabie because the iead(ll) The carbon aioms in tetmchloromeiiane
r,itrate formed lvill dissolve in ail acid soiution.
tri) nor stable, thereiore, rhe reaction C + CO2 -
Hzo0) has no d orbiials tlat can be used to rorrn 2CO is endothermic.
(b) (r) Ir is not soluble in il'ater. If sulphuric acid or h)'drochloiic acid lvere bonds wiih 'rhe water molecule. (c) (l) ls22s22p63s23p63dt0ai4p2
io be used, ihe precipitaie formed, lead(il) (b) On descenciing Group i 4, the ftermal (ii) GeO2 is an amphoteric oxide.
Iii] Silicone is used io nake silicone
grease, (i)
sulphate or lead(ll) chloride, will adhere to the '
hydraulic fluids ar,d car polishes. siabilily of the tetrachlorides is deffeasing. . GeOz exists as giant covalent molecule,
Asbestos
suriace of lead(ll) oxide polvder and teirninate (i0 Fit"st reason: .
Ic) {i) GeOz does noi conduct electriciry.
(ii) Asbestos dust can cause lung cancer
the reaction, Thereiore, sulphuric acid and
On descending Group i4, the size of the . The mefting and boiljng point of GeO2
(d) (i) The force of attraction bet\,veen sheets is hydrochloric acid are not stliiable' aiom increases and fie
covalent bond 15 luBlt.
weak van der \Vaals' force. These sheets (c) ti) Lead(ll) oxide formed wiil chlorine becomes lveaker as 10 (a); (i) Lead is a metal ' /iLh merallic bonds.
can easily siide on top of one arother' So {ii) Lead giass has a high refractive index' rhe bond lengii incrcases. 1 Lead(li) chloride is ar ionjc electrosradc
sheet silicates are soft anci slippery
(iii) Lead glass is used for making optical Second reason: lvith ionic bonds. Horvever, lead(lV)
(ii) Mica and talcum. instrumenls and lenses Also, on descending Group 14, the first chloride is a simple moiecule u,'ith lveak
(e) SiOc4- is ieiraheCral in shape. 6 ial If Si(CH3)3Cl is used as an iniiiator. ii cen ionisaiion energy decreases becaus! tha van der W?als' forci of aitraction between
form a chain consisting of rl'ro uniis onl,v attraciion of the nucleus for the electrons
o- because . only one chlorine atom can be
molecules.

lon
decreases. Therefore, the covalent (ii) The metallic bonds in lead metal are
Orihcsilicele i hydrolysed. Therefore, each molecule can form bond formed with chlorine becomes iormed as a result oi strong electrosratic
si. only one bond lvith another nolecule and

:'i\o-
u. o-
lenses. (c)
tgeaker-
The force of atuaciion betrveen CO2 molecules
Forces of atuaction betrJeen the nuclei of
lead ions and the delocalised electrons.
is lveak van der Waa.ls' force. Therefore, carbon
4 [a) {i) Octahedral
Cioxide exists as a gas with low melting
Therefore, the melting point of lead is high.
(ji) Silicon can use ils d orbital to form the CH. CH. Strong electrostaiic force exists bet\,veen
complex ion, SiF62-.
However, carbon has no d orbiral'
t'
CH5-Si-o-Si-CH3
I
and boiling poinis. However, SiO2 is a gani
molecule \1it}I strong covalent bonds, siiicon
Pb'- ions and CI- ions ia ihe ionic
compound Iead(il) chloriCe, PbClz,
Therefore, it canrot form a complex iike
silicon. li
CH, CH,
and oxygen atoms form strong Si*O bonds in a
three-dimensional structure. Hence, siiiconIn/)
oxide is a solid with a high melting and boiling
resulting in a very high meiting
Ho,,vevet lead[Iv) ch]oride, PbC14, is a
poinl.

(b) (i) GeCta(l) + 2H2O(rl'+ GeOz[s) + 4HCl(g) simple covaient molecule with ['eak van
point. der V/aals' force of artiaction beiween
[ii) -
GeO2{s) + zHzG) Ge(s) + 2H2O(g)
(c) (i) Tin(U) chloride foimed undergo Group 14 consists of carbon, silicon, germanium, molecules. Therefore, it has a very low
hydrolYsis.
{b} If Si[CH3)2C12 is used as an initiator, t$'0
tin and lead. melting point.
chlorine aioms can be hydrolysed' Therelore, A felv propenies of carbon which is diiferent from 2Pb(s) + zHzO(l) + O2[g) + 2PbtOH]z(s)
SnCl2(aq) + H2O[l) SnO(s) + zHCl(g)
-, (b)
there are fv/o sites in each molecute for bond tie other members in Grbup l4 are:
Therefore, it ls difficult to prepare SnCl2 Ic] The relative molecular mass of IC2H5JaPb
formation. This allorvs the Formation of a long . The carbon atom ca.'r form double bonds, C:C
crystals using this method' = 207 + 4l(tZ x 2) + (1 )< 5)l
chain .,rrith oxygen atoms bonded to sllicon and kipie bonds, C=C. Si, Ge, Sn and Pb do not
(ii) A better method is to pass dry hydrogen aloms.
= 323
chioride gas over tin Powder form double and triple bonds. The mass of lead in 0.60 g oi [CzHs)dPb
SnIs) +zHC](g) *SnClz{sJ +Hz(g)
. Oxides of carbon, CO and CO2, are gases. naa
CH, CH, However, oxides of Si, Ge, Sn and Pb are solids
-4Lw
In this reactjon, there is no \,vaLer involved, CH, 9H,
ihereiore hydroiysis cannot 0ccur.
Solid lead(ll) chlol-ide and chloline gas are
I lll .
at room temperature.
.All ietrachlorides oi Croup 1 4 elements can be
=O1Rd5o
Therefore, the total rnass oi lead given olf in
-o -si -o-si -0-si -0-
(d)
-o- si
iormed.
The equation tor the reaction is llll
CH, CH, CH, CH, .
hydrolysed except that of carbon. CCla cannol be
' hydroiysed because it has no d orbitals.
lhal year
= 0.3845 x 1.0 x 1012
x l0rr g
Pb3O1(s) + SHCl(aq) + 3PbC12(s) + 4H2O(l) The carbon atom cannot form complexes because = 3.845
+ CI2[g) it has no d orbitals. = 3.845 x 106 kg
 ll
3 (aJ
(a) Given that tie densiry oi alloy = 9.7 g crn-3 iii) The oxides oI'Lhe elemenis oi Grouo l4
Tetachloro- Siiicon Lea{i!ilj .,,:i-rh aa o.xidaiion
T:i.ac!rl oiome'Jr rr e
S:lic.n
ieiraahioriC:
Leadiii)
chloriie
(,fu,.rr).(+$;:x rli)=e7 matane t?trechloild? .hlorid?
number ci +4 are mcie
acioic in properr/ rhen oxides l.",iih an
4z = 150 (jl Pn).sical oxidaiioil number of +2.
Physical
il lI siaie at raam L!auid Liquid . Solid
z =40 Liqrid Llquid
For example: CO and SiO are neurial
I lr lemperatuie Therefore, the perceniage of tia il rhe IO0fl ri.hereas COz and SiO, are acidic.
teBo?raiu;e
illl Electfical
solder is 40% {b) ti) Peiceriage of Ge = 33.996
,rtl cctductiyirf l*o:t Cocd
The percentage oi lead in iie soider is iiil Eleciricai Percealage oi C1 = 66.1o/o
Does noi Dces not
in mc[ten
Nor coriucior
cor:dxclor conduatcr
100-40=60?/" conducii,,,jrr Elecriic2! Ge:Cl
conduci cciduci
{b} From the Daia Bookiet, in the llqurd conduclcr 33.9 60. I
electrici.y ;;;-1.40/:-!=1.862
Peeclicn No iaaction \1,iih S:02 ard Insoiub!e if,
Pba* + 2e'- Pb2- E" = +1.69 \r I Z.O J).)
5n" + 2e- + Sn'= E" = +0.1 5 \r * 1./
iriah '//atet 11:aier HCI fornec lval9r tiiiJ Ipe oi
rlt, The more posirive rhe Eu vaiue, itre slronger Co1,al:ri Colaleri Ioiic The empi;.ical fornuja is GeClz.
t)ll
Bonding Co.i al.ni Covalenl lcnic
i,re oxidis:ng agenr. Which mears Pb! likes to
-honii
(ii) +a =: ;,:

IivJ Efec-r of fiydrohEed (iiiJ The reiaiive molecuiar mass of Gecl.

t:; ib) (i) sioo4- -recei)"e eiecir"ors atd become Pb?-. Therejoie, =ir:t.
addirg by -*are4
= 72.5 + (35.5 x d) = ztq.O
Does nct
(ii) When fl,/o Sioaa- are jo-ined rogetheL lead lviih an oxidation state ci +2 is more
1,€i?i O ':i 'l
No reacdcn Iyhiie fiines dissoiv? in
si2C.76- stable than the +4 oxida-Lion siaie. The mass of Ge in 0.177 g of GeCl4
ai rcom oi HCi water
{iiil When three SiOsa-
siso oB-
are ioined 'Logefier, Exampies o.f reactions :
Lead(lV) oxide can oxidise concenirated
lempe:ature fo:m erl =;# x 0.177 = a.o6 s
(b) (rl
r

(iv) Vfhen four SiOsa- are joined togetn3r, hydiochloric acid $,hen heated and forms Carbon dioxide is an acidic oxide end Percentage of Ge in germanite ore
006
si4oi 23-
stable lead(II) chloride. reacts with a base such as NaoH(aq)
= 1.00 x roo
rz l.a) PbO2(s) +4HCl(aq) +PbCl2[s) +2H2O(l) +C12[g) CO2(g) + 2NaOH(aqJ - Na2CO3(aqi
Lead(lV) oxide decomposes to a more siable + H2O{IJ = 6.A%
Physical properry Carbon dioxiCe is a simple covalent molecuie. The
5. Type oJ glass Campanent lead(ll) oxide when heated. [1i) Tin(JV) oxide is ail amphoreric oxide and
and use' intermolecular force bet!.,.een C02 molecules is
c
,)
PbO2{s) -
zPbO(s) + O2[g) reacrs with hot, concentieted hl.drochloric
Non toxic and For tin, the +4 oxidation staie is more stable acid. vjeat van dei \Vaals' lorces oi attraction. Therefore,
SiO2, Na2O,
k Soda glass cheap. Botiles and than the +2. . SnO2(s) + 4HCl(aq) * SnClr(lJ + 2H2O(1) Cd, exists as a gas at room remperaiure. CO2 gas
CaO
a window panes. Examples of reactions: (c) 1i1
:
Tin dissoives in water to produce carbonic acid.
Tin{ll) oxide will change to iin[n4 oxide lvhen (ii)' Sn4*+2e--Sn2* ........ (jl CO2[g) +H2O{])
Has high refractive
heated. Tin{IV} oxide is srable even at
= H2CO3(aq)
How'ever, silicon{lvJ oxide,
index. high E" = +0.15 V SiOr, i3 a giant covalent
Lead glass sio2, Pbo tenlperature. MnOa- + 8H- + 5e- + molecule with strong ccvalent bonds between
Lenses and optical
devices. 2SnO(s) + 02(g) + 2SnO2(sJ
Tjn reacts lvlth chiorine gas'and forms a more
lv1n2'+ 4H2O ... . t2)
sjlicon and oxvgen atoms {Si-O). Therefoie, it
exists as a solid and is not soluble in water. Silicon
Ee = +1,52Y
Low coeflicient of te0achloride and tetrachlorometlane are simple
Borosilicate expansion. Test
siable tin([V') chloride. ii) x 5,
covalent molecules tvith lveak val der 14/aals, forces
si02, 82or Sn(s) + 2CI2(g) -
SnClr[) SSna'+ l0e- - 5Sn2* ........t31
glass tubes and
2 la) . An alloy has a lower melting point than pure 1.2) x.2, of attraction betlveen molecules. As the size ofsiCla
laboralory glass',vare. ald CCIa molecules are large, the van der Waals,
tin and puie lead. This means l'hat rhe alloy 2MnO7- + 16H* + l0e- +
Aluminosilicatd sto2, A]2cr,
If can rvithsiand melts and solidifies at a low i€mpemture. 2Mn2. + SH|O .....,... (41
fcrces are greater. Hence) SiCl4 and CCI{ exist in
high temperatriie. Therelore, ile rnetal to be soldered does Balanced equation = [ )- (3]: the liquid state.
glass Bzo:
Cooking utensils. not melt in rhe process of being soldered. 2MnO4- + 5Sn2" + l6H* SiCla is hydro\,5gd by u,ater.
. -
effect 'piovided by the 4J
An alloy is harder than pure tin and pure 2fu1n2*+gH2o+5sn1* SiCl4(l) +2H2O{l) *
Si02[s) +4HCr(g)
[b) The screening lead. Eo=+1.52-0.\5 Silicon uses tlte vacant 3d orbitals to form dalive
eiectrcns is much smaller than the inc:ease in
{b) In the solid state, the atoms in a metal are in =+1 .37Y bonds wirfr tle water molecule during hydrolysis.
the nuclear charge. So effective nuclear charge
increases- This causes the first ionisation
fixed positions and do nor move other than + (a) (i) On descending croup 14, rhe srabitity Horver.e4 CCIa does not react with water. Carbon in
vibrate. Therefore, metals cannot be mixed of the +2 oxidation state increases while CCla has no 3d orbitals lvhich can be used to form
energy oI lead to be more than tin.
into alloys while in the solid state. In the rhe stabiiiq/ of the +4 oxidation state dative bonds lvitl the lvater moiecules.
molten (liquid) state, the aroms in the metal decreases, (a) {il Covalent bond
ESSAY OUESTIONS
can nove. Ilence, lroth rnetals, which a;e For example: Carbon is high up in Group [ii)The shape of tetraethy]tead molecule js
t (a) [i) Facrors resulting in a difierence in density: bonded by metallic bon(ls, can be rrrixed rvhen I 4. CO2 is siable and does not deconipose tetrahedral.
. atoms which ate more closely packed in the liquid stale into ar) alluy. v;hen healed. The oxidation number oI
. aromic radius (size of atonr) (c) Each carbon atom in [rapllite is bonded to carbon in carbon dioxide is +4.
au
u,/ l.
. &e relarive aronric mass 3 other carbon alonls in a hcxag()n, It cail Horveve4 lead rvhich is af fte bottom
l-'
I

(ii) The most jmporiant factor is the relative conduct electricity bec;lusc orrr: o[ (lrt: v;rlcrrce
. atomic mass. The relative atornic mass of
lead (207) is 1.74 times heavier than the
electrons u/hich are llol ir)volv('(l in lrorrrlinli,
can move fieely. Howevcr; lht' carlrrrrr ;rlorrr itt
of Group 14 icrms cornpounds with an
o::idation state oi +2. pbO2 decomposes
upon heating and forms stable pbo.
z \' .,,,
!2(,5
Pb.

CrH,
relati'/e atonric mass oi tin (1 1 9). diamond is bonded lo 4 otlr(r (il 1)or irl0rrl 2PbO2(s) + 2PbO(s) + O2(g) (b) The tetaethvllead molecule
(iii) Let the so.lder ccntain z% af Lin will decompose to
in a tetrahedron. It canrrot (orrrlrrr'l IlIr'lrlr ily The oxidation number of iead inpbo is +2. iorm lead and erhyl radicals.
Therefore, lead - (100 -zlr5 because it has no delor:rli::r,rl Ilrr lrrrr[,

136
 (c) 2A A.lurninium chlcride salr reacts 1,,'iih sodium [Cr[NH:),s]3- is ocia-hedral in shape
(c) 2Pb{C2l{5)a + Z7O2 : ZPbO + 16C42 + ZAF 20 NCN2- + 3H2O -
2NH3 + CO3?-
niirate(III) and liberates nitrogen gas.
(d) til PbO (lead(lI) oxideJ. It deposits on iire {a) Silicon exisis as a giant cavaleni molecule wift
* l- NIJ-
jlr'lH;Nrq[7\',
13.
NHrCI(s) + NaNO2[s) Nz[gJ + NaCl[s) +
cylinder w-alls. sirong coi'aienr bords befi,veen aloms (Si-Si).
2H2O(g)
(ii) PbBr2 fleadillJ biomide) {b) (i) SiCla + 2Zn + Si + 2ZtC1.2
3D Ccncenirated hy-drochioric acid, concentrated
1

[iii) PbBrz causes air poiluiion. The lead in

PbBr2 cair interfere wiih-the functicn of
(ii) As Lhe sample contains 109/o oi inpuriry
rhe mass oi Siclj in ihe sample
sulphuric acid and anaydrous calcium chlofide 1..-,1r"^\/
d-l\-NH
i
l

the cenLia- neruous syslern. on

x
react \Yiih ammonia gas.
LNH,I
(e) The use of ieaded petiol caa ren'1ei '&e
= ni a.so HCI{aqj + NH3[g) - Nfi4ci{si
H2SO4(aq) + 2liH3[g) + [NH.]2SO3iaq) 13c Piarinuiir.*-ire act as a caralyst. The rcaciion
cataly-iic converier ineffeciive. = 7.65 g
CaCl2lsl + 2Nii3[g) + CaC12.2NHj{sJ is exolieimic. The heat released is enough io
Lead in exhaust fumes can poison the plailnum- The relati./e molecular mass of SiC1,
4C Pb(NO3), decomposes 'r^rhen heared as sho,,rm heat iie DI3i:rum viire urLll it gloyis.
rhodirm caial],si in the caial]rric converier. = 28.1 + 4[35.s) belo',i/. The gas released initially is colourless nirrogen
(a) Carbon, siliccn and germanium exist as Siant = 174.1
2PbfNO3)2[sJ + ZPbO(s) + 4NO2ig) + O2{g1 II]oroxiCe.
.:,, iJ) covaieni molecules. Each atom, in ihe solid Tile mass oi p-dre silicon obiained
'.,,,Y )91 5D The equaiion for the reaciion is as iollol,/s. 4NH3(g) +5O2(g) -aNO(g) +6Hroig)
siate, is bonded by strong covaieni bonds. .{
large amount of energy is required to break
=ffix7.65s 3CuO[s) +2NH3(g) +3cu[s) +N2(g) +3H20[g) Horvever, the gas is then oxidised to a biown
Bla.k Brown gas, niirogen dioxide.
::t..u;ta Liris bonds in caibon [as in diamond). siiicon = 1.264 g
solid solid zNO[gJ +O2(g) +2NC2[g)
r .i ,:(J and geimanium. So meliing point oi C, Si (c) (l) Sicli is hydroi]'sed by $'aier. ro
> SiCla+2H2O-SiOz+4HCl
6A Pure liquid ammonia ionises as folio'"vs l4 C pJIreacdonsintheschemeprovestheprcsetce
and Ge is high, As the bond energy of C-C o.!
Si-Si > Ge-Ge, the melting point decreases
'CCl1 does not react with \'/ater 2NH3[1] +
NH+-[l) +NHi(l] Ol I\(lr lOnS.
ai:
(ii) Silicon uses its enlpty d-orbitals to form These ions allow liquid ammonia to conduct 15 D As ammonia is a base, it corrodes meials. AJter
'upon descenoing Croup i4. electricity (act as an elecroliris). some time, ihe metal becomes thin and leaks. o,i:lt
dative bonds with water molecules.
ivieiiirg poini
Therefore, it can be hydrolysed. CClg
7B The bonC energy of N=N is very high. A large 16 D Nific acid is ail oxidising agent. Ii makes
amount of energ'y neeCs to be absorbed to melals (such as aluminium) ineri because it
I lL does not reaci lvith water because tle
_ ^^
I \ carbon atom in CC14 does nol have empry
break the triple bond in iire N2 molacule before helps to iorm a iayer of aluminium oxide on the
II \- it can react with orrygen- Therefore) more surface of aiuminium. The oxide layer causes
i5r d-orbitals to form dative bonds with v'ater '
I \."<.-.=t=-;' molecules.
energy is absorbed (AF1 = posiijve) during the alumioium to be ineri.

. iL-----_-_-_)> Prolon number

(al
breaking of the triile bond in tle N, molecule
than the energy released when reacling 1,!'iih
17 D When magqesium niirate is strongly heated, it
decomposes into.its oxides.
Tetrachloride 0xygen. 2Mg(NO:)z + 2tulgO + 4NO2 + 02
. T.in and lead are merals and have metallic bonds. cc14 SiCl. l Snclr lSnclr l Pbcla
The melting point of tin and lead aie iolver
compounds 8C The copper complex ion, lCu(NH3)al2- is square 18 .A On descending Group 15, the elemenis
than that of carbon, silicon and germanium. planar in shape. become more meiallic in character. Therefore,
Simple covaleni molecules. The
The melting point of lead is higher than thal ol Banding intermolecular force is weak van dei 9B As the concentration of nitric acid is very low, lhe elecirical conductivity of the eiements
rin because the particles in solid lead are mote \^,raais' forces ol attraction. thereiore, the iontribution of H* ions from increases.
cioseiy packed than th.at in tin. On descending wa[er musr a]so be consideied. l9 B In aqueous ammonia, silver chloride dissolves
Group 1 4, the elect.rical conducti-,rity increases
Shape of
Tetrahedral [H'] from niiric acid = 1.0 x l0-7 mo! dm-3 to form ihe dia'mminesilverll) ion.
[H-l hom warer = VI.00 x I0-i'
molecule AgCl(s) + 2NHj{aq) + [Ag[NH3)21-[aqJ + Ci-(aq)
because the structure of the elements in []e
solid state changes fiom giant covalent to giant cc14 = 1.0 x 10-7 mol m-3 20 D Nitrogen has high trY",or1r.11on.
metallic structure. The valence shell electrons Reaction does Totat JH-l = (1.0 x 10,) + (t.o x 1o') r- I!z[g) -+ 2N(g)
Easily hydrolysed by water
become more delocalised. with water not = 2 x lO-7 moi dm-3
pH=-logro(2 x t0-7) A large amount of energy is needed io break
Carbon (as in diamond) does not conduct react
ihe triple bonC in the nitrogen molecule before
eiectdcity because thele are no delocalised = 6.7
(b) it can react. Aia low lemperature, therc is not
electrons. Silicon and gsrmaniuln are metalloids On descending Group 14, the thermal stability INole; [H-]loH-l = r,/l
of the tetrachlorides decreases because the l0A When pressure increases, NH3 molecules are enough energy to overcome the atomjsation
ard a-re poor conductors. Horvever, tin and lead
M-CI bond becomes longer and weaker. close to one another- Therefoie, more hydrogen
energf of nitroge[. Therefore, nitrogen is very
are metals and are good conductors of eleciricit''.
Elec'{ical conductivity CClg is stable even though ai a high bonds form bet\,1,een molecules of NH3. As unreactive.
21 A The electronic conflguiation of phosphorus:
APb
l-)
temperature. such ammonia shows deviation from ideality. tt5^2taJ^2tLP
-5cJJ^2tJP-3

tr
I
II - Ge/
5r ^/
5n-/ However, PbCia easily decomposes on siighl
warming.
PbCia(l) + PbClz[si + Clz(g)
11 A Nitiic acid oxidises Fe2* ions to Fe3* ions.
ll{nOa- ions are aiso oxidising agents. Therefore,
ihe volume of the solution of MnOa- ions
The electronic configuration of nitrogen:
7sz2s22p3
recorded ln the tilration is less than the actual Therefore, phosphorus can make use oi its
,/ volume. vacant 3d orbitals to foim bonds. Holvever,
t,/
C+ i:otonn.nPer t2D lAg[NH:)z]- is linear in shape.
nitrogen has no orbirals 3d bond for
.iQh..ipt.r 5 formation.
(b) [H3N-AgeNH3]*
:lt[;:
xo
C::i{ll'
xo I MULTIPLE,CHOICE OUESTIONS
[Cu(NH:Jo]2- is square planar in shape.
f
-\^ r-NH.
12+
228
23D
N2O [diniirogen oxide) supports combustion.
A large amounl 0l energy is required io break
the triple bond in the niirogen molecule, N2,
I B Aluminium nitride reacts lvith water and gives lHrN I

lr-* otu-n,,r.'l before it can react. Thereiore, nitrogen js less

x = Electron from [itrogen
. olf ammonia gas.
t'
i
= Electron from carbon reactive.
o = Elec'rroa fiom calcium A1N(s) + 3HzO(l) - At(OH)r(s) + NH:(Cl

138
24 A There are hydrogen bolds b('l\\''lell aii),nollia 3l c 45D The triple bold ia Lhe niirogeil moiecule is (ii) 3cufsi + 8HNO3laq) + 3Cu[NO3]2(aq) +
molecules. This causes a marked deviiltion a strong covaleni bond and requiies a lot of 2No(g) + 4H2O(1J
ircm ideaiiry energy to break ii. [iii) The bro',vn gas is niirogeD dioxide, NO2.
Jr\iore: One ci the assut:tptiois o[ the kineiic
2:.x-8=0 .16 A A iarge ainouni oi eneigy is required to lrieak 2Noig) +O2[g) *2NC2(g)
theory ofgases is tle absence oi foices of .r=*O] Lhe tiiple bcnd in the nitiogen molecule before Colouriess Bror+':r
aairaca'ion oi repulsion be*veen gas paftlcles.] it can rcact.
,t5 B
The oxidalion riumber oi suiph'.ii sraYs ij1e Nz[g] + 2]'i(g) $:ionisarjsr = Posiilve (cl ti) zPb{NOrz(, + 2Pbo(sJ + 4No2{g) + O2(g)
d- ltYdrcgen bond same. Therefcre, nitric acid does noi aai as an Therefore, ile entialpy of atomisalion is high. [ii) The gas fo;med is dinitrogen ietroxide gas,
N,/ ox:Cislng agenL in ihis reaciion. This iirniis its reactions wiih olher eiemenis. Nzoo.
z't-,, y'
32D N2Oa boils a-" 21"C. At rooir tempeiaiure,
H H li--'-- ;' 47 D isobiained frcm ihe fractiona.l 2NOr(g) =
;. i. a. )ni-,
Nitrogei: N2Oa(g)
25 "C, a smail ponion decomposes to NOr. distillalion of liquid air, H1'drogen is obiained (Brotn (Colourless
Thereiore, tl1€ie e;<is'rs a niixiurc of NzOr and gasj
H.I' 6
NCz.
b'/ ihe reduction of stearn.
[iii)
gas)
The brorvrr gas, NO2. decornposes as fo]iows.
6-F6+ N2O*[g) 2NO3lg] CH'lol ! H"Orsl Ni) 3H,lsl + CO{s) 2NO2{g) +2NO[g) +Or(g)
33D =
Hv'drazine, N2Ha, is a gas at room iemDeraiure
A large amount of energy is requir€d io (Bror.,'n (Cclcurless
break ihe iriple bond in the nirogen mciecule and easiiy dissolves i! \,'rater. Ircn po*'der is used as a cata-lyst. gas] gas]
The solubiliry oi NO2 gas in l'/aier depends 48 C 2 {al (i) At d},namic equilibrium, the rate oi tie
[N=N). Therefore, oxides of niirogen have a Ia Lhe reaction, \n
posiiive enthalpy change oi formation. on pressure. At higr plessues, moie NO, HNO3 + C6H6 + C6H5NO2 + H2O, foi\.,'atd reaciion is equal to the rate of the
-. ....

26I. gas dissol\,es and more litric acid is oi

I
In reaci:ion ethanedioic acid is dehydiated. benzene undergo nitmtioa. reverse reaction.
In reacrion //, the oxidaii0n number of nitrogen
produceC.
In the reaction, (ii) Nror[d = 2NO2(gJ
siays the same. H2SO1 acis as a proton [H-) 35C 2NH.NO3{s) 2N2(8i + O2lg) + 4H2O[g]
- 6i{NO3 + S + H2SOa + 6NO2 + 2H2O, At d)'ramic equilibrium, the partial (J, .,

donor. Bronste.i-Lowry acid. From ihe abcve equalion, 2 moles of NH1NO, tie sulphur atom is oxidised. pressure of N2Oa and NO2 is unchanged.
In reaction 1{ sulphur is oxidised, (solicil witl) a negligibie volurne produces 7 In the reaction, tD
t/ NO2,
\2

27D Ammonia can form hytirogen bonds wirh'n'aier moles of gas v,'iin a large volume. This instant HNO3 + 3HCl + Ci2 + NOCI + 2H2O, Thereicre, ffo = .D
/ N.O,
expansion resulis in an explcsjon. Lhe chloride ion is oxidised.
molecu Ies. where K- Equilibrium constant
36C The equaiion ior the reacrion is as follows. 49 D In ar aqueous solution, ainmonia aci as a \i,eak .p Partial plessure of
D- z- 4iv1g(s) +2NO2(g) -4MgOis) +N2(g) 1 rN(). -
N O---H6' base aad produces hydroxyl ions. J'
-/,\ \ \Ht 374 Nitrogen dioxice, NO2, is a bro\n gas
[Arthenius deflnitionJ
nitrogen dioxide
'Nzoe- Partial
D pressure
u' . H" \ 38D Cars iixed r./iih catal]'tic converters do not of
NE\ NH3[g) +H2O(1) e NHs*[aq) +OH-[aq)
6- 6' E' 'HIdrogen bond use le3ded peuol. LeaC vapour poisons ihe When ammoni:a is bubbled through /i\
dinitrogen tetroxide
in the Fe3+
tlt ^1/ _
Py - ttl\t
^DT
28B H).drazine, N2Ha, is a stioilg reducing agent.
platinum-rhodium catalyst cataiytjc
convertel
solutjon, t}le aqdeous ammonia solution formed .m n=-
Dut
HyCrazine has ft..c lone pair oi elecirons, hence \4ill precipiiate Fe[OH)3 which is hro.../Tl.
lt can act as a Lewis base. 39C X is from Grcup 2 an<l I is frcm Group 15.
. (Bronsred-Lowry definition)
)vl
.. mP,T
Therefore, the conpound formed by X and, Y , Pr ^
l,,l H has ihe formula X3Y2. . Fe3-(aq) + 3NH3[aq) + 3H2O(1) + Fe[OH)3(s) + jvl

\/VI / 40D When NHaCI anti CaIOliJz aie heated, ammonia

(Lewis definition) The NH3 molecule can acl
3NHa+(aq)
as
,, MRT
pV
H gas is given off. Alnmonia gas reduceshot Cuo
H/ -N-rN-
/-/ N powder.
a Lervis base (ione pair eleciron donor).

;.-r08" \') 3CuO(s) +2NH3[g) *3Cu(s) +Nz{g) +3HzOil)

NH:(g) + HCI(g) + NHaCI{g) r0r 000 x tl7 x r0-r ;

White tumes = 77.346

Therefore, .{ is nitrogen gas,
41 Liquid is .#ater (reier to the equation
/ 50 A Hot copper car reduce NO a,nd NO2 gases to (c) The Le Chateiier's Principle states tiat when
29 C N:H C
N2 gas. a system which is in equilibrium is disturbed,
above).
(100 - 12.5j = E7.5oi : 12.5o/o 51 D The N2Oa molecule cannot be repiesented by Lhe position of the equilibrium v/ill shift to ofi-
975 t).5 424 Calcium o,\:ide is used to dry Ni{3 gas before il
-17-=ozs =tz.s reacts lvirh CuO,
a particular stiucture. It is a hybdd resonarce
structure of l, 2 and 3. It caa be rcpresented
set the disturbance.
r
43D 2ri4gO(s) + 4NO2(g) + 02(g)
(i) As the decomposition of N2Oa involves an
1:Z 2tulgil'JO3)2(s) - by the n bond which is delocalised. . increase in voiume, an increase in pressure
(!vhite {Brorvn
The empirical formula is NH2, However, NH2
does not exisi. Irt e]:istence is N2H! (hydrazine). oxide) fumes) o..-o will shift the position of equilibrium to the
.iN-Ni. left. This resuit in more N2Oa formed.
When strotgly heated, N2H1 decomposes as NH3 (thal is, X) is a very important
material
raw
in the manufactu re of fertilisers,
o,,. \.o
Hence, the value of the relalive molecular
foilolvs: 52 A A. mixture of ammonia and oxygen is not mass of the gas mixture increases.
N2Ha(g) +Nztg) +2Hu(g) When NH3 is oxidised (Ostrvalcl's Process) and permitled to be in contact vrith the platinum 'lhis is a:r endoLhermic reaction. An inciease
Therefore, I
mole of N2H4 dissociates lnto 3 dissolvecl in vr'ater, nitric acid, [lNO] (that is, catalyst ior a long time. This is to prevent
i1i)
in temperatu-re will move the posilion of
moles of gases. fJ js pioCuced. nitrogen monoxide, NO, from decomposing to equil,ibrium to the right. Thercfore, more
t0 D NH3 reacts with CuSOa(aq) and produces ihe
deep blue complex ioll
lol tol
-:; No(gj 'r i'lr)2(g)
nitrogen and oxygen. NO2 are formed and the value of the relative
ICu(NH3)412'. t'lll3 NH3(gl
4NO2(g) + 2HzOll) .t OTir) , 4[lI'lOv(rrq) rnolecu.lar mass of the gas nlrtlre dec.reases.
reacls with aque<ius Pb2* ions and forns a STRUCTURED OUESTIONS
(d) til NO2(g) + SOz(g) + H2O(g) +
u'hite precipitate ofPb(OHJ2. In the presence of Niiilc acid is reacled with Ca(Ofl)r.to lorrD thr I (a) (i) Diniirogen oxide gas, N2O Il2SOa(aq) + NO(g)
a platinum catalysi, NH3 reacis \\'ith oxygen. lertiljser Ca[NO3)2 (that is, Z). (ii) NHdNO3[s) + N2O(g) + 2tizO(g) zNO(g) +Oz[g)
4NI{3(g) + 502(g) + al.iO(g) + 6i{zo[l) 2HNO3 + Ca(OH)z -' Ca(NO]1., , 2lllo (b) (i) Nitrogen monoxide gas, NO =zNOz[s)

140
 (ii)
Nitrogen Cioride acrs as a catalysi in rne (bJ Using the Hess diagram, Al1 can be calculaied [iviPaper chrcnatogiaphy may be used to I
rie arlino acids from a mixiure
3x1 -!1 aim
oxidadon oi suiphu.r dioxide tc sulphuric seoarare 2
Nr(g). of products alihough it is 1o$, in
acid in the presence 0f \.Jater l'apour. Take L=- llll
t\ concenirairon. The PTvalues ca-l be used -
note ihai lliirogen dloxide is regenerared + 9.2 kJ mol-rl \2 x [+33.2 ki mol-'] J
at ihe end oi the reaciion. I o:r\ io idenLiy ie anino acids. -,
fXOr=Z
-3 =i
aim
3 [a) Carbon monoxide gas and unburni N,Oo(gj--- -+2NOr[g)
6 [a) There is a sircng tdple bond behr.een rhg
h-ldrocarbon. nitiogen ar-oms in iire nltrogen molecule r NiOa -
2111
_ =_ cL1t1

tb) N2[g) +O2[g) +2NO(gJ

9.2 + [,H =2 x 133.2) (N=N). Also a st-rong uipie bond is fou:rd ))1?
2NO(g)+Oz(g) +2NOz{gJ tH = +57.2 kJ mo1-l beh,ieen ihe carbon ald oqgen aions [C=O] ^2
,4..
1c) N2oz[B) = 2No2(g) in i]]e carbon monoxirle rcolecule. liowever, r2 e i

Ic) ti) A caralyst provlries an alrernaiive reaction

IAH for &e fonvard reaciion is endoiJieiraic).
,, (r i-c:l
paihway or mechanism lor 'Lhe reaciion by 6+ E- ' fl,o, I
In cold r,vatei, fte positiojl of the equilibrium the boird in carbon monoxide is poiar, C=O, 1=i
,J,
lo:l.eiing rhe acrivaiicn enelgy.
shifts io fte ieii. &{ore N2Or iaolecuies are because itre orygen atom is more elecironegatile
[ii) The aluininium gauze has a large suriace
fcrmed. Therefore, the tube appears colourless. ihan fte carbon aiom. Thereiore, ihe bond
d
=- 3 ZUn
area. Thereiore, ihe plaijnum-rhodium
cata.l,vsi can funcilon more eifeclively-.
In hci waier, the posiiion oi rhe equilibrium energy of the C=O bond in carbon monoxide 7 la) The ni-rrogen aiom ia ihe anirnonia molecule
(iiil The mte of conversion oi oxides of shifts to the rjght. More NO2 are formed. The is larger i}lar the bond ene.g./ of N=N in contains a lone pair eleciron. The boron
tube.becomes brolr"n in coiour. the nifogen molecule. Polaiitv strengthens a
.rii, nitrogen inio non-poliuiing chemical
is atom in the boron trifluoride molecule has
substances increases !1,hen temperaiurc 5 ta) {il A large amount of energy
required bond. empty orbitals- Ammonia donates its }one
;1:liiro io break the iiipie bond (N=N) in ine ib) The reaction Nz(g) * 3H2[g) + 2NH3(g) pair electrons [Lewis base) to the
increases. Therefore, the caialyst ought to
niirogen molecule before ii
can reaci. is exorhermic. According io Le Chaielier's
vacant In
.,.: i= ^ be heated. Therefore, nitrogen gas is not reactive
orbital of boron llewis acld). Tlrat is, ammonia o
.9/dl Tetramethyl lead Pb[CH3)a and tetraethyl Principle, an increase in temperaturc wiil forms coordinate coyalent bonds in boron e
Lvl
lead Pb(C2H5)a will poison the catalyst. These chemically not reactive. resuli in ihe equiiibrium shifting to the left. trifluoride.
G
E
additives will adsorb on the platinum-rhodium
(ii) Reacron wjth magnPsium. Therefore, Lhe equilibrium constant ,(D wjll .J
3Mg(s) +N2(g) +MgN2[s) decrease. o-[lsg1;6n iromnitrogen
catalyst.and make it ineffecilve. TJ ; i:
(e) (i) zCO[g] + zNo[g) + 2Co2(g) + N2[g) (b) Ammonia acis as a Lewis base lv-hich donates a Hor,vever, tJIe reaction i .,
ox "=Ele:ironiromhydrogen
+ pair of its electrons to the proion H- lrom l,vater' Nz(g) Oz(gJ + 2NO(g) is endolherrnic. An
+ {TOhT o n r r+ .=Elecuonftombo:on
iii) aCO(g) + 2NO2[g) 4CO2fg] + N2[g)
increase in lemperature will cause the reaciion :'-f1 * -L\ - '= Electron iiom nrorine
tf) By increasing the flow of air into the car NH,1aq) + HrO(l) r' NH"-1aq) + OH-(aql I ox " P, I*
engine, the oxidation process can go to ' The hydroxide ions, OH-, cause the solution to
io go io tle right. Therefore, the equilibrium TT
n TFi
completion. That is, carbon monoxide can constant l(p increases. ++
be alkaline.
be o*idised to carbon dibxide. Ulburnr (c) The electron jc conligura tion
(cj NHa'(aqJ NH3(aqJ + H=(aq)
= The electronic configuration of nitrogen:
hydrocarbon can be oxidised to carbon dioxide
and water vapour
, [NH]liH'l
IN'!1
N 1s22s?2p'
Els m MIil tb)
1s22s22p3

4 The electronic configuralion ol phosphorus:

{a) {i) Formula Oxidation number af nitrogen . Gi./en mat = 5'.6 x 10-ro mol dm-3
4 2s2p
1s22s22p63s23p3
JNHrI = 0'10 mol'dm-3 The element beiore nifogen is carbon
+i. Phosphorus has vacani 3d orbital. One of the
Nzo JNH4'I = 0.050 mol dm-3
NO +2. . cAv rn-lo-0l0xlH'l
- 0.050
c 7s22s22pz
E E mrTt elecrrons from the 3s orbital can be excited
io the 3d orbiia.l. Thus, phosphoms can form
1.s 2s Zp t\'yo chiorides. However, nitrogen has no 3d
Noz +4 lH-l = 2 B x i0-ro mol dm-l The element afier nitrogen is ox-vgen
orbital. Therefore, nitrogen can form only one
Nzou +4
pH = -1og [H*]
=-log [2'8 x 1o-10) o lsz2sz2pa
UElli,llFl Ic)
chloride.
In the dinitrogen tetroxide molecule, N2Or,
t1 = 9'5s is 2s 2p the N-N bond is very long (the longer the
(ii ) +TOzk)-No(g) (d) ii) HHO The nitrogen atom has hall fiiled orbitais p3,
7Nzlg) bond, Lhe weaker is its strenglh).
M/r = +90.4 kJ mofl
lNate: LHr involves'the formation oi 1 H-C
Illi r,vhich have extra stabiiiry Since tle nitrogen
atom has a more stable configuration of
The N-N bond is long because of the positi'/e
charge on the nitrogen alom. Therefore, N2Oo
mole of substances.) '.
(iii) The reacti0n for the formation of nitrogen ll
H
-C-C
NH2
-OH electrons, a large amount of energy is needed
io remove a-o eleciron. Therefore, the fimr
ionisation energy of nitrogen is large.
is easily decomposed on heating. Horvever, in
the ethanedioate ion, C2Oa2-, the C-C bond is
monoxide, NO, is. endothermic (absorbs a normal covalent bond and the ion is not easily

heat). The high temperature in the car 2-aminoproPanoic acid (alanine) {dl NzO+{g) 2NOr{gJ decomposed on heating.
pressure: z alm =
engine suppiies heat energy for the Initiai 0 atm
ti')ulka-HHo o\\- o..
nitrogen and oxygen gases from air to
-a/,,o
Pressure at
\ ///,,o
react and produce nihogen monoxide. violet I I ll equilibrium; zrjfir, CC
lNore: Fuel is mixed with air before il is NH, + 3CH, +2lIrO + H
- C-
- Cl1 C
- 0H+ 6H' #", /\u/\
burntl
(iv) Heal from a glo'rving splinter causes N2O H NH2
z
- 2 aLm =zelm o- o- o- o'
to decompose and produce ortrgen gas. (iiiJ The reaction mechanism involves free Total pressure ai equilibdum {d)
. Temperature belween 450 "C and 550 'C,
.
2N2O(g) +zNz{g) +O:[g)
Oxygen gAs rekindles a glowing splinter
radicals. Ultravjolet lighi js necessary t0
=zz3z+z=z-etm .
Pressure betvreen 200 and 300 atm,
ircn powder as catalyst.
iniriaie the leaction.

1.42
 (il1 l lrr.,:'r ir lryrltolit'tt ilon(ling, bttween (iiil The oxide of niilogen fcrrred is N2O.
ESSAY OUESTIONS
(b) (i) NO nrrrlccttlr llll olJl' 111t,lr', rth
rrroltcrrl,rs ol ar:tittol:ia,'lile nitrog:n Tne €quation ior tiY iLaLiju.l ;s
r:X a aa
a
lt(,rr in tire alniron!a I-;)o]ecLrle i5 1'ery NH,Clrs) + Na\O;(s) --
1 (a) tll When anrmonium sulphaie reacis with
soCium hydioxide sclution, ihe equation
,.N):O: ::[;' '51: :O: ol0cti"one.o,ativr aald caifies a partlal N:Oig) + 2H2Oig) + iiaCl(si
of'LIre reaciion is no9;ttive chaige. l'he hydrogen aio.r of (bl (il Potassitn niiiate al]d ailljrcnium ]iilraie.
o., Elccll0ll lr(nll llrl',llllr
anolliei noi?c,JIe carrries a parlial pcsiil';2 {i:} i.iiirogen is al'r.jai's nze ?i
by planrs
Ni{4"(aqJ + OH-(aq} --NH3G) + H2O[l) x.
liloclron lrolll llllr,'rl. ll
charge and is attracieC to ihe nitiogel for groltih. Thereiore, i]itiogen bas3d
o = lllcclron lrottt oxYgrtt €iiilisers ha're io b? a{ided io soil a felv
When amrnonia gas reacts lvith diluie aiom. H1'd;ogeir bonis are iorn:d.
tc) (;) Trvo stcps In lltc t,'rlllott rtlttlt;rttlrttt ltlt'
hydrochlolic acid, the eguaricn of the as follows E- E. 6*
p, H\a- a.H\a- s-H\s- [iiiJ ii a niirogen based ieriiiiser is used
reaction is s|rw sle
ii iilto
NH3(g) + HCl[g) + NH+Cl(aq) No(s) + Fz(s) {)l'll(1r,) t Ir'(g) excessivei,v in agricuitur3, can seep
lin\l st('P \tiai:nvays and iiigger an ullconUcliabie
[ii] The number of moles of NaOH used F.(g) r NO(g) ' oNI'{e)
)no
E giotvth of algae. Atgae can prevent
x = 0.002 mol (ii) Fronr the rate eqtrfltiolr, rrrc ' tlNOlll:21, o
suniighi fiom peneLradng inio Lhe depfis
= 0.10
-#o ir is deduced that thc rale of rcrction is oi iiie pond or riveF and deprifing
The number of moles of I{Cl acid influenced bY t}te NO anC F; sPecies' Hldrogen bond aoualic planis irom su;ilighr' Tne
n,n.^ 5o
=,.,, Therefore. the slow step is at the first step. conceniration of orygen in ihe lvater
lllil -o.oo5mol
No(g) +F2(g) -oNF(g) +F'(g)
Therefore, the boiling point of aixmonia,
Ntl- i< h ioh is aiso reduced. Therefore, the oxygen
la).'r:i
g:': .:l
IO NaOH(aq) + HCI(aq) + NaCl(aq) + H2O(1) . [{o1e; The slow step is the rate determining
PH3 and AsH3 molecules cannoi form leve1 in water is inadequate io sustain
o From t}te above equalion, I mole of NaOH step.l
. i
reacts with mole of HCI acid. hydrogen bonds. There are only \,veak van marine life. -:'t ''
Ho'r"ever, the second step inYolves the 5 (ri A high iemperaiure is necessary because
E Thereiore, ihe number oi r;oles of HCI der \4laals' forces oi atl.raction beilveen [a)
O iree raiica] p', lvhich is very reactive and a large amcunt of energy- is required to
acid used molecules. The.efore, ihey have lo-;v
reacts very fast. break t]Ie sirong triple iroilc of nitrogen,
-
0.0C2) mol boiling points.
= [0.005 : [a) (i) N=}.I. The triple bond must be broken
(iii) Van der Waals'forces can be Sreater ii ihe
= 0.003 mol first so that the reaction beiween nitrogen
NH3($ + HC1(g) + NHrCl(aq) tsoili;19 point molecule size is laige a,rd big.
BiH3 is a large molecule. As expecteC, and magnesium can occur.
1 mol of HCI acid reacts with 1 mole of
NH:. 300 irs van del \,/aals' iorces are greater. Iis (ii) Perceniage ol Mg = 72%

Therefore, the number of moles of NH3 boiling point i! higher than ammonia, Percenrage of N = 10C - 72 = 28%
1)
290 Ni.l:. \n-- '' -)OA
= 0.003 mol
0.003 mol NH3 contains (bl (i) A solution of copper ions grealer'oi z4-)
ao
= 0.C03 x 14 = 0.042 g nitrogen 280
[Cu(H2O)6]2- ions.
t4
The Peicentage of nitrogen in food .Ammonia is a stronS,er ligand than lvatar.
The refore, ammonia molecules can displace RatioofMg:Nis3:2
substances is
270 water molecules from the hydrared copper The empirical formula of cornpound D is
. 0.042 .. ..
tv\'-^ r.J/n ivlg3N2.
i -0() ion.
(b) The white liquid is rnagnesium hydroxide.
{b) The hydrazine molecuie, N2H,1, has 2 lone 260 ICu[HzO)6]'z-fac] + 4NH3(aq) = The equation for the reaction is
pair electrons. The lone pair elec[ons iCu(NHr)412'Iaq) + 6H2O(1)
' can be used to form coordinate bonds 250 [Cu(NH3)1]2*is a deep blue comple;{ J\ig3N2[5) + 6H2O(1) -
3&1g[OHJ2[s) + 2NH3[g)

rvith H* ions from an acid' iii) I'lH3 forms coordinate .covalent bcnd (c) (i) The formula of .4 is NHa[CIiSCN),-{NH3)r]
[dative bonds) Frcm the formula,
This enables N2Ha to dissolve easily in [dative bondJ $,iih the Cuz* ion.
acid- I 12+ Cr:S:N= I:x: (l +.t+-;')
lH,\:\ 2-iNH'l
(c) Vr; | - ^Cu.^
\:xu"l'l The molar ratio of Cr : S : N is
IoH-l= lH,ru:-- 1 s.5 i 8.1 29 .2
= "1 t.75 x tos -, n t' "J 52 32 14

= 7.48 x 10-3 mol dm-3 The shape of ietleaminecopper(ll) ion is a 0.2981 : 1.1906 :2.0857
pOH = -log16lOH-l square planar. 1:4:7
= -logr0[7.48 x'10-3) . The rnanufacturc cI fertiliser. -ll
Icj
. The rnanufacture oi niric acid.
lneielote,
- = 7
= 2.13
PH+POH=14 ti) The solid is sodium chloride, NaCl. + x=4
pl{=14-POH The equation iJr rre :caction is 1
= 14 - 2.13 NHrCl{sl + NaNO2(sl * 1+x+Y=l7
= 11.87 N2(g) + 2H2O[1) + NaC](s) _1 =l
2 la) Lelxbe the oxidation number of nitlogen' rq0
(iiJ The oxidation slate of n jtrogerl in NHrCI is I + 1+y /
(i) N0 molecuie -J. 5+Y=7
x+(-2)=0 180 The oxidaiicn siate oI nitrogen in NaNO2 . = y=2
--L') is +3. (ii) -4 has ihe formula I'IHaiCr{SCi'J)a(NH:)zJ.
[ii) ONF molecule 170 The oxidalion siate oi nitrogen in N2 g?s is Lei ihe oxidation number oi chromium be

x+[-2] +(-1)=0 40 B0 120 I 60 200 0. Z.

RelatiJe molecLliar mass
x= t3
1+J
I.t1
 (+1) + [z + {-1)a + (0]21 = 0 id] Tle reacrion in ihe Haber Process is as ienperaiure, ihe percenrage yield cf NH3 is 9 (al (ij Osi\.,'ald's Process is used in ihe ilidus-Lriai
i+z-4=A ioi iorrs. - saiisfaciory. prepaiaiion ol nitric acid. Ammonia gas
N2ig) ; 3H2(g) 2NH3ig) 4A = -02 kJ norr {bj The reaciion beilveen ammonia and chioiine and aii ar? reacted at a iemperaiuie of
=
Therefore, the oxidaiion number OI The N=N and H-H borrds musi be broket gasis as Iolio\1.s. 9C0 "C. Hor plaiinum cataiyst is used io
chrolrium in the compiex is +3. beiore a reaction can ia-kg place. A iarge 8NH3{g) + 3Cl2(g) + 6NHaCi{s) + N2ig) acc?ieraie ihe reaciion.
fiiiJ The shape of the aaionic complex amouni oi anergy is needed io biea.k the N=N This is a i.,ro-step reacdon. In 'fie irsi siep, 4Nli3{g) + 5O2(g) + 4NO(g) + 6HrO(g)
is octahedrai. The anicnic coroplex bond. Thereiore, the activaiion energy' iciliire ar-nnoaia gas, NH3, is oxidised anC Cl2 gas The niirogen monoxide gas produced
sholvr geome'rrical isomerism {cis-trans rcacijon in ihe Ha-ber Process is high. is reduced. Therefore, anmonia acis as a abot'e is iufiher reacied with more aii.
isomerism) as iollo-r.is. 7 (a) {l The melting point is itre temperatilre at reducing ageni. 2No(g) +02[g+2NO2(g)
$'hich a solid is in equilibrjum wirh its 2NH3[gj +3C12(g) *6HC1(g) +Nr(g) The niiiogen dioxide gas, NO2, is mixeC
liquid at constant pressure. In the second siep, ammonja acts as a plcion lviih air and dissolyed in w-aier io form
{ii) The boiling point is the ter-nperaiure at accepior IBronsred-LowryJ. It reacis tviih niiric acid, HNO3.
1,\-hich a liquid is in equilibrium lvilh iis hydrcgen chloiide and forms ihe ammorjum 4NO2(gl + O2{g) + 2H2O{I) + 4HNO[aqJ
Yapour at consiant pressure. chloiide salt. Therefore, ammonia acis as a [iiJ . The produciion of njtrate fertiliseE
fans isomer cr isomer (b) The Dhase diagram ior ammonia is as folicws: base. such as ammonium fliirate, NHaNOs;
6 (a) Dilute ammonie soluiion contains hydroxide Pressu re 6NH3(g) + 6HCl(g) + 6NHaCt[s) urea, {NH2J2CO; ammonium sulphaie.
ions, OH-. (c) . Nitronium iory NO2"
i:-Io (NH4)2SO4.
NH3(aq) +H2O(l)
= NHa=[aq] +OH-[aq) The number of valence electmns for the . The manufacture of explosives such as
Cu2' ions rvill react wiih OH- ions, As the ionic central atcm, nikogen is 5. T.li.T. (2,4,6-trinitromethylbenzene).
-t6
.o
.product of Cu(OH)2 is higger rhan rhe value of The number of electrons contributed by 2 (b) (i) The niironium ion is an electrophile
its f.p, a light blue precipiiaie of Cu(OH)2 is o-,ry'gen atoms is 4. which is generated when concenirated
formed. A [+) charge denotes 1 less elecbon. sulphuric acid and concentrated niUjc acid
^ 7_, , + zOH-(aq) -: Cu(OH)2(s)
Cu'=(aq) The total number of electrons surrounding are mixed.
When an excess ol ammonia is added, Terlperature,/K Lhe central aiom is (5 + 4) -1 = 8 +
1q4.9 195.0 240.4 HNO3 + 2H2SOa NO2+ + 2HSOa- + H3O-
lcu{NH3lr'- ions are formed.
. - 4 electron pairs The elecirophile, N02*, atiacks the
Cuz*(aq) + 4NH3iaq) + ICu(NH3)r2*(aq) The pressure at which fie meliing and 4 electron pairs make up 2 double bonds. benzene ring ro lorm niuobenzene.
The concentration of Cu2* ions in the solution boiling rakes place is the same.
. The pressure at trip.le point is lower ihan
The eiectron paiN are located as iar apart II H^.rNO,

\-./
wiil decrease. As: iie ionic product of Cu(OH)2 as possible to minimise eiectrcn-electron
is less than its -trsp \.alue, the precipitate of that of melting and boiling poini. iepuision. Therefore, the shape of ile NOr- . (r.) +No-'__-'lt'l
i1 )
l('1"'"'
Cu[OH)z dissolves and fo.ms a deep blue
complex of lCu(NH:)ql?'.
. The solidJiquid equilibrium line has a positi./e
gradient. This indicates thai when liquid
is Iinear.
-a
EDTA is a stronger ligand ihan ammonia.
Therefore, it
can displace the ammonia
ammonia solidifies, tlere is a reduction in
voluhe. Also an increase in prcssilre Will l'r, ** l- To, +

ligands in the lCu(NH3)112- complex to forn

luulEU rA]l' . [cJ
increase the melting point of ammonia.
Aqueous ammonia ionises partially ln water.
lror: N: rorJ (r-r) * g-
r\2
The soiutjon will change colour from deep blue NH3(aq) + H2O +
NHa*(aq) + OH-[aq) ' = Eleclron from nilrogen
x = Electron from oxygen Nitrobenzene
to lighr blue. The OH- ions wiil cause red litmus to turn Nitrobenzene is yellow liquid.
+ blue. When NHaCI is dissolved in water, the (iij (ii)
JCu(NHs)rl2-(aq) + EDTAa-(aq)
NHa- ions undergo hydrolysis.
Nitrite ion, NO2' - Jn an aqueous solution, ammonium niffaie
ICu(EDTA)i2-(aq) + 4NH3[aqJ The number of valence electrons for the decomposes into its ions.
(b) The reaciion between nitrogen monoxide and NHa*+H2O+NH3*+H3O* NH4NO3+NHa++NO3-
centlal atom, nitrogen is 5.
hydrogen is exothermic. The H3Ot ions will turn blue liimus to red. Ho.veyer, NHa* ions are hydrolysed by
The number of electrons contributed by 2
2NO[g) + 2H2e) +'N)(g) + 2H2O(t) B [a) In the Haber Process, nitrogen and hydrogen
gases are mixed in the ratio of I : 3 ro pioduce
oxygen atoms is 4. . lvater.
AH = Negati.re A (-l charge denotes 1 more electmn. NHa- + H2O + H3O'- NH3
The pmducts of the reaction are nirogen gas ammonia. The H3O* ions cause the solution ro be
The iotal number of electrons = 5 + 4 + I
and lvatel which are stable. Holvever, NO is a 3H2(g) + N2(g) 2NH3($ LH = -92 kl .mol-l acidic and give a pH which is less ihan 7.
= = 10
very unstaxle reactant. The formation of siz.ble The forward reaction involves a reduction in (c) A high tempeiature increases the rate of
products from an unsta-ble reactant involves the volurne. According to Le Chateiier's Principle,
an increase in pressure can raise the production
I r" ", l- rcaction. Hor,vevel the Haber Process involves

tc) (i)
release of energy, that is, an exothermic reaction.
Pollulion by oxides of nitrogen causes of ammonia. Therefore, a high pressure of 250 Iio..N:IOll
LX; -
an exoihermic ieacrion (AH = negatjve) and
a high tenperature will lolver the produclion
photochemical smog and acid rain. almospheles is applied. 1

of ammonia, NH3. As such, an internediate

(ii) A catalyst does not influence the producis. .- Electron From nitrogen
Not all fuel burns completely in tie car tempemture is chosen. Hence, iron is used as a
It acceierates the attainment of equiiibrium. x = Electron lrom oxygen
engine. Therefore, there are unbulnt o = tlec(ron fuom negaliye charge catalyst to increase the rate of reaction.
hydrocarbons in ihe e-{hausi fumes of cars. Here, iron acts as the catalyst. As the reaciion The synthesis of nitrogen oxide is an
' The catalytic converler converts unburnt is exothermic, a high temperalure can lo$'er In the nitrite ion, there is a lone pair endoihermic reaction (^l1 = posiri'.'e). A high
hydrocarbon to non'to;dc products such as the prcduciion of ammonia. Ho,.\,eve4 if the electron. The repdlsion belvyeen ,one pair tempeEiuie increases the mte of reaction
water and carbon dioxide- temperaiure ,t
los.', the reaction pro.eeds electrons is greater than thai betw-een
- and ar the same time incrcases the yield of
Unburnt hydrocarbon i O2[g) - at a very low rate. Therefore, an optirnum bond pair electrons. Therefore, the nitrire nitrogen oxide, NO. Thereiore, there is no need
iemperature ot 450 "C is chosen. Ai this
I
H,O(g) + CO;(g) | ion, NO2-, is not linear but "V" shaped. lor a catal)'st in Lhe sFthesis of nitrogen oxide.

146 L47
 I2O5(s) + 5CO(g) , L{s) .r 5CO2ig) Ag-laql + 2NI-13[aq] + {AglN}i3)21-[ao)
, Chacter 6
Fi-orn ihe re:,cttor) ai)ove, 5 mcies oi CO can [from AgCii n=2
proriuce I lncie oil.. 15 D Fmet;mpni -4,
-o6-
MULTIPTE-CHOICE OIJESTIONS '[herefore, d)e number oi moles oi CO is
H ---+ O
I
--r Cl.+O
4.298 = k[A.A9jni].tzr
i _ 0.596 _, 0.18 !.-
I B Chloiine cridises Lhiosulohaie ions io sulphaie = 5 x 0.024 r\
b-. HC10! Experimeni
ions. = 0.12 mol u u '*oo- ExpeiimEntT - -'
TTIE l 0I9
2S2O32-[aqJ + 4Cl2iaq) i 5l]ro(11 -2sO4:-iaql The mass of CO = 0.12 x 28 g The orvgen atom is nore electronegaii.,/e -ri:tan
2 =2"
Thiosulphate + OH-[aq) + Cl-(aq) = 3.35 g
tJ1e chlorine aron. Orlgel atoms wili aitraci
m=l
ion 10 D Theoxidarlonsia.eoichlorin€hl-lcioiis+13, elecirons irom lhe O-H bond. This .n'eakens
Rate = ft169-1t1616112
Hc-reter, iodine is a 1.l'ea-ker oxidisirg agenr x+[i)+7t-2)=0 tre O-H bon.i and it bieaks easily. Hl,diogen Using values :roir. experlmett l, ihe valu? ci
ih?n chlorjne. Therelore, SrOr?- ion is ox;d:s?o ions, H-, are Ubeiated. As HCIO. has more
iie raie constant can be calculaieii.
t0 5iu6' 0;11y. The chioiine aaom cannci iake an oxidaiior oryger than HC.iO, iiClO2, HCJCj, uhereioie, 0.596 =,k[0.i8] IC.12l,
2SrOrz-(aq) + i2[aqJ + 2I- (aq) + S.O52-{aqJ siaie of+i3. it is a sironger acid, k = 229.9 - 23C :mj n:oi 'r s l

2 -\ Iodjcie ions are ox:Cised tv Fe?'(ao-J Ions. The chloriae aion car only hal'e an oxidaiion 16 B When chiorine gas is dissolved in urarer ii
)a c NaCiO3
2Ee3-(aq) + 2l-(aq), 2Fer-[ao-) r I-(a:') slate of-1 io +7. iorms chlorine \',rarer. lThat is, a riiyruie oi Lei ihe oxidaiion number of chlorine bs )..
Iodine forms a dark blue coilplex wiifr siarch. 1 1 D A bieaching ageni for domestic use ncrmaliy HCl(aq) anc HCIOfaq)]. I +x+3(-2)=0
3C Fe2- ions in FeSOa(aq) are oxidlsei to Ie3- ions. con'Lains sodium chlorais(l), Naclo.
Ci2{g) +H2O{11 +HClO{aq] 1-x 6=0
CIO3-{aq) + 6H-(aqJ + 6Fe2'[aqJ * lA'oie;. Chloriae gas reacis niih ccld scdiun =HCl[aq)
Hovrever, HClOIaq) is unsrab]e and decomposes x=+5
+ 6Fe3-(aq) + 3H2O{1)
Cl-{aqJ h-/droxiie solution to produce sodium when exposed to Iignt to give oii or,ygen gas, 23D in Illc reaction, chiorine dispro_oorrioi:ares,
Therefore, rhe solution charges colour from chiorate(IJ. NaClO.l ihat is, chlorine alorn is oxidised and reduced
2Hc1o{aq) JELL zuCtluq} + oz{g)
light green [Fe2-{aq)) io yel]o$. [Fe3-(aq)).
- :r\av' 'rdur_ t5 "C simuiuneousiy.
ui-i6r ,.u.Ct1r.1; _ \q
4A Potassium chlorate{V) is vridely used in the
- N:clo,aq) + h2c{l)
As lhe size oi flucrine aiom ls very smali, its For example, -:.1:':,.:

makrng oi fireciackers and maiches. lone pair eleciron - lone pair electron in the F2 Cl2(g) + 2OH-{aq) r Cl-[aq) + Clo-[aq)
5D On descendlng Group 1 7, aiomic size incleases 12 D 2H1ig) -!r ) Hz(g) + iz(g) molecule is very close io one another. + H2O[1) c::r 'rii'ili
lr l::
The iodine vapour given off is puiple, The bond in fte hydrogen iodide molecule -
and the effective nuclear charge decreases. The is
Tiris resulis in a reduction in tlie atimction H-l covaient bond is lveak because the size oi .."_ri/eak. Therefore, it decomposes upon heating.
foi elect-rons in a covalent bond by Group 17 the iodine atom is large. Therefore, rhe bond is | ZHItg) + Hr(g) + I2(g)
elements. Therefore, ihe elecironegattvity ol the easily broken upon heating. The produrt I2l-ls Iurp1e)
elements decreases on descending Group 1 7. is formed.
The force of repulsion beir,veen ihe lone pair Chlorine gas iiat
reacis and noi dilute NaCl
6C Iodide ions are oxidised by chloiine vr'ater. 13 A Concentraied phosphoriciV) acid is noi an
eleciron - lone pajr electron $/eakens the F*,E solution. In fact, NaCl is produced in ihe
Cl2{aql + 2l-(aq) + I2(aq) + 2Ci-{aqJ oxidising ageni. Therefore, il cannor oxidise reaction. Thereiore, dilute NaCI soiution,s not
bond. Oniy a sma1l aillount of energy is needed
Iodine gives a violet coioui with HBr to Br2.
to break ihe F-F bond. Therefore, the bond used in the reacrion.
t 9 irach laram -'1; n 14 C iodine is a covalent molecule .r,'hich is less
energy is low. On descending Group 1 7, the size
Ii the reaction involves light, proceeds it
7B At the anode: Chlorine gas is evolved. soluble in a polar soivent like -!vater.
oi the atoms increases, I > Br > CI > F.
according io the free radical mechanism.
ZCi-(aq)+ Cl2l$+2e- Holvever, iodine forms ihe I3- complex rvilh Li8ht,
Therefore, the bond length Hz(d + crz{g) zHCl
At the catirode: Hydrogen gas is evolved. lodrde ions.
I-l>Br-Br>Cl-Cl 27D HNO3 Noz*
2H-{aq) + Ze- +H,lg) I2iaqJ + I-(aqJ - I3-(aq)
The longer the bond lengrh, the weaker is ihe
Complex '--rrl-)1. 0 t vL)(-)\:l
[Ncfei During electrol.vsis, sodium hydroxide is bond.
formed in the solution.] Therefore, iodine is very soluble in potassiun.)
Therefore, bond energy
x-5=0 | x-a=t
At 1 5 "C: Aqueous sodium hydroxide reacts with iodide solution.
Cl-Ci >Br-Br>I-i x +5 | x. +5
chlorine gas and iorms sodium chloraie(i). When a lirtle alka1i is added to chlorine 18C Concentrated H2SOa acid reacts with NaCl in
The oxidaiion number oinitrogen in ihe reactant
Cl2(gl + 2NaOHiaq) + NaCi(aql + NaCIO[aqJ solution, ihe smell of chlorine disappears. and Lhe pr0duct remains rite same. Therelore, the
ihe presence of /r4nO2 'Lo liberate chlorine.
because cl.ilorine has chairged to chlorat0(l). reaction is n0t a disprooortionatjon reaction.
+ H2O[1) r9 B The equation ior the reaction is as folloYrs.
Ai 70 "C: Aqueous sodium hydroxide reacts with Cl2(g) + 2NaOH(aq) + NaCl[aq) + NaCIO{aqJ + The inrensiiy of the colour increases. Chlorine
2I-{aq) + 4H=[aq) + MnO2(s) * is greenish-yellow gas. Bromine is a reddish-
chlorine gas and forms rodjum. chloraretVJ. H2O(r)
1"4n2'1aql +12.s) + 2H2O(ij
3CI;'gl : 6NaOH(aq) 5NaCI(aq) + Potassium iodide lorms a yellolv [)recipital0 liquid while iodine is a black solid-
bror.r,'n
- -wirh AgNO3(aq).
Iocline is a solid at room temperatule.
The volatiliiy 0f the halogens decreases on
NaCI03(aq) + 3H2O(l) 20D Bromine soluilon, urhen exposed to sunlight,
I I) Disulphur dichloride, S2Cl2, is a yeilolv liquid Ag.(aq) + I-(aq) + Agl(s) liberates oi,ygen gas.
descending ihe gioup because of the inc.reasing
used in the vulcanisation of narural rubber Yoll0w pr(:( ipilirlr, van der Waals' foice 0f atbaction as the size
Brr(l) +HrO[]J
t) I: The reaction 0f iodine '!virh soaiium Lhiosulpiraie 1-he yellow precipitate, A111, is rrot ,r,lublI irr =HBr(aq) +HBiO{aq) oi tlle halogen atom increases. This resulrs in
2HBrOiaq) + 2HBr(aqJ + O2(g)
onia- increasing boiling points oi the halogens.
is as iollo,,vs. a in rn
2t t) Iiatc = k1011-1'1616r;' 29D
I,[s) + 2SrOrz-(aq) J 2l-{aq) + S,062-(aq) Sodiurn chloride fonns a ,vhitc plc(il)illrlr,\villr
lixpcrIment 1:
The number of l,alence electr0ils in iodine = 7
JA Aq\iO3[aq). Contri5urion from 3 chlorite aloms - 3
l ne nuf ,0er o: mcrPs 0I );u3' rS 0.596 = k[0.1 B]'10.121'
liiO '. I
Ag={aq) + CJ-(aqt, Ag0l{s)
li,.:/u'ritnertt 2'
The total nu:rrber ol erectrons = i 0
= 0.048 mol V\rhitc Ptr:r llrlt;rl,' A toial of 10 eiectrons is equivaient io 5
0.1.19 =,r10.18l-10 061, elec:ron pairs.3
'Ihe number of lnoles of I: is The \,vhite precipitate, AgCl, tli:;solvt,r irr ol the eleciron pairs arp
1Z x 0.0a8
,rtr
I;xl)crinrrnt I 0.596 _, A.12 bonding pairs (bonding rvidr 3 chlorjne atomsJ.
2 - A.149 ' 0.06 '
excess of ammonia and fotms a d ia lt trrrlrrcrillvr,r'( l) n

= 0.024 mol ion, lAs(NHr),1-. I rlrtrirrrr:rrt The 2 other electron pairs are lone pair

148 1,19

)
 eieciions. Therefore. Lhe shaDe cf ihe icl3 38A 48C On descendlng Gioup i7, fte size of the atoms 60 B On desceniiing Group i7, Lae size oi ihe
moiecule is "T" shaperi. increases a-nd Lhe nuclear artracdon for tlle aiom (aiomic radius) increases. As rhe
co.ia1eni bcnd elecirons becomes r';ealer. r,:ience elecirons of the larger sized haloge;is
i x-6=-i I x= 1 | y=o Therefore,'&e eiec'rronegaiiviry decreases. are localed iuriher from 'rhe nuciSus and are
'-J L-l
i I I
i

C]- I ,=-s 49I- in ihe reacijon, rhe haiogen atom is less influenced b,v nuclear atiraction, i}leir
I -CI i
simuliLneously oxitiised aad reduced. elecbons are moia easily remo'.'ed. Thus, the
I 3SA Silver chloride disscives in aqueous amI]-ionia 3Clo-(aq) + 2${aq) + C]O3-(aq) firsr ionisaiion energydecreases dow'n 'r].Ie
Ci to form a soluble conplex ion, lAg(NH3)21-. Oxidarion: +l -1 +5' gmup.
30c Chloiine gas is a srong oxidising ageni. Ii .AgCI(s) + 2NH3[aq) -
[As(NH3)2]-{ac) i sraie
oxidises iron(ll) to iron(lll). Therefore, Cl-(aq) 50B The Ag- ion (fiom AgNO3) ald rhe Ci ion
iron(ll) chloride cannoi be prepared by such 40D STRUCTI.IRED OUESTIONS
a The equaiion r'or the reaction of PCl5 u'iih (iron KCI) reaci and iorms AgCI (a -$/hite
rnethod. r"rater is as iollolvs. preciDiiale). I ir) (i) Ag- a,rd Cu2= ions.
NaCl[aq) + Na-(aq) + Cl-(aq) PCi5(s) + 4H2O(lJ = H3POa(aq) + 5HClfg) Ag.[aq) + C]-(aq) * AgCiis) irll Ag-{aq) + l-(aql + A;l,s}
x mol x.nol x mol 41 C On descending Group 17, Lhe atornic mCius AgCi dissoi.res in an excess of aqu:ous ZCuz=(aq) + 4l-[aq) - 2Cul(s) + 12iaq)
At ihe anode, (size of the aiomJ increases. The reascn is ihai ammonia. (b) (i) Vihen poiassium iodide is addel to Iead(ll)
ZCl(aq)+Ct2$)+2e the eifective nuclear charge is decreasing due iocide preciDiia:e, the complex ion [Pbi.]'-
AgCl[s) + 2NH3(aq) + [AgiNH3]21-(aq) + C1 iaq)
io a-I] jncreasing screening eiiect. is formed insiead. The complex is soluble
Therefore, x moles oi Ci- form {2' moles of Cl,. 51 C On descending Group 1 7, Lhe effeciiYe nuclear
Chlorobenzene is a polar molecule. charge is decreasing as a result oi increasinB
in lvaier
The reaction of sodium amalgam with waier is
cl" screening effect. Consequentlv, the nuclear {ii) Pblr(s) +21-laq) - JPbl4l}(aq)
as ioilows.
atiracrion ior the valence electrons becomes {cl (il The compound XCl, is not an ionic
.
Na/Hg(l)+ HzOil)- t',:aOH(ao)+ HBtt) ln)
1, * = 1.67
weaker. ThercIore, is easy for the I- ion
it compound because of its 1or,v melting
\.o
\.D |Hz(s)+ LU] to donate its electrons ald hence, act as a
point. Therefoie, covalent bonds exist
V o
o Therefore, x moles of sodium produce x moles behveen .tr ald Cl. The intermolecular
e if a positively charged rod is brought near io reducing agent.
force betlveen XCi, molecules are weak
E
G oi NaOH and ]2 moles of h)'drogen. a stream of chlorobenzene, the CIF rvill be 528 On descending Group 17, 'ihe size of the aiom
o
(J val der Waals' forces of attraction. Hence,
5t L The elements on lhe ielt of the Periodic Table
attracted towards ihe charged rod. increases. Therefore, the H,€ak val der Waals ' it has a low melting Point.
Ho\..reverr if a negatively charged rod were to be forces of attraction increases. As a result, the
elemeni X is in
j.dii) fne
are merals. The chlorjdes of these merais easily Group 15. Elemenls
broughi near to a stream of chlorobenzene, the voiadlity ol the Group I 7 decreases.
dissoll,re in lyaier wiihout being hydrolysed, of Group 15 (except N) form 2 ty?es of
CIsn on tile benzene lvill be atiracted tolvards s3A In the reaction, chlorine disproportionates
for example, NaCl. The.elements on the righi chlorides, rhat is, XCI: and XCl5,
the charged rod. whereby the chloiine atom is oxidised and
of the Periodic Table :are non.meials. The 4JD At a temperature of 70 'C (lvarm), the reaction reduced simultaneously.
When XCI5 is heated, it decomposes to
chlorides of these non-detals react with water XC13 and chloiine gas is liberated.
is as follows. Ci2 + 2NaOH + NaCl + NaCIO + H2O
and liberate whiie fumes of HCl. For example, +l (iii) The number of grams of chlorine in 1 .1 I g
3C12[g) + 6OH-(aq) + 5Cl-(aq) + Cl03-(aq) + Oxidation: 0 -l
PCl3+3H2O+H3PO3+3HCl of AgCl
3HrO(ll state 1< <
However, the chloddes of metals like aluminium
(located at the centre of the Periodic Ta-bie)
44D Bromine cadnoi be used as an insecticide. )+ L The bond in lhe hydrogen iodide molecule is
143.5
4)L 2NH3+3C12;N2+6HCI rveak. Hydrogen iodide decomposes into its
undergo hydrolysis in rvaier to form a solution (Relative moiecular mass of AgCl = 143.5)
of pH 6. The sequence of elements in order of
NH: N2 elements when in contact with a hot glass rod.
The mass of chlorine in 0.714 g AgCl
x+3(1j=0 x=0 2HI(g) -Hz(g) +lz(g)
increasing proton number is Z, Y, X.
x=-3 35 5 ,, 0.7t4
s5D Anode: 2CI- + CIz + ZE n
JJ D FeS(s) + 2HCl(aq) + FeCl2(aq) + H2S{gJ 1t3.5
Cl2 oxidises nitrogen from an oxidation state of
Hydrogen sulphide gas, H2S, has a revolilng Cathode: 2H2O + ZE+ 2OH + H2 The ratio of chlorine betore and after
-3 to zero. The Na* ions diffuse through the diaphragm
odour and is a poisonous gas. 46D heating is
In silver nitrate solution, silver ions exist as a
34A Chlorate(l) ions oxidises iodide ions to iodine. into the catiode comparilnent and react with 35.5 ..,,^,
l'lY 35.5 xo.7t4
Aqueous iodine is yellow.
complex ion, [Ae(HzO):]t
OH- ions. =-x 143.5
[Ag(HrO)r]. H2O ligand
cro-(aq) + 2r-(aq) + 2H*(aq) + J Add NaCl(aq) Na*(aql.+ OH-(aq) + NaOH(aq)
l,Jl8,J,U,*, AgCl(s) Ci- iigand
56A On descending Group 17, the bond )ength in Hence, the value of n is 5.
35A On descending Group 17, the size of the aton J Add NH3[aq) the halogen molecule incieases because ihe iNote: n = 3 cannot be used because ,YC15
increases. The nuclear att-raction of the nucleus size of ihe hrlogen aiom increases' decomposes to XC)3 on heating.)
lAg(NH3)rl= NH3 ligand
on rhe addlliona.l electron in rhe I- ion is weak J Add NaBr[aq) s7B Unlike otler halogens, fluorine oxiciises waier. The mass of chlorjne in 0.500 g XCl5 is
Therefore, it is easy to remove this electron. As a 2F2@) + 2H2Olt) -' 4HF(aq)+ Oz(g) 0.500x5x35.5 1.19x35.5
AgBrIs) Br- Iigand
58C Concentrated sulphuric(Vl) acid is not strong M =--- ul5
result, the iodide ion, I-, is a strong reducing agent. J Add Na2S2O3(aq)
36D enough to oxidise HCI to clllorine, M =301
On descending Grcup 17, the size of De halogen [Ag(S2O3)2]r- 52o32- ligand
59D
-
aiom increases. Therefore, the weak van der Therefore, the sequence of ligands in order of The oxidation numbers oI the e]ements change. = Relative molecular mass of XC[5)
(,rrzl

lVaals' force of atiraction befween molecules For example, The relalive mass of element X
decreasing strcngth is
increases. So, the volaiility of the Group l7 Szo.'- > Br- > NH3 > cr > H2o
cr, clo4 = 301 - s(3s.s)
elements decreases on descending the group. 47 D l.rdine is very solubie in potassium iodide Oxidation number of CI: -1, +7 = 123.5
37C The solution is blood-red in colour This reaction solution because o[ the Formarlon of 13- ioo, The highest first ionisation energy in rhe From the Periodic Table. the value 123'5
cal be used as a iest for the presence of Fe3- rvhich is very soluble. respective periods is from tJre elements found is close to the relaiive alomic mass of the
ions. 12(s)+l-(aq) I3-(aq)
in Group 1 E. Cl-, Br-, I- ions act as liSands. element antimon-Y, Sb.
=
t5t
 z {a} {i) ZCrX{s) + 2NH2CH2CH2NH2 -, 2lFc{CN)6lr + 2i'- 2iFe(CNlol'-- I, Horveqer, rr'ie Jvlaoa- ion i5 reduced to ine {ii) 7Cl2{g)= l2(aq) + 18NaOH[aq) +
- I;t ., .10.36 - 0.5J = -0.18 V Mn2'ion.
[Cu(NH2CH2CH2NH2]212'(aq) + 2X laq) 14NaCl(aq) + 2Na2H3lO6ls) + 6H2O(l)
{ii) The number ol moies of coppei As the value of E' is negatiye. L'iereiire, The oxidarion number ol }"ln changes Iiii] The orldaiion number ol iodine in ihe
c.22 thc reacrion l';ill not occur. fiom +7 in ihe l"Inor- ion to +2 in iie precipitate ,4 is +7.
oJ.) tc) (i) CFC is used as a coolant in refrigera',ors l,,ix2* ion. Na2H3lO5
= 3.465 10-3 molx and eir-conditioners. iii) Using th: Daia Booklel, 2i1l + 3{1) + x + 6{-2} = 0
From ihe equaiion in [axi), ir is concluded CFC is also used as a proDeilanr in a.rosol
po3--o-+fe2- ii l x-7 =0
thai 2 moles ofCuXpioduces I mcie of Cu. CAIS. E5 = +0.77 Y 1=+/
The number of moles oi Cu{ (ii) CFC desirol,s rhe ozone layer. Lilrray!olet wb+ae lavl ...-.-.-. \Ll (b) (i) Black crystals are ioimed.
=2x3.465 x l0-3moi light breaks the C-Ci boad ir the (ii) 2KItiaq) + Br2[aqJ + 2KBr(aq) + 12(s)
= 6.930 x 10-3 mol chlorofluorocarbon moiecule a:id free The reaction beiliieen Fe3'(aq) aad C12laq) (c) The iniermolecular iorce between H2O
Iiorve'rer, 6.930 x 10-3 moles of Cul- radical oi Cl. is generaied. For exa-rrpie, does not occui because bo:h the Fer=[aqi and liBr moiecules is stronger thar that betlqeen
= I O0 o ^-^- Ulii?violei .CFCI: + CI. ions and Cl{aq] are oxidising agents. pure H2O {hydrogel bondJ or beF.veen pure
Therelore, 1 mole of C-uX cFCh:1jij::5 QYote: You cannot subtract equation [1] HBr [r'al der trVaals iorces) rnolecules.
1.00 The fiee radical chlorine iniiiaies ihe from equation [2) or vice lrrsa because iie Dari./e bonC in nol€cui€
-6.q30 x to-3 chain ieac'rion and ihousards oi ozone ieaction is between Fes' ions and Cl2.) I

molecuies aie destro),ed.

-
= 144.3 g tb) The overall equation ior the electrollsis of HBr+H2O + Hh-+Br-
- The relative molecular mass of CuX Cl'tO:-CIO'+Oz concentrated sodium chloride solution is Therefore. rhe molecuies in the mixture of HBr
_ 1^n 1 'As more and more of the ozone in th? 2NaCl(aq) + 2H2Ol1) + CI2[g) + H2[g) + and H2O are not as volatile as in their pure
' The iliass of halogen X ozone layer gets desuo)/ed, more and more 2NaOH(aq) form. As a iesult, the total vapour pressure of
dangeious ulrraviolet radiaiion penetrates
= t44.3 - 63.5 = 80.8 Fron the abor.e equaiion, the ratio of the ml{iure is less than the vapour piessure of
s.;i,t"i
(iii) From the Periodic Table, X is bromine the layer and reaches the eaiih's suiface. NaOH;Clz=2:l an ideal mixture. Thereiore, a mixture of HBr
o UV radiarion can cause skin cancer and o ... ir.,'..,|
a
G
because the value of 80.8 is close to tie
destroy crops.
=2x123 + 16+ l):35.5 x 2 and H2O is said to sholv negaijve deviation
cr, ".11:,
c='
relative aiomic mass of bromine. = 80 :71 from Raouli's Law.
(b) (i) Using tjre Data Bookler:
(iii) C:H: C1 : F . -1:0.8875 5.[a) [i) Si]ver chloride and polyvinyi chloride
(J , .."
-'*,.'1.
I 17.8o/o : 1.5oi : 52.6% : 28.1% The reaclion of chlorine with sodium hvdroxide is r li
:1, + {PVC].
t- +e ...... ..(1)
I {c)
t_ :
)13,1.5 .s2.6.28.1 a disprcpor[ionalion rcaction, that is, the chlorine fii) Silver chloride is useci in phorographic 1:'t'

tt-,AEA\t 12 1 35.5 t9 atom is simultaneously oxidised and rcduced. films.

ii

Fe3* + e- - Fe2' .........{2) = 1.48 = l.s = 1.48 = 1.48 (i) The reaction of chiorine wiih coid.sodiu:n Po@inyl chloride is used for makint pipes
E' = +0.77 V
1:l:1:l hydroxide prcduces sodium chloride and and slrnftet:c leathel items.
x 2, Iz + 2e- + 2I- ......... (3) Therefore, rhe enpirical formula oi D sodium chlorate(l). (b) (il Ag=[aq) + Cl-(aq)
11)
12) x 2, 2Fe3- + 2e- + 2Fe2' ... .. . (4)
is CHCIF. From the mass spec'rrum, the = AgCl{s)
relative molecular mass of D is 138.
2NaOH(aq) + Cl2(g) - White precipitate
(4) - t3l, 2Fe3= -12- 2Fe2= -',21' ,38 NaCl(aq) + NaCiO(aq) + H2O(1) As the concentrationstof Agt and Cl- ions
2Fe3- +21- + 2Fe2=+ l" tur lulr jn - r The oxidation number of chlorine changes .are high, the equilibrium goes to the right.
En=+0.77-a.54 (12 + 1+ 35.5 + 19)n = 138 as foilows. Therefore, a r,vhite precipitate of AgCl is
67.5 n = 138
= +0.23 V Ci2+Q5 1616- lormed.
n = 2.04 0-1+1
As the value ofEo is posirive, the reaction can iii) When ar excess of ammoda is added, it
occur. The iodide ions, I-, is orjdised to [2. n rnust be a integer, therefore, n = 2- (ii) The reaction of chlorine and hot sodium -- reacts with Ag* ions.
Holvever, the Fe3* ions are reduced to Fe2*. Thereiore, the molecular formula of , is
hydroxide produces sodium chloride and 2NH3(gJ + Ag-[aq) + [Ag(NH3)2].(aq)
lNote: The 12 produced \qill react with c2HlclzFz. sodium chlorate(v). The equilibrium of ihe reaction
the unreacted I- ions to form ihe bror,vn 3 [a) (i) Using rhe Data Booklet, 6NaOH(aq) + 3C)2(g) -> Ag+(aq) +Ci-(aqJ AgCl(sJ
comprex 13 . t2+ + ). t \ MnO.- + 8H* + 5e- -, lV1n2- + 4H2O . .. (l )
SNaCI(aq) + NaClO3(aq) + 3H2O{]J goes
=
to the left and the r,vhite precipitate
(iii) In the prcsence of CN-(aq) lons, Fe3* ions Eo = +1.52 Y The oxidation number of chlorine changes of AgCI dissolves.
fmms ihe cornpiex, [Fe(CN)5]3- BV+ 2e- ) zBr- ......... 12) as follows. (c) The thermal stabiliry* of hydrogen halides
Usjng the Data Bookiet; Es = _1.07 V Cl2+Cl-+CIO3- depends on the bond energy of H-,Y.
1- ('t) x 2,
:lz*€ +l .........ti) 0-!+5 (H = Hydrogen, X = Halogen)
2' 2MnOa- + I6H' .i loe- - 2Mn2' +
When the greenish'yellorv colour of rhe On descending Croup 17, rhe H-X bond
E€ = +0.54 V 8H2O .........(31 chlorine gas disappears, it indicates that becornes weaker as the size of the halogen
fFe{CNl6l3- + e- + lFe[CNJ6]o- .........(Z) (zl x s, ail of the chlodne gas has reacted. atom increases. '
Eo = +0.36 V 5Br2 + I0e-'-, l0Ri- .........t'l) (a)(i) Itla : H: I : O (Size oi the atom: I > Br > Cl)
(1) x 2, (3) - (4), : 1.1'/" : 46.7%: 35.3%
16.991 Theiefore, lhe thermal stability for hydrogen
lz+Ze- + 2!- .........(3) 2MnO.r- + l0Br- + l6H' - 2Mn2t + 5Br2
16 i.r 46.3 5.3 halides decreases in the order of HCl, HBr, HL
(2) x 2, + 8H2O 25 r 127 16 (d) lodine easily dissolves in aqueous potassium
-
'2:3:1:6= 0.735 = 1.1 = 0.368 = 2.206
2Fe{CN)613- + 2e- - 2lFe(CN)ol,- .. .. (4) Eo =. +1.52 1.0'l iodide because iodjne forms the complex ion,
(Note: Fot i- ions to be oxidiso(l lo lr, ., .r.0.45 V
I:-, \rith rhe iodide ion, I-,
equation4-equation3) As the value ofE'' is posllive, the reaction The empirical formula cf A is Na2H3lO6. Ir(s) + I-(aq) -, I3-(eq)
(41 - (3), can occur. Jhe bromi<le ion, Br-, js
2[Fe(CN)513- -. 12 , 2lth((:N)dl'r 2t oxkllscd [o bromine, l]rr.

I (t!
 6 [a) ii) \./hen sodium ihiosulphaie soluiion is added, ibl ii) Bubhles cf orygen gas are given ofl.
ClO2(aq) + 4H-[aq] + 5e- + Cl-(aq) i
Etecrioregaiviry 0 the bmil'n scluiioi-i 1s decolourised because
52U3' JC:1S leGuces tne Cofl)i€I l0ll 13 l0 I . 2H2A11)
..i\-cr lr {a6l + 252U3" laql . Jl ^^)-,
laQl + )sU5-
\
{aQJ F= +1.5C V ...,..[i]
c] ct Bioilin Colourless O2(g) + zH-{aq) - 2e- + HrQr(lJ
[c) Using Iile Daia Book.lei: (bl \Vhen iion[]i) sulphate solution is added to l€=+0.68V ..,,.,[2]
/11 porassium lodide solulion, tj]e soiution iurned Overall reaciiol:
Ea = +0.77 Y bror',r due to the formation oi iodine, I2. ZC\O2QQ) + SH:Oz;ll *
12+2e- )21' !)\ iodide ion, I- reduces Fe3- ioas ic Fe2- ions. 2H-(aq) + 2Cl-(aqi + 4ii2Or1) + 502(g)
EE = +A-54Y
2Fe3.(aq) + 2I- {aq) + I2(aq) + 2Fe2= (aq) Ee=+1.50-0.68
I?) The sta-rch indicaior forms a blue coinplex ''viih = + 0.82Y
lFe[CN)5]] - e- - [Fe(CN)5]a- As ihe vaiue ofrs is posiu'/e. the reaciion
icdine.
fs = -C.35 V Whel aqueous chlcrine is acded io ilon[]l)
Ic] 'Nill occui spontaneousiy.
(1) x 2, fii) Clo2{aq) + AH={aq\ + 5e- + C]-[aq) +
sulphate, tie solution iurns brol\.n, The brolw
Zle''+Ze +Zle' I n\
soluiion is due to Fe3- ions. Chlorine has . 2H2O(t)
{4) - {2),
1r
oxlorsed le- Ions to -le- lons. Eo=+1.50V .,....[]l
(ii) The eiectronegativiry of fluorine and
)trD)1'.)l-..)lb.a!1
Fe2'(aq)-e-*Fe3=(aq) I2(s)+2e-+2i-(aq1
chlorine are high. Tlierefore, fluorine and Ea=+0.77-0.54 lVhen aqueous sodium h-vdroxide is added, a Ee = +0.54V ......i21
chlor.ine are ver/ reactiye and have high = +0.23 Y dark bro$,r-1 preciDirate of ironrul) hydioxide is Overall reaction:
. oxidising power and electron aflini-Jes. -As the value ol .E0 is posiiive, Fe3* icn can formed. ZCtO2iaql + BH-(aq) + l0i-(aq) -
bromine ald iodine are less
Ho.,,,,ever, oxidise iodide ion tc iodine. Fe3-[aq) + 3OH-[aq) + Fe(CH)3{s) 512(aq) - 2CI [aq) + 4H2O(])
\p reactive and their electronegaij,riry is low 13) x 2,
As the vaiue of Ee is positive, the reaction
s
o
a
rL\ (i) HE HCi, HBq HI 2[Fe(CN]613- + 2e- - 2[Fe(CN)6]'- .. .,.. (51 (dl The reaction of chlorine with aqueous sodiunl will occur sponianeously. q
[ii) H! HC1. HBa HI t2) - (5), hvdroxide is a disproportionatjon reaction. A brown soluiion of iodine is form?d. Ei
= {ri!l 11. 1,*n.r rhe boncl energy, the sirdnger + 2l- + 2[Fe[CN)5]3-
I2 + 2[Fe{CN)6]a- 11 -(a) Arode: ZCl+Clz+2e
is the bond. The H-l bond is the weakest EB=+0.54-0.36 Ar room temperaiure, the reacljon is [L) Calhode: 2H2O + 2e LaH- + H2
-
oI al1 the hydrogen halide bonds and most =+0.18V 2NaoH(aq) - C12{g) - NaCI(aq) + NaCIO[aq) (cl T..fie sodium ions from anode compartmeni
easily broken. Thus, an aqueous solution As the value of E' is
positi:,re, sodium + H2OU) diffuse through the diaphragm into rhe calhode
of hydrogen iodide soluLion is a srrong hexacyanoferrate(11) ion can reduce iodine ro V/hen heated, NaCIO r.rill experience compartment to rorm NaOH.
acid. sodium iodide. dispropgrtionation. Na'+OH-+NaOH
(c) (i) The electronegativity and electron affiniF/ 8 (a) At room tempemture, iodine is a soliC. Energy is 3ClO-+2CI-+ClO3- (d) The pressure at ihe anode is higher than the
of iodine are less than tfrat oi chlorhe. absoibed to change the state of iodine from solid Therefore, the equation of tite reaction is catlode. This is to prevent the OH- ions (from
Thus, the attraction oi the elect.rons in ro gas belore ir reacts. Therefore, the enthalpy of 5NaOHlaq) + 3Clr[g) + 5NaCl{aqJ + catlode compartmeni) irom moving into the
ihe O-H bond by iodjne is weaker as . formation of hydrogen iodide is endorhermic. NaClO3(aql + 3HzO(l) anode compartment.
compared to cnlorine. As a result, the At high temperatures, iodine is a gas. Energy is {e) The NaOH solution produced is contaminated
proton H+ is not easily released in HIO3 not absorbed but is released when iodine gas lvith unreacted NaCl.
acid. ln conclusion, Hi03 is a weaker acid reacts witi hydrogen gas. Thelefo.e, the entialpy (f) The asbestos diaphragm allotvs ions to pass
than HCIO3 acid. of formatlon Ior hydrogen iodide is exoihermic. -through it but not molecules. so the chlorine
(iil The inductive effect (electron witirdrar.ving (b) When hydrogen chloride is dissolved in water, gas (molecules) produced at the anode will nol
effect) increases with increasing number ii ionises as follows. be able io react with the sodium hydroxide
of oxygen atoms bonded to the chlorine liCI[g) + H2O(l) + H3O* + Ci-[g) produced at the cathode.
atom. The O-H bohd in oxoacids of HjO- ions changes blue liimus paper to red. I 2 {a) The apparatus to prepaie a sample of hydrogen
chlorine is rveakened by the inductive However, hydrogen chloride cannot ionise in \ -,' bromide gas is as foliorv:
effect. As a result, the strengih of the acid methylbenzene. Therelore, it has no effecL on
increases, dry litmus paper.
7 (a) On descending Group 1 7, the size of the atom lc) [i) NaCl(s) + H2SOa[aq) + NaHSOa(aq) + HF HCI HBr HI
increases w-hereas the efiective nuclear charge concentrated HCi(gj (iil Hydrogen bonds are formed belween
decreases. Therefore, the affinity t0 accept (ii) 2HBr[g) + H2SOa(aq) + Br2[g) - 2H2OlI) + hydrogen fluoride molecules. Therefore,
electrons decreases, and results in a decrease concentraLed SOz(g) its boiling point is higher lhan other
in oxidislng polver in ihe order of Cl2,Bi2,12. iiii) HCI[g) + H2SO1(aq) r No reacrion hydrogen halicies.
lNote: The more positive the value of Eo, concentrated {iiii The boiling point of hydrcgen iodide is
the stronger is the species as an oxidising {iv) MnO2(s) + 4HCi(aq) I\,lnClr(aq) +-, higher than that of hyCrogen chloride. As KBr Conc. HISOr to dry gas
agent.l concenuated 2H2O(1) + Cl2lg) ihe size ol the hydiogen iodide molecule
(b) (i) 3Ciz(gl + NHaCI(aq) + NCl3{1) + 4Hcl(aql 9 (a) When solid iodine is shaken 1,vith potassium is larger than thai of ihe hydrogen chloride {bl Hydrogen bromide gas rs soluble in waiel. So

Yellow oil iodide soluiion, a b.rown solutlon containing a molecule, tIe weak van der lvaals' Iorces dorvnrvard displacement of water cannot be
{iil NCl30) + 3NaOH{aq) + NH3[gJ + 3NaCl(aq) complex icn, 13 , is formed. of artraction between HI molecrlles is used.
{iii) Ihe shape of the NCl3 molecule js lrjgonal I2[si + I-(aq) -,lf(aq) larger. Therefore, ihe hoiling point of Since HBr gas is denser than air, rt can coliected
pvramidal. Btotvn HI > HCl. by displacing air.

155
::l
::l

::l
 t l,rl l Fluoiine cair reaci wiih hydrogen gas jn ihe daih at Eo=-0.51 -0.77
{cl
a iempalaiure of -2cc "c. = - U.ZJ V
Chiorine ar-rd h,rcioger gasEs reaci explosiveiv i;r As 6r is neqaiive, iodine caxnci ol:idise Fe2'
ile piesence of suniighi. rons. The oxidising poi,'er is C12 > tsr2 > 12,
l.ior r fl.lo) - 2lCllc\, rheiafoie, Ea chlorjne is mo;e positive rhan
Bioiaine vapoul ieacis lyiri h.,.Ciogen gas rvher in2t of bronine arrd icdine. Iiowevei iodine
rsaied. pr is ihe -lyeakesi cxidising ageni and ii can:lor
ii2ig) + B12{g)
= 2!13;ig) o;arcrse !?'
.tl (b) (il Chlciina oxidises bion-,ide ions to biornine.
Iodiie i'apoui reacts iaversibly 1,-in h-vdrogen gas C12[g) + 2tsr-iaqj - 2Ci-(aq) + Br2(g)
Thelo lrtl ltyrlt,,',rr l,,,llr 1,,r,,,,, rl,, 1,,
fluorirlt' trtrrl,, rrlr'r ',,, lll I ,,r rl , l,rr r,, I I
ai high rcinperatures anC in the presence cf rhe I-i] T:,e nlic .ri NaBrO3 : .\aBr = I : j
Dlaiinum carai)'st. The tcial ilumber oi b;ornine aions in tit3
poilrt r,/l[I, r'1111r,rr, 1 l, rl r ,,tl ' r l' 'li. ] , ,, I

Hz(gj+lz(g) = 2HIig1 n:.\iL:e,l=5. 5;.::r,

oi (l!oup I / ll 1, , I rii rir r r l.ri,,rtil lnll:alie becomes
, The reacilol i\.ith h,vdrogen sho\,is &ar ihe cxidising 6 atoins of biomirre = 3Br2 (ihree molecules
rl, r I r I L ,,1 ll. ,,r,;ll il'('o!tili bigjel
,I II ,' r,or/ver ol the halogens decreases fron fluor:n:
H--lr I
il I r tir tr llr ijr irtlnCi. Bl-Br
1,,, , I rrr
ic iodine. The rhermal siabiliry of ile hydiogen
of bror.iineJ
',,,,1 , ir,.,, r tlr. r I I l,r,rrrl lio bo;lC enelgl".of Tlerefore, the equatjoii oi the reaciioil is
I halides decreases i;r ihe ord?r HCI > fiBr i-ii- > BrO3 {aq) + 5Br-(aq} - 6H=(aqJ -
Hydloll('lr I 0[rl llr
i,\ihen descending Group 17, rhe H-X bond (H =
13 (a) EIr( lIoil ,rlllrrllli t, t,,r,l r ,,1 ll,r,,lIr, |, stil;rll lri)Cause the 3Br2{aqJ + 3Fi2Olll
Hydrogen, ,Y = Iialogen) becones lveaker .iue ro an 3
1,,,,, l,.r I ,,1 ' I lr,'tr', ill lllI llu(,tirte nlOIeCUle iS [a]
l:|,'L li,,r ."Ir try increase in size of lhe halogen aiom.
r,, ,r , ,, lr,,'11,, li,1rrri,t,,| i,,.1s,,,'Cn lhc lone pairs
Halogens \r.,iih "siionger o]:idjsieg pon/er forn
r , l 'r,,j .., ,i l. rl,, I I lr|r;l,rir! so it b:eaks
\D strciger H-X bonds. \o:
o (a) I2(aql + 252Oj2-{aq) + 2l-{aq) + 54062-laq) o.,i
G Iodine oxidises sulphur jn SrO.2- from ar Speat
oxidation number of +2 to +2.5. saLt Taier =-'."|
cj.lr , :

2Ct2@q\ + S2O32-(aq) + 5H2Oii) +

4Cl-{aq) + 2SOj2-(aq) + 10H'{aql ,.'

2Br2(aq) + S2O32-[aq1 + 5H2O{1) -,

Scdi u n
malgam
lrrl 4Br-(aq) + 2SO12-{aq) + l0H-(aq)
I
'
I lr, Chiorine and bromine oxidis:s sulphur in
Fittrtittr' l:. llr, Ir," | ' 1,, lr',r,' t, rrl , , l, t,, ,,i l ,,r S2O32-from an oxidation nurnber of +2 to +6. In inCustry, chlorine is prepared by ihe
its ('lt r ltrtt .rlllrrlly l. 1,,'rr r lrr r,r I l, rr,, I 1,, t Therefore, chlorjne and biomiDe are stiongei electrolysis 0I saturateC sodiLlm chloriCe
beCaUS0 lll. ,rtil|rtr .r;r ,,t tl,, ,|r, I , ,, rlr oxidising agents ihan ioCine. solutjon (brlneJ v/ith a gmphiie lnorle and a
I I l.rl L

The lonc l,,rit 0l ''l',rr',r! ri, 1,r, ,, 'r L ' I

,r','i llri r.rorl,, tlr,' rtonric radius Using the Dala Bcoklet; mercury carhode. Chlorine is Ilberated ar the
other and llIt, t. t, l,rl.l r ,' lrr,,,, I r,, 1 , ,r], |1,,,11'llri, I',,r,, l,l . 1, (:loll:i tlcCreaSeS Fe3'+ e- - Fe:' .. ..... (1) graphite anode.
Aioms lYltll ',trt.tllr I rr ,[rr , | | r , , l, , , , rrr rlr,.rr r)il,lt,lr,,, ln)si r. E! -- +0.77 Y Zcl-raq] -. Cl2(g) + 2e-
efleclive ntl(l, ,rl , lr ir, lll lr r,, l,t; I , , ,rr,i ,,, I ,
,, rl , r, l,r,l , l', lr,,,l, ir,l' ltliill ()l rll(' halogens
1
........ (2)
Sodium ions are dischargeC at the cathode-
ihe eiectronr;. 1,,., r , ,,r ,1, ,, rrlLr[ llt iit],ilI).
ICl2+e-+CI - Na-(aq) -i e- + Na(l)
Aromic radius 0l I . llr r I
E! = -i.36 V Sodium dissolves in mercur/ to form an
Eiiective nuclr'.rt r lr,rt1'r,,1 r I I r i ,\Y t llJl ', I loll" I.l't >< Z. - 2Fe2' ...... .. i3)
2?e3= + 2e ainalgan.
I lrr t 2. Ctz + 2e- - ZC.i- . (4j Na(ll + HS{ll -> Na,u
'rl I
So electron alliillry I I , lt,',ri,,,r]lrt 12)
.4) .
Hg(l)
(b) Boiling polrrt (ir, (.12 + lF? .- TCl - ?i--:' ib) li) Chlorinedisproportionates.
ll l '' . +2.87 Y E' = +1 .36 - 0.77 The reaction of chlorine wiih hot. aqueous
= +0.59 V sodium hydioxide forms sodium chloride
/: " .. +1.36 V Chlorine can oxidise Fe2= ions aid E" = + 0.59 V and sodium chlorareM.
O
l:' - +1 .A7 Y ]B.,*.--tsr- .... t5l 6NaOH(aq) + 3C12tg) -
l- 5NaC1(ao) + l.laClO3(aqJ + 3H2O(il
Eb = +1.A7 Y 'fhe greenish
i'eilow coiour oi chlorine gas
,= t.,,,1 /'. +0.54V (5) x 2,
Br2 + Ze- + ZBr-
.. ..... {o) disappears. The sinell oi chlorine is gore
'l r , ,1,r, ,,1 i '. rt r,, I 0ri( ludei thai f'luoiire
r' (5) - (3), Br2 + 2Fe2- + 2Bt'- + ZFel- at the elld oi ihe icaciion.
rl,, rr,,, ., | ',.r,l1,ltli,rritll. llou,e'rer, iOdine is ED = +1.A7 - 0.77 (ii) Chiorine gas oxidises bromide ions, Br ,
li, lj, ,r,r.ttl. ( )il (l|:Cending GfOUC 17, = +0.30 V to bromine, B12. It is a displacement
There arc orly r,',.r1, rrrr,lI \\,rl I r , [ ! ]'.r , ,rrrrl ,;() (loes lhe SCIeenjng Bro:rine uxidi:es Fr' I rns and fr = + 0.30 V feaction.
attraction h'lr,r','rt llrr l1 11, I r rIr,.,1, , ll, r l, , r! llri lIIil1,,,1 0l rlcctron Shells ilas I
-;z' l2 - e- - l' + 2KCI[aq) + Br2(aq)
CI2[g) + 2KEr(aq)
,
......... 17)
ltr I| '\ The sol,J'Li0n turns to reddisn brorvn
Moleculc\irr, l | rr',
', , , I , .r r, .Ilt llt,. v;lla-r)Ce eleCtIOnS Cafl La = +0.54 Y
lVeakvarl tk'r l1/,trl, l,rt,r' r,l rrrr',rr,,, r,, I , rll 1., r,,, ,,1 I lr, .rl)tltty to atiract electrOns because bromine is formed-
CI >F. I lIr, l0rr', llrr r'):irlisillg po'.'/'er OI GIOUp t7) /.2, 12 + 2e- ; 2l- .. . .... (8) (iii) Eihene undergoes electrophilic adcition
So boiling I)(,irrt I llr r I I ' , ,, rr ,1,, r,. , ,.,1,,f/il lll{t group. (S) - (31, I, + 2'ie2- -, 2t- + ZFei' reaction wiii.r chlorine gas.
',1

ti't
 x .., Therefore, [Ag:][Cr] < f(," ib) Oa descenciing Group 17, the bond energy
HH HH 1000 " ' 00 moi dm-3 = 0.1712.
The precipitate Agl does nor dissolrre in aqueous of lie hydrogen halides H-X, [H = hydrooen,

al . n
il ii
ll
(d) (il
x= 17 -72 cn3 ammonia soluiion because fte ionic product
Agi is moie lhan i's ,KsD value. The (ro value for
X = halogenl, decreases, ihat is, becomes less
endo i,1ermic. Thereiore, lhe ihermal stabil iy i

-t,-t. -H.+H-C-C-H
tl ., xxxx
Ag1 is l.ery sma]l. of t-he hydrogen halides dzcreases in the order
tl :c1."1 ".ci:
.. Therefore, [Ag'][F] > trp of HCl, HBr, HI. Down the gioup, ihe size of
Ci CI x
6 (a) (i) Dislroportionation is a reac'rjon lvhere the aiom increases. Therefore, ihe overlap ol
1, 2-dichlorceLha!e .u1. the halogen atom is oxidised and reduced the p orbital of the halogen aiom wiii the 1s
A:r oily iiquld is formed, The liquid is 1,2-
dichloroeihane.
(ii) c1
(it)
simulianeously.
?,ClO2 + ZaH- + C1O2- + C1O3- + H2O
orbiral of t}le hydrogen atom decreases. As a
resuir, the H-X bond enetgy becomes v.eater.
nl The diagram below sho',r,s how the sraldard Hence, HI is more easily decorcposed on
4 (a) tb)
13s6'1+ l37Ci+ I3sc12- l3tCi37CI+
> I-C1
<r't
elecircde poiential ClO2lCl- can be deiermined.
ic)
heaiing ihan HCI.
(i) 5CO[g) + I2O5(s) -
5COz(g) + Iz{s)
ll = toz 4=toq !=wt 4=09 Cl 'r" shaped {ii) The number of moles oi N"a2S2O3
e e e
_ 20.0
5 (a) (jl Ag*(aqJ + C)-[aq] + AeCI[s)
- 1000 _n]n
137 clz* I35cl3 I3scI237c_l* 13scl37c1z'*
White precipitate aia =2x10-3mot
!! m ^^^ !] I=n6 ' In aqueous ammonia solutioa, the white From the eguaiion,
= zal = zsq ;
e e e e precipitaie, AgCl, dissolves and forms a 2Na2S2O3 + 12 Na2S1O6 + 2NaI
complex, [Ag(NH:)z]*. 2 moles of Na2S2O3 reacts with I moie of
(bJ The parent.ion peak \rijl giye the rqjadve
AgCl[sJ + 2NH3(aq) + [Ag(NH3)2]+(aq) + 12.
f\D
I ..::- motecuiar mass of compound.4 [a
te = ,ru). ,n. Cr(aq) 1.0 M Ci-(aq) The number of moles of 12
| ;,.:..: Ag*(aq) + Br-[aq) + AgBr(s)
1.0 M H.[aq]

=) xzx to-,
I i'ra molecular formula of compound,4 is ICi3.
238=127+3(37) Cream precipitate The voltmeter reading gives the standard
I ::' t: In aqueous ammonia, the AgBr precipitate electrode potenrial tor ClO2/Cl-. =1x10-3mol
I fi is
........ t]) From the equation;
soluble. It fonns a lAg(NH3)21= complex. Ic)
I 37cl
AgBr(s) + 2NH3[aq) + Eo = +0.77 Y t 5CO(g) + I2O5(s) + 5COu (g) + Iz[s)
The oxidation nurnber of iodine is +3.- lAg(NH3)2]'(aq) +
Br-(aq) (l) xs, 1 mole of I2 is produced by 5 moles of CO.
X+3[-]J=0 + )e + 5he-
Ag.(aq) + I-{aq) + Agl(s) )le- ,.,..,.., ll) The number of moles of CO
X=+3
fellor,v precipitate C1O2 + 4H* + 5e- + C1-'+ 2H2O ,..... (3\ =5x1x10-3
The percentage of iodine by mass in compound
A i^ In aqueous ammonia, the precipitate Agl E' = +1.50 V =5x I0-3 mol
does nor dissolve. (3) - l2); Relative molecular mass of CO
= -+-
a)o
x 100 = 53.36% '
(iil Concentrated C1o2+ 4H'+ 5Fe2* - CI- + 2H2O + 5Fe3- = 12 + 16 =28
(c) (j) ICI3 + 3I- - 212 + 3Cl-
.Cl-(s) +H2SOa +
HSOa-[aq) +HCl(g) Eo=+1.50-0.77 The mass of CO il
the sample of polluted
White fumes of HCI are given off. = -0.75 V air
[ii) The relaLive molecular mass of ICl3
Concentrated As E" is positive, tierefore, ihe reaction =5 x 10-3 x2BE=0.148
= 127 + 3(35.5) Br-(sJ +H2SOa +
HSOa-(aq) +HBr(gi wiil occur Chlorine dioxide oxldises Fe2* 8 (a) (i) iodine solution in ethanol is used as an
_ r?1 <
However, HBr is oxidised by concentrated to he" lons. anliseptic. Silver iodide is used in the
The number of moies of ICl3
7 n nnn"o"
H2SOa acid. [ii) S+2Ht+2e--HzS .........(4\ making of photographic film.
---"....-',mOl Concentrated E! = +0.14 V (ii) The mechanism of the reaction involves
ZJ5.)
ICl3 + 3F + 212'i 3Cl'
2HBr(g) + H2SOa +
Br2[g) + SO2(g) + [4J x s, free radicals.

From the above equation, I mole of ICl3

2H2O(t) 55 + l0H* + I0e- + 5H2S ......... (5)
Tiohr
x LrBIrL ^ 'Cl
produc€s 2 moles of iodine. Therefore, the Therefore, a brown gas [Br2) is given off. t3) 2, I l+Ct- )aY +HCl
Conce ntrated 2ClO2 + 8H' + 1 0e- + 2Cl- + 4H2O ... {6) \l ' Room \_2
number of moles iodine libeiated
I-(s) +H2SOa +
HSO+(aq) +HI[g) -
(6) (s), temperature
= 2 x 0.00428 zcloz+ + 2Cl- +
However, HI is oxidised by concentrated 5H2S 4H2O + 55 + 2H- (b) Sodium chlorate(l) can be produced in the
= 0.00856 mol
The reaction betw,een sodium thiosulphate
H2SOa acid. - 0.14 V
Eo = +1 .50 school laboratory by passing chlorine gas into
and iodine is as follows.
Concentrated = +i.36 V cold sodium hydroxide solution.
2Hi(gi + H2SOa r
Iz(g) + SOz(g) + 2HzO(11 As E'is positive, the reaction will occur. Cl2 + 2NaOH -
NaCIO + NaCl + H2O
252C32' + I2 -
SaO62- + 2I-
Therefore, a purple gas (12) is given off. Chlorine dioxide oxidises H2S to S. Chlorine gas can be prepared by mixing MnO2
In the equation, I mole of I2 reacts with 2
I1)oleS 0l 52U3- JOnS.
[Nore.' Concentrated sulphuric acid is not 7 (a) The volatility of Group 17 elements decreases and concentraLed HCl.
strong enough to oxidise HCI to Clz.l on descending the group [from F2 to I2J. On Heat
l-he number of 5203'- ions required to
(b) descending the group, tle size of the atom
The solubili{y product, fsp, increases in ihe A4n02[s) + 4HCl[aqJ *-+ MnC12(aq) + 2H2O!)
react with iodine is
orcler of Agl, AgBr, AgCl. The precjpitate AgCl increases and the van der Waals' force of Concentraied
= 2 x 0.00856 dissoh'es in aqueous ammonia because iie attraction between moiecules increases. More (c) The orange product is bromine. An acidic
= 0.01712 ionic producr of AgCl is Iess than its K., value energy is needed to overcome this attractive soluiion of potassium bromate[V) .is reduced by
The volume of 1.00 mol dm-3 sodium
The formation of rhe complex IAg(NH:tzl' force in order to vapourise. Therefore, volalilily hydrogen sulphide to bromine.
thiosulphate solution required is
decreases the concentration of Ag* ion. decreases on descending the group. 2BrO3- + 5H2S + 2H* + Br2 + 55 + 6H2O

\*
 !

Hydrogen sulphiCe, H25, is oxiriised to 4tl ilr,,r,r r|1,;i, (lr(:lJ 6ll,(), ol r'lrtolritln exisis Ther:iore, ine higher ihe o-;iidailon staie of fte Note:
suiph'ri. iir llrri r, loiirir rrl i:;onrt'Ts oi dili.Ien-L coiours ji,eral, tle mcre sla'rl3 is Lhe coinplel: fcrmed Icr [A)
e .[a) ti) Chiorine js addai io diiiljng r""'ater to kili ,iil(l ( rril lr: :;(I).lr.rir (i lrotn cach othei. r:.'.'t:n ri.2 m? cl n.j fie 1...:i'j. of Kllaq)
T,,re reaciion
"r'ith
CuSCsiaq).
bacieiia a-'ld microoigarisins harmiul to 5D lil)'lA is nol us.(i rs a component oi fcod 11 D C2Or2- 1s a bjdeniate }igand rlar can iorn 2 2Cu:-laq) + 4i-(aql + Cuzi2(si ; I2[aq)
huna:rs. colorriinq but is used in ll.re trealmenioihea1,y cocrdi;.lar: bonds \.,'1Lh the cenlral meial ion. fwhile (Bro',u-r

iiil :n a.krljne so.Ltion, chlrrlre mc'ral poisonirg. Three C:Or2 c:;: ioii:i 5 cooidinare bc:is lrifi PieciPitale) soiuiion)
disproDorricnaies and ihe chlorine smeli 6C The ion does noi undergo iie cen'Jal iletal iol. Therefore, the ccllple;r, ;l'lr re.(:; .: \',!ii. so,iLi:t tr'o.irlpl,.:a,
{Ni{EDTA)12- .:: ?. (.O.2-laq:
disappears. ntolol)srS lll \VaLC:. L,LllA r:j:oi:n;ory iMrJCro.)rlt foins ar oclaheiial shape. l-iac.l - 2-';O, - ,a'1, -
Cl2+2OH +Cl +ClO-+H2O stable complexes ri'ilh Ni2= icns. Also, rhe (Brov,,l {C ricu rl:ssi
tbl Mg{s) + Clr{gl + MgCl2is) EDTA is a s'irn!er lj3anJ ,han r.aier o sol,rtioi1)
The cxidatioa nue]ber oi fulg charges fioiri 0 io ELh]4enediarnineteliaacerate IEDTA) has ihe 1l At &e end ci lle reaciioi. a \t"hiie precipitai.
-resl
tlbe.
+2. The oxidarion number oi C1 changes iion follov,iing for;nu1a. otc-- "o of Cu212 aDceais in ihe
0 to -1. li Fm {Bl
[.) ti) Aqueous n]agnesiuin chloride consisis of a
HOOC-HrC \\ ,/.
, CH._ COOH o.
- o=-1-o
\\C '/\ The reaciion of Fe2' ions \./iiir CN-(aqJ ions.

i \','L/; I Fe2-(aq) + 2CN-{aq) + Fe{GNl2[s)

mixiure of magnesium chloride and waier. I.j -CHr-CHr-N
./ \crr-aoott
i{hen dehydraied, Mg(OH)C1_is formed. HOOC-HrC', \'lihiie soiid
/ -^ll t }e v'-i:" solij Fa(CN,' d'''rl .-: in ar:rie<'
Dehydrarion
MgCl2 + H2O - -- -- - -+ -N,{g[OH)Cl + HCl EDTA attC- I // ','\ I (C\.;ql 16 lo:m a !?llo'.! so ::ion.
The high charge densiq/ of tulg2u ions
-ooc -Hrc .cH. coo- o-o i\
[ii) \ \1-: Fe{CNlztls) + 4CN-(aq) - [FelCNl5]r-
causes the polarisaiion ol tne eleciron i.I_CH.-CH,_N ^u Yello'w solurion
/- \cH, a- /
cloud aroulci Lhe OH ion. Therefore, -OOC coo- For {Cl
o A4giOH)Ci decomposes upon heatiilg.
-
H,C C
\\ Fe3- ions exist as a complex ioa, IFe{H2O]6ll
EDTA4-
e o in soluiion.
Heai The more negative lhe value ofEn, the stronger
o it is as a reducing agent. Therefore, Fe{OH}2 is The reaciion of Fe3-{aq) w-i:h KSCN{aq),
a stronger reducing ageni tl}an Fe2-- In alkaline 12D NH3 is a srrolger 11Eand ihan CN-. Therefore. ii [Fe(iizO)r]3-[aq) + SCN-{aq) + t\
car oisplace CN- in tie complex ion, lCuiCN)r12. [Fe(H2o)5scN]2-(aq) + H2o(IJ
lChapter 7
solution, Fe2* ions exist as Fe(OH)2. hence,
'' ions are easilr oriCised. Hovrever in acidic
; o
Fe and lorms lhe decp blue [Cu(NH3]112t.
' i (Blood red solution) e
):;,i;::.. .
solution, Fe2- remains in the form of Fe2-(aq),
'Cu(C:\)rl: - 4N113 + iCulNH,l:i2-, 4CN
A biood red solution is Produced.
€
E
O
MULTIPLE.CI]OICE OUESTIONS therefore, it is dilficult r"o be oxidlsed- 13 d ffore. Paramegnerism is due ic lhe piessnce of l.i A Ti"a equ.lion ol ti-e:ea.LioI..
BA The electronic config]1iation of unpaired electrons in the molecules. Thereloie, lCu{H2Olul2-(aol + 4bt iaq) -
1A Fron rhe graph, it can be deduced thai 2.5 cm3 Lhese electrons are influenced by a magnetic (Blue solution]
]J-lr^2r-6r^l:-6rriC
r
:J JJ JIi JU
CuC12 reacts Ivlih exactly 7.5 cm3 of lhe ligand O. "P
field.l
r,,l* 1"27.27-51.i1.614c JCuci.l2-(aq) + 6i12Oil)
The number ol :noles of gu:.. - -2i- v 1
The degree (magnitude) of paramagnetism (1'ellolv solution)
I L)trU The 3d orbitals in Cu2'are padialiy fi11ed (deJ, is propDrtional lo the number of unpaired For IB]
= 0.0025 mo1 Therefore, d+d electron iransiiion can occur electrcns. Iron i:r the compler ion, [l-e(H2O)6]r- The vr'hite so1id, coppei(11 chlorjde, dissolves

" rooo \l
7'1 and Cu2* ions are normall), blue. has live unpaired electrons. Hence, it has Lhe
fhe number moles oJ in waler and produces a blue solution airij a
Ho\,/ever, the 3d orbitals in Cu* ions are fully highest degree cf paramagneiism. biorvn solid.
= 0.0075 mol filied v/ilh elecuons id10). Thereiore, d-d Ilvorej CN iigand is a stronger iigand than H:O
'-- 2CuCl(s) + CuCi2(aqJ + Cu[sJ
The ratio of Cuzt : A -- 0.0A25 : 0.0075 eleciron transitions cannot occul and Cu' ligand.l fBlue (Brorvn
= 1:3 compounds are no.rmally lvhite (all lhe light in Therefore, the splitting of 3d orbiials by rhe sclutionl solidl
Therefore, rhe formula of the complex lon is tie visible spectrum are rcflcclerll. CN- ligand in lhe hexacyano complex- is larger
lCu(Or,lr'. SC I qt I Irr tlrc c(,rr,I)lcx ,orr. than in the hexaaqua complex. The complex ion [Ni(N113l.,iH2O)2]r- sho',vs
2B There are two geometrical isomers in the
I H r':- i -c, I ell for, cri
(l(, rr.'i geomeirical isornerjsm,
complex ion.
I /'i"-l' | ,';rnt r'l ( ;r( lr ()[l]nl l,\a 4b2
('|rrr' rrr ()) Splliihg oi
N\a052
1,,/ t\/*,,, So, geometri(al isomerism.
So geometrica isomerism a ancl D ,rre
t, j.tHr I I
] 3d o:birais

. monodentate ligands.
'1,,,'M:'l i
)rrl\
(it

,, ,rr
(r,

lrrr.l'
l.
14 D Cu:-[aq) -
r-2NH3(aqJ 2H2O{l) -
oH, or], - tt ,,,\|
I ]r I
'/ ir |,,| / Cu{OH)2{sl + 2ir-H,=(aoJ
Ln. j--oul \',

.'.1 ,1 - | Irr^r.| ,,. (Blue

i 'c,,i' .\l //,-xrr,l irl,r) {l
,,,,, l\,(,,,
Lrll precipjLaie)
|I ll .''c{' l
The blue precipiiate, Cu(OH]7, cissolves in
./ i\.. i I i ,/'\ ,' l,l)
lr *" I \'ur,
ar.i excess of atlmonia to foirn a cieep blue
]r,;/----'--\r'rr,
L i..t.
I
I ollz .:
t0 Il
9ttpl:, 11,11111,,;l ll.,,l(:l'lli,l soluticn-.
Izns isomel

For lDl
ci.9 tsomer lraas iscrner Oxidation
CuiOHJr{s) + 4Ni-{3(aq) - The complex
3B The coordination nurnber is tltc ntttttlri'r rrI lCu(Nt{31412-(aqJ + 2OH-iaq)
coorCinate [dative) bonds k)ilnc(l l)('lr'/rc1] llrI
!!!t:I!s, lDeeP bl're
iso:leJsm,
.\tability con.r.t,tt Irtl i,l (bi)l
sclu tion)
ligands and tllc icntral ir,tt itt r: r rrtLtlrlr'r irttt.

161
[" Sc, opijcal isoinelisll. LJ W X is Fe2* ions. Fe2- icns in the haemoglobin 36 D 02+2H't2e- ,HtOt ...,(l) 48A Accordil)8 ro Bronstaci-Lowry iiieory an acid is
molecule form *,eak bonris.lviiir ihe. oxygen f o- , n ao \,
(bl) = Biiieniate iigand a proioi!. H-, donor.

i oi'; I'
o nolecule. The r"/eak bcnd enaiies oxy8en to be Fe2-+2e-+Fe .........12) A sah solution or'iroailil) coniains lFe{H2O)613+
unloaded and used ior rcspiraiion in iie body. ED = -0.44 Y ions. The como!ex ion, IFe(H20)6]3'undergoes
z4D A helerogenous cataiyst has -racant d orbitals (1) - (2) h)droiysis.
I 6i o nl iie 02-Fe2= +Zli'+H2O2-Fe
| 7ry.-,'t ',!'hich can form weak bonds with molecules
of the reaciant. Theieiore, rhe ability of Fe + 02 + 2H+ +Fez- +HzO2
E'= 0.68 - (- A.44) = +1.12Y
IFe[H2O)6]3-(aqJ + H2O[l) + [Fe[H2O)5OH]'?=[aq)
+ H3O+[aq)

Ilno"?-^p"
\
I

I
25D
transidon meials io adsorb'molecules onto its
sudace is important in heieiogenous cata.lysis.
The coordinadon number ior li\lncl.t]2- is 4,
As rhe value of Ee is positive, ihe reaciiol rviii
occui.
i

49D
H3O* causes the soluticn io be acidic.
Mn'" has a high charge. The ionisarion energy
L- O J to produce I"{n7* ions is too large.
iherefore, shape of ihe complex is teirahedral, 37D Transition metals are metals rvhich form ar s0D The number of coordinaie bonds in ihe complex,
The complex K2VC16 does not show optical nor 26D Ziegler-Naita catalyst is a mixiure of Al(C2H5)3 leasi one ion vJiih a pariiaily filied d orbiial. [Co(NH:)aC]zlCl is 6. So iis coordinarion
geo:neiricaL isomerism. and TiCIa. Thereiore, ihe elemeni \,vith the electronic number is 6.
16 A The reacrion of NH3(aq) ivifi Co2-(aq] jo;l 27C Potassium thioc-vanate solution forms a blood cor:iiguration 1s22s?2p63s23p63d34s2 is a The number of ligaads in i}Ie complex
Co2-[aq] + ZNH3(aq) + 2H2O(1) + red solution r,virh Fe3- ions. trlnsiiion element. = 4 ffrom NH3) + 2 (from C[
Co(OH)r{s) + 2NHa'(aq) Fe3*(aq1 + SCN-{aq} -
[FeSCN]2'[aq) 38C Cr2O72-{aq) + H2O(l) 2cro42-(aq) + 2H-(aq} The chlorine ouBide rhe brackei is not a
Blood red Orange
=
Yeliow
{Blue ligand.
precipiiate) 28 C There are tlvo isomers for the complex, Al alkali rcacts with the H- ions and reduces 51 D Thioryaaate ions react',\.iih Fe3= ions a-nd form
The rcaction of Co(OH)2 wilh an excess of Co(NH3)3C13, namel); ihe fac arrd. the met 'Lhe concenfation of H+ ions. According io Le a blood red solution.
. ammonia. isomet Chateljer's Principle, the Dosition of equilibriurn Fe3*(aq) + SCN-(aq) -
FeSCN2'(aq)
Co(OH)r(s) + 6NH3[aq) + I\,la3r3 shjlls ro Lh? right. As more CrOo2- is produced, Blood red
lCo(NH3)612*(aq) + 2NHa*(aq) So, geomerricaj isomerism. the solution turns yeilow. <) f The lone pair eiectrons in t]1e nitrogen atom
fPink solulion) CI 398 in an alkaline medium, the mariganate(VII) has been used to form dative bonds lvith H+
Oxidarion reaction in air u-r.r^-- 1-- -.- ci ions have a more positive standard electrode ions, Therefore, the NHa* ions cannot function
4[Co[NH3)6j2*(aq) + Oz(e) + 4H*(aq) - ',t\).,41 -
potendal. Therefore, jt
acts as a srro:]ger as a ligand.
lrirN ,,
:.1, iO
[Pink soiution) ,'//-\?I \ ,'
40c
oxidising agent, 53 A,; It is a displacement reaction. The zinc metal is
4[Co [NH3 )6]3"{aq) + zHzO (t) H.Nz----1--'Cl Let the charge for Cr be z, : more reactive tlan silver.
lr .6 (Yellow soluiioni NH, z + 4{a) + 2(-ll+ (-1)= 0 548 ,rans:tetraamine dichloro chromiumilll)
::_.r: o ,ro, The photoeleciric colorimeter is used /ac-isomer mP-r-isomer
Isomer Ligand Ligand Ceairal metal ion
to determine tlle intensity of colour of a 294 No rcaction because [Ni[en)3]2- is more stable 4ID The equation ior the reaction betwee'n ud iis o_{idation
substance. rnan [Ni(NH3)6]2-. eihanedioate and manganate(\{l) ions is number
18C CN- ions (from KCN) form coordinate bonds 30D Only transition meials can give ccloured ions as iollov/s. MnOa- is purple and Mn2* is 55 _A The complex [Mn[CrOa)3]3- is opticaily active,
witi Fe2" ions. in aqueous solutions. Other metals are not colourless. jt
that is, can rotate polarised light. The
Fez-+ 6CN- * lFe(CN)ola- likewise. 2MnOa-@q) + 5C2Oaz-(aq) + 16H*[aq) + complex has no plane of slmmetry and its
The oxidation number of iron in the complex 31 D CrO2Cl2 zMn2*[aq) + 10CO2[g) + BH2O[1) mirror image cannot be superimposed.
ion is still +2. x+2(-2)+2(-1)=0 42C The electronic coniiguration for copper is [Ar]
o
l9 A The transition elements have high meiting x-4-2=0 3dr04sl. The second ionisation energy lor li
poin$ because the electrons from the 3d and x=+6 copper is very large because the electron is
4s orbitals are used in metallic bonding. Tire 32C A high density is not considered to be removed from the dl0 orbital which has exira
o-c-"'-a
melting point of manganese is low because the characteristic of transition elements.
a

43D
stability. ^ii
v'.\--o-1-o
partialiy filled 3d orbitals (ds) of mmganese 33D ^ 7t +ze +Lu
Lll- One ol the properties ol transition metals is its
t
(i ./\ I
I \t,/
//t
I
have extra stability..Therefore, the electrons in
The number oI moles ol ,o}r", = catalltic property. llNlnl
tIe d orbital of manganese are less available in ff 44C Concenfated HCI reacts with potassium
/
ll
// i\ I
I
ihe fomation of meta.llic bond. = 0.0375 mol manganatefVll) and gives ofI chlodne gas. -
6-_c_
o
--- -r-Q
20D Transilion elements are metals. Therefore, The number of moles of electrons involved 2KMnOa(s) + 16HC1(aq) + | \^
they have a high melting point, boiling point, =0.0375 x2=0.075mol 2KCI{aq) + 2MnCI2(aq) + 5Cl2(g) + BHrO(t} o- ,":
-f
o
density and electrical conductiviry. The number of moles of metal Mx ionic 45C tuln(OH), is oxidised by oxygen in the air to
\\
21 D Etlanedioate ions are bidenrate ligands. charge of M = 0.075 mol Iorm biack Mn02. o
The naming of a complex is divided into two .. 0.025 mole of metal M x ionic charge ofM 46D Let the oxidation number of Cu in the compiex
parts. The firsr part concerns the )igands and ion, [Cu(CN)4]3- be x. MIbl)3
= 0.075 mol
the second, concerns the naming of the cenrral . 0.07 5
+j
x+4[-l)=-3 So can show oprical isomerism.
metal ion and its oxidation number,
Ionic charge ofM =ffi= x=-3+4 lMn(C2Oa)313-
For example: The fornula of the metal ion is,+{3*.
s6c Not all transition elements reaci with dilute
34B Dichromal.e ion, Cr2O72', is reduced b), SO2 gas. Copper has been reciuced irom an oxidation acids and release hydrogen. For example,
copper
Hexacyanqferrateflli Cr2Oyz-(aq) + 3SO2{gJ - 2H"(aq) + state of +2 io + 1 .

47 D The oxidation siate of copper in the compiex 3Cu + SHNO: 3Cu(NO3)2 + 4H2O + 2NO
Ligand Cential
2cr3'(aql + 3SOa2-[aq) + H2O(l) O+
metei ion 358 Fe3=(aq) ion gives a brorvn precipitate uiith is +2- Therefore, the correct formula is CuBr2 57D The highest oxidaiion number of manganese is
aqueous sodium hldroxide- orrly. +7-
 Fot exampie: MnO.- io:r I t0rrr tlrI rrh0vr l qraiion, I n]ole ol The volune of ihe oxygex liberated id) ti) In a-n acidic medium, oxochro,nium jons
x 22.4 dm3 pri<t Cr^O-2-
x+4{-2)=-1 l(il{Nll,)1lli{)a l'rorkrc0s 2 rnolcs of ions in = 11.a23 ><

x-8=-1 si)lItio[. = 323.08 dm3 Using rhe Daia Booklet:

-_,a I nrrrle of lhe S(,.' rracts \!'ith 2 :noles or A3'. (d) [i) Yeilo-'v [CrOaf s-rt r 2e- - S-2- ......... (1)
fd L Tiianiurl dissolves in sulphuric acid r.o iornl 2Ag'(aq) + SO;2'(aq) , Ag2SO1(s) [ii) Orange lCr2O72-) .ti = +0,i5 V
a purple soluilor coniajnjng ihe'coinplex ion, (iiil Using Lhe Daia Bookiet, Ci2a72- + 1 1h' - 6e- - 2Cf- - H:O ...(2)
[Cu(NH3)ai2' ions are deeD blue.
7

iTi(H,ol6l3*. 71 A In ciry chlorine, Zn2- + 2{ + Zt ......... (1) Ee = +1.33 V

59D At roon temperaruie, trianium[IV) ch]oride is a 2Fe(s) + 3Cl2(g) + 2FeCI3(s) Cr2oi2- + l4H= + 6e- - [i) x 3,
covalent liquid. In dry hydrogen chJoride, 2Cr3' i71t2O ... . (2) 3Sna-+6e--3Sn2- r2)

60c 1\1NLJ, Fe(s) +2HClig) +FeC!2(s) -H2{g) {2) - (1), (21 - (3),
x+4(-2)=-1 72 A Co3-(aq) -Cri-[aq) - Co2-iao)-Cr:-iaq) Cr2ol-[aq] + 3Zn(s) + 14H=[aq) + Cr2O,2-(aq) + 14H=(aql +3Sn2=[aq) -
.y,-8=-1 Co3-(aq) + Crz={aq) - Co'-iaq) + Cr3-iaqJ 2Cr3=[aq) + 3Zr2-(aq) + 7H2Oil) 2Cr3-(aq) + 7 F,2O{lj + 3Sna-(aq)
x=+7 En -l.8l - (-0.41) V From ile equatioa, it can be colcluded Ee=+1.33-0.15
The oxidaiion nunber of flianganese is +7. -- +2.22Y 'rhat the dichromaie ions zie reduced by = +1.18 V
61 C The Ziegler.Natta catalysi is a mixture of E! is posiri're. the reaction wiil occui. zinc Lo form C:i'. Horvevei. Cf
ions in As E3 is positive, the reaction can occur.
A]{C2H5)3 and TiC14. ur (aql lr" [aq) + Lr' [aq] t]- lasl
- - turn are reduced by zinc. Oxochromium(M) iors oxidises Sn2-(aq)
62D In the complex, [Fe(CN)r1L, ihe nurnber Cr3-[aq] + Ti2=(aq) -
Cr2-{aq) + Ti3=[aq] Using rhe Data Booklet, to Sn4=(aq).
of coordinate bonds is six. Therefoie, iis Ee = -tt.41 0.at ' Y -l- Cf- + e- - Cr2* ......... t3) Iii) Iilan acidic medium, oxomarganese('y'Il)
coordinarion number is also six. =_0.04v t3l - (11, ions exist as rMaOa-.
63C Orbitals vrhich are partiall). iilled (a5; oi fuily E' is negative, 'rite reaction will noi occur. ZCr3'(aq) + Zn(s) + 2Cr2= + Znz*{aq) Usirg the Data Bookle!
fiued [dt0) with e]ecirons have exira srabilit]r Ti3=[.q] - Co3-{aq) -
Ti2=iaqi - Co2-[aq) Therefore, the oxidation number of Sna- + 2e- - Sn2= ...-...-. (i)
,\+4"'+le [Ar] 3d5 r1' (aq] + L0-'(aql + lr- taqj + L0' (aqj chromium in the produci is +2. 6€ = +0.15 V
Y+Y3-+3c [Ar] 3d5 E' = -0.37 - "l
.81 2 {a) Coordinate bond. Mnor- + 8H" + 5e- . Ivln2* + A\zo .. .12)
Z+Z++e [Ar] 3ato =-2.18V (b) Six atoms 1r,,hich form a bond with tie metal Ee = +1.52 Y
64A The poiarising porver of the Ti4+ ions is large, E5 is negative, the reaction u'i1l not occur. ion is circled as foliows. (1) x s,
!.jlL:tr
therefore, the complex ion, ITi(H2O)dl!-, does 73 B Elemenis v.,ith a valence srrucrure ol 3d54s2 fo) (o 5Sna- + 10e- - 5Sn2* ......... (3) l

o aot exist in aqueous solution. is a transition IIIetal. Therefore, shows it ,/- , (2) x 2, o i.:'r:;:., in
cr j:!ir:r:'i:
G 658 The metal M hai an electronic configuration of characierislics of iiansition metal. The melting /,ccE2 LLII,\
'\'o ZNkrOa- + 1 6H= + ]O" - ,*"'.
1s22s22pb3s2. It remoyes trvo of its electrons poini ol transirion metal is high. -
a'/ \
cu,cH, &r
zt "'..-..:.:?3 o i'.r !i

in oider t0 achie.re a stable octet configuration. 74 B The eleciionic coriiguratron of the element is J$
o\\tccH-,,/ -\o '(4)
- (3),
Theiefore, it has only one oxidaiion state {I/2-) l.$) 3d4s2.lt is a transition element. Transition cia.// 2lvlnOa-(aq) + 16H*(aq) + 5Sn2*(aq) -
in ali i'rs salts. elernents are good conductors of electricity and 2.1v1n2.(aq) + BH2O(l) + 5Sna-(aq)
66C K:VlnOa is an oxidising agent and can be uscd also foirn coloured ions in solution. (o to Eo=+1.52-0.i5
in the tiirarion of Fe2' ions. lNote: All t:-ansirion elements are rnet2ls.l tc) A lolv value of ,(,to'i,y for [Ca{EDTA)]2- shows = +1.37 Y
sFez'(aq) + MnOr-(aqJ + Bll'(aq) ., that only a small amount of Ca2* ions are As E0 is positive, the reaction can occut
5Fe3-(aq) + lvtn2-(aq) + 4lJ2O(l) SI'Rt,JCl'IJRED OUI]S'IIONS removed by EDTA in the body. [Calcium ions OxomanganeseIVII) ions oxidises Sn2*(aq)
67 -D Only transition metals give coioured ions I (,r) 5t;rirl''ss \le|1. are important for good health.) to Snd-(aq).
in aqueous soluiions. Other metals do nol. (bl lir irrcn.,r::r: the rcsisrance 0i the metal lolvaids However, the values olKr65;;;* for [Cd(EDTA)]2- (e]- The number of protons in manganese is more than
Hotvever, other metals can form complcx{is ( oIfol;iol). and [Zn(EDTAJ]2- are large. Cd2* ions are in ch-romium. Therefore, the nuclear atfaction for
too, for example, [A1(HzO)613'. The non (, ) (l) (lrr'{aq) r 3c r [p151 poisonous and can be eliminated by EDTA. the eiectrons (eiecuon affinity) increases and is
tmnsition metal; lead, has rnore th:)n on(l {ll) ihI rrrrrrrbcr of lnoles of chrornlum Unfortunately, Zn2- ions which are useiul are more easily reduced. As such, the value ofE" for
oxidation state, for example, Pbz' and l'br', rlr,por,lrri a.lso eliminated as well. (Zinc ions are important oxomangalesefVll) ions is more positive than that
Other melals have anhydrous chloridcs wltlr 1 000 for good health.) for oxocluomium(Vi) ions.
covalent bonds, for example, Al2Cl6. ,l
,! (d) This limitation can be ol'ercome by consuming (a) Chromium is used to increase the strength
68A The iirst ionisalion energy of the tl.irrr:;llkrrr I
(r.2 | iltol food rich in zinc ions. of steel as well as to increase its resistance to
elements increases slightli across llrl (,1"1,r(l) |I' r0r(s) 3 {a) (i) CrOa2- cortosion.
period because the nuclcar clrirlt4(, lr{ rrilr,, Irotrr llrr' r,(luiltlon, llrc number of moles (ii] MnO+ (b) t, The Fe2* ard trlnz* ions do not form
while the atomic sir,, r\,llr;rlrr1 ,rlilr,r1l ol r.llt ltrrtr lnvolvrtl tb) Cr2O72-(aq) + HzOfl) + 2CrOr2-(aq) + ZH-[aq) soluble amine complexes when added
constant. lr,.l t I Oraage YeilolT with an excess of ammonia solution.
698 x + 6(-l) ,, -,1 ',/ (,1) tttl (c) CrzO t2- (aq) + H2O(l) 2CrO a2- laq) + 2H.[aq) NH:(aq) Excess NH3
x(:4 = Fe(OH)2 r Insoluble
I r,rtrr llr, ftrllrrwilrli r.r;r:;rtion, ti) When a dilute acid is adcied, the position Fez' -------+
^
t2 l()ll ,,lll.,() I (),, i,li: of equilibrium shifts to the left ard the NH:(aq) Excess NH3
.. The oxlditllol, ,t11;ltlrll rtl llutt lt r.' ll ,l trr,,,,,.,,,f r'lIr lrrl\ il: rr,qrtilr'd lo ptoduce soiution turns from yeliolv to oral,Ige. Mnz+ ----+ Mn(OH)z'-'-----+ Insoluble
thc c0tlt)l,x lorr ll r(r il.J1,,lr I l1r, r lt111r[, r I trrr,lr.,rl r,r!f,r,rr, {ii) lvhen an alkali.is added, the position of (ii) o N{2nonng5e forms compounds with
has 6 crr0rrlltrltr lrrrr,lr ( l.l llllilrlr .r., I lrr tr,r'rrl,, r (,1 nr(,1',', t,I or:,/llt n rcicaseC equilibrium shifts to the righi (because H= variable oxidation states, nunely, +2,
stlonget lhntt llll) llUtIh lIrtiftrtr, llI ,,
/ tr) reacls w-jth OH and forms water,) . +3, +4, +6 and +7. However, iron forms
comph.r krr lr il,rlrl, l|| wrlr'l .l
The colcur of the solution turns from compounds with oxidation states oi +2
70D lCLr{l.lllr)'ll;trr , lr rlllll,l,lr r '.rr,' l,l l.'lrrr,,l orange to yello\z and +3 only-

lrlt 165
 t"
- 100 {ii) Lhe seconcaq'alcohoi can be oxitiised to a
u X.iangaaese is more reacii..,e [siioiger r:bl The smal1 energl riiifereace beilveen Ue 4-( ard \ o.oo2 mot
keione.
10
reducing agenii r-iran iron. 3d olj]iials enabies iie iransiiion meizl to use a
r\,'Ln'z-(aq) + 2e- Mnls) - poidon 0r all of ihe eiecrcns in lie 3d and 4J = 0.02 mol i-iHoH
E" = - 1.18 V
Ea2-lta\r?:- .Eo/cl
orbiial il bond formadon. Thereiore, irallsiiiorl
meials sholv variable oxidalion siaies.
The nu-rb:r oi Fe" -o:oluceci by the r-ail
is 0.02 mo1.
H-C-C-
riiii
[iiJ The mass oi iioir ia '&e nar] irl
.
Eo = - A.44Y
I4a2= ions dis.lropor'donate bu.. not Fe3-
{cl til
= 56 x 0.42 tt
HHH
ions. E!em-en, Percentage
Percentage
Ratio - 1 17 o
Atomic mess The perceniage oi iron in Lhe nail Butaxone
2l,1n2-[aq1 + 2H2O{1) +
r\4nO2(s) + lvln{s) + 4H-{aqJ I O-J
i.t2 ..,^^
= lJO ^ IUU {lii) Lhe ieriiary a]cohol resisis oxidaiion by
Ca 18.5% acidified porassium dichromaie [\21).
(i) 4 0.1
ict
= B0% 8 [a) T]iariunflvl oxiCe is used as a whi-Le pigmenr
i Etement Percentage Perceniage Raiic
S 51.9%
51.q
- 0.930 2 / la) (i) 1s22s22p53s23p63C3 in paint.
Atomic ffiass 5s3 (ii) 3d electrons alsorb energy in the visible
I
{b) One of the u,al-s is pairiing the sudace of the
!0C-118.5+51.91 29.6 1 o( $iaveiel1grhs except the green wavelengih iron or by applying grease onio its surface. This
Cr 1 5.5c;[ '''' = a ?.98 o
=29.i\ 16T 4
i[hich ii reflects and iump to ihe higher $'ill preyent cq,'geo and lvater froro coming in
sei of vacani 3a orbiials. Therefore, C13- contaci with the suiface of rhe iron. The seccnd
,r.,
S JO.th - l lQl 4 The empirical forrnula of leirite is
ions appear green. way is io galvanise ihe i.on \,\.ith zinc. As zinc js
3).
CaFe2Oa.
_ 3d orb:rals at higher moie rcactive, it is oridised to zinc oxide in place
)o J
"i::4 --/ + eners leYeis
N 29.2% _ 2.086 7 tiil Let the oxidation number
be x.
of iron in ferrite
-/ l.\F d-a
I
ic)
of ircn and iron js protecteii irom corrosjon.
lVhen }v1n3- act as an oxidising agent, ii is
2+2x+t-2)4=A \ I redlced to lvln: . The dr' orbiiai in Mnl-
From ti:e formula NH1[CriSCN)-,(NH3)y],
2x=-2-B --\ \\\ lransition
t 3d orbirals ai io\ver
| becomes ds in Mnz'. A stable configuration
Element
Ratio
2x=+6 ::::::::: is achieved. Fe3n is reduced to Fez-. The d5
Cri ) x=+3
energy levels
orbital in Fe3- becomes do in Fe2-, trai isi it
Sx 6 (al [i) Purple (ii) Lighi pink lE = EnerS-/ difference
;.loses its siable configumtion. Worej Orbitais
N 1+x+Y (iii) Orarge (iv) Green (bl ti) Cr5'(aq) ions do not exisi because a I il,hich aie partially lilled with eiectrons, as in
II (b) : A 1ow pH indicaies an acidic medium.
very large amount ol ionisaiion energy d5, have exrra siabiliryl Therefore, A'1a3 is a
+A is needed to produce lhe ion and ii is
' -- . (i)
Fe3* 1 6- - Fe2* .. ..... (1)
Mn2'+ 4H2O unstable. Moreo'rer, Cr6n ions have a very
slr0nger oxidising ageni than Fe3*.
[d) (iJ The yellovi colour of iion(1ll) chloride
,11
^ MnOa- + 8H= + 5e- - high charge densitl'. Therefore, it poierises
.
dj'J, ...{2i turns to biood red.
::
/ t+xly Iigands Such as H2O to produce CrOa2-. In ar aqueous solution of iron(Ill) chloride,
1+x+Y=7 {1) x s.
5Fe3'+ 5e- + 5Fe2* ....t3) {ii) 2H- + ZCrOa2- +
Cr2O72- + H2O there is the complex ion of [Fe(H2O)6]3'. The
y=7_t-4 (ii Using the Data Booklet: SCN- Iigand displaces a molecule of H2O.
-
t2) - (3) = Balanced.equation Ic)
f=2 MnOj- + 8H* + 5Fe2* - Mn2- + 4H3O Cr2O72- + 14H" + 6e- + 2Cr3- + 7H2O [Fe(HzO)o]3- + SCN- - [Fe(HzO)sSCN]2.
[ii] Let the oxidaiion numbet of chromium in
+ 5Fer- .........(1) Yellow Blood red
ihe complex, NHalCriSCNl,{NHlul be z.
) Fez+ ........ (1) H2O2+2H+ +2e+ 2Hza .........(2) + H2O
.. +(-1 x4) +(0x2) =0 [ii) Fe3- + e-
1+1)+z -
cr2a72- + 14H- + 6{ + zcf + 7H2A ... {2) {2) x 3, [ii] Theyellowcolourof iron(lll] chloride iums
z+1-4+0=0 (1) x 6, 3H2O2 + 6H* + 6e- -, 6HzO ......... t3) ro_liBht green ard firy.fy,l! coloyless.
z=+3 (3) * (1) = Balanced equation 2Fe' (aq) + Znis1 , ZFe''(aq) - Znr-l:ql
shape of the anion for the complex is
6Fe3* + 6e- - 6Fe2* ......... i3)
3H"O2+ 2Cri-, H2C ; Cr1o72-+ 8H-
{iii) The -
t2) {3) = Balanced equation Yellolv Light green
octahedral.
Cr2O72- + 14H" + 6Fe2- + ZC:_T + 7H2O [ii) in an alkaline medium, H*[aq) ions are (Zinc reduces Fe3*iaq) ionsJ
(iv) The anion oi the complex shol,'s + Ole-' removed by the aikali.. Therefore, Cr3*(aq) Fe2-{aq) ions are reduced lurtler by zinc,
. geometrical isomerisln. ions can be oxidised to Cr2Or2-(aq) ions. Fe2'(aq1 + Zn{sJ + Fe(s) + Znz-(.aq)
Ic) Potassium manganateMl) is more suitalle
{v)
because at the end-point ofthe titration, excess
Equiiibrium shifis to the right. Lignt Colourless
I YH, li fH, I potassium manganate(VII) will tu.n the solution Thus, an alkaline condition is more green
I --scNl la,x1 r
lxcs-- Cr' to pink. Hov,/e.,,er, potassium dichromate(VI) suirable. 9 [a) (i) In FeClj: +3
{ il cr -scs idl The product ol tl.]e reacrion, In KaFe(CN)6: +2
lNcs-o i \scN \scr I
gives no clear coloui change.
(i) the
t-- t -| I lnct.- It i
l
(d) (il A4noa-[aq) + 8H-[aq) + 5Fe2*(aq1 - primary alcohol is oxidised to a
[ii) in ink.
Used
I NH, lL scN I Mnz-[aqJ + 5Fe3-(aq) + 4H2O(l) carbory-lic acid. fiii)Octaiedral.
rat cis From the equation, 1 mole of }lnOr- HHHH
(jv) I cN
5 (i) redcis ivilh 5 moies ol Fe2". ll Nc..,,.1--.----,cN
tliil ttil
Iron and nickel
i {a)
[ii) Iron is used as a catalyst in the Haber The number of moles of Fe2* in 1 0 cn3 of I
.,
Piocess for the industrial preparation of solutio n ,H-C-C-C-C-__OH i..) r. i
l
i
anmonia. Nickel is used as a catalyst =5x4.0X10-amol l1
tll
-l)tsp
I '
r-li\,
/,\
i
,i in the hydrogenalion process for the = 0.002 mol HHH lNc'1'-' I - \'cnr
,1
The number of moies of Fe2n in 1 00 cm' tt
r1
]:

1
manufacture of margarine and unsaturated
Iai, soliltiolr
Btrtanoic acid
Itn
.l

t
J

\.
I
 tb) {i) A tr,rlslllon rlcrlont ls (bJ . Haemogtobil is important in the translx)rl
rlc[irretl as
elcnrent rvhlch lbnr)s at lcast one lor \vilh
an Optical isornerism - only shovn rhe cis isomer
fFJz oi oxygen in the human body. Iron ln Ulc

I;FI, j
a partially filled d orbital. haemoglobin molecule foms dative bonds
(ii) . Iron shows its catalytic property \4,hen wiih orygen. In this way, heamoglobin

i'
used in the Haber Procqss. I ctu-des oxygen to the cells in the body.
. The process is reversible as in

(c) Irol(ll)
Iron shorvs variable oxidation states
.- t
(Fe" and Fe"t) in ils compounds.
sulphate solution only reacts with the
OH,

(iii) The shape

J,,'
of the complex ion,
fo1low-ing.
Lungs
the

nalgarare[,'11) ion. Haemoglobin + 02 Ory-haemoglobin

[Co(NH2CH2CPaNH2)2F2]+ is octahedral. It =-
Ceils
The number oi moles of Fe2= ions shorvs opiical and geomeEical isomerism.
2t\ [iiJ Carbon monoxide is a poison which forms
"
=-X0.tmol=0.00245m01
1000 - '.''-'
Geomeiiical isomerism
sironger daijve bonds than oxygen wiih
Given iirat i mol MnOs- = 5 mol Fe?= ESSAY OUESTIONS iroa in the haemoglobia molecule. This
Thereiore, the number of moles of l\{nO.- ions I reaclion is irreversible. Therefore, oxygen
A homogenous cataJ1,51 is in the same phase as the
in solution reactartJ. For example, Fe2-(aq) ions catalyses the cannot be delivered to the cells in the
I
ofdation of iodide ions by peroxodisulphate in body. The victim will die because of
= f- x0.00245m01
aqueous solutions, Fe2* reduces peroxodisuJphate
insufficient oxygen in the blood.
= 0.00049 mol ions, S2Oj2-, to sulphate ions, SOa2-. 4 (a) ti) A portion of the surface of the iron metai
j+ The number of moles of manganese 2F e2 " {aq) + SrO52-(aq) + 2Fe3*[aq) + 2SO a2- {aq) act as an anode. At the anode, iron atoms
= 0.00049 mo! The Fe3= ions formed then oxidises ihe iodide ions, are oxidised to Fe2+.
The mass of manganese = 54.9 x 0.00049 i-. to iodine. Fez- ions are regenerated. Fe(sJ+Fe2-[aq)+2e-
= A.A269 g 2Fe3'(aq) + 2l-(aq) * 2Fe2.(aq) + iz(aq) At the cathode, reduction occurs. Electrons

il
jt\
The percentage of manganese in Hadfield steel
0.0269
=120 x ruu
The overall equaljon,
.
2l-(aq) + S2O62-(aq) --,
Fe2-[aq)
iz(rqt + 2SO.2-(ag)
L
I i
l'[ ,
. II I , I NH.
]' -
from the anode reduce oxygen.
2H2O{t) + O2(g\ + 4e- + 4OH-(aq)
Fe2'(aqJ ions and OH-(aq) ions react and
',- ,i':',i:-:.lil
II
I g-c'-r,,,u
',t -l'- - -z' -
l:t .i\[",4
I
,f -- 13.4s% The ability of transition metals io vary its oxidation I Iorm iion(ll) hydroxide. .i.Piril
),.lii I 0 (i) Chromium can dissolve in dilute acids to foim number is an important factor in homoge4ous
ln2L ,./ I \, I
J".7 |
'!! Fez*{aq) + 2OH-[aq] + Fe(OI{)z[s)
-.:
A ri.ii.1;rr {
e i!: !i-\:::i:
)i:€ C13*. 'l-",u... ,',L -iL\,
'-u,-cn'l Fe[OHJ2 is fu-rther oxidised by orygen c,t1 *.Irql
|i
,:. I
caralysis. .A heterogenous caralyst is in a diiferent "..
I l.uf"- NH"
:,c) (ii) Manganese can also dissolve in dilute acids to
form Mn2'. Mn2- has a stable d5 electronic
configuration. So, it wjll not be oxidised to
phase from .the reactants. For example, platinum
pov/der caialyses the ieaction beilveen hydrogen
and iodine gas. |
'r,ni''--
s,r, -'",/"'l
'cn,
l I i-
"t.*a
[ ' ]
I
to folm rust, that is, hydrated iron(lll)
oxide.
1

O2ftQ + lx +
Q,::;:li'li'

Mn3- even when exposed to aii [c) Let the oxidation numler oi the meta] in the
2Fe(oH)r(s) +
7 - Z)H2o(tJ
pr(s)
(iii) Iron dissolves in dilute acids to form Fe2'. H2{$ + I2($ -----+ zHI(g)
' complex ion be x. lelo.xHrolsl
Fe2+ is stable jn acidic solution. When exposed Platinum has vacant d orbitals. Thus, platinum . For lCuCIalF: Rust
to air it will change to Fe3*. This is because can form weak bonds v/ith the hydrogen and x + 4(-1) -- -3 iii) The rusting of iroa is accelerated by
Fe3* has a stable ds electronic coniiguration. iodine molecules. (This is the adsorption step.) x= +l lhe presence of an eiectrolyte such
t 1iv1 Cobalt dissolves in dilute acids to torm Co2-. as salt solutions and acids. A hot
The formation of weak bonds witl H2(g) and I2(g) For [FeF5(H2O)]2-:
Co2* is stable and will not be oxidised to Co3*, weakens the bonds in the molecules, tlat is, the v+ 5l-1 l +O---') -- condition accelerates rusting because
even when exposed to air. H-H and I-l bonds. A new bond forms between x= +3 the rate of reactioo increases with
I I (b) (i)Tetracarbonylnickel(0) hydrogen and iodine, H-I. fThis is the surface For [Co{NH2CH2CH2NH2)2F2] " temperature.
(ii) Hexacyanoferate(ll)' reaction step,) The product, HI, wili then leave x+2{0)+2(-t)=al (b) [i) Magnesium is a more reactive metal t]an
(iii) Dichlorocuprate(1.) the surface of the platinum catalyst. fThis is &e x=+3 iron. (The value of E' for magnesium is
(iv) TetraaquadichloronickelIiI) desorption step.) 3 (aJ . Chromium and ,iron form compounds more negative than imn.)
(v) Tris-etiianedioateferare(lll) 2 .
(a) 4 ligands is tetrahedral or square planar with variable oxidation states. However, Therefore, magnesium acts as tie anode
(b) Two types of isomerism '.is seen in rhis . 6 ligand is octahedral. magnesium and aluminium fofin compoulds where oxidation occurs.
compound: (b) (i) The shape of tie lCuClal3- complex ion is with fixed oxidation states. Mg(sJ +Mg2-(aqJ +2e-
\
Geometric isomerism tetrahedral. There is no isomerism shown The oxidation states of chrcmium and iron, Iron acts as the cathode and is not oxidised.
Crs isomer }ans isomer in the complex. cl', cf*, Fe2*, Fe3*. Therefore, magnesium is the sacrificial
The oxidation states of magnesium ald metal and iron at the bottom of the ship

( ).
{:
llro

I .o ,
'l :,1,'
tit'
lr:r
*7' " .,,,
.
a-luminium, Md*, Al3*.
Chromium and iron shows catalytic
properties whereas magnesium and
aluminium do not.
(ii)

.
does not rust.
The layer of grease preyents oxygen and
water from coming in contact with tie
iron. Thus, the bicycle chain does not
1
l
. Chromium and iron form coloured rust.
.t
1" (ll) I lrr, rlr,rll rrl lltr ( r,[rl,k'x l(,lll compounds. However, magnesium and 5 (aJ Ligands have lone electron pairs. Ligaads form
t, \
"
,
,:
l)
ll ll lll ll{ ))l/ lr rr trlrr,rlml. l hrrrr, lr ttrr
alrrminium do not. - coordinate bonds with tra-nsition metal ions,
1 '|,
lrrrttrltlllt rlrr\vl ln llr. r rrttrlrlrr
. Chronrium and iron form many complexes, ihat is, the lone pair electron fiil the vacant d
whcreas rnagnesium and alurninium rarely do. orbitals of tle bansition metal ions.

I rlil
 (bl (i) An aqueous soluiion of Cuz- consisrs ol to iie rurnbei of ligands bonded io it. For In i.e li3hr
Opdcal isomerism is found in tiie ocrahedral gree'1 complex are onJl, 2 I:ee .
the complex ion, [Cu[H2OJ5j2-(aq). NH3 example, [TilHzOJ6]3', Ti3= : H2C = 1 ; 6 complex ion, (ML3)n' wirh / as bideniaie j,.

is a sironger monodentate ligand ihan chloride ions. Thereiore, oniy J of fte

H2O ligand. Thereiore, itdisplaces itre
(i i) lrSdru). :.3
For example, [Fe(C2Oa)3]3- chloiine i1] the complex can be precipiraied as
H2O ligand jn ihe comDlei ion, Element Percentage
Perceniage
Raiio AgCl.
Atomic mes.:
lCu[H2OJ5]z'to form a deeo blue co;npiex,
[c] (:) Cr:= + EDTA!-
= [CI(EDTA)]-
ICu (NH3)a]2'(aq).
K 26.8% = u.ou: 3
I ',)
-ti./ / . -_ |CI[EDTA)]-
[Cu(HrO)5]2-[ao) + 4NH3(ac) + JDT " IaF-IEDTA]E
+ 6H2o[r]
't-,t i\ [Gi.;en inat log ( = 23)
[Cu(NH3)1]2=[aq)
(ii) The purpte compound is [Cr[H2Oj6]3'.3Cf. Fe t2.8% lL
5 5.8
= o.Zzq I \-Ll .'.,(=1x1023
In solurion, these &ree chlodde ions are
free to move and can be precipitated as C 16.5%
[CI(EDTA)]- _1yr623
-lC;r|EDTAf+---rAru
,l
6
[ .ol
.
AgCl \^,hen AgNO3 soluiion is added.
Ag-(aqJ + Ci-[aq) + AgCi[s)
The green compound is
o 43.9%
l0.u 12
I a-cl--o
Io--c,o\.1 /"b
I

I
Fe3=+6CN-
. lFe[CN)6]3-
= [Fe(CN)uj] li
[Cr(H2OJaCl2]+. Cr.ZH2O lo""'o- I -o iFer-llCN-lo
O.^,1
I

I fGiven tiat log K = 41)

In solution, only one chloride ion js The empirical formula of the complex is
i
I
free li""ol .. K= 1x
ro move and can be precipitared as AgCl. K3FeCoOl 2, Lo.l 10al
{FeiCN)"lr- 1 \, r^4r
fln the question, the complex is formed
Therefore, only ,3J of ihe chlorine in the
betlveen iron and elhanedioate ionsJ. lF".-llcNf-r^rv
Therefore, the formula of the compler is
(b) When a cold solution of chromium0ll) ctrloride (ii)
complex can be precipitated by AgNiO3 Complex ion
K3Fe(C2Oal3.
is evaDorated, rhe purple crystals forned is Log K
solution.
6 (a) In the bansition metal ion such as lCr(H2O)613', The complex ion is lFe(C2Oa)313-. icr(H2ol6l3*.3cr. IcrIEDrA)]- )a 1x 1023
(b) In the complex there are 3 fiee chloride ions.
the 3d orbitals of chromium are iplii to two The complex ion, [Fe(C2Oa)3]3-, shoivs opiica]
Therefore, all 3 chloride ions in the compiex
IFe{CN)6]3- 41 Ix 104r
sets of energy levels by the iigands. isomerism. The mimor image cannot be
,r.I\ supeilmposed. The complex ion is octahedral can precipitate AgCI. The higher the value of the stability
z/- I,HigY",
energy levels However, upon heating, one ol the H7O constant, .1(r the more stable is the
'1!,o

3d orbirals- af
in shape and has no plaae of slrnmetry
ligands in the complex of lCr[H2O)6]3-3Cf is { :".p1.-*.]::..-Therefore, the c0mptex
lii;r.cr
|
displaced by chloride ions to lorm the light ion, lle(CN)61- is more srable rhan
-// I o
-\ at the .]]]]
lt green complex, [Cr(H2O)sCt]212Cf .H2O. fCr(EDrA)l-.
aouu", i,ers us^-C.
Electrcns
"nerg-v
lower energy level
I
lY'o
certain lvavelengths of the visible spectium and
absorb
II o-llFe
jump io tie higher energy ievel. Aqueous ions I o'I
of tmnsition metals acquire the colour which Io',6'.!
corresponds to the visible \vavelengths not II
absorbed durjng the d+d electTon Uansitions.
Lo
The excited electrons at tle higher energy
level lose energy and return to the ground (c) SCN- (from KSCN) Ugand is stronger tian the
state when the complex ions collide lviilr C2O42- iigand. Therefore, it can displace C2Oa2-
other partic.les, like water. Thereiore, the Iigaads in the complex ion, [Fe(C2Oa)3]l-, and
aqueous solutions of the transition metals are form red [Fe(SCN)6]3-. Horvever, the CN-
coloured. However, an aqueous solution of the ligands from K3Fe(CNJ6 is stronger tian the
other metal ions, such as [AI(H2O)6]3- are not SCN- Iigand. Therefore, a solution ofpotassium
coloured because ule eiectrolls moving to tie thiocyanate does not react with potassium
higher energy level absorb wa,relengiJrs outside hexacyanoferrate(lII) solutjon when mixed.
the visible range of tie light spectrum. 8 (a) . Geometrical isomerism ls found in ihe
[b) The difference in energy level between the 3d
and 4s is small. The transition elements can use
octahedral complex ion, [MArXr]n= with A !
and X as monodentate ligands.
some or all of the 3d and 4s electrons to form
bonds during a chemical reacticn. Therefore,
For exaniple, [Cr(NH3)aC12]- I
tmnsition elements can show variable oxidation
states in all their compounds. Non transition
metals can only use a fixed number of valence
eiectrons to achieve a stable ocLet configuration.
Hence, non transition metals have a fixed
oxidalion state in a.ll tleir comoounds.
7 la) (i) The stoichiometry of a transiiion metal
complex means the ratio of the metal jon