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Properties of Matter and Its Various Forms

This document discusses the various properties and forms of matter. It describes physical properties like color, odor, hardness and melting point which can be observed without chemical changes. It also discusses chemical properties like flammability and reactivity which involve chemical changes. The document then describes the characteristic properties of the three main states of matter - solids, liquids and gases. It further discusses homogeneous and heterogeneous mixtures, solutions, suspensions and colloids. Finally, it briefly explains processes like sedimentation, decantation, extraction and centrifugation used to separate mixtures.

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92 views

Properties of Matter and Its Various Forms

This document discusses the various properties and forms of matter. It describes physical properties like color, odor, hardness and melting point which can be observed without chemical changes. It also discusses chemical properties like flammability and reactivity which involve chemical changes. The document then describes the characteristic properties of the three main states of matter - solids, liquids and gases. It further discusses homogeneous and heterogeneous mixtures, solutions, suspensions and colloids. Finally, it briefly explains processes like sedimentation, decantation, extraction and centrifugation used to separate mixtures.

Uploaded by

Kim Inumerables
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Properties of Matter and Its Various

Forms
GENERAL CHEMISTRY 1 (11)  Matter  Properties of Matter and Its Various Forms
IN PROGRESS
*Physical Properties of Matter are those properties that can usually be
observed with our senses.
*They include everything about a substance that can be noted when no
change is occurring in the type of structure that makes up its smallest
component.
*Intensive or Intrinsic Properties -Physical Properties that do not depend on
the quantity of the sample being examined.
*Color
*Odor
*Luster– is the property of minerals that shows how much or how well the
mineral reflects light.
*Malleability– is a physical property of matter, usually metals. The property
usually applies to the family groups 1 to 12 on the modern periodic table of
elements. It is the ability of a solid to bend or be hammered into other shapes
without breaking.
*Ductility– is a physical property of matter, as it can be measured or observed
without the substance undergoing a chemical change. Ductility is the ability of
a solid material to stretch under tensile stress, for example when a metal is
stretched into a wire.
*Conductivity– the property or power of conducting heat, electricity, or
sound.
*Tenacity– describes the reaction of a mineral to stress such as crushing,
bending, breaking, or tearing
*Hardness- the hardness of a material refers to its ability to withstand
scratches
*Melting/freezing point– Freezing point is the temperature at which a liquid
changes to solid. Melting point is the temperature at which a solid is converted
to a liquid. Melting point and freezing points thus occur at the same
temperature because the change of state involves the same two states (liquid-
solid; solid-liquid).
*Boiling point– he temperature at which a substance boils.
*Density– expresses a relationship of mass to volume. The more mass an
object contains in a given space, the more dense it is.
*Viscosity– is the measure on how fast or slow a liquid flows. It’s dependent
on the liquid inter molecular forces and the adhesive forces.

*Extensive– are those physical properties that depends on the amount of the
sample being examined.
*Mass– measure of the amount of matter in the object.
*Weight– force exerted on a body by gravity.
*Volume– is a measure of the amount of space that a substance or an object
takes up.
length

*Chemical Properties are those properties that can be observed in regard to


whether or not a substance changes chemically, often as a result of reacting
with other substances.
Examples of chemical properties include flammability, toxicity, acidity,
reactivity (many types), and heat of combustion. Iron, for example, combines
with oxygen in the presence of water to form rust.
Characteristics of Solids:
*almost in-compressible
*high density
*retains own volume
*extremely slow to diffuse
*low expansion on heating
Characteristics of Liquids:
*slightly compressible
*high density
*has definite volume
*does not fill container
*assumes shape of container
*slow to diffuse
*low expansion on heating

Characteristics of Gases:
*highly compressible
*very low density
*fills the container
*assumes the shape of container
*rapid to diffuse
*high expansion on heating

*A plasma is a gas consisting of positively and negatively charged particles in


such proportions that the total charge is equal to zero.
*Freely moving electrons can transport electric current; in other words, a
plasma is a conducting gas.`
*A Bose-Einstein condensate is a group of atoms cooled to within a hair of
absolute zero.
* When they reach that temperature the atoms are hardly moving relative to
each other; they have almost no free energy to do so.
*At that point, the atoms begin to clump together, and enter the same energy
states.
*They become identical, from a physical point of view, and the whole group
starts behaving as though it were a single atom.
*Bose-Einstein condensates were first predicted theoretically by Satyendra
Nath Bose (1894-1974), an Indian physicist who also discovered the
subatomic particle named for him, the boson.
*Bose was working on statistical problems in quantum mechanics, and sent his
ideas to Albert Einstein. Einstein thought them important enough to get them
published.
* As importantly, Einstein saw that Bose’s mathematics — later known as Bose-
Einstein statistics — could be applied to atoms as well as light.
*A homogeneous mixture is a mixture in which the components that make up
the mixture are uniformly distributed throughout the mixture.
*The c
omposition of the mixture is the same throughout.
*There is only one phase of matter observed in a homogeneous mixture at a
time.
*So, you wouldn’t observe both a liquid and a gas or a liquid and a solid in a
homogeneous mixture

*A heterogeneous mixture is a mixture in which the components of the


mixture are not uniform or have localized regions with different properties.
*Different samples from the mixture are not identical to each other.
*There are always two or more phases in a heterogeneous mixture, where you
can identify a region with properties that are distinct from those of another
region, even if they are the same state of matter (e.g., liquid, solid).

*A solution is always transparent, light passes through with no scattering from


solute particles which are molecule in size.
*The solution is homogeneous and does not settle out.
* A solution cannot be filtered but can be separated using the process of
distillation.
*A suspension is cloudy and heterogeneous.
*If a suspension is allowed to stand the particles will separate out.

*A colloid is intermediate between a solution and a suspension.


* While a suspension will separate out a colloid will not.
*Colloids can be distinguished from solutions using the Tyndall effect.
*Light passing through a colloidal dispersion, such as smoky or foggy air, will
be reflected by the larger particles and the light beam will be visible.
*A hydrocolloid can simply be defined as a substance that forms a gel when it
comes in contact with water. Such substances include both polysaccharides
and proteins .
*The process of sedimentation can be observed by a small experiment. Take a
jar and fill it with garden variety mud, pour some water, shake well and keep it
untouched for few minutes. In a while it can be noticed that the gravel and
rocks have settled below, sand above and so on. Basically the garden variety
mud has formed layers of soil based on varied .
Decantation is a process to separate mixtures by removing a liquid layer that is
free of a precipitate, or the solids deposited from a solution. The purpose may
be to obtain a decant (liquid free from particulates) or to recover the
precipitate.

*Extraction is a fundamental technique used to isolate one compound from a


mixture.
*Becoming familiar with its theory and correct use are essential to successful
completion of many organic experiments.
*The three most common types of extractions are: liquid/liquid, liquid/solid,
and acid/base (also known as a chemically active extraction).
*The coffee and tea examples are both of the liquid/solid type in which a
compound (caffeine) is isolated from a solid mixture by using a liquid
extraction solvent (water).

*Centrifugation-is a technique used for the separation of particles from a


solution according to their size, shape, density, viscosity of the medium and
rotor speed.
**The particles are suspended in a liquid medium and placed in a centrifuge
tube.
*The tube is then placed in a rotor and spun at a define speed.

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