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Statistical Analysis For Industrial Engineering 1

The document discusses different types of averages including the mode. The mode is the value that occurs most frequently in a data set. It can be found by inspection for ungrouped data or using a formula for grouped data. The mode may not exist if no values are repeated. Examples are provided to find the mode of different data sets that are uni-modal, bi-modal, and tri-modal. The properties of the mean, median, and mode are also summarized. The mode is not impacted by outliers and may not be unique, while the mean can be impacted by outliers and the median is positional.

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246 views

Statistical Analysis For Industrial Engineering 1

The document discusses different types of averages including the mode. The mode is the value that occurs most frequently in a data set. It can be found by inspection for ungrouped data or using a formula for grouped data. The mode may not exist if no values are repeated. Examples are provided to find the mode of different data sets that are uni-modal, bi-modal, and tri-modal. The properties of the mean, median, and mode are also summarized. The mode is not impacted by outliers and may not be unique, while the mean can be impacted by outliers and the median is positional.

Uploaded by

John Paul Ramos
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Statistical Analysis for Industrial Engineering 1

Mode – Another type of average is known mode. The mode is generally associated with nominal data and is denoted by
^x ( “x hat”) Examine the example below.
Supposes a department store sold 100 blouses in one day with sales breakdown shown below.

Blouse size No. of Blouses Sold


Extra small 10
Small 15
Medium 25
Large 20
Extra Large 18
Double Extra Large 12

Since the medium size sold the most number of blouses; it has the highest frequency. Hence, the mode is the medium
sized bloused.

The mode ( ^x ) is the observation or value which appears the most number of times in the set of values.

Mode for ungrouped data

The mode is the simplest measure of central tendency. It can be easily identified by inspection if an ungrouped
data by getting the score or item which occurs most frequently.

A set of scores or data with only one mode is called Uni-modal while a set with two modes is bi-modal; with
three is tri modal; and ,any (2 or more) modes, multi modal. In some instances, the mode may not even exist at all.

Example: Find the mode of each of the sets of observations shown below.

A = 2, 3, 5, 7, 8, 9, 11, 15

B = 15, 13, 13, 14, 17, 17, 18, 12

C = 2, 3, 5, 8, 8, 9, 10, 8

D = 3, 5, 7, 7, 8, 5, 5, 8, 8, 9, 10, 9, 9

Solutions:

A. In set A, there is no value that occurs more than once. Therefore, the mode does not exist.
B. In set B, the values 13 and 17 appear twice. Then, the modes are: ^x = 13 and 17 (Bi-modal)
C. In set C, 8 occurred thrice. Therefore, ^x = 8 (Uni modal)
D. In set D, 5,8, and 9 appear thrice. Therefore, the ^x = 5,8, and 9 (tri modal)
Mode for Grouped Data

The mode in a frequency distribution is the value within the class interval having the highest frequency

The mode for grouped data can be calculated using the formula:

^x =X lb+ c ( fm 1+fm 1fm2 )


Where:

Xlb = Represents the lower boundary of the modal class

c = class size / width or interval size

fm1 = difference between the frequency of the modal class and the frequency of the class interval preceding it.

fm2 = difference between the frequency of the modal class and the frequency of the class interval following the modal
class.

Example: Compute the mode of the frequency distribution in table below.

Class interval frequency


70-75 2
76-81 7
82-87 20
88-93 21
94-99 39
100-105 27
106-111 14
112-117 10
118-123 5
n = 145

Solutions: To find the mode, we shall follow the steps below.

1. Find the modal class. The modal class is the class interval with the highest frequency. Therefore, 94-99 is the
modal class.
2. Determine the class size, c = 6
3. Get the value of fm1 and fm2
fm1 39- 21 = 18
fm2 = 39 – 27 = 12

Substitute the values in the formula, as follows.

^x =X lb+ c ( fm 1+fm 1fm2 )


18
= 93.5 + 6(
18+12 )

^x = 97.10
Properties of the Mean, the median, and the mode
Mean
1. The mean is always a unique value in any set of data
2. The mean is associated with the interval / ratio data
3. The mean is strongly influence by the extreme values in a set of data
4. The mean is the most reliable measure of central tendency

Median
1. Like the mean, the median is also a unique value in any set of data.
2. The mean is associated with ordinal data.
3. The median value is not affected by the extreme values
4. The median is only a function of the middle values (even or odd) or the average of the two middle values (when
n is even) when the data are arranged from the highest value to the lowest value or vice versa.
5. The median is positional measure.

Mode
1. The mode is not affected by the extreme values
2. It may or may not exist.
3. If the mode exists, it may not always unique
4. In finding the mode, we do not consider all the values in distribution
5. The mode is associated with nominal data.

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