Uni

t–I
II

UNI T-
III
-ENVIRONMENTALPOLLUTI ON/DISASTERMANAGEMENTDef i
nit
ion-
causes,
effect
sandcont r
olmeasur
esof:Air,WaterandSoi
lpol
lut
ion-ewastemanagement-
DisasterManagement
-Naturalandmanmadedisast
erfl
ood/Earthquake/Landslide/
Tsunami

Env
ironment alpoll
ution
 “ Theunf avorablealt
erat i
onofoursurroundingsandi tchangest hequal
it
yofai
r,
water,landwhi chint
eract swithhumanandl i
vi
ngt hi
ngsonear t
h”.
 Ex: Industry,
aut omobiles,thermalpowerplants,nuclearreactor
sgenerate
dif
ferenttypesofpol l
ut antscausi
ngenv i
ronment alpoll
ution.

Typesofpoll
utant
s
1.Biodegr
adablepol
lut
ant
s-Decomposebynat
ural
processes.

2.Non-degr adabl epol l

utants- Donotdecomposeorsl owlydecompose.
Classif
icationofPol l
ut i
on
1.Airpol l
ution
2.Wat erpol l
ut ion
3.Soil pollution
AirPoll
ut i
on
 “ Thepr esenceofoneormor econt aminantslikedust ,smoke,mi standodourin
theat mospher ewhi chaf fect
stohumanbei ngs,plantsandani mals”.
SourcesofAi rpol lut ion
1.Nat ural
 Thesepol lut ant sarecausedbynat uralprocess.
 Ex: For estf ires, biologicaldecay,volcaniceruptions,radioact
ivemat er
ial
s.
2.Man- made
 Thesepol lut ant sarecausedbymanmadeact i
viti
es.
 Ex: Coal ,woodandot herfuelsusedi nvehicles,homes, indust
ries,t
hermalpower
plant s,agr icul turalactivi
ties.
Classif
icationofai rpol lut
ant s
1.Primar yai rpol lut ant s
 “ Emi tteddi r ect lyintheat mospher ei nharmful f
or m”.
 Ex: CO, NOx, SO2
2.Secondar yai rpol lutants
 “ Some oft he pr i
mar y airpollutantsr eactwi th one anothert of or
m new
pollut ants”.
 Ex: Ozone, SO3, HNO3
  NO/NO2+Moi
stur
e→ (HNO3/
NO3)
Commonai
rpol
lut
ant
ssourcesandt
hei
reff
ect
s

Ef
fect
stoai
rpol
lut
ion

1.Effectsonhumanhealth
1.Itcausesl
ungcancer
,asthma,chr
onicbr
onchi
ti
s,emphysema.
2.Carbonmonoxide(CO)reachesl
ungsandcombineswit
hhemoglobi
nofbl
ood.

2.Eff
ectsonplants
1. Ai
rpoll
utantsaf
fectplant
sbydestr
oychlor
ophy
llandaf
fectphot
osy
nthesi
s.
2.Chlor
osis-
lossorreducti
onofchl
orophy
ll

3.Eff
ectsonAquati
cLife
1.Itmixwi
thrai
nandcancausehighaci
dit
yinfreshwaterl
ake.
2.Duetothi
sreact
ion,aquat
icani
mal
sspecial
l
yf i
shesandplant
sar
eaf
fect
ed.

Cont
rolMeasur
est
oai
rpol
lut
ion

1.Sour
cecontrol
 Useonlyunl
eadedpetr
ol
 Usefuel
sthathavel
owsulphurandashcont
ent
  Pl
anttreesal ongbusyst reet
sbecauset heyremoveparti
cul
atesandcar bon
monoxideandabsor bnoi se.
 I
ndustr
iesandwast edisposal si
tesshoul
dbesituat
edoutsi
detheci
tycentr
e.
 Usecatalyt
icconvert
er st ohelpcontr
olt
heemi ssi
onsofcarbonmonoxideand
hydr
ocarbons.
 Houses,schools,
restaurants&parkshouldnotbelocat
edonbusystr
eet

2.Cont
rolmeasur esinIndust
ri
alcenter
s
 Emissionratesshouldberest
ri
ctedt
opermissi
blel
evel
s
 Airpoll
uti
oncontrolequi
pmentsmustbemademandat ory
 Continuousmonitori
ngoftheatmospher
etoknowtheemi ssi
onl
evel

3.Equi
pment susedt ocont r
olai
rpol l
uti
on
 Mechani caldevicessuchasscr ubbers,cycl
onesepar ator
,baghouses&el
ect
ro-
staticpreci
pit
ators,r
educi
ngpar ti
culatepoll
utants.
Waterpolluti
on
 “Theal t
erati
oninphy si
cal,chemicalorbiologicalcharact
eri
sti
csofwat
erwhi
ch
effectshuman, aquati
cli
feandenv ir
onment ”.

Sour
cesandEf
fect
sofWat
erpol
l
uti
on

1.I
nfect
iousagents
 Exampl e:Bacter
ia,
viruses,pr
otozoaandpar
asi
ti
cwor
ms.
 Sour ces:Humanandani malwastes.
 Ef fect
s:Vari
etyofdiseases.

2.Oxygendemandi ngwastes
 Example:Animalmanur eandplantdebr
isthatcanbedecomposedbyaer
obi
c
bacter
ia.
 Sources:Sewage,papermi
ll
s,andfoodprocessi
ngfaci
l
iti
es.
 Eff
ects:Wast escandegradequalit
ybydepl et
ingwaterofdi
ssol
vedoxy
gen,
makeaquat i
cl i
fet
odie.

3.I
nor
ganicChemi cals
 Exampl e:Wat ersolubl
einorganicchemi cals.Compoundsoft oxicmetal
ssuch
asl ead,arsenicandselenium.Sal t
ssuchasNacl i
nwater.
 Sour ces:Surfacerunoff,i
ndustr
ialeff
luents,householdcleansers.
 Effects:skincancer s&neckdamage,Damagener voussy stem,li
ver&ki
dneys,
Lowercr opy ields,
Har mfish&ot heraquaticli
fe,Accel
eratecorrosi
onofmetal
s.

4.Or
gani
cChemi
cal
s
  Examples:Oil
,gasoli
ne,plast
ics,
pesti
cides,cl
eani
ngsolvents,
deter
gents.
 Sources:I
ndustr
ialeff
luents,
househol
dcl eanser
s,runof
ffrom f
arms.
 Eff
ects:Causesnervoussy st
em damage, cancer
,harmfish&wi l
dli
fe.

5.Radi
oactiv
emat eri
als
 Example:radi
oacti
veisotopesofiodine,radon,urani
um, cesi
um andthor
ium.
 Sources:Nucl
earpowerpl ant
s,mining,nuclearweaponspr oduct
ion.
 Eff
ects:Geneti
cmut at
ion,bir
thdefects,andcertaincancers.

6.Poi
ntandnon- poi
ntsour cesofwat erpoll
uti
on
 Poi
ntsour ces:Thesear edischargedpollutant
satspeci
fi
clocat
ionsthr
ough
pi
pes, dit
chesorsewer s.
 Ex:factori
es,sewaget reatmentplants.
 Non-pointsour ces:Theyar eusual l
ylargelandareasorai
rshedsthatpol
lut
e
waterbyr unoff
.
 Ex:Runof fofchemi calfr
om croplandtosurfacewater
.

7.Pl
antNut rient
s
Example:Wat ersol
ublecompoundscont aini
ngni t
rat
e,phosphateandammonium.
 Sour ces:Sewage,manure,runoffferti
l
izers.
 Effects:Excessiv
egrowt hofal gaeandot herplant
s,whichdeplet
edissol
ved
oxy geninwaterandkillthefish,Excessivelevelofni
tr
atesindri
nki
ngwater,
wil
l
reducet heoxygencarr
y i
ngcapaci tyofblood.

8.Sedi
ment s
 Example:Soil
,sl
i
t ,
et c.
,
 Sources:Landerosion.
 Eff
ects: Reduce phot osy
nthesi
s; car
ry pest
ici
des, bact
eri
a and har
mful
substances.

9.Heat(Thermalpoll
uti
on)
 Example:Excessi
veheat.
 Sources:Watercool
ingofelectri
cpowerplant
s.
 Effect
s:Lowerthedissol
vedl ev
el,aquat
icor
gani
smsmor
evul
ner
abl
etodi
sease,
parasi
tesandtoxicchemicals.

Testingofri
verwat er
Dissolvedoxygen(DO)-I
tist
heamountofoxy
gendi
ssol
vedi
nagi
vnquant
it
yofwat
er
atapar ti
cul
arpressur
e&temper
atur
e.

Bi
ochemi
calOxy
genDemand(
BOD)-I
tist
heamountofoxy
genr
equi
redf
ort
he
bi
ologi
cal
decomposi
ti
onofor
gani
cmat
terpr
esenti
nthewat
er.

Chemi
calOxygenDemand(COD)-Itistheamountofoxygenr
equi
redf
orchemi
cal
oxi
dat
ionofor
gani
cmatt
erusi
ngoxi
dizi
ngagentl
i
keK2Cr
2O7&KMnO4.

Ef
fectsofwat erpoll
uti
on
 Cont ami nati
onofdr i
nki ngwat erwhi chcancausesev eraldiseasesuchaschol era,
typhoid, hepati
ti
s,dy sentery,vomi ti
ngi nHuman
 Thepr esenceofheav ymet als( Hg,Cu,Co,Cd,Pb,Ba,etc.,
)inwat erwi l
lcausesev eral
diseasessuchasanemi a,lungcancer ,kidneydamage,r enaldamage,par alysis,
comaet c.,
 Thet oxicchemi calspr esenti nwat erwi l
ldamaget ocr opsandaquat iclives
 Excessoff luor
idei ndr i
nkingwat ercausesdef ectsi nteethandbonescal l
ed
fl
uor osis.
 Humanandani malwast escont ai
nbact eria,vir
uses,pr otozoaandpar asiti
cwor ms
causev ari
etyofdiseases.
 Oxy gendemandi ngwast esl ikeani malandpl antdebr i
scandegr adequal it
yof
wat erbydepl eti
ngt hedi ssolvedoxy geninwat er.
 Thepr esenceoft oxi cchemi calsandheav ymet al
sl eadst obi oaccumul at
ioni n
foodchai nandt her ebyi ncreaset heconcent rationi nsuccessi vet rophiclev el
s
call
edbi omagnifi
cat i
ons.
 Thepr esenceofNandPi nwat erbodi esl eadst oeut rophicati
onandr educest he
DOandqual it
yofwat er.
 Theexcessi vepresenceofni trogencausesadi seasecal l
edmet haemogl obinema
i
ni nfants.

Cont
rolmeasur esofwat erpollution
 Theadmi nistrationofwat erpol lutionshouldbei nthehandofst ateorcentral
government .
 Sci enti
fict echni quesar eneededt ocontrolpoll
uti
oninri
v er
,pondsorst r
eams.
 Indust ri
al plant sshoul dbebasedonr ecycli
ngoperati
ons.
 Thenat i
onalgoalshoul dbe“ conser vati
onoff or
ests”andcampai gnshoul dbe
“pl
antmor etrees” .
 Hi ghlyqual i
fiedandef fectiveper sonsshoul dbeconsultedforef fecti
vecontrol
orwat erpol lution.
 Awar enesst opubl i
cthroughr adio,tvetc.,
 Sui tablelaws, standardsandpr acticesshouldbef r
amedt oregulatepol l
uti
on.
 Basi candappl iedr esearchi npubl ichealthengi
neeri
ngbeencour aged.
 Thepossi bleofr euseorr ecy cli
ngofwast emateri
alshouldbeencour aged.
 Compani esshoul dnotdi schar geanyt ypeofwast eeithertreatedorunt reat
ed
i
ntor i
vers, lakes, pondset c.
  UseofPesti
cides,
fert
il
izer
sshoul
dbelimi
tedandusenat
ural
manur
es.
 Prev
entr
ainwaterfrom ent
eri
ngsewagedr
ainages.

WastewaterTreatment(or)SewageTr eat
ment
Thesewageorwast ewatertr
eatmentpr
ocessi
nvol
vesfol
lowi
ngst
eps.
Obj
ecti
ves
1.Toconv ertharmfulcompoundst oharml
esscompounds.
2.Toel i
minateoffensivesmell
.
3.Tor emov ethesoli
dcontent.
4.Todest r
oyt hediseaseproduci
ngorgani
sms.

St
epsofwaste-watertreat
ment
1.Preli
minaryTreatment
2.PrimaryTreatment(or)Set
tl
ingProcess
3.Secondary( or)Biol
ogi
calTreat
ment
4.Terti
aryTreatment
5.Disposalofsludge

Soi
lPol
lut
ion
“
Thecontami
nat
ionofsoi
lbyhumanandnat
uralact
ivi
ti
eswhi
chmaycause
har
mfulef
fect
sonli
vi
ngthi
ngs”.

Composi
ti
onofSoi
l

Ty
pes,
Sour
cesandef
fect
sofsoi
lpol
lut
ion

1.I
ndust
ri
alwast
es

Disposalofi
ndustri
alwastesi
sthemaj
orprobl
em f
orpoll
uti
on
Sources:
 Thedi sposalofindust
ri
alwast
efrom Chemicali
ndustr
iesl
i
keoi
lref
iner
ies,
 Cement
,Sugarfactor
ies,
dyei
ng,
tanneri
esPhar maindustr
ies,Text
il
es,Mi
ner
al&
mini
ngi
ndustr
ies,Pul
p&papermill
s,pesti
cides,di
sti
l
ler
ies,fer
ti
li
zer
s.

Ef
fect
s:
 Affectandalt
erthechemical&bi
ologi
cal
proper
ti
esofsoi
l
 Thesepollut
antsenteri
ntohumanfoodchai
nandcausesser
iousef
fectt
othem

2.Ur
banWast es
 I tcompr isesbot hcommer ci
alanddomesti
cwast es
 Sour ces: The domest ic wast ages l
ike garbage,v eget
abl
es,leaves and
commer cialwast ages like Plasti
cs,Rubbers,Glasses,Metall
i
c cans,Fuel
residues, Containers,paper ,
etc.
,
 Ef fects:Di sposedintosoil becomemor edangerous

3.Agri
culturalPracti
ces
Modernagr i
cultur
alpract i
cespollut
et hesoi
ltoal argeextent
Sour
ces:
 Fert
il
izersandpest icidesni
trogen,sodi
um, potassium,sulphate,
nit
rates,et
c.,
 Advancing agr o-t
echnology,huge quant it
ies off er
til
izers,pesti
cides,herbi
cides,
weedi ci
desar eaddedt oincreasethecropyield
 Farm wast es,manur e,sl
urr
y,debris

Ef
fect
s:
 N-ni
trosoaminesandni
tr
osoami
deswhicharepowerfulcar
cinogeni
cagentscause
cancer
 Pesti
cidesli
keDDT,BHCarei
ncr
easi
ngt
hecropyi
eldsandcausesoilpol
l
uti
on.

4.Radi oacti
vePoll
utants
 Radi oact
ivesubstancesr el
easesfrom Nuclearpowerpl
ant
s,enteri
ntolandand
accumulatethencr eat
ethelandpollut
ion
Sources:
 Fr om NuclearreactorinNuclearpowerplant
s
 Nucl eardustandr adioact
ivewastesbynucleartest
ingl
abor
ator
iesandindust
ri
es.

Ef
fect
s:
 Radi
ati
onswhi
char
ehar
mful
topl
ant
s,ani
mal
s,humansandaquat
icsl
i
fe.

5.Biologi
calagents
 Thebi ol
ogicalagentsl
ikemanuresanddigest
edsl
udgecont
ainf
ungi
,vi
rus,
pr
otozoaandbacteri
acancauset
hesoi
lpol
l
ution
Sources:
  TheHuman, animalandbir
d’sexcr
eta
 Munici
palgarbage,
fault
ysanit
ati
on,et
c.,
Ef
fect
s:
 Ser
iousdamaget oplantsl
if
ebecauseofvir
usandwor
ms
 Causesomehar mfuleff
ecttohumanandanimals

Ef
fect
sofSoi lpollut
ion
 Sewagewast ewat ercont ai
npat hogenicbact er
iaandv ir
usesent erthesoi
l&
spreadi nfecti
onsl i
kedy sentery,t
yphoid,cholera,f
everetc.,
 Chemi calscont aini
ngAs,Hg,Cd,Zn,PbandFear eent erint
of oodchainwhich
aretoxic&causeheal t
hpr oblems.
 Wat erloggingandsal ini
tyi ncr
easest hedissolvedsaltcontentinthesoil.
 Sewageandi ndustrialeffl
uentpol l
utethesoil andaffecthumanheal th.
 Var iousf erti
li
zers,pest i
cidesandi ndust
rialeffl
uentscausechangesi nphysi
cal
,
chemi calandbi ological propert
iesofsoil.
 Somet oxicchemi cal sinpest i
cidesreducesoi lpr
oduct i
vit
y.

Cont
rolmeasur eofSoi lpolluti
on
 Soi lerosi
oncanbecont rolledbyv eri
tyoff orestr
y&f arm acti
vi
ti
es.
 Thesol i
dwast emat er i
alsar eproperl
ydi sposedanddumpedbycl osedtanks.
 Av oi
dexcessuseoff er t
il
izer&insect i
cides.
 I ndustri
alwastesshoul dber ecycled&r eused.
 Nucl earexplosions&i mpr operdisposal ofradioacti
vewast esshoul
dbebanned.
 Pr opertreat
ment sf oreffluentsbef or
edi scharget hem onthesoil
.
 BanonToxi cchemi cals.
 Decr easeoft heav ail
ablef armlandduet our banizati
on
 Publ ic awareness i s used t o educatet he peopl e abouthealth hazar
ds by
env i
ronmentalpolluti
on.

Sol
idwastemanagement
 “ Soli
d wastemanagementi sa pl anned processofef f
ect
ivecont r
olofthe
product
ion,stor
age,col
l
ecti
on,tr
ansportat
ion,processi
nganddisposalofsol
i
ds
i
naccept abl
e&economi cway”.

Sourcesofsoli
dwast e
I.UrbanWast e
 Domest i
cWast e:Foodwaste,cl
oth,
wastepaper,
glassbot
tl
es,poly
thenebags.
 Commer ci
alWaste:Wastefr
om Shops,
mar ket
s,hotel
sandoff
ices,i
nsti
tuti
ons
wast
epaper ,
packingmateri
als.
 Constructi
onWast e:Aconst
ructi
onmateri
alwastesli
kewood,
concr et
e,debri
s,
et
c.
  Biomedi cal Wast e:Theor ganicwast e.
I
I.I
ndustri
alWast e
 NuclearPowerPl ants:Itgeneratesr adioactivewast e
 Thermal PowerPl ant:I
tproducesf l
yashi nlargequant i
ties
 Chemi cal Indust r
ies:I
tproducesl argequant it
iesofhazar dous&t oxicwastes
Ef
fectsofsolidwast e
 Soli
dwast epr oducesfoul smell
, mosqui t
oesspr eaddi seasesli
kemal ari
a&
dengue
 Industri
al sol i
dwast eswhi chaffectt hesoi lcharacteri
sti
cs
 Thesol i
dwast esleachingintothewat er,causesofki l
l
ingoffishes&ot her
organisms
 Toxicchemi calsubstancesmayper colateintothegr oundandcont aminatet
he
groundwat er
 Burningofsol idwast es(Eg:plastics)pr oducet oxicfumeswhi chhar mfulto
humanbei ngs
 Soli
dwast edumpedi ntowat erbodymaycausef l
oodst hatwil
laffectroads,
trai
ns

Sol
idWast emanagement(or)Wast eshedManagement
 Thei mpor t
antst
epsofsol idwastemanagement
 Reduce, ReuseandRecycl e(3R):
 Reducet heRawmat eri
al usage:Thegenerati
onwast
ealsogetreduced
 ReuseofWast emateri
als:Reuset hemat
erial
saspossi
bleway( Eg:cy
clet
ubes,
rubberbands)
 Recy cli
ngofmateri
als:
Repr ocessingoft
hediscar
dedmateri
alsint
onewuseful
products

El
ect
roni
cwast
emanagement

WHATI
SE-
WASTE?

El
ect
ronicwast eore-wastedescri
besdiscardedelect
ricalorelectr
onic
dev
ices.Usedelectronicswhi
charedesti
nedforreuse,r
esale,
salvage,recy
cli
ng,
ordisposalareal so consi
dered e-
wast
e.Infor
malpr ocessing ofe-wastei n
dev
eloping countries can lead to adverse human heal t
h ef f
ects and
env
ironmentalpol
lution.

Sour
cesofE-
Wast
e.

o Wast
egener
atedf
rom t
hepr
oduct
susedf
ordat
apr
ocessi
ngsuchas
 comput
ers,
comput
erdev
icesl
i
kemoni
tor
,speaker
s,key
boar
ds,
pri
nter
s
etc.

 El
ect
roni
cdev
icesusedf
orent
ert
ainmentl
i
keTV,
DVDs,
andCDpl
ayer
s.

 Equipmentordev
icesusedf
orcommuni
cat
ionl
i
kephones,
landl
i
nephones,
fax
etc.

 Householdequi
pment’sl
i
kevacuum cl
eaner
,mi
crowav
eov
ens,
washi
ng
machines,ai
rcondi
ti
oner
set
c.

 Audi
o,v
isual
component
ssuchasVCRs,
Ster
eoequi
pmentet
c.

TYPESOFE-
WASTE:

E-
WASTEMouse, Key
boardsandotherel
ect
roni
cdevicesTelevi
sionsMobil
ePhones
Per
sonal
elect
roni
cdevi
cesLaptops&monitor
s.Scanners,
print
ers&copier
s.Audi
o-
Vi
deoEquipment'
s

EFFECTSOFE-
WASTEONTHEENVI
RONMENT.

•Emi
ssi
onsf
rom E-
Wast
ecr
eat
eenv
ironment
aldamage.

•Toxi
cchemi
cal
sfr
om e-
wast
eent
ert
he"
soi
l
-cr
op-f
oodpat
hway

•Thesear
enon-
biodegr
adabl
eandcausesoi
lpol
l
uti
on.

•E-
Wast
edumpi
ngy
ardsandnear
bypl
acesar
epol
l
utedandcauseheal
thhazar
ds.

EFFECTSOFE-
WASTEONHUMANBODY

El
ementEf fecton human body .Lead Damage t o centraland peripheralner vous
systems,bl oodsystemsandki dneydamage.Af fect
sbr aindevelopmentofchi ldren.
Chromium Ast hmati
cBr onchit
is.DNAdamage.Cadmi um Toxi ci
rrever
sibleef f
ectson
humanheal th.Accumulatesi nki dneyandl iver
.Causesneur aldamage. Ter atogenic.
MercuryChr onicdamage t o br ain and respir
atorysystem.Pl asti
cs including PVC
Burningproducesdioxi
n.Itcausesr eproduct
iveanddev elopmentalproblems;I mmune
system damage; I
nterf
erewi t
hr egulatoryhormones.Andmanymor e…..

Nottaki
ngpr
ecauti
onswhilehandl
i
ngthem. Near
ingtheendoft
hei
rusef
ull
i
fe
Changesi
nst
ylef
ashionandst
atusAdvancementi
ntechnol
ogy
.

HOW THESEBECOMEE-
WASTE?

METHODSOFDI
SPOSALOFE-
WASTEWHYWESHOULDENSURESAFEDI
SPOSALOF
THESE
1.Landf
il
ldi
sposal
all
owsheav
ymet
alst
oleachi
ntogr
oundwat
er.

2.I
nci
ner
ati
onmakeshazar
dousmat
eri
alai
rbor
ne.

3.Aci
dbat
hsar
edanger
ousandcausewat
erandsoi
lcont
ami
nat
ion.

4.Toensur
eexpor
tedmat
eri
alsar
ehandl
edpr
oper
ly.

Met
hodsDi
sassembl
y/Di
smant
li
ng:

Itisthesy st
emat i
cr emovalofcomponent s,partsoragr oupofpar tsora
subassembl yfrom a pr oductin E-wast
e.Upgr adi
ng:Iti ncludescommi nuting and
separation of materi
als usi ng mechanical
/phy si
calor met al
lur
gicalpr ocessing.
Met hodstorecovermat erial
sincl
udeinci
nerationandr efi
ning.Mat eri
alsrecovery.The
mat eri
als ar
er ecover
ed byr ecycl
i
ng facil
it
ies.The pl asti
c,gl ass,met al
s can be
recovered by sorti
ng t hem before mixing t hem wi t
h ot herwast e.THE MOST
IMPORTANTMETHODI SRECYCLI NG

ADVANTAGESOFRECYCLI
NGE-
WASTE.

•ASSETRECOVERY

•REDUCTI
ONOFNEEDFORLANDFI
LLS

•REDUCTI
ONOFJUNKANDCLUTTERS

•RESALEANDREUSE

•CREATI
ONOFJOBS

WHYE-
WASTEMANAGEMENT?

•Pol
l
uti
onofgr
oundwat
er

•Aci
dif
icat
ionofsoi
l

•Emi
ssi
onoft
oxi
cfumesandgases

•I
tist
hef
ast
estgr
owi
ngpor
ti
onofmuni
cipal
wast
e

•Rel
easeshar
mful
gasesi
ntot
heai
r.

STATI STICS:Accor
dingtost
ati
sti
cswear egenerati
ngmor ethan40mill
i
ont onsofe-
wasteay earandonl y27% ofthi
si srecycl
ed.Indiaisint he5thposit
ioni nthe
generati
onofe-wast
e.(Bei
ngthel
argestuserofsmar tphonesthi
sranksmayi ncr
ease
i
nt hefuture.

CONCLUSI
ON
Ewast
ehasemer
gedasoneoft
hef
ast
estgr
owi
ngwast
est
reamswor
ldwi
det
oday
.

•El
ect
roni
cgadget
s,wi
thoutpr
operdi
sposal
cancauseenv
ironment
alhar
m

•ReuseandRecy
clear
emor
ebenef
ici
alt
hansi
mpl
edi
sposal

•Desi
gni
ngofproduct
susingenvi
ronmentf
ri
endl
yrawi
temscanmakeachange.•
Awar
enessofe-
wasteshouldbegi
ven

•Gov
ernmentshal
ltakest
epst
oreducee-
wast
edi
sposal
.

Di
sasterManagement
Di
saster:Adi saster 
isanat uralormanmade( ortechnol
ogical)hazar
d result
inginan
eventofsubst ant
ialextentcausingsi gni
fi
cantphy si
caldamageordest ruction,l
ossof
l
if
e,ordrasti
cchanget ot he 
envi
ronment
Hazard: Perceivednaturaleventwhichdamaget hebothli
feandpr operty
Disaster(Calami t
ies):
Realizat
ionofhazar d
Exampl e:ear t
hquake, fl
oods, cycl
ones,drought,av
alanches,vol
canoes

Typesofdi saster
Basedonor igi
ngr oupedi ntotwot ypes
1.Nat uraldisast er:Thosedi sasteraregenerat
edbynat ur
alphenomenaEx:floods,
cyclones, earthquakes, t
sunami
2.Man- madedi sast er :Thosedi sasterareresul
ti
ngf r
om man- madehazardsEx:
accident s,polluti
on, fi
re
I
mpor t
antDi sasters
Floods
Floodsar eduet or isingwaterlevelineart
haswel laswaterbodi
essuchasr iv
er,
lake, channels, etc.,duet oheav yrain
When wat erov erflows i t
s bank & spr eads i
nt he surr
oundings ar
eas and
submer gedt hem.

Causesoffl
oods
 Heavyrain,r
ainfal
lduringcyclonecausesf l
oods
 Suddensnow mel tal soraisest hequant i
tyofwat erinstreamsandcauses
fl
oods
 Reducti
on int hecar ryi
ng capaci t
yoft hechannel sduet o accumulati
on of
sedi
ment scausesf l
oods
 Suddenandexcessr el
easeofi mpoundedwat erbehinddams
 Humanact iv
iti
eslikeconstructi
onofr oads,buil
dings&parkingspace,t
hatcovers
theeart
hsur f
acepr eventsi
nf i
lt
rati
onofwat erint
ot hesoilandspeeds
 Peoplesareil
legal
lyoccupieddr iedlakes,
ponds, andriv
ersforthei
rsett
lement
  Def
orest
ati
onandur
banizat
ionpurposealsocausesf
loods
 Cl
eari
ngoffor
est
sforagri
cult
urehasalsoincr
easedsever
it
yoff
loods.

Ef
fect
soff l
oods
 Low l yi
ngar eapeopl esaresufferbyf l
oodsbecausefloodswashawayt
he
housesandt hei
rpropert
ies
 Damaget othestandingcropsandliv
estock
 Gr eateconomicloss&Heal thpr
oblem duetocont
aminat
ion

Fl
oodManagement( cont rol
)( or)pr ev entivemeasur e
 Encr oachmentoff l
oodsway sshoul dbebanned
 Buildi ngwal lspr eventspi ll
ingoutt hefloodwat erov erfloodpl ai
ns
 Diver tingexcesswat ert hroughchannel sorcanal st oar easl ikelake,r
iver
,
ponds, et c.,
 Buildcheck- damsonsmal lstreams,r estorewetlandsr eplacegroundcov er
onwat ercour se
 Rivernet wor kingi nt hecount r
yal soreducef l
oods
 Flood f or ecast s & f lood war ning ar e also gi ven by cent r
al water
commi ssi on( CWC)
 Reduct i
on of r unof f by i ncr easi
ng i nfi
ltr
ation t hrough appr opr
iate
affor est at i
on
 Sat elli
t epi ctur esofpr e-flood,f loodandpostf l
oodwi thot herinfor
mation
cont ribut est ot hef loodmanagementpr ocess
 Opt ical andmi cr owav edat af r
om I RSisalsousedf orf loodmanagement
 Av oidi ngi l
legal settl
ementofpeopl eondr i
edlakes, ri
verandponds

2.Cy
clone
Cyclonei nt
hefor
mationoflow pressurezoneinthesea,hi
ghpr
essur
eatthe
outside,t
hewindmovi
ngforwardstheinter
ioroft
helandoral
ongt
heseashor
es
i
nthef or
mati
onofspi
nni
ngtop( cy
clonicst
orms)athi
ghspeed

CausesofCy clone
 Cyclones i nt he oceans ar ef ormed by heat ,moist
ure and sea surface
0
temperat uremustbebel ow25C
 Thet r
opical cy
clonemov eslikeaspi nningtopatthespeedof10-30km/ hr
Eff
ects
 Damagedependsi nt
ensit
yofcy clones
 Iteff
ectst hehumanl if
e,crops,r oads,transpor
t,communicat
ions,t
anks,canals,
li
vestock, etc.,
 Cycloneoccur renceslowdownt hedev elopmentacti
vi
ti
esofthearea
Cycl
oneManagement( contr
ol)(or)prev ent
ivemeasur e
  Indiai soneoft hev eryf ew count ri
eshav ingav er
yef fect
ivecy clonewar ning
syst em
 Sat elli
tei magesar eusedbymet eorologicaldepart
ment sf orfor ecasti
ngt he
weat herconditi
onswhi chinformt hest r
engt handint
ensityofthest orm
 Geost ati
onarysatel
li
tegi v
escont inuouscov erageoftheweat herdur ingdaytime
 Radarsy st
em isusedtodet ectthecy cloneandi sbei
ngusedf orcyclonewar ning
 Forobser vi
ngtheexactl ocationofcy clone,everyhalfanhoursat elli
tepi
ctures
areanal yzedbyINSAT&NOAAsat ell
ites
 Itisv erydi f
fi
culttost opt hef ormat ionofcy cl
ones,butef fectofcy cl
onei s
mi nimi zedbypl anti
ngmor et r
eesont hecoast albelt,constructionofdams,
dykes, embankment s,windbr eaks.

3.Landsl
ides
 Landsli
desar
esuddendownhi l
lmovementofearth(or
)othersol
idmat er
ial
sli
ke
rock,mudanddebri
sfrom hi
gherr
egiontolowerr
egionduetogravi
tat
ionalpul
l
 Landsli
desmainl
yhappenduetoheav yr
ainf
all
inhil
l
yregi
ons

Ty
pes:
1.Shal
lowdisr
uptedLandsli
des
2.Deep,coher
entLandsl
ides

Causesofl andsl ides

 Downhi llmov ementofear t
hismai nlycausedbyheav yrainfal
l,forcesei t
her
increasi ngt opmat eri
alwei ght,
lubr i
cati
ngt hev ar
iousl ayers,ormaki ngt heslope
toost eep
 Mov ementofheav yv ehiclesont heunst ablesloppyr egionscr eatelandslides
 Earthquake, cy clone, shocksandv ibrat
ionscr eatelandsl i
des
 Erosi oni nt hehi ll
yt ractduet or un-offwat erdur i
ngr ai
nyper iodal sol eadsto
landsl ides
 Under gr oundcav es&mi ningactiviti
es
 Unconsol idat edsedi ment sexposedduet ologging,r oadorhousebui ldingalso
causesl andsl ides
Eff
ects
 Landsl idesbl ockt her oadsanddi vert
sthepassage
 Suddenl andsl idesdamaget hehouses, cropy iel
d,li
vest ock,etc.,
 Erosi onofsoi lincreases
 Flowdeposi tonhi ll
s
Landsl
idesManagement( control)(or
)pr eventi
vemeasur e
 Aerialphot ogr aphsandl argescal esatelli
teimageshav ebeenusedt olocatethe
areasofl andsl ides
 Unloadi ngt heupperpar toftheslope
  I
mpr ovingtheculti
vationinthesl
oppyr egi
onst oreducesurfaceer
osion
 Steepnessofthesl opecanber educedbydev elopingbenches
 Concretesupportcanbemadeatt hebaseoft heslope
 Draini
ngthesur f
aceandsubsur f
acewat erfrom t heweaksloppyregions
 Plasti
csheet i
ngi susedt okeepr ai
nwaterandr unof
ffrom aggravat
ingsi
de
damage
 Soilst
abili
zat
ionusi ngsomechemi cal
s(quickl i
me)
 I
nspectandr epairalldrai
nagesystem

4.Ear
thquake
 Suddenv ibrationscausedont heear th’
ssurfaceduet othesuddenreleaseof
excessamountofener gystoredi nrocksundert heearthcr
ust
 Eart
hcr usthav eseveralt
ectoni cplat
esofr ock,theseplat
esmov eslowlyalong
thei
rboundar ies
 Whenf ri
ctionpr eventsthesepl atesfrom sli
pping,st
ressdevel
opsandr esult
s
insuddenf racturesalongthef aultl
ineswi t
hintheplates

Causesofear t
hquakes
1.Earthquakes are caused due t
ov olcani
c er
upti
ons,hydrost
ati
c pr
essur
e of
manmadewat erbodi
esl i
kereser
voi
rs,damsandlakes,et
c.,i
nanypartoftheear
th
cr
ust

2.Under
groundnucl
eart
est
ing

3.Decr
easeofunder
groundwat
erl
evel

Eff
ects
Shaki
ngandper manentvert
icalorhor
izont
aldi
splacementofthegr
ound,
Thi
seffectmaycoll
apseshouses, bui
ldi
ngs,br
idges,dams,r
oadsandpipel
i
nes
Sever
eearthquakeresul
tindeformati
onofgroundsur f
ace

Tsunami
:
Thesei smi cwav escausedbyear thquakest ravelthroughseawat er
andgener ateshi ghseawav escal l
edt sunami .Thi scausesgr eatl ossofl i
fe&
propert
y
EarthquakeManagement( or)stepstomi tigateearthquake
 Thebui ldingdesi gnshouldbeadequat estrengthsubject edtov i
brat
ions
 I nmount ainar eas,l
ightermateriallikewoodort hatchedmat er
ialshoul
dbe
usedforbui l
dinghouses
 Ear t
hquakei saccur atel
ypr edi
ctedbyspacegeodet i
ct echniqueswi t
hGlobal
Posit
ioningSy stem (GPS)ofhighr esoluti
onar ealsatelli
tehavebeenused