INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES

GROUP REPORT

“SEPARATION AND CLASSIFICATION OF SOLIDS”

PASATIEMPO, MARJORIE

AQUINO, DHAYANE
 HISTORY

People have utilized methods of separating and purifying material to improve the
quality of life since ancient times. Separation techniques are used in a wide range of
processing industries, and they are frequently encountered by practicing engineers.
Because many of these separations require the removal of discrete particles or droplets
from a fluid stream, separation techniques involving solids have been studied within the
general topic of powder and particle technology in recent years.
Beddow has studied the most important dry separation processes used in the
processing industry (1981). The removal of particles from dust-laden air in milling
processes, the recovery of the dried product in spray dehydration, and the cleaning of
grains prior to processing are all major applications of dry separation techniques in food
processing. Dry separation techniques used in food processing operations to remove
discrete particles suspended in a fluid or constituting part of a mixture of two or more
separate food solid components are covered in this chapter.

INTRODUCTION

The chemical, petroleum refining, and materials processing industries all rely on
separation procedures, which utilize physical, chemical, or electrical forces to isolate or
concentrate specified parts of a mixture. Separation technologies offer prospects for
waste reduction and more effective use of energy and raw materials, in addition to the
critical process roles they play in each of these industries.

Separation techniques are processes that extract certain elements from a

mixture without causing a chemical reaction. Separation techniques have been
classified using a variety of criteria. One such criterion is classifying them according to
the phases in which they are involved.
 TOPIC CONTENT

Separation refers to the methods used to separate one material from another.
Separations are a regular occurrence in the chemical industry. In reality, a significant
amount of processing equipment is dedicated to separating one phase or one material
from the other.

TWO (2) TYPES OF SEPERATION AND THEIR INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS

Diffusional separation

This technique used for the separation of homogeneous mixtures. This

separation includes the transfer of material between the phases including distillation,
crystallization and absorption.

Application: Chemical industry

Chemical industry includes producers of industrial gases, large-volume

commodity chemicals and polymers, chemical products for agricultural and medicinal
uses, and performance-targeted chemical and polymer specialties. Synthesis,
separation, and purification are among the procedures used to create chemical
products. Distillation, crystallization, adsorption, membrane processes, absorption and
stripping, and extraction are examples of traditional chemical engineering separation
and purification technologies. Many separation technologies have already been
established in the chemical industry, and most processes have multiple technological
options.

Mechanical separation

Is used for the separation of heterogeneous mixtures. These are based on the
physical differences between the particles such as size, shape or density. It can be
applied for separating solids from solids, solids from liquids and also solids from gases.

Application: Food industry

Processes which depend primarily on physical forces to accomplish the desired

separation of components are used quite commonly in most phases of the food
industry. These processes are normally referred to as mechanical separations and
include filtration, sedimentation, and centrifugation. Each of these processes involves
the application of a force to the fluid of concern, resulting in separation of the product
components due to the different reaction of the components to the force applied.

SEPARATION TECHNIQUES THEIR APPLICATIONS

Separation techniques are those techniques that can be used to separate

two different states of matter such as liquids and solids. By separating the constituents
of the mixtures, we are able to find out the properties of the known/unknown substances
from mixtures and possibly use them for the production of useful substances.
Depending on the physical and chemical properties of the substances in the mixture, we
can choose the most appropriate separation technique to isolate them from the mixture.

 Sieving, or sifters
o Sievers are devices for separating wanted elements from unwanted
material or for characterizing the particle size distribution of a sample,
typically using a woven screen such as a mesh or net or metal.
o A strainer is a form of sieve used to separate solids from liquid. Sieving is
a simple technique for separating particles of different sizes. Coarse
particles are separated or broken up by grinding against one-another and
screen openings. Depending upon the types of particles to be separated,
sieves with different types of holes are used.
o Applications:
 Sieves are also used to separate stones from sand. Sieving plays
an important role in food industries where sieves (often vibrating)
are used to prevent the contamination of the product by foreign
bodies.

 Mechanical screening
o Often just called screening, is the practice of taking granulated ore
material and separating it into multiple grades by particle size.
o Applications:
 Process control in aggregates and mining
 Screens serve as a process control to protect process
equipment, possibly a boiler for power generation, or to
maintain the finished characteristics of a product such as
asphalt or concrete.
 Means to split feed stream in recycling and waste\
 Screening is often used as a means to split the feed stream
between separate processing lines. Because of limitations in
downstream sorting capacity, whether manual (picking
stations) or mechanical (sensor sorters or magnetic
separators), multiple processing lines are often required to
handle the volume of the feed stream
 Plant maintenance and cleanliness
 Fine material can be removed from the process and treated
separately, greatly reducing maintenance concerns
throughout the plant. Fines collect in other machinery,
creating health and explosion hazards and ferrous fines
create problems in magnetic sortation processes.
 Operating cost reduction and increased capacity
 There is often a fraction of raw material that is already
properly sized. In a size reduction process such as crushing,
grinding, shredding or shearing, feeding finished product
unnecessarily into a reducer creates avoidable wear and
power consumption. Size reduction machines are often the
most expensive wear related operating cost in a plant, as
well as the largest consumers of power. Pre-screening the
material or scalping reduces unnecessary operating costs
and increases plant capacity.
 Magnetic separation
o This method involves the separation of magnetic substances from non-
magnetic substances by means of magnet.
o Takes advantage of physical property of magnetism, so it useful only for
certain substances such as ferromagnetic (materials strongly affected by
magnetic fields) and paramagnetic (materials that are less affected, but
the effect is still noticeable).
o Applications:
 Waste management, low-magnetic field separation in water
purification and separation of complex mixtures.
 To remove metal contaminants from pharmaceutical product
streams.
 Magnetic cell separation. It is currently being used in clinical
therapies, more specifically in cancer and hereditary diseases
researches.
 These techniques are combined with PCR (polymerase chain
reaction), to increase sensitivity and specificity of results.
 Mining iron, as it is attracted to a magnet. In the machine, the raw
ore is fed onto a conveyor belt which passes underneath two pairs
of electromagnets under which further belts run at right angles to
the feed belt.

 Leaching
o In the process industry, leaching is a popular method of liquid-solid
separation. It is the process of dissolving chemicals in a liquid to remove
them from a solid, either naturally or through an industrial process.
Leaching is a crucial method for selectively extracting materials from a
species by using a mass separating agent.
o Leaching is a versatile separation technique that can be observed in
nature as well as employed by humans. It frequently makes use of a liquid
solvent and a solid with a soluble fraction to create a separation
 interaction between the two phases, allowing only the soluble portion of
the solid to be extracted.
o Applications:
 Leaching is applied in the metals processing industry to remove the
desired metals from their ores, which are usually formed by many
unwanted components. Gold, for instance, is leached from its ore
using an aqueous cyanide solution.
 In the chemical processing industry, leaching has a variety of
commercial applications, including separation of metal from ore
using acid, and sugar from sugar beets using hot water.

CLASSIFICATION OF SOLIDS

Particle classification is defined as a method sorting an initial distribution of particles

to achieve a desired degree of uniformity, according to a chosen parameter. Particle
classification is an important unit process in many industries and finds demanding
applications in mineral processes, food processing, pharmaceutical, and toner or
powder paint industries.

AIR CLASSIFIER AND ITS APPLICATION

Classifiers are machines that sort materials according to their size, shape, and
density. The two product streams resulting from any classifiers are (i) a partially drained
fraction containing the coarse particles, and (ii) a fine fraction of particles. Usually, the
principle of the classification is based upon the various densities, specific gravity,
terminal falling velocities of particles in liquid and in air. Classifiers help to achieve
optimum size control, improved product quality, enhanced efficiency and increased
throughput. An important industrial application of classifiers is to reduce overgrinding in
a mill by separating the grinding zone output into fine and coarse fractions.

Air classifiers eliminate the blinding and breakage issues associated with screens.
They work by balancing the physical principles of centrifugal force, drag force, collision
and gravity to generate a high-precision method of classifying particles according to size
and density. Air classifiers can only be used for dry processing. In order to effectively
remove fine powders, the surface moisture of the feed must be very low.

One of the most significant advantages of a classifier is its dry process. For
dedusting aggregates, dry processing eliminates the need for water or settling ponds,
saving money and land, and benefiting the environment. Mechanical centrifugal air
classifiers are useful in many applications, including the following:

• Dedusting undesirable fines in many types of aggregate stone, such as limestone,

granite, trap rock, sandstone, basalt, diabase rock, gabbro, sand and gravel.

• Reducing the fines load on a water flotation system for extracting precious metals from
many types of minerals, including iron, gold, phosphate or ilmenite ores.

• Upgrading the fineness of milled limestone, silica, feldspar, refractory slag, fused
glass, kyanite, zirconia, alumina, lithium carbonate, copper oxide and others.

• Removing undesirable contaminants in fly ash, coal, kaolin, hydrated lime,

diatomaceous earth and mica.

AIR CLASSIFIER MANUFACTURERS

PRATER

Prater Air Classifiers are designed to provide ultra-fine separation and narrow
particle distributions for dry bulk materials. Their air classifiers offer size separations in
the range of 3 to 150 microns. They are ideal as a stand-alone process that includes a
feeder and dedicated dust collection system. They are equally suited to “closed-circuit”
grinding when coupled to a conventional milling system.

a. MAC AIR CLASSIFIER

i. The MAC forced vortex units process dry materials to an
unmatched fineness and uniformity over a wide range of feed
variations, either in closed-circuit with a conventional milling system
or as independent “stand-alone” systems that incorporate feeder,
fan and product collection equipment.
b. MINISPLIT AIR CLASSIFIER
 i. The Mini-split Air Classifiers were primarily developed for research
“semi-tech” and small-scale production applications. An ideal
choice for small workspaces, its low-noise capabilities reduce
distractions while its compact size ensures efficient portability.

STURTEVANT

Materials of 100 mesh or smaller blind screens, making screenless separation

like Sturtevant Air Classifiers the ideal choice for small particle separation. Sturtevant air
classifiers balance the physical principles of centrifugal force, drag force and gravity to
generate a high-precision method of classifying particles according to size or density. All
three Sturtevant air classifiers offer durable construction, as well as time- and energy-
saving advantages.

a. WHIRLWIND
i. The Whirlwind Air Classifier is used to separate powders in the range of
100 to 400 mesh (150-38 microns).
b. MOBILE AC
i. Mobile Air Classifier is the world’s first and only 100% mobile air
classifying plant with integral collapsible conveyors
c. SIDE DRAFT AC
i. The Side Draft High Efficiency Ai Classifier is used to separate powders in
the range of 100 to 400 mesh (150-38 microns).
d. SUPERFINE AC
i. Superfine Air Classifier is used to separate powders in the range of 5 to 44
microns.

HOSOKAWA ALPINE

The ACM classifier mill was the first classifier mill on the market in 1962. Since
then, the ACM has been continuously developed and adapted to the changing needs of
the market. With over 1000 references worldwide, it is used in every industry. At beater
tip speeds of up to 140 m/s, fineness values of d97 = 10 µm are achieved. The product
becomes entrained in the cooling, conveying and classifying air drawn through the mill
by the downstream fan and is routed along the guide vanes of the vane ring.

a. ACM CX
i. The coaxial bearing arrangement of both classifier and grinding
disc shafts makes a vertical product discharge possible, which
in turn prevents product deposits.
b. ACM CL
i. with direct classifier drive is ideal for all those applications
where the preferred configuration is a horizontal product
discharge duct that has the shortest possible connection to
downstream system components.
c. ACM EC (Easy Clean)
i. was developed to meet the demands for quick and easy
cleaning. This is especially important for those branches of
industry where the product is changed frequently or for batch
production.
d. ACM EC-CL
i. combines the advantages of the CL model, namely compact
configuration with short connections to downstream system
sections, with those of the EC model, with the main focus laid
on short cleaning times.
e. ACM 2 and 5
i. for laboratory and small-batch production. With the newly
developed easy-clean concept, the Mikro ACM machine sizes 2
and 5 offer a high degree of user-friendliness and a minimum of
cleaning effort when changing products. A space requirement of
just 15 m², a mains power socket and a compressed air
connection is all this mill needs for operation.
 CLASSIFICATION TECHNIQUES

Classification techniques can be also classified into mechanical and non-mechanical

classifiers regardless the working medium.

 Mechanical classifiers
o incorporate moving parts which influences the motion of particles.
 Non mechanical classifiers
o use fluid drag only to separate particles.

In terms of the forces exerted to particles, classifiers can be categorized into two
major types: gravitational and centrifugal classifiers.

 Gravitational classifiers
o are generally used to separate very large particles and are mostly seen as
a pre-treatment stage. This is because gravity itself does not provide
sufficient partition power in classifying small particles.
o The gravitational classifiers are designed for coarser separations in the
range of 12 mesh size (1.4 mm) to 100 mesh size (150 micrometers).
o Gravitational classifiers are suitable for close grinding circuits, de-dusting
of coarser feeds, reducing a high feed loading rate to a finer classifier and
it can also be used as a density separator if the specific gravity difference
of the product to waste.
o MANUFACTURERS:
 METSO: OUTOTEC

 With the use of air flow, gravity and sharp directional

changes, the gravitational classifiers perform accurate
separations of material from 1,700+ microns down to 150
microns.
  Coarse particles are conveyed by gravity through a valve at
the bottom of the unit, and fine material is conveyed by air to
a fabric filter.
 The gravitational air classifiers are effective without the use
of water, supporting EPA water-usage regulations.
 VAN TONGEREN
 Works by passing a current of air through a curtain of falling
material.
 Fine particulates are swept up in the current of air while the
coarse material continues to fall out the bottom of the
classifier
 Used to separate fines less than 150 mesh to 150 microns
from more coarse material
o Product dedusting
o Mineral’s processing
o Potash
o Salt
 Centrifugal classifiers
 Centrifugal air classifiers are used extensively to process
aggregates, foods, metals, chemicals, minerals, fly ash, ceramics
and other materials.
 The classifier is capable of separations in the range of 140 mesh
size (100 micrometer) to 800 mesh size (15 micrometer).It has the
possibility of obtaining fine cut sizes due to a high partition power.
 It has high degree of separation accuracy and exceptionally low
maintenance requirements.
o MANUFACTURERS:
 METSO: OUTOTEC

 Centrifugal air classifiers use secondary air flow to separate

particles ranging from 100 microns to 20 microns.
 This air flow, as well as the diameter of the coarse-particles
opening, is adjustable – for a clear, accurate cut point.
 Secondary air flow is also crucial in the removal of near-size
particles.
 The centrifugal air classifiers are designed to reduce
maintenance costs, with ceramic-enforced wear parts and no
moving parts.

 VAN TONGEREN
 Works by using the centrifugal force on the larger particles to
make them flow along the baffles in the classifier. Transport
air then passes through a curtain of the circulating particles
as they sweep off the baffles edge. A secondary air stream
is introduced lower in the classifier to sweep any uncollected
fines out of the coarser material
 Used for separating material from 100 microns to 15 microns
from more coarse material
o Product dedusting
o Fly ash
o Mineral’s processing
o Fertilizer

DRY CLASSIFICATION

Dry classification is widely used in many industrial processes. In comparison to

wet classification, dry classification does not need drying and slurry treatment. When
dry classification uses air as the working medium, it often refers to air classification.
As a complement of sieving, air classification can separate smaller or larger particles
than commercial sieving sizes. Therefore, air classification manages a wider range
of materials, typically from 2 mm down to 5 µm. The primary application of air
classification is to achieve a narrower size range of product, which produce better
flow characteristics and enhance the properties of the final product.
o Classification by elutriation.
 Elutriation is a well-established technique developed in 1948,
which separates particles based upon size which separates
particles based upon size and sedimentation density, utilizing
both centrifugal force and counter flow drag force. and
sedimentation density, utilizing both centrifugal force

and counter flow drag force. 

 Elutriation is a process of washing fines by air while allowing the
coarse product settling. The bulk of unclassified powders are
usually introduced to the elutriator from the middle inlet. The air
stream flows upwards and washes the fine particles from the
bulk. The lighter or finer particles are lift against gravity to a
fine’s collector overhead. The denser or larger particles are too
heavy to be raised and fall against airflow into the coarse
collector below. The cut size is controlled by varying the gas
velocity.
o Fluidized bed classifier.
 Segregation may occur when a binary mixture is fluidized in a
fluidized bed. Measures are taken to prevent segregation, which
makes classification by fluidized bed unusual. This is because
segregation is often incomplete under normal operations. In
order to make classification processes feasible, some
modifications to the fluidized bed must be made to enhance the
degree of particle segregation.
o Cross-flow classifiers
 are designed so that the direction of airflows is perpendicular to
the gravity. The gas is injected to the classifier horizontally from
the inlet on the left wall. The material inlet is nearby the gas
nozzle and the powders are fed downwardly into the classifier.
The particles are spread to a fan-shape in the chamber. The
particles are separate since the coarse powders and the fine
 powders have different trajectories in the separation zone due to
the fluid drag forces and gravitational forces. The coarse
powders settle quicker than the fines. By inserting the several
plates at certain distances to the gas inlet, the classified
particles are collected into fractions.

o Cascade air classifier.

 The Zigzag classifiers consist of several inclined branch pipes
vertically arranged to form a zigzag separation zone. These
inclined pipes have rectangular cross-section and are inclined
alternately to the left and to the right at the same angle. An inlet
is opened at the top or the middle of the classifier in order that
the materials to be classified are fed into it. The coarse fractions
fall to the bend where they need to cross through the classifying
airflow coming from below. The separation of fines takes place
at each bend and several bends are required to increase the
sharpness of separation.
o Inertial air classifier.
 These classifiers separate fine powders from 40 to 400 µm.
Both particles and airflow enter the classifier from the top and
flow downwardly. An outlet is set on the sidewall and inclines by
45 degree. The fine particles are carried by air and discharged
from this outlet. The coarse particles proceed straight down by
inertia and collected below. A secondary air is introduced just
below the fines outlet and the airflow washes the remaining fine
particles from the falling coarse fraction, particularly dislodging
the adhering fines from the surface of the coarse particles. A
curvilinear chamber is provided to direct the secondary airflows
to the fines outlet.
o Vortex air classifiers
  belong to centrifugal classifiers. It is the first industrial design
which separates particles at size cut about 10 µm. An
advantage of the vortex air classifiers is that de-agglomeration
occurs during classification which leads to good dispersion the
raw materials in airflow. The disadvantage is that the product to
air ratio has significant effects on the cut size. To solve this
problem, a vane is installed in the classifier to create a forced
vortex in which the circumferential velocity component is
determined by the rotor speed.
o Rotating wheel classifiers
 use rotating blades to create the air vortex or the centrifugal
field. The advantage of a rotating wheel classifier is the
elimination of any external compressor to send air as in a vortex
air classifier. In addition, the volumetric flow rate of air required
for classification is much less in the rotating wheel classifier.
o Circulating air classifiers
 are widely used in cement industry. It has generally complex
interior geometry. Particles are fed from the top onto a plate
where the particles are scattered by rotation of the plate.
Circulating airflows carry the
fine particles to the outer wall (annular chamber). The air flows
back to the classification chamber via vanes and leave the fine
particles fall into the fine’s collector. The coarser particles
remain in the interior chamber and falls into the coarse collector
below.
o Electrostatic classifier.
 The conventional classifiers have in general cut size above 1
µm. However, finer end products are required to obtain better
product characteristics for example in toner industry.
Electrostatic classification is
 a process by which aerosol particles are fractionated according
to their electric mobility.

WET CLASSIFICATION

Wet classification refers to the process of separating particulates in a liquid

suspension into fractions according to particle size or density by methods other than
screening. Wet classifiers work as a result of difference in settling rate between fine and
coarse particles. The basic principles of classification are that fine particles have a
slower settling velocity than coarse particles of same density or light particles have a
slower settling velocity than heavy particles of same size.

The applications of wet classifiers were found in the treatment of raw materials
for example effecting a simple sand-slime separation resulting in two products. In
general, wet classifier types fall into two categories: gravitational and centrifugal
classifiers.

 Gravitational classifiers
o can be subdivided into sedimentation and hydraulic classifiers.
Depending on the operation manner, each type can be further divided
into mechanical and non-mechanical classifiers.
 Sedimentation classifier.
 Spiral classifiers and rake classifiers are two types of
sedimentation classifiers and are mostly used in
separating coarse particles from a mixture. A typical
spiral classifier consists of a sloping elongated round
bottom tank and a sand-raking spiral. The raw materials
 are fed to the central section of the pool and flow to the
weir while the suspended particles settle down. Four
zones can be identified in the poor, which are stationary
zone, moving zone, hindered settling and free settling
zone. The cut size depends on a number of parameters
including the height of the weir, angle of tank slope,
viscosity of the mixture, and so on. Secondary fresh
water may be supplemented to clean the coarse fraction
before discharging. Spiral classifiers produce coarse
particles in good quality while they are generally not used
in separating fine particles. The rake classifiers have
almost similar configurations with spiral classifiers. The
only difference is that the rakes move following a
rectangular direction in rake classifiers.
 Hydraulic classifiers
 differ from sedimentation classifiers in that particle
settling directions are in opposite to fluid movement. It is
a mechanical cone classifier consisting of a cylinder and
a conical tank. The materials are fed from top to
a slowly rotating disk. A vane is placed above the disk to
generate upward water current. The coarse particles
escape from the upward stream and go to the lower part
of the classifier where being washed by water jet. The
device has around 50%
of overflow capacity for 74 µm particles but the overflow
drops dramatically for finer particles. Therefore, it has
been used to treat low quality classifier sands.
 Hydro cyclones
 consist of a top cylindrical section and a lower conical
section. The raw materials were fed into the body
tangentially through the inlet on the top sidewall. The
 solid-liquid mixture followed a downwards helical
pathway.
The centrifugal effects pushed coarse particles away
from the fluid stream to the wall where the coarse
particles felled and were collected below. The fine
particles remained in the fluid stream and discharged
above.

SEPARATION TECHNOLOGY FROM THE PAST

Hand-picking, winnowing, yandying, sieving, filtering, straining, cold-pressing,

and steam distillation are just a some of the wet and dry separation processes used by
islander societies to isolate and extract components of mixtures. These procedures are
necessary for activities such as food preparation, water purification, and the creation of
pharmaceuticals. These methods and technologies make use of readily available local
resources and necessitate a thorough grasp of the components that make up specific
combinations as well as the most effective approaches for separating them.

THE LATEST SEPARATION TECHNOLOGY

The Hi-Sifter (powder sieving machines) is the latest breakthrough in advanced

screening technology. The machine excels in the pharmaceutical, batteries, and
additive manufacturing (3D Printing) industries. The entire body and all product contact
areas of the machine are polished stainless steel and allow for zero contamination. The
removal of any potential for contamination within the machine, explosion proof designs
and high energy make the machine the precise fit for companies looking to add
screening machinery to their manufacturing plants.
 The Russell Compact Sieve range of vibratory sieves removes all oversized
contamination and is ideal for high-capacity safety screening of powders and liquid
slurries. These vibratory sieves fit neatly into production lines, providing considerable
screening capacity without requiring excessive headroom.

Crossflow classifier a high-capacity teeter-bed separator Highly efficient hydraulic

classifier for the separation of material based on particle size, shape and/or density.
This technology can also be used for desliming, counter-current washing and acid
neutralization of minerals.

ROLE OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

A processing engineer should be able to assess a screening industrial
operation's capacity and efficiency. Other variables can be equally important in order to
avoid complications and come up with the best option for a screening process. To
properly select or construct sufficient screening equipment, certain key qualities of the
material to be separated must be understood or determined. Particle size distribution,
particle shape, bulk density, moisture content, abrasiveness, and corrosiveness are only
a few of them. Particle size distribution is necessary for properly sizing the screening
unit and specifying the type of screen to be used.

ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES

The separation of mixtures, including enrichment, concentration, purification,
refining, and isolation are of extreme important. Separation technology has been
practiced for millennia in the food, material processing, chemical and petrochemical
industry. In the food, material processing and petrochemical industry most processes do
not involve a reaction step but are merely used for the recovery and purification of
products from natural resources. Examples are oil refining, metal recovery from ores
and the isolation and purification of sugar from sugar beets or sugar cane schematically.
• Removal of impurities from raw materials and feed mixtures
• Recycling of solvents and unconverted reactants
• Isolation of products for subsequent purification or processing
• Purification of products, product classes and recycle streams
• Recovery and purification of by-products
• Removal of contaminants from air and water effluents

As for the disadvantages there is a high cost of disposal and replacement

associated with filtration systems. Media-based filtration is always about choosing
between the amount of filtration required and that which is permissible to maintain flow.

SUMMARY

Separation processes are essential elements of the technological foundations of

different industries included in this report. For the chemical and petroleum refining
industries, separation processes are used to separate and purify the products of
reactions. For the aluminum, steel, and metal casting industries, separation processes
are used, among other things, to purify molten metal and to sort scrap. In addition to the
importance of separation technologies in industrial processes, separation processes
also present opportunities for waste reduction and more efficient use of energy and raw
materials. New developments in separation technologies are, therefore, critical for the
continued productivity and global competitiveness of these industries.

REFERENCES
Yang, W. Particle separation and classification. www.researchgate.net
Ahmed, W. Separation, screening and classification. www.slideshare.net
Solid-solid separation. en.wikipedia.org

High Energy Screeners | Elcan Industries

An introduction to dry powder classification - Hosokawa Micron Powder Systems

(hmicronpowder.com)

Dry seperator or wet separator? | ESTA Extraction Technology

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https://www.hosokawa-alpine.com/powder-particle-processing/machines/classifier-
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