CATCH THE RAIN WHERE IT FALLS

Improved planning and management of physical infrastructure &

services for development in low & middle-income countries needs
to focus on the basic needs & demands of the poor - Water

Small Tank Cascade

Systems-Interlinking &
Rehabilitation
Sri. A.Venkateswara Rao.,
Superintending Engineer (Retd.)
• Encroachment of water bodies led to flooding: HC
Staff Reporter CHENNAI, November 28, 2015
• Remove encroachments from water bodies: MDMK
COIMBATORE, December 18, 2015
• Encroachment of tanks a serious threat DECCAN
CHRONICLE | SNV SUDHIR Published Dec 8, 2015, 11:57 am IST Updated Jan 10,
2016, 8:38 am IST

• HC asks Gujarat authorities to fence water bodies

Times of India
 Land& Water Resources of India
• Share of total World’s Resources:
• Land 2.4%
• Water 4.0%
• Population 16%
• Live stock 15%
• Projected population (2050) 1640 Million
• Current production of food 200 Million tons
• Projected Food grain reqt. 450 Million tons
• How to meet the Projected Food grain reqts?

Per Capita Water Availability (2001) 1816 Cubic Meter

Per Capita Water Availability (2011) 1544 Cubic Meter
Water Resources Availability & Demand

Utilisable water resource of India is:

Surface runoff 690 billion Cum
Ground Water 433 billion Cum
Total 1123 billion Cum
 Challenges

• Improvement in Irrigation efficiency.

• More crop & income per Drop of Water.
Means : Improved Performance from Water resource
Projects.
Creating more storage Capacity.
Water Storage Capacity of India -253 (+51) Cum per person
China -2200Cum per person
USA - 6000 Cum per person
Total (Major & Medium + Minor)
Ultimate 139.9 Million Hectare
Created (Upto 2009-10) 107.2 Million Hectare
Utilised (Upto 2009-10) 86.9 Million Hectare
 Water and climate change

• The hydrological cycle is predicted to be more

intense, with higher annual average rainfall as well
increased drought.
• Predicted increase in extreme rainfall and rainfall
intensity.
• The Godavari basin is projected to have higher
precipitation than Krishna & Ganga.
• Changes in the number of rainy days increases over
most parts of the Godavari and Krishna basins.
• Water scarcity may also become more prevalent.
Changes in Annual Number of Rainy Days
 Policy implications
Changes in precipitation pattern may affect :
• Planning and design of hydrological structures.
• River basin management, flood control and drought
management.
• Agricultural policy :Require more flexible crop selection
policies.
• Urban planning and industrial development.
• Forest policy to account for erosion mitigation
• Planning will need to address overflow and capacity issues.
• Development of water-intensive industries need to
consider siting issues.
 Climate Change Vis a Vis Storages

• Climate change would affect the effectiveness

of irrigation methods.
• Predicted increased variability in precipitation
(longer drought periods), would lead to increased
irrigation requirements.
• To conserve flood waters by way of storages is
going to be most important in future.
 Types of Tank

• Three types of tanks are normally reffered

• 1. Spring tanks Jungle tanks for wild creatures
• 2.Very deep tanks Mountian tanks for chena (shifting)
cultivation.
• 3.Ponds in the jungle Slope tanks for soil erosion controlling.
• 4. Large tanks Village tanks for human settlements
& use
 Tanks as Ecosystems
•The second largest manmade wetland Ecosystem in the
world.
•Centuries of Service and a History : Beyond concept of
sustainability . Still functioning and thriving.
•Used by Humans, Plants, animals and other species for
economic value.
•Used for irrigation ,freshwater fishing, washing, bathing and
replenishing the flora and fauna that surround it including
GWR.
•Life line of the village economies and human well-being.
There are about 208,000 tanks in India, and 120,000 are
found in southern peninsula (Andhra Pradesh, Telangana
Karnataka Tamil Nadu and Pondicherry).
Andhra Pradesh is the largest state of tank irrigation
About 727 000 hectares are irrigated by tanks.
About 28.8 per cent of tank irrigated area of India.
About 16 per cent of the total irrigated area by tanks.
 Ecological implications of Tank Cascade
Systems
• TCSs makes up interwoven
irrigation network.
• Tanks, paddy fields,
watersheds and
canals are integrated
with the natural
environment
• Natural wetland
ecosystems other than
rivers in the dry zone
 Irrigation Tanks in India
Earthen bunded small
water harvesting
structures formed in
natural depressions of
land to catch and store
surface run-off during
intensive spells of
monsoon rainfall are
known as “tanks” in
South India.

Indigenously formed by native rulers & Chieftains over the

past several centuries
Distribution of Tanks in India
Comparison of Irrigated Area different Sources AP
 Reason for decline to tank irrigation
• 1. Decrease in inflows to the tank due to
• i. Inadequate rainfall
• ii. Up stream abstractions
• iii. Poor condition of feeder
• 2. Deterioration of physical system
• i. Breach in bund
• ii. Poor condition of the bund with unstable side slopes
• iii. Improper condition of surplus system needing repairs to the
masonry structures
• iv. Defunct or inadequate functioning of sluice
• v. Decrease in the storage of the tank due to silting,
encroachments
• 3. Poor canal system
• 4. Poor water use efficiency due
• i. Mono cropping of water intensive crop like paddy
• ii. Improper distribution and scheduling of water
• 5. Institutional deficiencies
 Present status of Tanks – The Problems

a. Inadequate attention paid by the Govt. due to wider

geographical distribution of tanks and poor
allocation of funds.
b. Decline in tank-fed agriculture caused by
• Siltation, heavy weed infestation and
encroachments in the tank bed and supply channel
resulting in poor storage.
• Dilapidated bund, sluices and weir.
• Delinking of tanks in the ‘cascade’ due to
encroachment in link channels.
• Extinction of some tanks due to urbanization.
Present status of Tanks
 Origin of Cascade System

1. Early settlers in river valleys, first used water directly drawn

from the streams
2. Later, they made small tanks, ponds in valley bottoms.
3. Streams were dammed and water conveyed through canals
to tanks.
4. When they realized that water is a seasonal resource
they constructed tanks damming accross rivers.
5. When paddy was grown a civilization based on triple
elements called tank+village+ temple developed
6. Ancient king’s main task was building of tanks and temples,
considering it as a meritatious task
7. Awareness on the topography helped build tanks at every
possible sites.
 Golden Age of Tanks (937-1336 A.D.)
973-1184 A.D Kalyana Chalukya took up vigorous tank bunding activities
1068-76 A.D. Someswara I constructed several tanks in Dharwar, Bijapur &
Bellary district
1080 A.D. Vikramaditya constructed a number of tanks & repaired a
breach tank of Tambasamudra
1108-52 A.D. Hoysala kings promoted construction of tanks
13th Century Yadavs’ built many tanks
Post Golden Age of Tank Irrigation
1336-1565 Biggest milestone of Vijaynagar Empire was Kaveri delta project
A.D. Suekere tank
th
14 Century Several tanks, reservoirs and canals were constructed
15th Century Renovation & maintenance of tank through co-operation &
contribution of people
16-18th Period of prosperity & great boom of activities in water works
Centu
1638-1799 Hyder Ali & Tipu Sultan fought several wars and destroyed the
time earned system of water harvesting
Pre-Indepe Decline of tanks was set in permanently during the British
ndenc period
Post The government emphasised on construction of dam,
Independe promoted tube well ignored traditional water harvesting
nc structure as tank irrigation.
 Why develop Tank Cascade Systems?
• Temporal and spatial disparities in annual rainfall.
• Soil moisture deficit during long dry spells and short rainy
season.
• Recurrent droughts and desiccating winds while the
seasonal flooding dominates the rainy season.
• Low water retention capacity of the soil.
• Deeper groundwater table.
• TCS to control seasonal flooding and droughts.
• Ensure cultivation during both rainy and dry seasons .
• Provide water supply for domestic and livestock
consumption.
• Undulating topography is well suited for the construction of
reservoirs.
 Evolution of the Cascading System
• Most jungle tanks were destroyed by outside invaders By
the 11th century.
• During (1650-1796) attempts were made to restore canal
anicuits irrigation systems, but tanks in the dry zone were
neglected.
• British period the tank irrigation system was poor .They
made effort on restoration and repairing of tanks but used
an approach of selecting individual tanks rather than the
whole cascade system.
• During post- independence special attention on the buiding
of large scale river projects. Small tank systems were
further neglected
• After 1970s, National attention was focused on the
Diversion Scheme. Small tanks were neglected and even
some small village tanks were physically damaged /
occupied.
 Cascade System of tanks
Cascade is a "connected series of tanks organized within the
micro-catchments- tanks in a cascade are hydrologically
interlinked .
Storing, conveying and utilizing water from ephemeral
rivulet.
Adherence to:
(a) having an adequate volume of water in every tank in a
cascading valley even in a year of below-average rainfall;
(b) Instituting a regulated flow of water from one tank to
another downstream,
(C) Avoiding a sudden influx of large volumes of water to
minimize the risk to tank bund breaching.“
Over 80% of the small tanks are as cascading systems within
micro and meso- catchments in the Dry undulating landscape.
 Tank Cascading System

• A Cascade is a chain of tanks connected by water,

flows from one to another, located in the
downstream within the meso-catchment
• Means of storing,conveying,distributing and
utilizing water from first or second order streams
• A small storage reservoir system with hydrologic
interlinkage.
• Irrigation tanks, interconnected forming cascades
allowing surplus flow from the upstream
tanks(s)and return flow from the upstream
command area, to reach the tank that is
immediately downstream.
 Density of small Cascades

Factors which govern the distribution patterns and

densities of the STC Systems. are
1. Amount of annual and seasonal rainfall.
2. Geomorphology of the landscape—land form
type.
3. Nature of the underlying lithology and soil
overburden
Typical tank cascade
Scattered and randomly distributed Tanks and
Paddy fields in a Dry Zone catchment
Typical Cascade System
 Attributes of Tank Cascade
•A tank cascade is a series of tanks connected together within
the catchment .
•The configuration of physical system of tank cascade is
considered as a node-link system of configuration that can
delineate relative positions of tanks & their interconnections.
•The nodes indicate tanks and the links indicate the
interconnection between tanks without any physical link. Each
tank is assigned a node number and tank type depending on its
relative Position
• Start tank (ST - a tank with no inflow from upstream tanks)
•Normal tank (NT- a tank with inflow from one upstream tank)
•Confluence tank (CT- a tank with inflow from more than one
upstream tank).
 Village Tanks to Cascades

• 1 Start tank (ST - a tank with no inflow from upstream tanks)

• 2 Normal tank (NT- a tank with inflow from one upstream tank)
• 3 Confluence tank (CT- a tank with inflow from more than one upstream tank).
 Irrigation Tanks in cascades

Satellite image
 Cascade Systems-Importance

Significance of Cascade Systems as traditional

Irrigation Technology which addresses:
•Droughts –chronic, recurrent and highly damaging in
the areas concerned
• Flash floods -during episodes of unusually heavy rainfall.
By creating efficient storage systems peak flows can be
reduced up to 55%
• Land degradation – controlling siltation of reservoirs
systems
Linear and branched Cascades
 Objectives of Tank Cascade System
• Efficient use of water Resources in an Integrated resource
management.
• To sustain tank fed agriculture and enhance productivity
• To bring back people managed tank governance.
• To build People Institutions for tank / pond management.
• To create endowment / corpus at multiple level to safeguard
tank systems in future.
• To develop rational criteria for assessing resources, including
groundwater of small tanks Cascades
• Implement holistic socio-technical approach to
rehabilitation.
• Minimum dead storage of 1–1.5 ha is to be created in the
tank bed to cater to the needs of fish culture and livestock.
This will also serve to provide life irrigation to the standing
crops.
Land use map in a Cascade System
 Rehabilitation / Revival of Tanks-Concept

Past Present Future

Use Silted Use

Encroached
Silted & Encroach-men
& disused
Desilted t eviction &
Us Renovation
by
e
People
 Objectives of RRR
• Increasing tank storage capacity.
• Ground Water Recharge.
• Increased availability of drinking water.
• Improvement in agriculture/horticulture productivity.
• Improvement of catchment areas of tank commands.
• Environmental benefits through improved water use
efficiency; conjunctive use of surface and ground water.
• Community participation & contribution for sustainable
management of water bodies.
• Capacity Building of communities, in better water
management.
• Development of tourism, cultural activities etc.
 Principles of Renovation of Water Bodies

•Sustainability through community participation and

empowerment
•Create Enabling legal and institutional environment
to implement the solutions emerging out of
participatory and demand driven processes.
•To promote and enhance livelihood options.
•Community contribution made mandatory.
•Drought Proofing
•Flood Proofing
•Control Land degradation
Although the project benefits farmers more it includes
other users too.
 Drawbacks in Rehabilitation Schemes

• Tank rehabilitation and restoration implemented in

the past were mostly limited to hardware aspects
repair of structures .
• Lack of attention to cascade connections and to
ecosystem.
• Developing individual tanks
• Negligence towards development of community
infrastructure .
 Need for Scientific approach

• Majority of small tanks are positioned as cascades.

• Increasing storage capacity of one or two tanks in the
cascade or expanding command area or diverting
water from the cascade would alter the cascade
hydrology, unless there is excess water.
• Tank hydrology also influences groundwater storages.
• Alteration of catchment hydrology affects availability
of groundwater.
• Scientific approach needed for cascade rehabilitation
or restoration.
 Criteria for tank selection

Individual water body with in Cascade approach.

Minimum water spread area of 5 hectare in rural areas 2
to 10 hectare in urban areas. (RRR)
• Presence of small and marginal cultivators in majority
• Scope for improvement based on tank hydrology
• Incidence of poverty (identification of poor families
through wealth ranking)
• Good leadership and cohesiveness in the community
• Willing farmers to contribute a part of the project cost
through labor and/or money,
• Willingness of the community to execute the works
themselves maintain and manage the system thereafter
•
Frame work for Rehab. & Interlinking
 Data required

• Village background Topographic Map 1:50,000

• Hydrology of tank • Satellite Images
• Components of tank •Aerial Photographs
• Land Use Maps of cascades
• Water balance of the
• Field sketch maps
Cascades
•Water quality investigations
• Ayacut •Engineering measurements
• Groundwater status
• Socioeconomic background
thro’ questionnaire survey
• Benefit/Cost.
 Hydrological data
• Surface water available to an individual tank of an
STC are:
• (i) Rainfall, (ii) Runoff,
• iii) Drainage return flow and
• (iv) Spill water from the upstream tank.
• A tank may receive supplementary diversions from
another tank canal or a river

The higher the CA/WA ratio, the greater the hydrological

potential.
 Parameters for Tank Rehabilitation

• Khariff Cropping Intensity (CI).

• Ratio of Tank Catchment Area (CA) to Water Spread
Area (WA), expressed as (CA/WA).
• Ratio of Command Area (COA) to Water Spread Area
(WA), expressed as (COA/WA).
• Based on the above 4 categories are given for Rehabilitation
 Types of Rehabilitation
Tank rehabilitation”
•Restoration of an old, abandoned tank with reclamation
and development of the command area.
•Restoration of a "non-working old tank“ with limited
cultivation due to the tank bund being breached or the
lack of delivery system or both.
•Improvements to a working tank to increase its existing
storage capacity or to expand its cultivated command area
or both.
•Improvements include the raising of the bund/spill
improving other components sluices and delivery system.
•Refurbishing an existing working tank with no
modifications.
•Usually involves carrying out deferred maintenance and
at times, strengthening of the bund and spillway.
 Components of Rehabilitation

•Rehabilitation and Physical Improvement of Infrastructure

Facilities
•Conservation and Management of Catchment and Related
Environmental Components
•Community Mobilization and Capacity Building of Farmers
and Farmer Organizations
•Capacity Building of Line Agencies
 DPR –General Information
• Details of present status of the water bodies with reasons
for deterioration
• Categorization in terms of location in (i) special category
states, hilly states (ii) desert,drought prone, tribal and Naxal
affected areas in non- special category states (iii) other areas
not covered under category (i) and (ii).
• Rainfall last ten years, ground water level, land use pattern,
soil characteristics, climate availability of water in the
catchment area for water body, water quality situation in
the water body and adjoining areas. No polluted effluent
without treatment should fall in the water body.
• Original CCA, present CCA and CCA planned in the DPR
• Original storage capacity/present storage capacity and
storage capacity planned
 DPR- Scope of work
• De-silting in terms of quantum of silt to be removed, repair
of conveyance system, strengthening of bund(s), repair of
weirs and sluices, catchment treatment, command area
development, soil erosion prevention works, quality control
measures.
• Maps of catchment and command areas are to be enclosed
in the DPR.
• Capacity building of implementing agencies sensitization of
stakeholders
• Monitoring and evaluation
• Catchment area treatment works if started under Integrated
Watershed Management Programme (IWMP) would be
included in the scheme of RRR of water bodies.
 DPR- Targeted benefits
• Creation of additional irrigation potential, Increase in
agriculture / horticulture / pisciculture production
• Increase in recharge of ground water
• Improvement in water use efficiency
• Increase in availability of drinking water
• impact on water quality
• Removal of weed growth
• Promotion of tourism, birds migration and culture.
• Work out Benefit Cost ratio (BC ratio) for each water body.
• Benefit Cost ratio (BC ratio) has to be minimum 1:1 Special
Category States, undivided KBK districts of Orissa, in drought
prone, tribal and naxal-affected areas
• In other areas 1.5:1.
 DPR-Implementation schedule
• The Institutional structure proposed
• Water Users’ Association (WUA) at the Gram Panchayat
Level
• Arrangements at District Level DLIA
• A State Level Nodal Agency (SLNA)
• Technical Advisory Committee (TAC) TAC shall also include
representative from Central Water Commission (CWC) and
Central Ground Water Board (CGWB).
 Monitoring & Evaluation
• Regular monitoring of the project is to be carried out at each
stage.
• Monitoring would include maintaining of both physical and
financial
• Baseline survey would be conducted before the
commencement of the project execution. Evaluation and
impact assessment of the scheme will be done by
independent agencies
• Monitor the quality of works as per the relevant BIS codes
• Impact assessment can be done after completion of the
scheme
 Check List for preparation of DPRs
• Whether census of water bodies completed and assigned unique
code number?
• Whether water bodies having minimum water spread area of 5
hectare in rural areas and water spread area of 2-10 hectare in
urban areas are included?
• Are private water bodies included in the DPR?
• Whether WUAs & Panchayats have been associated for selection
of water bodies and capacity building?
• Whether water bodies are included in the district plan?
• Whether rain fall data for last 10 years, ground water level, land
use pattern, water quality situation in the water bodies and
adjoining areas have been included?
Whether details of original CCA / present CCA / CCA expected
after rejuvenation have been included?
• Whether details of original storage capacity/present storage
capacity and storage capacity expected after rejuvenation have
been included?
 Check List for preparation of DPRs
• Whether maps of catchment and command are enclosed?
• Whether latest SOR adopted for preparation of cost estimates?
• Number of people benefitted
• Number of farmers of SC/ST community benefitted
• Whether benefit cost ratio has been incorporated?
• Whether implementation schedule and corresponding
requirement of funds, details of arrangements for monitoring
and evaluation has been included?
• Whether convergence with IWMP or other schemes have been
taken into account?
• Whether District Level Implementing Agency has been
identified?
• Whether State Level Nodal Agency has been identified by the
State government?
• Whether Technical Advisory Committee has been constituted
with Members from CWC & CGWB
 Check List for preparation of DPRs
• Whether objective of the proposals is mentioned?
• Whether details of present status of water bodies with
reasons for deterioration & likely benefits (creation of
additional potential, increase in agriculture) included?
• Whether the categorisation of Projects - Special
Category/DP/DDP/TA/ DPA/ Naxal affected area or
Non-Special Category is mentioned?
• Whether detailed Work Programme & corresponding
Detailed Financial Programme attached?
• Whether detailed calculation of B.C Ratio using latest
authenticated published data (Quantity and Rate of yield)
from the Ministry of Agricultures, GoI has been considered?
• Whether detailed of Proposed Programme of Monitoring &
Evaluation (both Physical & Financial Programme) is given?
 Cascade System Evaluation

• Primary and secondary data to be gathered and analysed.

• Hydrological, ecological and socio-economic relationships
of the cascading systems to be analysed.
• Baseline survey data collected from government
departments NGOs and NGOs and research centres
• Topographic sheets (Scale of 1:50,000)and Google Earth
maps required to understand the spatial relationship of
the cascade systems.
• Information on the rainfall to understand the pattern of
rainfall in the district.
• The components like annual rainfall number of rainy days
and dry spell (5 yrs) to be collected.
 Parameters of a cascade
• Cropping intensity past five years.
• Tank locations within the cascade, i.e., whether at
the top, middle or bottom or at the confluence of
two side valleys with the main valley axis.
• Ratio of micro-watershed area to tank water spread
area, ratio of command area to tank water spread
area
• Reasons that the full command area does not get
cultivated during a season of very good Khariff
rainfall with full tank supply—whether it is technical
or socioeconomic.
• Rainfall pattern and tank spill characteristics
(duration, frequency and magnitude).
 Hydrological attributes

Linear or slightly branched form with a form

index of more than 1.5 (form index is the ratio
of the overall area of the cascade to its overall
length )
Gently sloping gradient of the main axis. (0-2.0
percent slope).
Amount of annual and seasonal rainfall.
Geomorphology of the landscape—landform
type.
Nature of the underlying litho logy and soil
overburden
 Performance indicators
• Estimate the status of tanks in all agro-climatic
regions and irrigation districts for effective
management
• Cascade water surplus indicator(i) Tank system irrigation
water demand (It), tank storage capacity, St, cascade
outflow Rc’, cascade outflow per unit area Re’,(It) is
related to tank command area (Atco) purposes.
• Water surplus of cascade (WSe) = Re / R50
• Where Re is outflow per unit area R50 mean annual rainfall. If
this ratio is greater than 5 % then the cascade has surplus
water that could be refined after field measurements.
Ro/It > 1, indicate tank has adequate water to meet the
needs of the people.
St/It > 0.3, tank has the ability to hold 30% of the
requirement.
BENEFITS FROM A COMPREHENSIVE TANK SYSTEM
MANAGEMENT

Increased tree cover Employment Generation Crop yield doubled

(2 assured crops a year)

Migration of birds stopped Dairy development Improved

& immigration encouraged nutrition (more food,
more milk)

Benefits from a Healthy Cultural life improved

Fisheries development
Tank System

Increased green and

Sustained availability of dry and fodder
water for drinking and
agriculture
Fertility of the dry-lands
Food Security improved
Effective Soil Conservation
Ground water situation
improves electricity will be
saved
 SWOT Analysis
Factors Strengths Weaknesses Opportunities Threats

Physical ➢ Rich inflow during Khariff➢ Local catchment ➢ Water availability ➢ Catchment area
➢ Sufficient tank capacity. inflow is disturbed in the tank. chena cultivation.
➢ Good physical condition by road network ➢ Possibility of ➢ Tank bed
of head works. ➢ Canal network is improving canal cultivation.
➢ Sufficient land area not adequate. system.
developed. ➢ Existing Canal ➢ Allow local
network is catchment inflow
dilapidated. by changing a few
critical culverts
that disturb the
inflow to the tank.
Social (institu ➢ Community is ➢ Farmers are not ➢ Potential for ➢ Dominationof one
tional and homogeneous. organized into organizing farmers community
managerial ➢ Residences are located groups ➢ Potential for farmers in water
ats) close to the command ➢ A powerful group motivating farmers use.
area. of farmers own to cultivate new ➢ Farmers priority
➢ Most of the people in the land in existing areas under for chena
village own land command command ➢ Further
➢ Fertile land (no salinity ➢ Lack of ➢ Potential for fragmentation of
or any other problems ). agri-extension improving water land
facilities management
➢ There is no practices
system for water ➢ Potential for
management bringing farmers
➢ Delay in land to do timely
preparation cultivation.
➢ Low interest of ➢ Potential for
group of farmers increasing yield
in cultivation
inRabi
➢ Low yield
Model for Small Irrigation tank Rehabilitation
 Local Management
TA TA – Tank Association
CA – Cascade Association
Gramasabha TF – Tank Federation at block level

CA

Gram Panchayat

TF
Panchayat Union
 Tank Cascade System Structure

Tank
Associations

Tank Cascade
Association NGOs

District Tank
Federation

Panchayats Tank
DRDA / Other Govt. Conservation
Agencies / Banks Movement
 Guide lines - Local Institutions
• Tank based watershed development should be
encouraged . Guidelines could be revised to include all
water bodies’ renovation and creation within the
watershed
• Pollution of water bodies should be treated as an
offence and a criminal act.
• Ground water recharge is possible through such
preservation and conservation of small ponds.
• Sand mining of waterways and riverbeds should be
banned
 Strategies and empowerment.

• Involve the farmers in the project activities from

initial step of planning
• Preparation of community action plan
• Contribution of labour for project work to cover not
less than 10 percent of the total project cost
• Walk through survey to identify problems of the
scheme
• Creating awareness and training programmes.
(knowledge, skills and attitudes).
 Constraints

Adoption of a cascade-based holistic approach to

water management becomes difficult due to :
•Lack of a clear technical understanding of the
hydrology, the physical characteristics of tank
cascades their interactions, influence on hydrological
behavior.
•Absence of field-tested methodologies, tools criteria
for evaluating the hydrological properties of cascades
& identifying specific tank rehabilitation interventions
based on cascade hydrological endowment.
•Non-adoption of a holistic approach of linking
hydrological parameters with rehabilitation
interventions and a farming-system approach with
suitable Institutions.
Renovating, Rehabilitating and Interlinking of the
small tank system without addressing issues
ranging from cascade hydrology, to catchment
conservation and downstream impacts, may even be
more harmful, defeating the very purpose of the
whole exercise.

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