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WIS5 - Appendix 2

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WIS5 - Appendix 2

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CSWIP 3.

1 – Welding Inspector
WIS5
Appendix 2

Training and Examination Services

Granta Park, Great Abington
Cambridge CB21 6AL
United Kingdom
Copyright © TWI Ltd
Acceptance levels
Acceptance levels plate and pipe
Defect type macro only
number
Table

Remarks Maximum allowance Remarks

At no point shall the excess weld

metal fall below the outside Excess weld metal will not exceed H = 2mm
Excess weld
1 surface of the parent material. in any area on the parent material, showing As for plate and pipe
metal
All weld runs shall blend smooth transition at weld toes.
smoothly.
Slag inclusions are defined as
non-metallic inclusions trapped The length of the slag inclusion shall not
Slag/silica Slag and silica not
2 in the weld metal or between exceed 50mm continuous or intermittent.
inclusions permitted
the weld metal and the parent Accumulative totals shall not exceed 50mm
material.
No sharp indications Smooth blend required.
Undercut is defined as a grove
The length of any undercut shall not exceed
melted into the parent metal,
50mm continuous or intermittent. No sharp indications
3 Undercut at the toes of the weld excess
Accumulative totals shall not exceed 50mm. Smooth blend required
metal, root or adjacent weld
Max D = 1mm for the cap weld metal.
metal.
Root undercut not permitted.
Trapped gas, in weld metal, Individual pores ≤ 1.5 max.
Cluster porosity not
Porosity or elongated, individual pores, Cluster porosity maximum 502mm total area.
4 permitted. Individual
Gas Cavities cluster porosity, piping or Elongated, piping or wormholes
pores acceptable.
wormhole porosity. 15mm max. L continuous or intermittent.

Cracks or Transverse, longitudinal, star or

5 Not permitted Not permitted
Laminations crater cracks.

Incomplete fusion between Surface breaking lack of side wall fusion,

Lack of fusion the weld metal and base lack of inter-run fusion continuous or
6 Laps material, incomplete fusion intermittent not to exceed 15mm. Not permitted
Cold lap between weld metal. Accumulative totals not to exceed 15mm
(lack of inter-run fusion) over a 300mm length of weld.
Damage to the parent material
or weld metal, from an
unintentional touch down of the
7 Arc strikes Not permitted Not permitted
electrode or arcing from poor
connections in the welding
circuit.
No stray tack welds permitted
Damage to the parent material
Parent material must be smoothly blended
Mechanical or weld metal, internal or
8 General corrosion permitted. Max. D = Not permitted
damage external resulting from
1.5mm.
any activities.
Only 1 location allowed
Mismatch between the
9 Misalignment Max H = 1.5mm As for plate and pipe
welded or unwelded joint.

Excess weld metal, above the

10 Penetration base material in the root of the Max H ≤ 3mm As for plate and pipe
joint.
The absence of weld metal in
Lack of root
11 the root area, two root faces Not permitted Not permitted
penetration
showing.

Lack of root Inadequate cross penetration of Lack of root fusion, not to exceed 50mm total
12 Not permitted
fusion (one) root face. continuous or accumulative.

Excessive penetration, collapse

13 Burn through Not permitted Not permitted
of the weld root
Angular Distortion due to weld
14 5mm max. Plate only Accept
distortion contraction
Weld metal below the surface of 50mm maximum length
15 Root concavity Accept
both parent metals 3mm maximum depth

WIS5-90516b
Appendix 2 – Plate Reports and Questions A2-36 Copyright © TWI Ltd
Plate Reports
WIS5-90516b
Appendix 2 – Plate Reports and Questions A2-6 Copyright © TWI Ltd
WIS5-90516b
Appendix 2 – Plate Reports and Questions A2-7 Copyright © TWI Ltd
RETEST RETEST 10 YR 10 YR CANDIDATE TO FILL ALL BOXES INDICATED IN BLUE
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 INITIAL
1 2 INITIAL RETEST
WI 3.1 EXAM _
O O O O O O O O O O O O
INVIGILATOR NAME: INVIGILATOR SIGNATURE:
VERSION _
O O O O O O O
EXAM DATE: EVENT CODE
GENERAL THEORY TECHNOLOGY THEORY
A B C D A B C D A B C D CANDIDATE NAME: CANDIDATE SIGNATURE:

1 1 31
I agree with the terms and conditions of Tick Date of Birth
2 2 32 this examination Box D D M M Y Y
3 3 33 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
MACRO A
_ _
O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O A B C D E F
4 4 34 _
O O O O O O O O O O _
O O O O O O O O O O
_
O O O O O O O O O O _
O O O O O O O O O O 1
5 5 35 _
O O O O O O O O O O _
O O O O O O O O O O
_
O O O O O O O O O O _
O O O O O O O O O O 2
6 6 36 _
O O O O O O O O O O _
O O O O O O O O O O
3
7 7 37 BOOKING REFERENCE OFFICE USE ONLY CANDIDATE NUMBER FOR OFFICE USE ONLY
4
8 8 38
5
9 9 39
PLATE PIPE 6
10 10 40 A B C D E F A B C D E F
7
11 11 41 1 1
8
12 12 42 2 2
9
13 13 43 3 3
10
14 14 44 4 4
11
15 15 45 5 5
12
16 16 46 6 6
17 17 47 7 7
MACRO B
18 18 48 8 8 A B C D E F
19 19 49 9 9 1
20 20 50 10 10 2
21 21 51 11 11 3
22 22 52 12 12 4
23 23 53 13 13 5
24 24 54 14 14 6
25 25 55 15 15 7
26 26 56 16 16 8
27 27 57 17 17 9
28 28 58 18 18 10
29 29 59 19 19 11
30 30 60 20 20 12
RETEST RETEST 10 YR 10 YR CANDIDATE TO FILL ALL BOXES INDICATED IN BLUE
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 INITIAL
1 2 INITIAL RETEST
WI 3.1 EXAM _
O O O O O O O O O O O O
INVIGILATOR NAME: INVIGILATOR SIGNATURE:
VERSION _
O O O O O O O
EXAM DATE: EVENT CODE
GENERAL THEORY TECHNOLOGY THEORY
A B C D A B C D A B C D CANDIDATE NAME: CANDIDATE SIGNATURE:

1 1 31
I agree with the terms and conditions of Tick Date of Birth
2 2 32 this examination Box D D M M Y Y
3 3 33 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
MACRO A
_ _
O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O A B C D E F
4 4 34 _
O O O O O O O O O O _
O O O O O O O O O O
_
O O O O O O O O O O _
O O O O O O O O O O 1
5 5 35 _
O O O O O O O O O O _
O O O O O O O O O O
_
O O O O O O O O O O _
O O O O O O O O O O 2
6 6 36 _
O O O O O O O O O O _
O O O O O O O O O O
3
7 7 37 BOOKING REFERENCE OFFICE USE ONLY CANDIDATE NUMBER FOR OFFICE USE ONLY
4
8 8 38
5
9 9 39
PLATE PIPE 6
10 10 40 A B C D E F A B C D E F
7
11 11 41 1 1
8
12 12 42 2 2
9
13 13 43 3 3
10
14 14 44 4 4
11
15 15 45 5 5
12
16 16 46 6 6
17 17 47 7 7
MACRO B
18 18 48 8 8 A B C D E F
19 19 49 9 9 1
20 20 50 10 10 2
21 21 51 11 11 3
22 22 52 12 12 4
23 23 53 13 13 5
24 24 54 14 14 6
25 25 55 15 15 7
26 26 56 16 16 8
27 27 57 17 17 9
28 28 58 18 18 10
29 29 59 19 19 11
30 30 60 20 20 12
WIS5-90516b
Appendix 2 – Plate Reports and Questions A2-13 Copyright © TWI Ltd
WIS5-90516b
Appendix 2 – Plate Reports and Questions A2-14 Copyright © TWI Ltd
RETEST RETEST 10 YR 10 YR CANDIDATE TO FILL ALL BOXES INDICATED IN BLUE
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 INITIAL
1 2 INITIAL RETEST
WI 3.1 EXAM _
O O O O O O O O O O O O
INVIGILATOR NAME: INVIGILATOR SIGNATURE:
VERSION _
O O O O O O O
EXAM DATE: EVENT CODE
GENERAL THEORY TECHNOLOGY THEORY
A B C D A B C D A B C D CANDIDATE NAME: CANDIDATE SIGNATURE:

1 1 31
I agree with the terms and conditions of Tick Date of Birth
2 2 32 this examination Box D D M M Y Y
3 3 33 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
MACRO A
_ _
O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O A B C D E F
4 4 34 _
O O O O O O O O O O _
O O O O O O O O O O
_
O O O O O O O O O O _
O O O O O O O O O O 1
5 5 35 _
O O O O O O O O O O _
O O O O O O O O O O
_
O O O O O O O O O O _
O O O O O O O O O O 2
6 6 36 _
O O O O O O O O O O _
O O O O O O O O O O
3
7 7 37 BOOKING REFERENCE OFFICE USE ONLY CANDIDATE NUMBER FOR OFFICE USE ONLY
4
8 8 38
5
9 9 39
PLATE PIPE 6
10 10 40 A B C D E F A B C D E F
7
11 11 41 1 1
8
12 12 42 2 2
9
13 13 43 3 3
10
14 14 44 4 4
11
15 15 45 5 5
12
16 16 46 6 6
17 17 47 7 7
MACRO B
18 18 48 8 8 A B C D E F
19 19 49 9 9 1
20 20 50 10 10 2
21 21 51 11 11 3
22 22 52 12 12 4
23 23 53 13 13 5
24 24 54 14 14 6
25 25 55 15 15 7
26 26 56 16 16 8
27 27 57 17 17 9
28 28 58 18 18 10
29 29 59 19 19 11
30 30 60 20 20 12
WIS5-90516b
Appendix 2 – Plate Reports and Questions A2-20 Copyright © TWI Ltd
WIS5-90516b
Appendix 2 – Plate Reports and Questions A2-21 Copyright © TWI Ltd
RETEST RETEST 10 YR 10 YR CANDIDATE TO FILL ALL BOXES INDICATED IN BLUE
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 INITIAL
1 2 INITIAL RETEST
WI 3.1 EXAM _
O O O O O O O O O O O O
INVIGILATOR NAME: INVIGILATOR SIGNATURE:
VERSION _
O O O O O O O
EXAM DATE: EVENT CODE
GENERAL THEORY TECHNOLOGY THEORY
A B C D A B C D A B C D CANDIDATE NAME: CANDIDATE SIGNATURE:

1 1 31
I agree with the terms and conditions of Tick Date of Birth
2 2 32 this examination Box D D M M Y Y
3 3 33 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
MACRO A
_ _
O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O A B C D E F
4 4 34 _
O O O O O O O O O O _
O O O O O O O O O O
_
O O O O O O O O O O _
O O O O O O O O O O 1
5 5 35 _
O O O O O O O O O O _
O O O O O O O O O O
_
O O O O O O O O O O _
O O O O O O O O O O 2
6 6 36 _
O O O O O O O O O O _
O O O O O O O O O O
3
7 7 37 BOOKING REFERENCE OFFICE USE ONLY CANDIDATE NUMBER FOR OFFICE USE ONLY
4
8 8 38
5
9 9 39
PLATE PIPE 6
10 10 40 A B C D E F A B C D E F
7
11 11 41 1 1
8
12 12 42 2 2
9
13 13 43 3 3
10
14 14 44 4 4
11
15 15 45 5 5
12
16 16 46 6 6
17 17 47 7 7
MACRO B
18 18 48 8 8 A B C D E F
19 19 49 9 9 1
20 20 50 10 10 2
21 21 51 11 11 3
22 22 52 12 12 4
23 23 53 13 13 5
24 24 54 14 14 6
25 25 55 15 15 7
26 26 56 16 16 8
27 27 57 17 17 9
28 28 58 18 18 10
29 29 59 19 19 11
30 30 60 20 20 12
WIS5-90516b
Appendix 2 – Plate Reports and Questions A2-27 Copyright © TWI Ltd
WIS5-90516b
Appendix 2 – Plate Reports and Questions A2-28 Copyright © TWI Ltd
RETEST RETEST 10 YR 10 YR CANDIDATE TO FILL ALL BOXES INDICATED IN BLUE
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 INITIAL
1 2 INITIAL RETEST
WI 3.1 EXAM _
O O O O O O O O O O O O
INVIGILATOR NAME: INVIGILATOR SIGNATURE:
VERSION _
O O O O O O O
EXAM DATE: EVENT CODE
GENERAL THEORY TECHNOLOGY THEORY
A B C D A B C D A B C D CANDIDATE NAME: CANDIDATE SIGNATURE:

1 1 31
I agree with the terms and conditions of Tick Date of Birth
2 2 32 this examination Box D D M M Y Y
3 3 33 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
MACRO A
_ _
O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O A B C D E F
4 4 34 _
O O O O O O O O O O _
O O O O O O O O O O
_
O O O O O O O O O O _
O O O O O O O O O O 1
5 5 35 _
O O O O O O O O O O _
O O O O O O O O O O
_
O O O O O O O O O O _
O O O O O O O O O O 2
6 6 36 _
O O O O O O O O O O _
O O O O O O O O O O
3
7 7 37 BOOKING REFERENCE OFFICE USE ONLY CANDIDATE NUMBER FOR OFFICE USE ONLY
4
8 8 38
5
9 9 39
PLATE PIPE 6
10 10 40 A B C D E F A B C D E F
7
11 11 41 1 1
8
12 12 42 2 2
9
13 13 43 3 3
10
14 14 44 4 4
11
15 15 45 5 5
12
16 16 46 6 6
17 17 47 7 7
MACRO B
18 18 48 8 8 A B C D E F
19 19 49 9 9 1
20 20 50 10 10 2
21 21 51 11 11 3
22 22 52 12 12 4
23 23 53 13 13 5
24 24 54 14 14 6
25 25 55 15 15 7
26 26 56 16 16 8
27 27 57 17 17 9
28 28 58 18 18 10
29 29 59 19 19 11
30 30 60 20 20 12
WIS5-90516b
Appendix 2 – Plate Reports and Questions A2-34 Copyright © TWI Ltd
WIS5-90516b
Appendix 2 – Plate Reports and Questions A2-35 Copyright © TWI Ltd
RETEST RETEST 10 YR 10 YR CANDIDATE TO FILL ALL BOXES INDICATED IN BLUE
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 INITIAL
1 2 INITIAL RETEST
WI 3.1 EXAM _
O O O O O O O O O O O O
INVIGILATOR NAME: INVIGILATOR SIGNATURE:
VERSION _
O O O O O O O
EXAM DATE: EVENT CODE
GENERAL THEORY TECHNOLOGY THEORY
A B C D A B C D A B C D CANDIDATE NAME: CANDIDATE SIGNATURE:

Name [Block capitals]

Signature Pipe Ident#

Code/Specification used Welding Process Joint type

Welding position OutsideØ and Thickness Date

Weld face

A B C

Notes:
Excess weld metal height = Misalignment = Weld width = Toe blend =

C D A

Notes:
Excess weld metal height = Misalignment = Toe blend = Weld width =

WIS5-90516b
Appendix 3 Pipe Reports and Questions A3-6 Copyright © TWI Ltd
Pipe Root Face

A B C

Notes:
Excess penetration height = Toe blend =

C D A

Notes: Visual Inspection Pipe Report

Excess penetration height = Toe blend =

WIS5-90516b
Appendix 3 Pipe Reports and Questions A3-7 Copyright © TWI Ltd
RETEST RETEST 10 YR 10 YR CANDIDATE TO FILL ALL BOXES INDICATED IN BLUE
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 INITIAL
1 2 INITIAL RETEST
WI 3.1 EXAM _
O O O O O O O O O O O O
INVIGILATOR NAME: INVIGILATOR SIGNATURE:
VERSION _
O O O O O O O
EXAM DATE: EVENT CODE
GENERAL THEORY TECHNOLOGY THEORY
A B C D A B C D A B C D CANDIDATE NAME: CANDIDATE SIGNATURE:

Name [Block capitals]

Signature Pipe Ident#

Code/Specification used Welding Process Joint type

Welding position OutsideØ and Thickness Date

Weld face

A B C

Notes:
Excess weld metal height = Misalignment = Weld width = Toe blend =

C D A

Notes:
Excess weld metal height = Misalignment = Toe blend = Weld width =

WIS5-90516b
Appendix 3 Pipe Reports and Questions A3-13 Copyright © TWI Ltd
Pipe Root Face

A B C

Notes:
Excess penetration height = Toe blend =

C D A

Notes: Visual Inspection Pipe Report

Excess penetration height = Toe blend =

WIS5-90516b
Appendix 3 Pipe Reports and Questions A3-14 Copyright © TWI Ltd
RETEST RETEST 10 YR 10 YR CANDIDATE TO FILL ALL BOXES INDICATED IN BLUE
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 INITIAL
1 2 INITIAL RETEST
WI 3.1 EXAM _
O O O O O O O O O O O O
INVIGILATOR NAME: INVIGILATOR SIGNATURE:
VERSION _
O O O O O O O
EXAM DATE: EVENT CODE
GENERAL THEORY TECHNOLOGY THEORY
A B C D A B C D A B C D CANDIDATE NAME: CANDIDATE SIGNATURE:

Name [Block capitals]

Signature Pipe Ident#

Code/Specification used Welding Process Joint type

Welding position OutsideØ and Thickness Date

Weld face

A B C

Notes:
Excess weld metal height = Misalignment = Weld width = Toe blend =

C D A

Notes:
Excess weld metal height = Misalignment = Toe blend = Weld width =

WIS5-90516b
Appendix 3 Pipe Reports and Questions A3-20 Copyright © TWI Ltd
Pipe Root Face

A B C

Notes:
Excess penetration height = Toe blend =

C D A

Notes: Visual Inspection Pipe Report

Excess penetration height = Toe blend =

WIS5-90516b
Appendix 3 Pipe Reports and Questions A3-21 Copyright © TWI Ltd
RETEST RETEST 10 YR 10 YR CANDIDATE TO FILL ALL BOXES INDICATED IN BLUE
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 INITIAL
1 2 INITIAL RETEST
WI 3.1 EXAM _
O O O O O O O O O O O O
INVIGILATOR NAME: INVIGILATOR SIGNATURE:
VERSION _
O O O O O O O
EXAM DATE: EVENT CODE
GENERAL THEORY TECHNOLOGY THEORY
A B C D A B C D A B C D CANDIDATE NAME: CANDIDATE SIGNATURE:

Name [Block capitals]

Signature Pipe Ident#

Code/Specification used Welding Process Joint type

Welding position OutsideØ and Thickness Date

Weld face

A B C

Notes:
Excess weld metal height = Misalignment = Weld width = Toe blend =

C D A

Notes:
Excess weld metal height = Misalignment = Toe blend = Weld width =

WIS5-90516b
Appendix 3 Pipe Reports and Questions A3-27 Copyright © TWI Ltd
Pipe Root Face

A B C

Notes:
Excess penetration height = Toe blend =

C D A

Notes: Visual Inspection Pipe Report

Excess penetration height = Toe blend =

WIS5-90516b
Appendix 3 Pipe Reports and Questions A3-28 Copyright © TWI Ltd
RETEST RETEST 10 YR 10 YR CANDIDATE TO FILL ALL BOXES INDICATED IN BLUE
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 INITIAL
1 2 INITIAL RETEST
WI 3.1 EXAM _
O O O O O O O O O O O O
INVIGILATOR NAME: INVIGILATOR SIGNATURE:
VERSION _
O O O O O O O
EXAM DATE: EVENT CODE
GENERAL THEORY TECHNOLOGY THEORY
A B C D A B C D A B C D CANDIDATE NAME: CANDIDATE SIGNATURE:

Name [Block capitals]

Signature Pipe Ident#

Code/Specification used Welding Process Joint type

Welding position OutsideØ and Thickness Date

Weld face

A B C

Notes:
Excess weld metal height = Misalignment = Weld width = Toe blend =

C D A

Notes:
Excess weld metal height = Misalignment = Toe blend = Weld width =

WIS5-90516b
Appendix 3 Pipe Reports and Questions A3-34 Copyright © TWI Ltd
Pipe Root Face

A B C

Notes:
Excess penetration height = Toe blend =

C D A

Notes:
Excess penetration height = Toe blend =

WIS5-90516b
Appendix 3 Pipe Reports and Questions A3-35 Copyright © TWI Ltd
RETEST RETEST 10 YR 10 YR CANDIDATE TO FILL ALL BOXES INDICATED IN BLUE
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 INITIAL
1 2 INITIAL RETEST
WI 3.1 EXAM _
O O O O O O O O O O O O
INVIGILATOR NAME: INVIGILATOR SIGNATURE:
VERSION _
O O O O O O O
EXAM DATE: EVENT CODE
GENERAL THEORY TECHNOLOGY THEORY
A B C D A B C D A B C D CANDIDATE NAME: CANDIDATE SIGNATURE:

1 1 31
I agree with the terms and conditions of Tick Date of Birth
2 2 32 this examination Box D D M M Y Y
3 3 33 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
MACRO A
_ _
O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O A B C D E F
4 4 34 _
O O O O O O O O O O _
O O O O O O O O O O
_
O O O O O O O O O O _
O O O O O O O O O O 1
5 5 35 _
O O O O O O O O O O _
O O O O O O O O O O
_
O O O O O O O O O O _
O O O O O O O O O O 2
6 6 36 _
O O O O O O O O O O _
O O O O O O O O O O
3
7 7 37 BOOKING REFERENCE OFFICE USE ONLY CANDIDATE NUMBER FOR OFFICE USE ONLY
4
8 8 38
5
9 9 39
PLATE PIPE 6
10 10 40 A B C D E F A B C D E F
7
11 11 41 1 1
8
12 12 42 2 2
9
13 13 43 3 3
10
14 14 44 4 4
11
15 15 45 5 5
12
16 16 46 6 6
17 17 47 7 7
MACRO B
18 18 48 8 8 A B C D E F
19 19 49 9 9 1
20 20 50 10 10 2
21 21 51 11 11 3
22 22 52 12 12 4
23 23 53 13 13 5
24 24 54 14 14 6
25 25 55 15 15 7
26 26 56 16 16 8
27 27 57 17 17 9
28 28 58 18 18 10
29 29 59 19 19 11
30 30 60 20 20 12
Macro and Micro Vidual Inspection
Macro and Micro Visual Inspection

Macro-examination
Macro-etching a specimen is etched and evaluated macrostructurally at low
magnifications, is frequently used for evaluating carbon and low alloy steel
products such as billets, bars, blooms and forgings as well as welds. There are
several procedures for rating a steel specimen by a graded series of
photographs showing the incidence of certain conditions and is applicable to
carbon and low alloy steels. A number of different etching reagents may be
used depending upon the type of examination. Steels react differently to
etching reagents because of variations in chemical composition, method of
manufacture, heat treatment and many other variables.

Macro-examinations are also performed on a polished and etched cross-section

of a welded material. During the examination a number of features can be
determined including weld run sequence, important for weld procedure
qualifications tests. Any defects on the sample will be assessed for compliance
with relevant specifications: Slag, porosity, lack of weld penetration, lack of
sidewall fusion and poor weld profile are among the features observed. Such
defects are looked for either by standard visual examination or at
magnifications up to 5X. It is routine to photograph the section to provide a
permanent record, a photomacrograph.

Micro-examination
Performed on samples either cut to size or mounted in a resin mould. The
samples are polished to a fine finish, normally one micron diamond paste and
usually etched in an appropriate chemical solution prior to examination on a
metallurgical microscope. Micro-examination is performed for a number of
purposes, assess the structure of the material and examine for metallurgical
and anomalies such as third phase precipitates, excessive grain growth, etc.
Many routine tests such as phase counting or grain size determinations are
performed in conjunction with micro-examinations.

Metallographic weld evaluations can take many forms. In its most simplest, a
weld deposit can be visually examined for large scale defects such as porosity
or lack of fusion defects. On a microscale, it can be phase balance assessments
from weld cap to weld root or a check for non-metallic or third phase
precipitates. Examination of weld growth patterns is also used to determine
reasons for poor mechanical test results. For example, an extensive central
columnar grain pattern can cause a plane of weakness giving poor Charpy
results.

WIS5-90516b
Appendix 5 Macro and Micro Visual Inspection A5-1 Copyright © TWI Ltd
Photomacrographs

WIS5-90516b
Appendix 5 Macro and Micro Visual Inspection A5-2 Copyright © TWI Ltd
Training

Macroscopic

WIS5-90516b
Appendix 5 Macro and Micro Visual Inspection A5-3 Copyright © TWI Ltd
Training Macro 1

Welding process used MMA (SMAW)

1
10
2

8 4

5
7
6

Welding process used MMA (SMAW)

2
10

4
8

7
6

Welding process used MIG/MAG (GMAW)

7 4

5
6

Welding process used MMA (SMAW)

1
2

7
9 6

8
7

Welding process used MMA (SMAW)

2
3

7
8

Macro 1 Macro 2
1 1a 1b 1c 1d 1e 1f 1 1a 1b 1c 1d 1e 1f

2 2a 2b 2c 2d 2e 2f 2 2a 2b 2c 2d 2e 2f

3 3a 3b 3c 3d 3e 3f 3 3a 3b 3c 3d 3e 3f

4 4a 4b 4c 4d 4e 4f 4 4a 4b 4c 4d 4e 4f

5 5a 5b 5c 5d 5e 5f 5 5a 5b 5c 5d 5e 5f

6 6a 6b 6c 6d 6e 6f 6 6a 6b 6c 6d 6e 6f

7 7a 7b 7c 7d 7e 7f 7 7a 7b 7c 7d 7e 7f

8 8a 8b 8c 8d 8e 8f 8 8a 8b 8c 8d 8e 8f

9 9a 9b 9c 9d 9e 9f 9 9a 9b 9c 9d 9e 9f

10 10a 10b 10c 10d 10e 10f 10 10a 10b 10c 10d 10e 10f

Macro 3 Macro 4
1 1a 1b 1c 1d 1e 1f 1 1a 1b 1c 1d 1e 1f

2 2a 2b 2c 2d 2e 2f 2 2a 2b 2c 2d 2e 2f

3 3a 3b 3c 3d 3e 3f 3 3a 3b 3c 3d 3e 3f

4 4a 4b 4c 4d 4e 4f 4 4a 4b 4c 4d 4e 4f

5 5a 5b 5c 5d 5e 5f 5 5a 5b 5c 5d 5e 5f

6 6a 6b 6c 6d 6e 6f 6 6a 6b 6c 6d 6e 6f

7 7a 7b 7c 7d 7e 7f 7 7a 7b 7c 7d 7e 7f

8 8a 8b 8c 8d 8e 8f 8 8a 8b 8c 8d 8e 8f

9 9a 9b 9c 9d 9e 9f 9 9a 9b 9c 9d 9e 9f

10 10a 10b 10c 10d 10e 10f 10 10a 10b 10c 10d 10e 10f

Macro 5
1 1a 1b 1c 1d 1e 1f

2 2a 2b 2c 2d 2e 2f

3 3a 3b 3c 3d 3e 3f

4 4a 4b 4c 4d 4e 4f

5 5a 5b 5c 5d 5e 5f

6 6a 6b 6c 6d 6e 6f

7 7a 7b 7c 7d 7e 7f

8 8a 8b 8c 8d 8e 8f

9 9a 9b 9c 9d 9e 9f

10 10a 10b 10c 10d 10e 10f

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