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Extrema: Maximum and Minimum Values

Extrema refer to the maximum and minimum values of a function. There are global extrema, which are the absolute highest and lowest points, and local extrema, which are relative highs and lows like hills and valleys. Critical points are where the derivative is 0 or undefined, and critical values are the y-values at critical points. The Extreme Value Theorem states that continuous functions on closed intervals have both a maximum and minimum. Fermat's Theorem and Rolle's Theorem relate extrema to the derivative. The Mean Value Theorem and procedures for finding extrema, intervals of increasing/decreasing functions, and concavity use derivatives to analyze functions.

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4K views

Extrema: Maximum and Minimum Values

Extrema refer to the maximum and minimum values of a function. There are global extrema, which are the absolute highest and lowest points, and local extrema, which are relative highs and lows like hills and valleys. Critical points are where the derivative is 0 or undefined, and critical values are the y-values at critical points. The Extreme Value Theorem states that continuous functions on closed intervals have both a maximum and minimum. Fermat's Theorem and Rolle's Theorem relate extrema to the derivative. The Mean Value Theorem and procedures for finding extrema, intervals of increasing/decreasing functions, and concavity use derivatives to analyze functions.

Uploaded by

John Aparici
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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EXTREMA

MAXIMUM AND MINIMUM VALUES


What is etrema?
 Plural of extremum
 General term for both Minimum and Maximum Values (e.g. Sorption)
 The highest and the lowest points

What is a Global Extremum?


Also the absolute extremum
Global maximum is the highest point in the graph
Global minimum is the lowest point in the graph
*There are instances where only one of the global extrema is present or both does not exist, consider the
following:
(1) open interval
(2) Unbounded
*There are instances as well where 2 or more global extrema exist. It happens when points are of the same
height.

What is a Local Extremum?


Also the relative extremum
Local maximum - the slope is increasing then decreasing (e.g. hill)
Local minimum - the slope is decreasing then increasing (e.g. valley)
*There are instances where 2 or more local extrema exist. As long as they are a valley or a hill, they are
qualified.

What is Endpoint Extremum?


A minimum or maximum found at the endpoints

Global Maximum
Endpoint Maximum

Local Maximum

Endpoint Minimum

Local Minimum
Global Minimum

What is a saddle point?


The thing we place at the back of the horse
The point, not an extremum, where the signs of 2 curvature are opposite.

Downward Upward
concavity concavity

What is an inflection point?


The point between a minimum and a maximum point
Point where the concavity starts to change
The value of x where the SECOND DERIVATIVE OF THE FUNCTION IS ZERO

f’’’(x)=0

What is Stationary Point?


A critical point where the slope is zero
*All stationary points are critical points, but NOT all critical points are stationary

Inflection point
Stationary Point

What is a critical point?


Also the critical number
The value of x that will make the derivative of the function 0 or undefined

f’(x)=0
f’(x)=undefined

What is a critical VALUE?


The value of y at the critical number
To get this, we substitute the critical number to the original equation and NOT to its FIRST DERIVATIVE

THEOREM
Extreme Value Theorem
If f is continuous on a closed interval [a, b], then f has both a minimum and a maximum on the interval.

Fermat’s Theorem
If f(x) has a local extremum at x = a and f is differentiable at a, then f’(a) = 0.

Rolle’s Theorem
Let f be continuous on the closed interval [a, b] and differentiable on the open interval (a, b). If f(a) = f(b),
then there is at least one number c in (a, b) such that f′(c) = 0.

Continuous at [a, b]
Differentiable at (a, b)
f(a) = f(b)

3 CHECKS: FIND C by equating the first derivative to 0.

Mean Value Theorem


If f is continuous on the closed interval [a, b] and differentiable on the open interval (a, b), then there
exists a number c in (a, b) such that f’(c) = [f(b) − f(a)]/(b– a).

Continuous at [a, b]
Differentiable at (a, b)
3 CHECKS: FIND C by using this equation f’(c) = [f(b) − f(a)]/(b– a)
PROCEDURE
Guidelines for Finding the Extrema
To find the extrema of a continuous function f on a closed interval [a, b], use these steps.
1. Find the critical numbers of f in (a, b).
2. Evaluate f at each critical number in (a, b).
3. Evaluate f at each endpoint of [a, b].
4. The least of these values is the minimum. The greatest is the maximum.

Test for Increasing or Decreasing Function


Let f be a continuous function on the closed interval [a, b] and differentiable on the open interval (a, b).
1. If f’(x) > 0 for all x in (a, b), then f is increasing on [a, b].
2. If f’(x) < 0 for all x in (a, b), then f is decreasing on [a, b].
3. If f’(x) = 0 for all x in (a, b), then f is constant on [a, b].

Guidelines for Finding Intervals on which a Function is Increasing or


Decreasing
Let f be continuous on the interval (a, b). To find the open intervals on which f is increasing or decreasing,
use
the following steps.
1. Locate the critical numbers of f in (a, b), and use these numbers to determine test intervals.
2. Determine the sign of f‘(x) at one test value in each of the intervals.
3. Use functional tests to determine whether f is increasing or decreasing on each interval.

Second Derivative Test


This is used for finding the concavity of a critical point.
Let f be a function such that f’(c) = 0 and the second derivative of f exists on an open interval containing c.
1. If f‘(c) > 0, then f has a relative minimum at (c, f(c)).
2. If f’’(c) < 0, then f has a relative maximum at (c, f(c)).
If f‘’(c) = 0, then the test fails. That is, f may have a relative maximum, a relative minimum, or neither. In
such cases, you can use the First Derivative Test.
PROBLEMS

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