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Tajammul Hussain

The document discusses orthonormal bases in inner product spaces. It defines an orthonormal basis as a basis whose vectors are unit vectors that are orthogonal to each other. For Euclidean spaces, the standard basis is orthonormal. An orthonormal basis allows reducing the study of an inner product space to that of Euclidean space under the dot product. Every finite-dimensional inner product space has an orthonormal basis obtained via the Gram-Schmidt process. For infinite-dimensional spaces, an orthonormal basis is a set of orthogonal unit vectors that allows expressing all vectors as infinite linear combinations.

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66 views

Tajammul Hussain

The document discusses orthonormal bases in inner product spaces. It defines an orthonormal basis as a basis whose vectors are unit vectors that are orthogonal to each other. For Euclidean spaces, the standard basis is orthonormal. An orthonormal basis allows reducing the study of an inner product space to that of Euclidean space under the dot product. Every finite-dimensional inner product space has an orthonormal basis obtained via the Gram-Schmidt process. For infinite-dimensional spaces, an orthonormal basis is a set of orthogonal unit vectors that allows expressing all vectors as infinite linear combinations.

Uploaded by

Mîån Åbdûllãh
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Orthonormal

A subset {V1 ………Vk } of a vector space , with the inner product , is


called orthogonal if when . That is, the vectors are
mutually perpendicular.

Note that there is no restriction on the lengths of the vectors. If the vectors
in an orthogonal set all have length one, then they are orthonormal.

The notion of orthogonal makes sense for an abstract vector space over
any field as long as there is a symmetric quadratic form. The usual
orthogonal sets and groups in Euclidean space can be generalized, with
applications to special relativity, differential geometry, and abstract algebra.

Orthonormal Basis
In mathematics, particularly linear algebra, an orthonormal basis for an
inner product space V with finite dimension is a basis for V whose vectors
are orthonormal, that is, they are all unit vectors and orthogonal to each
other. For example, the standard basis for a Euclidean space Rn is an
orthonormal basis, where the relevant inner product is the dot product of
vectors. The image of the standard basis under a rotation or reflection (or
any orthogonal transformation) is also orthonormal, and every orthonormal
basis for Rn arises in this fashion. For a general inner product space V, an
orthonormal basis can be used to define normalized orthogonal coordinates
on V. Under these coordinates, the inner product becomes a dot product of
vectors. Thus the presence of an orthonormal basis reduces the study of a
finite-dimensional inner product space to the study of Rn under dot product.
Every finite-dimensional inner product space has an orthonormal basis,
which may be obtained from an arbitrary basis using the Gram–Schmidt
process. In functional analysis, the concept of an orthonormal basis can be
generalized to arbitrary (infinite-dimensional) inner product spaces. Given a
pre-Hilbert space H, an orthonormal basis for H is an orthonormal set of
vectors with the property that every vector in H can be written as an infinite
linear combination of the vectors in the basis. In this case, the orthonormal
basis is sometimes called a Hilbert basis for H. Note that an orthonormal
basis in this sense is not generally a Hamel basis, since infinite linear
combinations are required. Specifically, the linear span of the basis must
be dense in H, but it may not be the entire space

Annihilator :
In mathematics, the annihilator of a subset S of a module over a ring is the ideal formed by the
elements of the ring that give always zero when multiplied by an element of S. Over an integral
domain, a module that has a nonzero annihilator is a torsion module, and a finitely generated
torsion module has a nonzero annihilator. The above definition applies also in the case non-
commutative rings, where the left annihilator of a left module is a left ideal, and the right-
annihilator, of a right module is a right ideal.

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