Overview of Systems Integration: Challenges and Drives

Systems Integration

 Systems integration means that you allow a heterogeneous Information System (IS) to communicate or integrate and share
information (or data) seamlessly with one another.
 Systems integration is a key issue for an organization for its growth
o Management needs to pay close attention to this issue.
 Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) systems are a major kind of information system allowing organizations to integrate
different systems into one organization-wide application with an integrated database management system.
Functional Silos
 Silos are basically compartmentalized operating units isolated from their environment.
 Horizontal Silos
o Classification of organizations into departments like Accounting and Human Resources, reflects the breaking of
complex tasks into smaller manageable tasks that could be assigned to a group of people who could then be held
responsible.
 Vertical Silos
o Organizations also divided roles in hierarchical layers from strategic planning to management control and operation
control.
o CEOs and Presidents plan long-term strategy, midlevel management focuses on tactical issues and on the execution
of organizational policy whereas the lower-level management task is to focus on the day-to-day operations of the
company.
 As organizations get big and complex, they tend to break functions into smaller units and assign staff the responsibility for
these activities allowing them to manage complexity as well as specialize in activities that enhance productivity and
efficiency.
Information Systems in Organizations
 Information Systems are a critical component of a successful organization today.
 Information Systems play a major role in primary and secondary activities of an organization’s value chain.
o The evolution of IS suggests that its role has generally been to support evolving information needs of the
organization.
 Information Systems provide a high level of computer automation to support business functions such as: Accounting,
Finance, Marketing, Customer Service, Human Resource Management, Operations, Manufacturing
o Supporting horizontal silos of organization
 Information systems provide analytical and decision-making support for management, which is generally categorized into
three levels- Strategic, Middle, and Operational.
o Supporting vertical silos of organization
o Each business functions and management levels have different information requirements.
Functional Silos in Organization
 Each functional area has different information needs and report requirements.
 Each functional area in an organization also has multiple levels of management, each requiring different levels of analysis
and details of information.
 To increase efficiency and productive, organizations developed various information systems to support each major activity
and responsibility.
Management Pyramid with Information Requirements

 Each management level has different information requirements.

IS as Categorized by Functional and Hierarchical Models

Information Silos and Systems Integration

 Over time, organizations created a hodgepodge of independent nonintegrated systems ultimately creating bottlenecks and
interfering with productivity.
 Organizations need to be agile and flexible and will require their information systems to have integrated data, applications,
and resources from across the organization.
 A silo information system is inefficient, inaccurate, and expensive.
o The system creates bottlenecks for everyone and information is not available in real-time.
 To compete effectively, organizations have to be customer focused.
o This requires cross-functional integration among the accounting, marketing and other departments of the
organization.
 The cross-functional integration can involve people and resources from various functional departments working together,
sharing information at any level of the organization.
o The cross-functional organizational structure breaks the functional silos by opening up the informational flows from
one department to another.
Systems Integration
Logical or human level
● Develop information systems that allow organizations to share data with all of its stakeholders based on need and
authorization.
● Management needs to change organizational structures, processes, and employee roles and responsibilities.
Physical or technical level
● Provide seamless connectivity between heterogeneous systems.
● Business process reengineering involves changing the mindset of the employees in the organization, encouraging and
enabling them to do their tasks in a new way.

Benefits and Limitations of System Integration

 Benefits Limitations
Increased Revenue and Growth High Initial Set-up Costs
Leveling the Competitive Environment Power and Interdepartmental Conflicts
(due to the sharing of
information)
Enhanced Information Visibility Long-term and Intangible ROI (Usually several years)
Increased Standardization Creativity Limitations (Restricts
Creativity and Independence)
Implications for Management
Systems integration raises many new ethical issues.
● Possibility of some employees exploiting information for personal advantage and illegal access of information.
Remedies can consist of:
● Develop policies on ethical usage of information.
● Install proper security software and hardware (like firewalls).
● Allocate resources for training and education on accessing information.
Integrated Systems - Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP)
● Goal of ERP is to integrate departments and functions across an organization into a single infrastructure sharing a common
database and serving the needs of each department.
● ERP systems replace an assortment of systems that typically existed in organizations. Moreover, ERP solves critical problem
of integrating information from different sources and makes it available in real-time.

ERP and Systems Integration

 ERP systems are integrated, multi-module application software packages designed to serve and support several business functions
across an organization.
 ERP systems are typically commercial software packages that facilitate collection and integration of information related to
various areas of an organization.
 ERP systems enable the organization to standardize and improve its business processes to implement best practices for its
industry.
 ERP systems are the first generation of enterprise systems meant to integrate data and support all the major functions of
organizations.
 ERP systems integrate various functional aspects of the organization as well as systems within the organization of its partners and
suppliers.
 The goal of an ERP system is to make the information flow dynamic and immediate, therefore, increasing its usefulness and
value.
ERP’s Role in Logical Integration
 ERP systems require organizations to focus on business process rather than on functions.
 ERP systems come with built-in processes for a wide variety of common business functions.
 An ERP system implements best practices via specific built-in steps for processing a customer order in terms of:
o order entry.
o routing through departments.
o communication of output to various parties.

ERP’s Role in Physical Integration

 ● Before installing the ERP system, an organization may have to upgrade or install middleware or get rid of their legacy
system’s hardware and software.
● Integration is also required at the Data level, Client level, and at the Application level.
● A good ERP implementation improves operational efficiency with better business processes that focuses on organizational
goals rather than on individual departmental goals.
● Improved efficiency with a paperless flow and electronic data interchange (EDI) or business-to business (B2B) commerce
environment with partners.
Implications for Management
 In the early days of ERP implementation most management did not understand the magnitude of issues an organization has to
consider before, during, and after implementation.
o ERP systems are very different from conventional packaged software, such as Microsoft Office and others.
 ERP systems implementation is a complex organizational activity.
o There are no shortcuts when it comes to implementing an enterprise system.
 It is important to evaluate and learn from the successes and failures.
 ERP systems implementation requires strong project management oversight.
Evolution of ERP

Timeline System Platform

1960s Inventory Management & Control Mainframe legacy systems using third
generation software-(Cobol, Fortran).
1970s Materials Requirements Planning Mainframe legacy systems using third
(MRP) generation software-(Cobol, Fortran).
1980s Materials Requirements Planning Mainframe legacy systems using fourth
(MRP-II) generation database software and
manufacturing applications.
1990s Enterprise Resource Mainframe client-server systems using fourth
Planning generation database software and package
software.
2000s Extended ERP or ERP-II Client-server systems using Web platform,
open source with integration to fifth generation
applications like SCM, CRM, SFA.
E-Business and ERP

E-Business ERP
Focuses on linking a business with its external partners Focuses on integrating the internal functional silos of the
and stakeholders organization into an enterprise application
Disruptive technology—Totally transformed the way a Adaptive technology—Merged the early data processing and
business operates in terms of buying and selling, customer integration efforts within an organization
service, and relationships with suppliers

ERP Systems Components

● An ERP system consists of:

Hardware Servers and peripherals

Software Process Operating systems and database
Information Organizational data from internal and external sources
 Process Business processes, procedures, and policies
People End users and IT staff
ERP Architecture
 The architecture of an ERP system influences the cost, maintenance, and the use of the system.
 The ERP architecture helps the implementation team build the ERP system for the organization.
 If purchased, ERP architecture is often driven by the vendor (Package-Driven Architecture).
 There are two types of architectures.
o Logical focuses on the supporting needs of the end users.
o Physical focuses on the efficiency of the system.
Logical Architecture of an ERP System

Tiered Architecture Example of ERP System

System Benefits of an ERP System

 Integration of data and applications across functional areas (i.e., data can be entered once and used by all applications; thus
improving accuracy and quality of the data).
 Improvements in maintenance and support as IT staff is centralized.
 Consistency of the user interface across various applications means less employee training, better productivity, and cross-
functional job movements.
 Security of data and applications is enhanced due to better controls and centralization of hardware.

Business Benefits of an ERP System

 Agility of the organization in terms of responding to changes in environment for growth and maintaining market share
 Sharing of information across functional areas helps collaboration between employees.
 Linking and exchanging information in real-time with supply-chain partners improves efficiency leading to lower costs.
 Better customer service due to quicker information flow across departments.
 Efficiency of business processes are enhanced due to the re-engineering of business processes.

Business Limitations of an ERP System

● Retraining of all employees with the new system can be costly and time consuming.
● Change of business roles and department boundaries can create upheaval and resistance to the new system.
ERP Implementation

● Before implementing ERP, an organization has to plan and understand the life cycle of these systems.
 ● The key to a successful implementation is to use a proven methodology, take it one step at a time, and begin with an
understanding of the ERP life cycle.
● ERP system implementations are very risky, and using a well-defined project plan with a proven methodology will assist in
managing those risks.
● There must be a strong well-communicated need to make the change from the existing information systems/applications to an
ERP system.

Software and Vendor Selection

 It is best for an organization that does not have the experience in developing ERP systems to purchase one on the market.
 Before selecting a vendor, the organization must carefully evaluate its current and future needs in enterprise management
systems.
 Review the organization’s existing hardware, network, and software infrastructure, and the resources available for the
implementation.
Vendor Evaluation
 Business functions or modules supported by their  Total cost of ownership
software.  IT infrastructure requirements
 Features and integration capabilities of the software  Third-party software integration
 Financial viability of the vendor as well as length of  Legacy systems support and integration
time they have been in business  Consulting and training services
 Licensing and upgrade policies  Future goals and plans for the short and long term
 Customer service and help desk support
Operations and Post-Implementation
 Going live (“Go-live”) is one of the most critical points in a project’s success.
 It is vital to focus the efforts of all project teams to ensure that task and activities are completed before going live.
Five areas of stabilization are important:
 Training for end-users  Data fix to resolve data migration and errors revealed
 Reactive support (i.e., help desk for troubleshooting) by audits
 Auditing support to make sure data quality is not  New features and functionalities to support the
compromised by new system evolving needs of the organization
People and Organization
 Project Management
o For an ERP system to be implemented successfully, project management must provide strong leadership, a clear and
understood implementation plan, and close monitoring of the budget.
● Consultants
o It is often the case for organizations without much ERP implementation experience to use implementation partners such
as consultants.
● Change Management
o Role is essential because it prepares for changes to how business is done. In implementing new systems, communicating,
preparing, and setting expectations is as important as providing training and support.
● Business Process Re-engineering
o Business processes will need to be changed, adjusted, or adapted to the new system to use the functionality of an ERP
system fully.
● Global, Ethical and Security Management
o Outsourcing overseas, ethical issues, and problems with system security have also attracted a lot of attention in ERP
implementation.
ERP Vendors
 ● SAP
● SAP is the recognized global leader among ERP vendors with over 12 million users. Its solutions are for all types of
industries and for every major market. www.sap.com
● Oracle/Peoplesoft
● As the second largest ERP vendor, Oracle provides solutions divided by industry category and promises long-term
support for customers of PeopleSoft- (acquired in 2004). www.oracle.com
● Microsoft Dynamics
● Formerly Microsoft Business Solutions or Great Plains, Microsoft Dynamics is a comprehensive business-
management solution built on the Microsoft platform.
● Infor
● The world’s third largest provider of enterprise software. It delivers integrated enterprise solutions in supply chain,
customer relationship and suppliers management.
● Lawson
● Industry-tailored software solutions that include enterprise performance management, distribution, financials, human
resources, procurement, and retail operations. www.Lawson.com
Summary
 Functional silos categorize an organization’s tasks and activities into groups to improve efficiency and responsibility of work
in the organization.
 Silos can improve productivity, but they often lead employees to achieve departmental goals rather than overall
organizational goals.
 IS over the years have been divided horizontally by functions and vertically by hierarchical levels.
 IS architecture has evolved from centralized mainframe architecture to personal computers with distributed or client–server
architecture.
 In order for systems integration to be successful, organizations have to focus both on the human or logical level and on the
physical or systems level.
 ERP systems thus make the process of systems integration easier, but they are expensive and often require organizations to
start from scratch.
 System integration involves the whole organization, requiring top-management support and resources for a long-term period.
Management must be ready to face the human and ethical challenges in a systems integration project.
 Whereas the risks for implementing an ERP are greater, the payoff is very high for organizations.
 The integration of data helps an organization to better meet the demands of a fast and dynamic business world.
 The use of ERP systems provides for integrated data and business processes, thereby creating opportunities for organizations
to expand and change as their business changes.
 ERP components consist of hardware, software, information, process, and people to perform the fundamental phases of an
information system: input, process, and output.
 ERP system architecture is a blueprint of the actual ERP system. There are two types of architecture: physical and logical.
 The selection of a system must be based on these needs and how well a vendor meets those needs now or in the future.
 To be successful in implementing an ERP system, an organization and its management must clearly understand the
implementation process.