CpE 413

Emerging Technologies

5G AND THE INTERNET OF THINGS (IoT)

A. OVERVIEW AND MEANING
Fifth Generation
5G is the fifth generation of cellular technology. It is designed to increase speed, reduce latency,
and improve flexibility of wireless services.
5G wireless technology is meant to deliver higher multi-Gbps peak data speeds, ultra-low latency,
more reliability, massive network capacity, increased availability, and a more uniform user experience to
more users. Higher performance and improved efficiency empower new user experiences and connects
new industries.
From 1G to 5G: A Brief History of the Evolution of Mobile Standards
1G: Where it all began
The first generation of mobile networks – or 1G as they were retroactively dubbed when the next
generation was introduced – was launched by Nippon Telegraph and Telephone (NTT) in Tokyo in 1979.
By 1984, NTT had rolled out 1G to cover the whole of Japan.
2G: The Cultural Revolution
The second generation of mobile networks, or 2G, was launched under the GSM standard in
Finland in 1991. For the first time, calls could be encrypted and digital voice calls were significantly
clearer with less static and background crackling.
3G: The ‘Packet-Switching’ Revolution
3G was launched by NTT DoCoMo in 2001 and aimed to standardize the network protocol used
by vendors. This meant that users could access data from any location in the world as the ‘data packets’
that drive web connectivity were standardized. This made international roaming services a real possibility
for the first time.
4G: The Streaming Era
4G was first deployed in Stockholm, Sweden and Oslo, Norway in 2009 as the Long-Term
Evolution (LTE) 4G standard. It was subsequently introduced throughout the world and made high-
quality video streaming a reality for millions of consumers. 4G offers fast mobile web access (up to 1
gigabit per second for stationary users) which facilitates gaming services, HD videos and HQ video
conferencing.
5G: The Internet of Things Era
South Korea was the first country to offer 5G in March 2019. The 5th generation was rolled out
by KT, LG Uplus, and SK Telecom – all South Korean telecom providers. 5G in Canada has already been
introduced in major cities.
 The latency over 5G is incredibly reduced, which increased faster download and upload speeds.
Comparing the two, 4G has an average latency of around 50 milliseconds, whereas 5G’s average latency
is expected to be about 10. It’s also possible that 5G could even drop down to 1 millisecond of latency.
5G also has a larger bandwidth size (between 30GHz and 300 GHz), supporting more
technologies and more devices. 5G is an essential requirement of mass IoT deployments, needed for smart
cities and other industries.
Key Terms:
Gigabytes – use for measuring data storage
Gigabits - can be described to data transfer speed into local networks

Internet of Things
The Internet of Things (IoT) describes the network of physical objects— “things”—that are
embedded with sensors, software, and other technologies for the purpose of connecting and exchanging
data with other devices and systems over the internet.
Advanced Research Projects Agency Network (ARPANET) was the network that became the
basis for the Internet.
Kevin Ashton
In 1999 British technology pioneer Kevin Ashton, co-founder of the Auto-ID Laboratory at
MITOffsite Link, invented the term "The Internet of Things" to describe a system where the Internet is
connected to the physical world via ubiquitous sensors, including RFID (Radio-frequency identification).
The first IOT Device
In 1990, John Romkey created the first considered Iot device, a toaster that could be turned on
and off over the Internet for the October '89 INTEROP conference. Dan Lynch, President of Interop
promised Romkey that, if Romkey was able to "bring up his toaster on the Net," the appliance would be
given star placement in the floor-wide exhibitors at the conference. The toaster was connected to a
computer with TCP/IP networking. It then used an information base (SNMP MIB) to turn the power on.
B. BENEFITS
Benefits of 5G
Speed Upgrades
Each wireless network generation has reflected a significant increase in speed, and the
benefits of 5G—the fifth generation of cellular network technology—will push far beyond 4G
LTE. Predicted speeds of up to 10 Gbps represent up to a 100x increase compared to 4G.

Low Latency
Latency measures how long a signal takes to go from its source to its receiver, and then
back again. One of the goals for each wireless generation has been to reduce latency. New 5G
 networks will have even lower latency than 4G LTE, with the round-trip transmission of data
taking less than five milliseconds.

Enhance Capacity
5G will deliver up to 1,000x more capacity than 4G, creating fertile ground for
IoT development. 5G and IoT are a perfect match, set to redefine how wireless
networks—and the internet as a whole—are used. With capacity for hundreds or
thousands of devices seamlessly communicating, new applications and use cases for
cities, factories, farms, schools, and homes will flourish.
Greater number of connected devices
With 5G the number of devices that can be connected to the network increases
greatly, it will go to millionaire scale per square kilometer. All connected devices will
have access to instant connections to the internet, which in real time will exchange information
with each other. This will favor the IOT.
It is anticipated that a common home will have a hundred connected devices sending
and receiving information in real time. If we think of industrial plants we would speak of
thousands of connected devices.
Network slicing
The 5G also allows to implement virtual networks (network slicing), create subnets,
in order to provide connectivity more adjusted to specific needs.
The creation of subnetworks will give specific characteristics to a part of the
network, being a programmable network and will allow to prioritize connections, as
could be the emergencies in front of other users, applying for example different latencies or
prioritizing them in the connection to the network so that they can’t be affected by possible
overloads of the mobile network.
Benefits of Internet of Things
Automation
By automating tasks, organisations may save time and money. IoT provides an
automated approach with machines communicating with each other in a Machine2Machine
(M2M) language. This reduces complexities and the devices automatically process data either at
the local nodes or on the cloud. The machines can automatically identify or even predict a fault
and inform the maintenance team of the faults. Allowing you to reduce downtime and
unexpected, or unnecessary maintenance costs.
Decision Support and Analytics
With the data collected, organisations quickly learn and adapt to wide decisions and
choices. IoT is beneficial in asset tracking, monitoring, inventory management, energy
optimization, etc. For example, monitoring the devices that transmit wirelessly in real-time,
including surveillance systems, cameras, infrared detection sensors, motion capture and
temperature of objects can help us build better industrial environment.
Improved customer experiences
The interconnection of more services will generate huge data coming from various
sources and services. With so much data and information, organisations will be in a better
 position to improve their customer experience by making decisions on the data collected from
IoT Devices. A business will get opportunities to operate more on the real numbers and less on
assumptions thus accurately understanding the requirements and appropriately serving the
customers.
Safety and Security
Safety is increased with the digitalization of assets and technology with IoT technology.
The working environment is automated with optimum temperature and worker’s safety is
achieved with machine automation and reduction of manual processes. Certain incidents or floor
accidents can be easily avoided with IoT implementation such as proximity, movement or
hazardous gas sensors. The ability to control machines and appliances from anywhere while not
physically present is another added benefit from the IoT technology.
Revenue Generation
Adoption of IoT may impact business revenue in the initial stages but the benefits surpass
the cost. IoT offers improved efficiency and business realizes the new business functions thus
leading to newer revenue opportunities. IoT is also helping to get strategic advantages and stay
ahead of competition.
C. DISCUSSION ABOUT THE TECHNOLOGY
Internet of Things in 5G Era
The Internet of Things (IoT) is rising as the number of connected devices is set to increase from
700 million to 3.2 billion by 2023. While there are a number of factors contributing to this rise, one of the
most important will be the development of 5G networks.
The fifth generation of cellular mobile communications or 5G is great news for the IoT market.
This is primarily due to the fact that 5G networks will go a long way towards improving the performance
and reliability of these connected devices. Here's why:

Data-Transfer Speeds
The commercial success of any IoT is ultimately tied to its performance, which is dependent on
how quickly it can communicate with other IoT devices, smartphones and tablets, software in the form of
its app or website, and more. With 5G, data-transfer speeds will increase significantly.
Greater Network Reliability
In addition to the increase in speed, 5G networks will operate more reliably creating more stable
connections. Having a reliable and stable network condition is extremely important for any IoT, but
especially for connected devices like locks, security cameras, and other monitoring systems that depend
on real-time updates.
How 5G works?
Most operators will initially integrate 5G networks with existing 4G networks to provide a
continuous connection.
 5G network architecture illustrating 5G and 4G working together, with central and local servers
providing faster content to users and low latency applications. A mobile network has two main
components, the ‘Radio Access Network’ and the ‘Core Network’.
The Radio Access Network
Consists of various types of facilities including small cells, towers, masts and dedicated in-
building and home systems that connect mobile users and wireless devices to the main core network.
Small cells will be a major feature of 5G networks particularly at the new millimeter wave
(mmWave) frequencies where the connection range is very short. To provide a continuous connection,
small cells will be distributed in clusters depending on where users require connection which will
complement the macro network that provides wide-area coverage.
5G Macro Cells will use MIMO (multiple input, multiple output) antennas that have multiple
elements or connections to send and receive more data simultaneously. The benefit to users is that more
people can simultaneously connect to the network and maintain high throughput. Where MIMO antennas
use very large numbers of antenna elements they are often referred to as ‘massive MIMO’, however, the
physical size is similar to existing 3G and 4G base station antennas.
The Core Network
The mobile exchange and data network that manages all of the mobile voice, data and internet
connections. For 5G, the ‘core network’ is being redesigned to better integrate with the internet and cloud
based services and also includes distributed servers across the network improving response times
(reducing latency).
Many of the advanced features of 5G including network function virtualization and network
slicing for different applications and services, will be managed in the core.
5G working with 4G
How IoT Works?

Components of IoT Process

Sensors in Devices
Data is first collected from the environment for the IoT system to begin processing. It is
collected by sensors in devices that can measure observable occurrences or changes in the
environment. The kind of data being measured by the device depends on its function: It can be a
person’s pulse in the case of a fitness tracker or the distance of the nearest object in that of an
autonomous vehicle.
 Connection and Identification/IoT Gateway
The data must be communicated from the device to the rest of the IoT system, be it to a
computer or to another device. And for this communication to have any meaning, a device must
have a unique identifiable presence on the internet, accomplished through its own IP address.

The cloud
The cloud is where all the data from the different devices is gathered and where software
can reach this data for processing. Because most of data processing happens in the cloud, it
lessens the burden on individual devices.

User interface
The user interface communicates to the users the data gathered by the devices and allows
the users to make the necessary commands to be executed by the devices.

D. TYPES
Three TYPES of 5G
Low Band 5G
Low band spectrum 5G is best understood as a blanket layer for nationwide coverage. One low
band 5G tower — transmitting on the same frequency that was once used for TV broadcasts — can serve
customers within hundreds of square miles, also covering more rural locations. This baseline tier is
already approximately 20% faster than 4G LTE networks.
Mid Band 5G
About six times faster than 4G LTE, mid band 5G is likely to be more available in major
metropolitan areas of the United States. Mid band 5G offers service within smaller areas compared to low
band 5G, and because carriers can allocate more resources in mid band, data speeds are higher than for
low band 5G.
mmWave High Band 5G
Characterized by extremely low latency and approximately 10 times faster than 4G LTE
networks, millimeter wave (mmWave) 5G enables messages to transmit almost immediately, but it
requires close proximity to a tower.

The Five Types of IoT

Consumer Internet of Things (CIoT)
Consumer IoT (CIoT) refers to the use of IoT for consumer applications and devices.
Common CIoT products include smartphones, wearables, smart assistants, home appliances, etc.

Commercial Internet of Things

There are numerous use cases for commercial IoT, including monitoring environmental
conditions, managing access to corporate facilities, and economizing utilities and consumption in
hotels and other large venues. Many Commercial IoT solutions are geared towards improving
customer experiences and business conditions.

Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT)

Industrial IoT (IIoT), is perhaps the most dynamic wing of the IoT industry. Its focus is
on augmenting existing industrial systems, making them both more productive and more
 efficient. IIoT deployments are typically found in large-scale factories and manufacturing plants
and are often associated with industries like healthcare, agriculture, automotive, and logistics.

Infrastructure IoT
Infrastructure IoT is concerned with the development of smart infrastructures that
incorporate IoT technologies to boost efficiency, cost savings, maintenance, etc. This includes the
ability to monitor and control operations of urban and rural infrastructures, such as bridges,
railway tracks, and on- and offshore windfarms.

Internet of Military Things (IoMT)

The last type of IoT is the Internet of Military Things (IoMT), often referred to as
Battlefield IoT, the Internet of Battlefield Things, or simply IoBT. IoMT is precisely what it
sounds like — the use of IoT in military settings and battlefield situations. It is chiefly aimed at
increasing situational awareness, bolstering risk assessment, and improving response times.

Common IoMT applications include connecting ships, planes, tanks, soldiers, drones, and
even Forward Operating Bases via an interconnected system.

E. APPLICATIONS
Smart Home
Smart Home is inarguably the most popular IoT application. It is an application that allows the
user to access the home appliances like lighting, heating, security, and entertainment remotely. It provides
security, comfort and convenience to the owners. Wearables
Smart watches are the most common wearable tools right now. One of the first IoT inventions,
Bluetooth, was initially used to exchange messages between devices. Today, IoT wearables can display
calls, test messages, social media updates, and track fitness and health. We are not just talking about
Fitbits, but also devices like pacemaker and insulin pumps can connect to the IoT for added monitoring.
Smart City
Smart City solutions using IoT include Smart Parking, Waste and Water Management, Smart
Street Lighting, and Smart Surveillance. Smart Parking is one of the first steps for a city towards
becoming a Smart City. It resolves a lot of parking related issues, notifies users for open spaces and when
the parking time is expired.
Smart Grid
Smart Grid applications gather the information from smart meters, sensors and other devices.
They can effectively avoid or reduce the damage of natural disasters, and improve the reliability of power
transmission and reduce economic loss.
Industrial IoT
IIoT (Industrial IoT) uses the IoT technologies for manufacturing and industrial processes. I IoT
uses Machine Learning, Big Data and M2M (machine-to-machine) communications.
Connected Car
A Connected Car is a tech driven car that has internet access and a wireless local area network.
This technology provides various benefits to the user like in-car infotainment, advanced navigation, fuel
efficiency, and fleet management.
Connected Healthcare
Connected healthcare allows real time monitoring with the help of smart devices. It can collect
and transfer health data: blood pressure, oxygen and blood sugar levels, weight, and ECGs. This data is
stored in the cloud and can be accessed by an authorized person when required. In case of an emergency,
the patient can contact a doctor mile away via smart mobile apps.
Smart Retail
IoT applications in retails give a whole new experience to the shopper. With the help of IoT apps,
customers do not need to stand in long queues as the checkout system can easily read the tags from the
products, and deduct the total amount from the customer’s mobile payment app.
Smart Supply Chain
With Smart Supply Chain, clients are able to automate shipping and delivery. It also provides
real-time status and details of the supply network.

Smart Farming
With the use of IoT, farmers will be able to reduce waste and enhance productivity. This system
will allow monitoring the crop field with the help of censors. Also, the farmers will be able to monitor the
field condition from anywhere.

F. EXAMPLES
Viomi 21Face 5Gᴵᵒᵀ Refrigerator (IoT in Homes)
The refrigerator packs an expansive smart interactive touch-sensitive screen. The screen can be
used to watch videos, listen to songs or if the owner wants to read recipes. Quite interesting is the
disclosure that the display can also be used as a hub to control all other connected house appliances. Its
AI voice interaction system allows you to link other smart home appliances without hands, making the
kitchen no longer monotonous.

Smart Contact Lenses (IoT in Healthcare)

British, American, and Chinese scientists worked together to design a smart contact lens
that will measure chemicals in tear fluid to monitor heart disease and diabetes. The lens includes
an electronic mesh that has detectors for light, temperature, and glucose.
 Coros SafeSound Helmet
The Coros SafeSound Helmet is another interesting solution for cyclists that integrates
your phone's GPS to track your rides and uses bone-conduction audio to let you hear directions,
music, and phone calls without blocking your ears.

Bitdefender BOX
Bitdefender BOX is the innovative security hub for the connected home. It protects
all internet-connected devices in your digital life, at home and on the go. With Bitdefender BOX
you get complete, multi-layered cybersecurity for your computers, smartphones, tablets, baby monitors,
game consoles, smart TVs, and everything that’s connected in your household.
Bitdefender BOX lets you control all your connected devices from a single app. It
employs machine-learning algorithms and intrusion prevention systems to pick up new
threats and unsafe behavior and keep your smart home safe.

Sleep Number 360 Smart Bed

This smart mattress was designed to automatically adjust to a person’s sleep patterns and
to give them real-time data on the quality of their sleep. The 360 Smart Bed automatically adjusts
temperature microclimates, firmness, position, and other features based on your movements and
sleep cycle. With features like SleepIQ and Partner Snore technology, the 360 Smart Bed
application also allows you to track and improve your sleep health over time.
 Awarepoint (IoT in Industrial)
With Awarepoint’s low-energy Bluetooth beacons, companies can track the locations of
employees, assets, customers, patients and more in real time. The service is focused primarily on
the healthcare, retail and manufacturing industries.

G. HOW 5G and IoT CHANGE THE WORLD?

1. Better-Managed Energy and Smarter Government Services

Smart energy management has long been recognized as one of the key benefits of smart cities.
Governments are planning to use 5G IoT to efficiently and cost-effectively deliver core services
like monitoring critical infrastructure, improving energy efficiency, managing road traffic and enhancing
public safety.

2. Less Pollution from Vehicles

In the future, sensors will interact over 5G with sensors in other cars and pieces of infrastructure.
Known as Cv2x (cellular vehicle-to-everything) communication, this technology will help pave the way
for fully autonomous vehicles.

3. Conserving Resources and Reducing Waste

Smart water sensors connected to the 5G-enabled IoT can detect not only leaks, but also water
pollution and contamination. The scale of 5G means that larger and more sensitive sensor networks can
be deployed, conserving and optimizing water use for businesses and public organizations. 

4. Emergency and Humanitarian Aid

The 5G-powered IoT allows sensors in areas vulnerable to flooding or wildfires to transmit early-
warning data, potentially saving lives—and protecting property and the environment—by allowing
mitigation measures to be triggered and coordinated.

5. Safeguarding Natural Habitats

Forests play a huge part both in conserving the environment and in making life healthier and
more pleasant for the population. In addition to keeping forests and their indigenous wildlife safer from
fire, IoT sensors can also monitor the health of trees, alerting to dangers from pollution, disease or lack of
water.