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MTPPT3 Integrals Involving Logarithmic and Exponential Functions

The document discusses integrals involving logarithmic and exponential functions. It defines properties of exponents and derivatives of exponential functions. These are used to derive integration formulas for exponential functions with base e or a. Examples are provided to evaluate integrals using substitution and properties of logarithms and exponents. Integrals of the form 1/x and u'/u can be evaluated using the formulas ln|x| and ln(u) respectively.

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174 views33 pages

MTPPT3 Integrals Involving Logarithmic and Exponential Functions

The document discusses integrals involving logarithmic and exponential functions. It defines properties of exponents and derivatives of exponential functions. These are used to derive integration formulas for exponential functions with base e or a. Examples are provided to evaluate integrals using substitution and properties of logarithms and exponents. Integrals of the form 1/x and u'/u can be evaluated using the formulas ln|x| and ln(u) respectively.

Uploaded by

elvine escobar
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Calculus 2

Integrals Involving Logarithmic


and Exponential Functions
MPS Department | FEU Institute of Technology
Calculus 2

Integrals Involving
Exponential Functions
MPS Department | FEU Institute of Technology
OBJECTIVES

▪ Define and denote exponential functions


▪ Derive the integration formulas of exponential functions
▪ Evaluate integrals involving exponential functions
In this module, we will evaluate the integral of functions
involving exponential, logarithmic, as well as natural
logarithmic functions.
Recall: Properties of Exponents
• (ea)b = eab
• eaeb = ea+b
𝑒 𝑎−𝑏 , 𝑖𝑓 𝑎 > 𝑏
𝑒𝑎
• = ൞ 1, 𝑖𝑓 𝑎 = 𝑏
𝑒𝑏
𝑒 𝑏−𝑎 , 𝑖𝑓 𝑎 < 𝑏
𝑥𝑙𝑛𝑎 𝑙𝑛𝑎𝑥
• 𝑒 =𝑒 = 𝑎 𝑥 , 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑎 > 0
Recall: Properties of Exponents
• 𝒆𝒍𝒏𝒙 = 𝒙; 𝒆𝒍𝒏𝒚 = 𝒚

• 𝒍𝒏𝒆𝒙 = 𝒙; 𝒍𝒏𝒆𝒚 = 𝒚

• 𝒆𝒙 = 𝒚 𝒊𝒇 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒐𝒏𝒍𝒚 𝒊𝒇 𝒙 = 𝒍𝒏𝒚

• ln e = 1
Differentials of Exponential Functions

d[eu] = eudu if u = f(x) then d[ef(x)] = ef(x) d[f(x)]

d[au] = au(lna)du if u = f(x) then d[af(x)] = ef(x) (lna)d[f(x)]


From the differentials of the exponential
functions, yield the following integral formulas
Base e

න 𝒆𝒖 𝒅𝒖 = න 𝒅(𝒆𝒖 )

If u = f(x) then 𝒆𝒇(𝒙) 𝒅 𝒇 𝒙 = ‫] )𝒙(𝒇𝒆[𝒅 ׬‬

‫ 𝒖𝒆 = 𝒖𝒅 𝒖𝒆 ׬‬+ 𝑪 or ‫𝒙 𝒇 𝒅 )𝒙(𝒇𝒆 ׬‬ = 𝒆𝒇(𝒙) + 𝑪


Base a
𝒖
𝟏 𝒖
𝟏
න 𝒂 𝒅𝒖 = න 𝒂 𝒍𝒏𝒂 𝒅𝒖 = න 𝒅(𝒂𝒖 )
𝒍𝒏𝒂 𝒍𝒏𝒂

𝒖
𝟏
න 𝒂 𝒅𝒖 = 𝒂𝒖 + 𝑪
𝒍𝒏𝒂
If u = f(x), then
𝒇(𝒙)
𝟏
න𝒂 𝒅𝒇 𝒙 = 𝒂𝒇 𝒙
+𝑪
𝒍𝒏𝒂
𝟑𝒙𝟐
Example 1. Evaluate: ‫𝒆 ∙ 𝒙 ׬‬ 𝒅𝒙
By simple substitution let u = 3x2

𝒅𝒖
du = 6x dx  = 𝐱 𝐝𝐱
𝟔

𝟑𝒙𝟐 𝒖
𝒅𝒖
න𝒙 ∙ 𝒆 𝒅𝒙 = න 𝒆 ∙
𝟔
Applying the rules of integration for exponential
functions we get

𝟑𝒙𝟐
𝟏
න𝒙∙ 𝒆 𝒅𝒙 = න 𝒆𝒖 𝒅𝒖
𝟔

𝟑𝒙𝟐
𝟏 𝒖
න𝒙 ∙ 𝒆 𝒅𝒙 = 𝒆 +𝑪
𝟔
Substituting the value of u in terms of x we get the final
answer,

𝟑𝒙𝟐
𝟏 𝟑𝒙𝟐
න𝒙 ∙ 𝒆 𝒅𝒙 = 𝒆 +𝑪
𝟔
𝒘𝟐
Example 2. Evaluate ‫ 𝒘(׬‬+ 𝟐)𝒆 ∙ 𝒆𝟒𝒘 𝒅𝒘
𝑤2 4𝑤 𝑤 2 +4𝑤
න 𝑤+2 𝑒 ∙𝑒 𝑑𝑤 = න 𝑒 𝑤 + 2 𝑑𝑤

𝑢
𝑑𝑢
= න𝑒
2
1 𝑢
1 𝑢
= න 𝑒 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑒 +𝐶
2 2
1 𝑤 2 +4𝑤
= 𝑒 +𝐶
2
𝟑𝒆 𝒚
Example 3. Evaluate ‫ 𝒚𝒅 𝒚 𝟐 ׬‬.
3𝑒 𝑦 3 𝑦
𝑑𝑦
න 𝑑𝑦 = න 𝑒 ∙
2 𝑦 2 𝑦
3 By simple substitution: Let 𝑢 = 𝑦
= න 𝑒 𝑢 ∙ 2𝑑𝑢 du =
𝑑𝑦
↔ 2𝑑𝑢 =
𝑑𝑦
2 2 𝑦 𝑦

3(2)
= න 𝑒 𝑢 ∙ 𝑑𝑢
2
= 3 ∙ 𝑒 𝑢 + 𝐶 = 3𝑒 𝑦
+𝐶
Example 4. Integrate ‫𝒙𝟐𝟕 ׬‬+𝟑
Using substitution,

Let 𝒖 = 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟑

So that 𝐝𝒖 = 𝟐𝒅𝒙,

1
or 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑥.
2
Substitute to the original problem, replacing all forms of x,
getting
1
න 72𝑥+3 𝑑𝑥 = න 7𝑢 𝑑𝑢
2
1 1 7 𝑢
= න 7𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = +𝐶
2 2 𝑙𝑛 + 7
72𝑥+3 72𝑥+3
= +𝐶 = 2
+𝐶
2𝑙𝑛7 𝑙𝑛7
7 2𝑥+3
න 72𝑥+3 𝑑𝑥 = +𝐶
𝑙𝑛 49
Calculus 2

Integrals Involving
Logarithmic Functions
MPS Department | FEU Institute of Technology
OBJECTIVES

▪ Define and denote logarithmic and natural logarithmic functions


▪ Derive the integration formulas of logarithmic functions
▪ Evaluate integrals involving logarithmic and natural logarithmic functions
1
Integrating functions of the form f(x) = or f(x) = x−1 result in
𝑥
the absolute value of the natural log function, as shown in the
following rule.

1
න 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑙𝑛 𝑥 + 𝐶
𝑥
The following formula can be used to evaluate integrals
in which the power is −1 and the power rule does not
work.
In fact, we can generalize this formula to deal with many
rational integrands in which the derivative of the denominator
(or its variable part) is present in the numerator. Remember
that when we use the chain rule to compute the derivative of
y=ln[u(x)] , we obtain:

𝑑 1 ′
𝑢′(𝑥)
ln 𝑢 𝑥 = ∙𝑢 𝑥 =
𝑑𝑥 𝑢(𝑥) 𝑢(𝑥)
This gives us the more general integration formula,

𝑢′(𝑥)
න 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑙𝑛 𝑢(𝑥) + 𝐶
𝑢(𝑥)
Example 1. Find the antiderivative of the
𝟑
function .
𝒙−𝟏𝟎
First factor the 3 outside the integral symbol. Then use
the u′/u rule. Thus,

𝟑 𝟏 𝒅𝒖
න 𝒅𝒙 = 𝟑 න 𝒅𝒙 = 𝟑 න = 𝟑𝒍𝒏 𝒖 + 𝑪
𝒙 − 𝟏𝟎 𝒙 − 𝟏𝟎 𝒖

= 𝟑𝒍𝒏 𝒙 − 𝟏𝟎 + 𝑪, 𝒙 ≠ 𝟏𝟎
𝟐𝒙𝟑 +𝟑𝒙
Example 2. Find the antiderivative of 𝒇 𝒙 = 𝟒 𝟐 .
𝒙 +𝟑𝒙
Use substitution.

Let 𝒖 = 𝒙𝟒 + 𝟑𝒙𝟐 , then 𝒅𝒖 = 𝟒𝒙𝟑 + 𝟔𝒙 𝒅𝒙.


Alter du by factoring out the 2.

Thus, 𝒅𝒖 = 𝟒𝒙𝟑 + 𝟔𝒙 = 𝟐(𝟐𝒙𝟑 + 𝟑𝒙)

𝟏
𝒅𝒖 = 𝟐𝒙𝟑 + 𝟑𝒙 𝒅𝒙
𝟐
Rewrite the integrand in u:
𝟐𝒙𝟑 + 𝟑𝒙 𝟏 𝟏
න 𝟒 𝟐
= න 𝒅𝒖
𝒙 + 𝟑𝒙 𝟐 𝒖
Then we have
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
න 𝒅𝒖 = 𝒍𝒏 𝒖 + 𝑪
𝟐 𝒖 𝟐
𝟐𝒙𝟑 + 𝟑𝒙 𝟏 𝟒 𝟐
න 𝟒 𝟐
= 𝒍𝒏 𝒙 + 𝟑𝒙 +𝑪
𝒙 + 𝟑𝒙 𝟐

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