JPP

Jar Performance Program

User Manual

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'· Contents

0. Preface

1. Introduction

2. How to use the program

2.1 General remarks
2.2 The main menu
2.3 Input/Edit mode
2.3.1 Commands
2.3.2 Input of records
2.4 Calculation of motion
2.5 Presentation of results
2.5.1 The menu 'results'
2.5.2 Results at special locations
2.5.3 Choosing scale factors
2.6 Overview of the program run

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3. Theoretical background
r 3.1 The model of string and borehole
I 3.2 Equation of motion for the different elements
3.2.1 Geometry
[
3.2.2 Equation of motion of an infinite slick beam element ·
3.2.3 Solution of the equation of motion
3.3 Starting conditions
I 3.4 Special conditions for computer calculation
L
3.5 Modeling intentisifier jars
3.6 Respecting side forces on the string

4. Example of a complete output for a special data record

l 5. How to place a jar

5.1 Maximum force at stuck point and maximum impact
5.2 Results of systematic variation of jar placement
5.3 Usage of intensifier jars
 2

0. Preface

The Jar Performance Program has been written for the IBM-PC to analyze
the dynamic behavior of the drillstring during jarring.

The Drillstring is modelled by longitudinal vibrating beam elements. Gra-

vity and buoyancy force are respected but no inner damping. The stuck
point can be modelled by Coulomb friction or by a fixed connection of the
string to the borehole wall. The string is treated as a continuous mass
system which distinguishes the analysis from finite element analysis
where there is taken a lumped mass system for the string.

i . Introduction

The JPP (Jar Performance Program) analyzes the displacements, veloci-

ties, and forces in a drillstring after the jarring impact. The assembly of
jar, friction elements, and pipe elements is- called a system. This system
is divided. into elements for analysis. The length of the elements has to be
selected in such a way that the time for passing through of a shock wave
is the same for all elements. Similar elements form a range. In between
ranges are limits which handle transition conditions for the shock waves.

All data necessary for the calculation are stored in a record. JPP supports
the input, editing, and storing of the record in the file JPP_DATA.DAT.
From this file data can also be retrieved. For the analysis the input or
l retrieval of a data record first has to be done.

! The results of the analysis will be stored in the files J_RES_A.DAT and
J_RES_B.DAT where they are accessed for display of graphs or for print
outs. These files use to be very large. Usually they will be overwritten by
every new analysis.

The following output can be produced:

Graphical output: Displacement history of all limits in one diagram

Displacement, velocity, and force history of a
I
L. special limit together in one diagram
 3

Each history in a separate diagram

Averaged acceleration history of a special limit in
one diagram

Text output: Printout of input data

Printout of minimum and maximum values of each
computed history (displacement, velocity, force)
for each limit

JPP is written in TURBO PASCAL 3.0 for IBM-PC and runs under MS-DOS 2.X
or 3.X. For the display .of graphs a HERKULES monochrom graphic card is
needed. To get a printout of· a diagram press 'Shift' and 'Print Screen' to-
I' . gether and then '2'. This gives you a hardcopy of the screen on your .matrix
printer.

· J PP consists of three separate programs:

JPP_INS for handling of input data

JPP_CAL for calculations and
. JPP_RES for the generation of diagrams and printout.

The program is menu driven so the user does not recognize that it con-
sists of different parts.
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All output data will be overwritten by every new analysis while the input
I data remain unchanged.
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2. How to Use the Program

2.1 General Remarks

No difference is made between the input of lower case letter or upper case
letters. Input of both numbers and names is ended by <return>.

A command is chosen in the menu by hitting the key of the highlighted

letter. No <return> is necessary. To start the program load the program
diskette and boot the computer. The program will start automatically.

2.2 Main Menu

f

The first menu after the start of the program and the title screen. is the
main menu. The second line shows the name of the loaded data record.

Jar Performance Program EASTMAN

record~ CLYDE1 CHRISTENSEN
===================================o==========================================

load record

insert/edit record

directory of records

erase record

calculation

results

erase results data

quit

JPP >>

The commands carry the following meaning:

load record: loads a specific record for editing or calculation

insert/edit record: input of a new record or editing of the one actually

loaded (see also chapter 2.3)

directory of records: lists all records of the file JPP_DATA.DAT

 5

~rase record: deletes a record

Qalculation: starts the calculation (see chapter 2.4)

r.esults: goes to another menu to visualize the last

stored results (see chapter 2.5)

erase results .data: deletes the files J_RES_A.DAT and J_RES B.DAT
to free memory

Q.l!.it: quits the program and returns to DOS

2.3 lnpuVEdit Mode

f 2.3.1 Commands
!
After choosing 'insert/edit record' by hitting the J-key in the main menu
the program asks:

New record (Y/N)?

If 'Y' is selected, an empty record is presented, in case of 'N' the actual

I record will be shown for editing.
I.

~ Now the program is in the input mode and the following commands which
are displayed in the last line on the screen can be given if the cursor is
located in the first line:

l.!P: moves the cursor up one line. The same can be

done by using the ' i ' key

.down: moves the cursor down one line. The same can be
I done by using the ' .t. ' key
 6

top: shows the previous screen. The same can be done

by using the 'page up' key

b.ottom: shows the next screen. The same can be done

by using the 'page down' key

insert: inserts a new line

write: inserts new data until a blank input is done

Qhange: changes a line

.e.rase: deletes a line

.s_ave: saves the current record and returns to the main

menu

Q.Uit: goes back to the main menu without saving

The insert and write commands can only be used in lines which allow data
input. In data input/change mode the active data field will be displayed
inversely. In the active field the cursor· can be moved with the left and
right arrow key. The backspace key moves the cursor to the left and erases
all letters from that point. Return moves the active field right where the
next input can be done.

If the syntax of the input (for example, a letter where only numbers are
permitted) the bell rings and the input is deleted. A new input in the same
field is expected.

When leaving the input mode by using the quit command the user will be
asked:
changes will be ignored (YIN)?
 7

On answering 'Y' the record will be left unchanged, on answering 'N' the
saving procedure will be started.

save:

When giving the save command the program asks

'overwrite old record (Y/N)?'

When answering 'Y' the old record will be overwritten, otherwise a new
name for the current record under which the record will be saved will be
requested.

2.3.2 Input of Records

The first input screen is shown below

top bottom up down input write change save' quit

record: CLYDE 1
page 1
24.8.1988 9:21:55
================--------------------------
--------------------------======================================
I length of an element
time of obseration
(mJ
[sJ
3.0000
0.2000
density of mud [kg/dm**3] L 1000
!' weight on bit CkNJ 35.0000

materials:
name E density
I
L. FE
CN/mm**21
210000
Ckg/dm**31
7.8600

r
L.
f

l
top bottom Up down input write change .save quit

f
'L.
The meaning of the different parameter is as follows:

Length of an element: this is the length of an element for calculation.

 8

The string must be divided into elements of the same time for. passing of
shock waves. If no value is given the system will be divided. into approx. 50
elements.

Time of observation: this is the period of time for which the system
will be monitored after release of the jar.

Density of mud: is needed to determine buoyancy force

Materials: different materials can be given by name

(up to 4 characters), Young's modulus and density.

The second input screen is for the description of the string components.

record: CLYDE! page 2

================================================================================
tools:
name din dout length mat force dis
(mmJ [mmJ (m1 tkNJ (mmJ
DPl 76.2000 88.9000 9.000 FE
DCl 50.8000 120.6500 9.000 FE
JAR1 76.2000 120.6500 6.000 FE 400.0 200.0
cc 1.0000 1.0000 0.000 FE 1300.0

I'
' top bottom up down input write change save quit

The first character of the name (up to 4 characters are possible)

characterizes the component:
r
'
L: this is reserved for the characterization of boundary conditions
of the system (LL, LF, LU will be explained at the third input
screen)

J: characterizes the jar

 9

C: characterizes friction elements (Coulomb friction)

· A: boundary with gap condition (but low above ground)

Names beginning with other letters are used for normal pipe components.

The data for the different components are explained:

length: this is the actual length of the component and should not be
mixed up with the length of an element for calculation. Friction
elements, jars, and gap elements can be given a zero length.
If their length is different from zero, the anvil of the jar and
the friction point of the friction .element will be in the middle
of the component, the gap will be at the lower end of the com-
ponent.

din: inner diameter (has no meaning for components of zero length)

dout: outer diameter (has no meaning for components of zero length)

mat: the name of a material that has been described on the 1st input
screen

r' force: this is the trigger force of the jar. The symbol for this parameter
controls whether the jar hits upwards (positive) or downwards
(negative)

dis: this is the stroke of the jar or, in case of a gap element, the
distance between bit and surface.

The third screen details the assembly of components. Only those compo-
nents may be used which are defined on the previous screen.
 I0 -

record: CLYDE!
===============================================================-------paqe 3
system: -------==========
DF"l
LL
1 H·DC1
JAR1
DC!
cc
DC!
LL

top bottom up down input wr'te

.. c h ange save quit

Here· the boundary conditions of the last components or resp. conditions

between two components are defined by means of elements with L as the
first character. Three different boundary condition are possible.

LF: This condition can be used either between two components

or at the end of the last component. At this point the string
l cannot move relative to the borehole wall.

LL: This condition between two components or at the end of the

last component allows free motion of this print where it is
inserted relative to the borehole wall. If it is inserted
anywhere in the string, a protocol of the motion of this point
is written.

LU: This is a condition to be used above the uppermost component

to model an infinite uniform string above.

The complete system must consist of boundary conditions and components

. alternatively. Even if no condition has been given on the third input screen,
they will be a,utomatically added: the default boundary condition at the bit
is LL, the default condition at the ·upper side of the string is LU. If the
cross section between two components changes, the LL condition will be
 11 -

added automatically, . if it does not change, the neighboring components

will be handled like one.

Input· of the components can be done either by name or as n* tool name

which means that n tools of the same type are built in.

Please note:

The system must contain one and only one jar

Two boundary conditions may not follow without another

component inbetween

2.4 Calculation of Motion

When starting the calculation, the system will be divided into elements
either by the input of length on the first screen or by the length automa-
tically chosen. The syntax of input will- be checked and the following
screen gives an overview of the system and, in particular, of the storage
requirements and duration· of the calculation (number of periods).

Jar Performance Program

record: CLYDE!
~umber of el.ements: 44 number of periods: 345 difft: 5.8039E-04

L
No range length[m] elements limit
7 DP1 OwOO 0 LU
6 DP1 9.00 3 LL
5 DC! 99.00 33 Ll
4 JAR1 3.00 1 JAR1
3 JAR1 3.00 1 LI
2 DC! 9.00 3 cc
1 DC! 9.00 3 LL
necessary memory : 116256 Byte
free memory : 12124160 Byte

press <Y> to start calculation or <N> to return to main program :

f
L.

During the calculation the periods are counted and displayed on the screen.
When .the calculation has been finished the program returns to· 'Results' and
gives a graph time history of the displacements along the string.
 i 2 -

2.5 Presentation of Results

2.5.1 The Menu 'Results'

After input of 'R' in the main menu or when pressing <return> after the
graphical display that follows the calculation, the following screen
appears:

Jar Performance Program - Results EASTMAN

record: CLYDE1 24.8.1988 ·9:21:55 CHRISTENSEN
===================================-=========================================
survey

limit

scale

min/max

print minima}:

print input

quit

Results >>

The commands are:

~urvey: gives a diagram of the time history of the whole string

limit: chooses a point on the string for which to display the results
(displacement, force, velocity) (see chaper 2.5.2)

SQ.ale: gives manual control of the scale used in the diagrams

min/max: adds the minimum and maximum values of parameters on the

screen of every boundary. It is possible by using the keys
'page up', 'page down', 'cursor up', and 'cursor down' to scroll
this output. To go back to menu press q (quit)
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Q.rint min/max: printout of minimum and maximum values on the printer
 13 -

print input: printout of input data and overview of elements

Q.Uit: leaves this menu and returns to the main menu

2.5.2 Results at Special Locations (Limit)

When a specific point on the string that can be seen on the string survey
has been chosen by its nunber, the screen looks as follows:

Jar Performance Program·- Results EASTMAN

record: CLYDE1 24~8.·1988 9:21:55 CHRISTENSEN
limit No : 2 name : CC
=================================================2===========================
survey

displacement

velocity

acceleration

force

quit
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L Limit No : 2 >>

~urvey: gives an overview of the. history of displacement, velocity, and

force at this boundary

displacement:
velocity: show the time history of every parameter on a
force: separate diagram

l
I. .acceleration: to calculate a finite value of acceleration in
intervals of velocity are considered and diffe-
rentiated with resp. to the time. The user can
choose the value of n between 1 and 100. The
program asks for this value.

Caution: This feature does not give correct

values of the acceleration but at best
rough estimates
 14 -

Q.Uit: returns to the menu 'results'

2.5.3 Choosing Scale Factors

The scale menu ·can be reached by pressing 's' in the result menu and is
displayed as

Jar Performance Program - Results - Scale EASTMAN

record: CLYDE1 24.8.1988 9:21:55 CHRISTENSEN
·=============================================================================
Auto Scale

auto man
min ma>: min max
survey:
· dis [mmJ 0 256.5 0 256.5
1 imi t:
dis [mmJ -200.0 256.5 -200.0 256.5
vel [m/s) -2.3 4.2 -2.3 4.2
ace [m/s**2) -4757.8 4866.1 -4757.8 4866.1
for [kNJ -784.5 1495.1 -784.·5 1-495. 1.

l S»

survey dis dis vel ace for auto/fixed scale quit

auto/fixed s.Q.ale: chooses between automatic and manual scaling.

The active setting is displayed in the 5th line.
The manually chosen values are not stored and
will be lost when leaving the 'results' menu

~urvey dis: chooses the maximum value of displacement

that can be displayed

Q.is, vel, ace, !or: input of minimum and maximum value for the
required parameter. These values will be
displayed at the right side of the screen

Q.Uit: returns to the 'results' menu

L
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 IS -

3. Theoretical Background

3.1 The Model of String and Borehole

The string is modeled by a sequence of iAnz cylindrical spars of a length

Dxi. These spars are called elements. The elements are connected to each
other with transition conditions. These points are called limits. The upper
and lower end of the sequence of spars are called boundaries. This way the
complete system has 2 boundaries and iAnz-1 limits.

4 different boundary and transition conditions each have to be

distinguished.

Boundaries: free (LL)

fixed (LF)
with gap (only lower end) (LA)
semi infinite (only upper end) (LU)
r
L

Transitions: free (LL)

fixed (LF)
with friction (C ... )
with jar (J ... )

These conditions are described in chapter 3.5 in detail.

3.2 Equation of motion for the different elements

3.2."1 Geometry

The reference system shall be a totally quiet system without any forces
acting on it. The lower end lies on the bottom of the hole. The x-coordinate
starts at the bottom of the hole and increases in upward direction. It is
assumed that .any displacement of and in the system is constant across the
cross secvtin. The displacement u of a special point in the system is a
function of its coordinate x and the time t:
 16 -

u = u (x, t) (1)

3.2.2 Equation of motion of an infinite slick beam element

The normal force in the beam can be calculated by

N (x, t) = EA a/ax (u(x, t)) (2)

The following sketch shows the forces acting upon an infinite slick beam
element.

iN (x+dX , t)

pA u··(x,t) dx t t L'.p g A dx

tN (x , t)

where dx is the thickness, (p A u(x,t) dx) the inertial force, and (L'.p A g dx)
the gravity force.

The equation for equilibrium reads:

p A u··(x, t) dx - [a/ax (N(x,t))] dx + L'.p A g dx = 0 (3)

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which can be transformed with (2) to

p u... - E u" + L'.p g =0 (4)

l Explanation of abbreviations and symbols:

 17 -

• = a/at

' =aJax

~p .... adjusted density

g .... gravity constant

3,2.3 Solution of the equation of motion

If we insert the following formula (5) into formula (4) we can see that
this is a solution for the differential equation.

u (x, t) = f (t + kx) + g (t - kx) + u0 (x) ( 5)

Up (x) = ~pgx 2 /2E + c1 X + Co (Sa)

= pIE (Sb)

c0 and C1 are to be chosen arbitrarily and f and g are arbitrary functions

with argument (t + kx) for f and (t - kx) for g. These functions describe
waves that are running along the system, f in opposite direction of x and g.
in the same direciton.

The time Mi that the wave needs to pass the element. of length ~xi can be
calculated by
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(6)

The normal force is expressed by equation (7) which can be found from (5)
and (3).

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L. N(x, t) = kEA W [t + kx) - g· (t + kx)] + N 0 (x) (8)

N0 (x) = EA (C 1 + ~p g x I E) (8a)
 18 -

3.3 Starting conditions and special solution

At the start of the analysis the system (string) hangs tree in the borehole.
Gravity force and buoyancy force act on the string. In this configuration
the friction elements begins to act when the string is pulled or slacked of
until the trigger force at the jar is being reached. Now the string is
completely quiet when the jar tires. This is time t = 0.

All displacements shall .be measured from the conditions at time t = 0

which means that the term u0 (x) in equation (5) equals zero.

Only tor gap conditions at the end of the string and tor the hammer of the
jar an initial displacement differing from zero exists.

3.4 Special conditions for computer calculation

For the calculation with a compu_ter, especially with a (slow) PC, it is

necessary to divide the string into elements that all have. the same passing
time for a shock wave. The acoustic velocity of materials of all
components should have a similar value, then the components can be
divided into elements of length f>.x. These elements should be selected as
long as possible as their length influences computation time directly.

The results are derived from a velocity history that consists of constant
values for the velocity for every step in time. With the consideration of
inner damping, the curve will have a smooth course but inner damping in
steel is very low and has been neglected.

3.5 Modeling intensifier jars

An intensifier jar acts as a spring to dynamically separate the lower

string section with the jar form the upper string section. This means a
reflection of all shock waves at the point where it is located. Thus only
very little energy is lost in the upper part of the string and almost all of
the energy is used to tree the fish.
 19 -

The accelerator is of a given length I and with a given spring constant c.

In the model the inner diameter should be set to 0. The outer diameter can
be calculated by the following equations.

c = EA
I

1!;.
2
A = 00
4

4 Ql
Thus OD = .y 1t E

with E as the Young's modulus of the selected material.

3.6 RespectinQ side forces on the strinQ

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·~ .Side forces act on the string even when it is under tension when the hole
trajectory is not straight and if the inclination varies from goo. These side
forces cause friction on the string when it wants to move. The JPP can
respect these frictional forces although it cannot carry out a static
analysis of the string lying in the hole. This analysis .must be carried out
with another program (PREDICT or BHADEF) and the side forces must be
modeled by friction elements at those places where they act. The side
force must be multiplied with the friction factor to determine the amount
of friction force that will be acting on the string.

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 20 -

4. Example of a oraphical output

The next pictures show the survey of displacements acting along the string
with the data that are used throughout the previous pictures (Clyde1 ).
Furthermore the time history of displacement, velocity and force for the
stuck point of this example is shown.

146~.4 y ~

~
I'> I~ l f\ A /I ~I
[
L.
fo~
[kNl -784.5
[r1 f
~· \i w:•'r• _·---u:
;
i .~
1.6

vel
[Misl 8.8 ~~:.. ········ :
14.7
. I
1/
dis
[.,..]

WJJI EASTMAH
8.8
8.64 1
' 6.68
2
6.12 1
....................,.,_,,, ................................
t [sJ 6.28
CHR£STENSEN JPP record: C~YDE1 limit Ho: 2 cc
 21 -

5. How to place a jar

The jar placement is determined by normal operating conditions as well as

by the stuck conditions. When considering the normal operating condition,
the jar should be located far enough (30 - 60 ft) from a stabilizer or a
section change; in most cases it should be run under compression but the
amount of slack off above the jar will be limited as well as the minimum
available weight above the jar. The expected stuck condition, on the other
hand, determines the lowest position of the jar (above the expected stuck
point) and, if using adjustable mechanical jars, the preset of the trigger
force.

5.1 Maximum force and maximum impact at the stuck point

Two parameters, the force and the impact at the stuck point, basically
r--~ influence the jarring process.
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The jarring force is determined by the relative velocity of hammer and
anvil when they meet. The higher this velocity,· the higher the jarring force.
To generate a high force, a high placement of the jar in the string is
necessary as the mass above the jar is less and will be accelerated faster.
f •
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l. The jarring impact is determined by the product of the moving mass and its
I velocity. To achieve a high impact, a low jar placement is advantageous. A
l.
high impact means a large displacement at the stuck point. So the
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placement of the jar determines the highest stuck force that can be over-
come as well as the efficiency of jarring by the amount of displacement at
the stuck point.

5.2 Results of systematic variation of jar placement

A systematic variation of jar placement with different BHAs has been

IL.. carried out .to show the maximum force at the stuck point and the
displacement of the stuck point by triggering the jar. The results show a
similar behavior of the system in all BHAs and with all stuck points. The
 22 -

following pictures show a typical result for both parameters, the force at
the stuck point and the displacement at the stuck point. The assembly had
been a 6" pendulum assembly but these results also stand for those of
other assemblies, although the numbers will differ.

Drill Collar Force at Stuck Point

5
,.
AO

Position
~5

Drill Collar Displacement at Stuck Point :

Position
5 10 20

-' ..
'%
ll 0
...,
,_,...,"
"' "
.-<Q)
0 Q)
.-<Et
u~
.-<.-<
.-<o.
..-<<n
,_,...,

""
6oo
 23 -

5.3 Usage of intensifier jars

Practical experience and theoretical results with intensif.i.er. jars show

that they have an enormous effect in multiplying both the force and the
displacement at the stuck point. It is recommended to run the intensifier 2
or 3 DCs above the jar. But when using a jar with intensifier, personnel
must be aware of the great shock which is induced into the BHA. Hitting
with full energy even if the string is not heavily stuck should be avoided
due to possible damage to other tools in the BHA. For this reason, it is
recommended to use amplifiers only with hydraulic or with adjustable
mechanical jars.

The following two pictures show the effect of an intensifier jar very
clearly. For this example an intensifier of the spring rate C=1 kN/mm and
with a virtual length of 1=3m has been used. It is build in the string 3 DCs
above the jar. The diagrams have to be compared to those of chapter 4.

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 24 -

~~UA~~nlt.~
2197.9

for
UHJ -1328.6
!,Jv· \ .: r"
~J \1' ~ II\ ~r
5.3
r1
~
vel
j
[Misl -8.1
56.2
.............
' •

dis
.
[mOt] 8.8
·························-···································
flJJI CHRISTENSEN
EASTMAH
8.64 a. as• !1.12' t [sl I !1.26
JPP record: CLI'DE1AC limit Ho: 2 cc

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