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02 Basic Epidemiology

This document discusses key concepts in epidemiology including definitions, components of epidemiology like population and distribution, and modern disease concepts. It outlines the epidemiologic approach including descriptive, analytical, interventional, and evaluation epidemiology. Descriptive epidemiology examines community reaction to disease, descriptive variables, and study designs. Analytical epidemiology uses observational and experimental studies to examine causal relationships, quantify risk, and address biases in clinical epidemiology. The document provides an overview of important epidemiological concepts, approaches, and study types.

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Martin Clyde Paglinawan
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77 views

02 Basic Epidemiology

This document discusses key concepts in epidemiology including definitions, components of epidemiology like population and distribution, and modern disease concepts. It outlines the epidemiologic approach including descriptive, analytical, interventional, and evaluation epidemiology. Descriptive epidemiology examines community reaction to disease, descriptive variables, and study designs. Analytical epidemiology uses observational and experimental studies to examine causal relationships, quantify risk, and address biases in clinical epidemiology. The document provides an overview of important epidemiological concepts, approaches, and study types.

Uploaded by

Martin Clyde Paglinawan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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EPIDEMIOLOGY

I. Epidemiological Concepts
A. Definition
B. Components
1. Population
2. Distribution
3. Factors – risk and protective
C. Modern concepts of disease
1. Multiple Causation
2. Epidemiologic triangle/chain/triad
3. Web of causation
4. Wheel
5. Lever or balance
II. Epidemiologic Approach
A. Types of approaches
1. Descriptive epidemiology
2. Analytical epidemiology
3. Interventional (Experimental) epidemiology
4. Evaluation epidemiology
B. Types of epidemiologic studies
III. Descriptive epidemiology
A. Community’s reaction to a disease
1. Absence of disease
2. Sporadic occurrence
3. Endemic occurrence
4. Epidemic occurrence
5. Pandemic
B. Descriptive variables
1. Person – age, sex, civil risk factors, social class, state of nutrition
2. Place
3. Time (temporal variation)
a. Declining incidence rate
b. Declining mortality rate
c. Cyclic intrinsic variation
d. Seasonal variation
e. Epidemic
C. Descriptive study designs
1. Case report
2. Case series
3. Ecologic (correlational) study
4. Cross-sectional surveys (Prevalence study)
IV. Analytical Epidemiology
A. Uses
B. Types:
1. Observational analytic study
a. Cross-sectional study
b. Case control
c. Cohort
2. Experimental analytical study
a. Community/field trials
b. Clinical trials
i. Types – preventive and therapeutic
ii. Phases of clinical trial
iii. RCT
iv. Choice of experimental design
a. Procedures to deal with differences in composition of comparison
group
b. Procedures to deal with subject’s expectation and observer bias
i. Open trials
ii. Blinding
c. Procedures to deal with interference between treatment
i. Cross-over design
ii. Latin square design
d. Procedures to deal with sporadic availability of patients
i. Sequential design
V. Problems with Sample Attrition
VI. Causal Relationship
A. Types
1. Sufficient cause
2. Necessary cause
3. Risk factor
B. Synergism
VII. Quantifying Risk
A. Odds Ratio (OR)
B. Risk Ratio (RR) & Relative Risk Reduction (RRR)
C. Attributable Risk (AR) & Attributable Risk Reduction (ARR)
D. Numbers Needed to Harm (NNH) & Numbers Needed to Treat (NNT)
VIII. Efficacy, Effectiveness and Efficiency
IX. Biases in Clinical Epidemiology
A. Selection bias
1. Medical surveillance bias
2. Centripetal bias
3. Popularity bias
4. Referral filter bias
5. Diagnostic access bias
6. Berkson bias
B. Bias in performing the study
1. Recall bias
2. Measurement bias
3. Diagnostic suspicion bias
4. Procedure bias
5. Observer-Expectancy bias
6. Confounding bias
7. Lead time bias
X. Special Topics
A. Effect Modification
B. Bias VS confounding VS effect modification

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