Calculate the temporary hardness in terms of calcium carbonate

equivalents in a water sample containing calcium bicarbonate

(12.2 mg). Given that at. Wt. of Ca=40 amu, O=16 amu, C=12
amu, H=1 amu.

W e know that
Chem. Equiv. of CaCO 3
Hardness of substance in terms of CaCO3 = Strength of substance in mg/L X
Chem. Equiv. of substance

So, the hardness of different salts in terms of CaCO3 equivalent is:

(a) Ca(HCO 3 ): 12.2 mg/L of Ca(HCO 3 ) 2 = 12.2 X 100 = 7.53 mg/L of CaCO3
162
Calculate the temporary hardness, permanent magnesium hardness, total permanent hardness & total hardness
in terms of calcium carbonate equivalents in a water sample containing calcium bicarbonate (12.2 mg),
magnesium bicarbonate (8.2 mg), magnesium sulphate (5.6 mg), magnesium chloride (6.2 mg), calcium sulphate
(10.3 mg) & sodium sulphate (7.5 mg). Given that at. Wt. of Mg=24 amu, S=32 amu, Cl=35.5 amu, Ca=40
amu, O=16 amu, C=12 amu, H=1 amu.
We know that
Chem. Equiv. of CaCO3
Hardness of substance in terms of CaCO3 = Strength of substance in mg/L X
Chem. Equiv. of substance

So, the hardness of different salts in terms of CaCO3 equivalent is:

(a) Ca(HCO3): 12.2 mg/L of Ca(HCO3)2 = 12.2 X 100 = 7.53 mg/L of CaCO3
162
(b) Mg(HCO3): 8.2 mg/L of Mg(HCO3)2 = 8.2 X 100 = 5.61 mg/L of CaCO3
146
(c) MgSO4: 5.6 mg/L of MgSO4 = 5.6 X 100 = 4.67 mg/L of CaCO3
120
(d) MgCl2: 6.2 mg/L of MgCl2 = 6.2 X 100 = 6.52 mg/L of CaCO3
95
(e) CaSO4: 10.3 mg/L of CaSO4 = 10.3 X 100 = 7.57 mg/L of CaCO3
136
Sodium sulphate does not contribute to the hardness of water. Therefore, using the above values, we get

(a) Temp. hardness is caused by bicarbonates of Ca and Mg = 7.53 + 5.61 = 13.14 m/L

(b) Perm. Mg hardness is due to MgCl2 and MgSO4 = 4.67 + 6.52 = 11.19 mg/L

(c) Total perm. hardness is perm. Mg hardness + perm. Ca hardness = 11.19 + 7.57 = 18.76 mg/L

(d) Total hard ness = Temp. hardness + Perm. Hardness = 13.14 + 18.76 = 31.9 mg/L
 A 100 ml sample of water require 13.5 ml of 0.02 M EDTA for titration using EBT as
indicator. Another 100 ml of water from the same source was boiled and precipitate removed by
filtration, the filtrate requires 6 ml of 0.02 M EDTA for titration. Calculate the total hardness,
permanent hardness & carbonate hardness of water sample.
From the stoichiometric reaction:

1000 mL of 1 M EDTA = 100 g of CaCO3

1 mL of 1 M EDTA = 100 mg of CaCO3
Using M1V1 = M2V2

13.5 mL of 0.02 M EDTA = 0.27 mL of 1 M EDTA

Therefore ,
0.27 mL of 1 M EDTA = 100 X 0.27 = 27 mg of CaCO3 in 100 mL of
water
Total hardness = 270 mg/L of CaCO3
Similarly, in titration after boiling the water
6 mL of 0.02 M EDTA = 0.12 mL of 0.1 M EDTA

Therefore,
0.12 mL of EDTA = 100 X 0.12 = 12 mg of CaCO3 per 100 mL of
water
Permenant hardness = 120 mg/L of CaCO3
Temporary hardness = Total hardness - Permanent hardness
= 270 - 120
= 150 mg/L
 A 100 ml water sample required 25 ml of 0.05N Sulphuric acid for
phenolphthalein end point and another 10 ml for methyl orange end point.
Determine the nature and amount of alkalinity present in the water.
Given that
Volume of water sample = 100 mL
Volume of H2SO4 for phenolphthalein end point = 25 mL
Normality of H2SO4 = 0. 05 N
Using N1V1 = N2 V2, normality of phenolphthalein alkalinity is:
0.05 X 25
N1=
100

phenolphthalein alkalinity in terms of CaCO3 equivalent is

0.05 X 25
P alkalinity = X 50 g/L = 0.625 g/L = 625 mg/L = 625 ppm
100
Volume of H2SO4 consumed for methyl orange end point = 25 + 10 = 35 mL
Using N1V1 = N2 V2, normality of methyl orange alkalinity is:

0.05 X 35
N1 =
100
methyl orang alkalinity in terms of CaCO3 equivalent is
0.05 X 35
M alkalinity = X 50 g/L = 0.875 g/L = 875 mg/L = 875 ppm
100
Since P-alkalinity > M-alkalinity/2, alkalinity is due to both OH- and carbonate ions
Alkalinity due to carbonate ions = 2(M alkalinity- P alkalinity) = 2(875 -625) = 500 ppm
Alkalinity due to hydroxyl ions = 2(P alkalinity) - M alkalinity = 375 ppm
Q. Calculate the lime and soda required for softening 50,000 l of water containing
the following salts: Ca(HCO3)2 = 8.1 mg/l, Mg(HCO3)2 = 7.5 mg/l and CaSO4 = 13.6
mg/l, MgSO4 = 12 mg/l, MgCl2 = 2 mg/l

Hardness of water due to dissolved salts expressed in terms of CaCO 3 equivalent is

8.1
8.1 mg/L of Ca(HCO 3)2 = X 100 = 5 mg/L of CaCO 3
162
7.5
7.5 mg/L of Mg(HCO 3)2 = X 100 = 5.13 mg/L of CaCO 3
146

13.6
13.6 mg/L of CaSO 4 = X 100 = 10 mg/L of CaCO 3
136

12
12.0 mg/L of MgSO 4 = X 100 = 10 mg/L of CaCO 3
120
2
2.0 mg/L of MgCl2 = X 100 = 2.1 mg/L of CaCO 3
95
Page 2

NaCl does not contribute to hardness. The amount of lime and soda required are as follows
Lime requirement = {Temp. hardness of Ca + 2 X Temp. Hardness of Mg + Perm. hardness opf Mg}
Molecular weight of Ca(OH)2
X
Molecular weight of CaCO3

= { 5+ 2 X 5.13 +10 + 2.10} X 74 = 20.25 mg/L

100
Molecular weight of Na2CO3
Soda requirement = { Permanent hardness} X
Molecular weight of CaCO3
106
= { CaSO4 + MgSO4 +MgCl2 + hardness as CaCO3 } X
100
106
= { 10 + 10 + 2.10} X = 23.43 mg/L
100
Lime and soda required for 50,000 L water is as follows,
Lime = 20.25 X 50000 mg = 1.01 Kg
Soda = 23.43 X 50000 mg =1.17 Kg