East West University

SOC-312
Course title: Social demography
(Term-Paper)

Submitted to: Masum Billah

Senior lecturer
Faculty of Liberal Arts and Social Sciences

Submitted by:
Name: Syeda Sanzida Shyrin
ID: 2018-3-33-011
Date of submission: 1st April, 2021

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Understanding Population Trends, Density and Distribution: A review of
population and housing census 2011 preliminary results

Introduction
Demography is the scientific study of population. Population study is important in the field of
economy. Through this study, we can easily understand how population is increasing day by
day. If population increases, the development of the economy becomes slow.

Bangladesh is in the 8 th position of the world’s population. In 2016, the population of

Bangladesh was 161376708. The growth rate between 1960s to 1970s was high. The total
fertility rate (TFR) was declined from 7 to 2.4 over the three decades of 2005-2010. The
current total fertility rate has reached 2.1. Bangladesh has got one of the highest population
densities in the world. (wikipedia)

With the increases of population growth, per capita income is reduced. The standard of living
becomes low and due to unemployment, even in under employment. Our economy is
hampered. As a result, environmental damage and a burden of social structure are created.

In every sector of economy, these studies are much more important. To survive the stability
of economy, society, administration, economic planning and even in political sector of a
country, its importance is beyond the expression.

The aim of my topic is to control vast population, the bad condition of economy, and to
sustain the development in all sectors of the society. For this, awareness and proper sense of
education should be given priority to all people.

Background
With the explosion of population, the problem developed in every sphere of an economy. In
this topic, known things are given below:

1. For the economy

The study of demography has a great effect on economy. With the growth of population, the
development of economy will become slow. Necessary measures should take by the
government to control the growth of population and thereby, to sustain the development of
economy. Population explosion reduces per capita income, standard of living, creating
unemployment, brings problems under employment, and environmental damage will stand
against the cause of social infrastructure.

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 2. For Society

The importance of population studies in society bears great value. With the rapid increase of
population, the society will have to face many problems. As a result, basic requirement like
electricity, water, communication, education etc. will become short. Migration and
urbanization have to face so many problems in the field of law and order. The state and other
social organizations should take necessary measures to solve these problems.

3. For Administrators :

The useful population studies in underdeveloped countries; the growth of population is

related to all social and economic problems. Due to the increase of the growth of population,
the administrator has to guide the solution of the problems. Due to migration and
urbanization, the problems of slum town, pollution, drainage, water, electricity, transport, etc.
are created in cities. For this environmental sanitation, polluted water, dirty water, slum,
housing, water supply, sewerage facilities, various diseases , medical and health services
should be improved.

4. For political system:

A democratic political system needs the knowledge of demography greatly. After each
election the number of voters can be calculated after having migrated from other places and
regions of the country. The numbers of male and female voters are identified by political
parties from the census data. Political parties also identify the voter’s level of education, age
structure, earning sources etc. On the basis of these issues, political parties can promise
solutions during their election manifests. In addition the election commission establishes
male and female booths for voters in an area and thereby, appoints the election staff.

5. For Economic planning :

The planners are helped in making policies for data collection of population growth for the
economic plan of the country. If the population growth increases, the people have to fix
targets of agricultural and industrial products, schools, other educational institutions,
transports, hospitals, electricity, houses etc. On the other basis of population data, with the
increase of population labor force is increased. The age-groups 1-15 years, 15-50 years and
above50 years are employed for productive activities.

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Objective of the study:
Objective of the study is to identify the causes, effects and impacts of population trends,
density and distribution.

Literature Review
Population trends:

During the past century, for demographic transition, the natural growth rate was reducing and
reached to a lower population increase in the coming decades.

In comparison to the number of population in 2001, the increase of about 18 million people
was found. Its annual increase was 14.4% and annual growth rate 1.34% which was
decreasing since last census. After 2001-2011, Chittagong, Dhaka and Sylhet divisions have
achieved the highest growth rates because of being densely populated areas. On the contrary,
the growth rate in the Barishal division is zero. During the 1999-2001 decade, the lowest
population growth rate existed in Barishal. (Statistics, July, 2011)

The sex ratio is measured by the number of males per 100 females in the population. A sex
ratio more than indicates a higher number of males but less than 100 means a higher number
of females. Wars or sex- biased migration may be the cause of victims to sex ratio. The total
population of 71,255 thousand males and & 71,064 thousand females produce a sex ratio of
100.3 which mentions equal numbers of men and women in the country.

Bangladesh saw a great change in the sex composition of its population in the last decade.
The sex ratio from 2001 to 2011 shows a difference of 4 million people.

Population growth is increasing due to a significant increase of emigration in males, the

important decrease of maternal mortality, the decrease of female child mortality than the male
one, the gain of life expectancy levels of females.

Population density and distribution:

Population density means how many inhabitants live in per square kilometers. The 2011
census preliminary results show that an average of 964 inhabitants per square kilometer live
in Bangladesh. The density in 2001 was 834. At the division level, 1,502 inhabitants per
square kilometer live in Dhaka division, white 613 live in Barishal. In Dhaka, the highest
density of 8,111 inhabitants live and the lowest in Bandarban district 86. (Statistics, July,
2011)

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In the last decade, the increase of population in the city was more than 20 percent for
migration due to climate change. Thee climate migrants fall victim to unhygienic
environment, such as clean drinking water, hygienic services and health facilities because of
setting in the urban slums. They are overcrowded living conditions and from sanitation
problems. As a result, they suffer from various waterborne diseases and nutrition
deficiencies. Better training in health and education should be given priority to those urban
slums so that they can adapt culturally and enhance their skill and potential for employment.
(Luby, 16th june, 2016)

If a country is in underdevelopment, population growth is a great problem. If most of the

people in the developing countries are poor, uneducated and physically weak, large family
will be formed as a real source of society. Population control programs may be succeeded if
the poor families have incentive motive to limit the family size. Economic problem may be
observed in population lack of adequate supply of natural and material resources. Developed
countries with vast population spend 80% of the world resources.

Another cause of population problem is population distributions Sylhet in Bangladesh,

Baluchistan province in Pakistan are under-populated. But metropolitan cities in Dhaka,
Chittagong etc. are overpopulated due to concentration of employment opportunities and
rural-urban migration. Government should stop rural-urban migration so that more people can
be applied to the natural ground. Women’s lack of economic income is another factor of
population growth. Women are considered as the burden of the family for poverty, poor
education, and lack of jobs and limited social mobility. Their inferior social status is the
cause of high fertility. With the improvement of status and roles, education and economic
activities smaller families may be formed as a result population growth will be lower.
(Shahjahan Ali, 2015)

Methodology:
I have collected my data from secondary sources. I have collected information from
government portals and different articles. Secondary data analysis can save our time
particularly in the case of quantitative data.

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Results:

Conclusion:
The increase of population is a national problem. It is a micro-level analysis. Due to
migration, eight districts lost urban population. Population growth creates these problems
over water, food, energy, open space, transportation, infrastructure, School rooms and many
other problems. In developing countries a major cause of poverty and poor health is large
family size.

Reference:
(Statistics, July, 2011)

(Luby, 16th june, 2016)

(Shahjahan Ali, 2015)

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