Neural Control and Coordination
Neural Control and Coordination
NeNerrvvoouuss SySystStem
em
Its main function is control and coordination
system regulates various
activity of body via impulse of various activities of organ It
nerve .
.
is
ectodermal in
origin
This .
system is composed of highly advanced and specialised cell known as neuron which detects , relieves and transmits stimuli .
→ cell body or
Ayton granules klasnissl 's granule are
. .
central Nervoussystem peripheral Nervous system found which are formed by rough endoplasmic reticulum These granules are chemically ribonulleo .
.
Brain spinal cord protein and help in protein synthesis Neuro fibrils are small fibrils found in cytoplasm which
-
-
branches
ofdendron are KIM dendrites These . are projected out of the cell
body and
Relays impulse also have nissl 's Transmits impulse towards Ayton
from the CNS.to
sympathetic parasympathetic granules .
.
skeletal muscle
nervous system nervous system → Axon -
of nerve cell is
* nerve impulse membrane
is unidirectional -
organ and
smooth muscle to
body
. -
?;÷ i i÷ ¥¥¥¥÷¥ ¥
" """
vessel
containing .
g §↳ff§d
terminal
"'m
axon ☐ Eamon cylon
myelin sheath
Gperikaryon
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one or more
sign""
neurofibrils
0
present Present taxon
""""
nibsilgranule Absent Present -
- neurite
↳
produce myelin sheath size long small Process
of
impulse transmission away from Afton towards the Upton neuron .
myetinogenesis
Axon are protected
by a
layer of phospholipid ( sphingomyelin) which is called myelin sheath or medullary sheath The process of formation
,
.
between myelin
myelinsheath
ofsheath is kwnown
are called node
myelinogenesis Basically
as there are 2
types of axon
namely.
myelinated and
nonmiyetinated The
gaps and prevents
, .
of Ranvier Neurilemma orsheatngsehwanncdb are also found around the axon Myelin sheath acts as an insulator
.
.
of ions myelinated nerve fibre are found in spinal and cranial nerves unmyelinated nerve fibre enclosed by neurilemma is found in antone
leakage somatic .
.
myelinogenesis in CNS
by oligodendrocytes
-
type ① typed
collection
collection
of Cylon
→ in one nuclei in DNS
ganglia ; of axon → in aus tract in PNS nerve ;
-
- -
-
, ,
classification of Neuron
1) on basis of structure
APOLAR UNIPOLAR BIPOLAR MULTIPOLAR PSEUDO UNIPOLAR
14
⑥ ¥;¥
Diagram •
If ¥ "
for complex
function like
interserisory association ,
memory and communication .
international
sensory or motor nor
afferent neuron efferent neuron interconnecting neuron
CNS CNS effector organ Intervention
sensory organ
→ →
neuron
Generation and conduction
of
Nerve impulse 10W KYON
outside 2kt -
high at concentration
① ①
There are so different conduction :
1 Polarisation [
stages] of nerve cell surtax name
Resting stage ]
2 Depolarization [excited
membrane
or axon
pump
stage
3 Repo/ Atisatin [
again resting stage]
inside 3N at
Nat, K+ high Kt channel
✓
concentration " w "" content " " "
aufragteidfffusionq.im
active tianya.it ATPase
Atp a + pi
Polarisation :
as a result the outer membrane becomes tree 9 inner becomes ne : here the
voltage gate channels are closed and Nat 9kt ion channels are open The potential resting
-
is
equal
to 70mV -
.
Depolarisation :
Action potential iin excited gated channel opens and pumps Nat inside Therehold stimulus stimuli
stage Voltage it opens because
of coition provided to
generate
-
.
, .
action potential → -110mi, action is potential [30-1045] Inner surface becomes true Router but Nat inside Kt outside
to equal -130mV ve
-
.
.
Repolarization :
potential 1- 70mV) is called refractory period this period the membrane
Influx of Kt ion
is
via K-14 Nat pump The time taken for restoration
.
conduction
Saltary
Ocaurs
only node
in
myelinated axon . As
myelin sheath is an insulator
of electricity it inhibits
exchange of ,
ionic transportation hence
exchange only takes
Place at Ranvier
of .
Here the impulse jumps from one node ranvier to other
of .
junctional reigon btw true neurons where information is transferred from one neuron to another neuron . Telodendria membrane -
There are d
types of synapse
1) Electric synapse the post and pre synaptic membrane are very close to each other itransi mission of impulse is very similar to that of axon Electric synapse are
-
.
rare in human
body and impulse travel much faster in this .
24 chemical [neurotransmitters ] are involved When Nh developer .cat-1 ion becomes more permeable and enters presynaptic membrane and vesicle
synapse here chemicals
-
Potential [EMP] It developer due to of Nat gated channel cholinesterase enzyme in synapse decomposes the Acth into choline and acetic acid Inhibitory Post
.
opening .
.
Synaptic Potential LIMB developed due to increased permeability of postsynaptic membrane In this case kt from postsynaptic Kieft efflux out and a- influx occurs leading .
hyperpolarisation of postsynaptic membrane Neuro inhibitory transmitter 14 ABA binds to post synaptic cleft and opens a- gated channel & this Klas Ipsp :
) .
impulse at synapse ; eg: glycine dopamine , serotonin Gamma Amino Butyric Acid [GABA]
>
inhibitory neuron : . .
synapse cells
Neurogliacells which the
conduction
Electrical
fast
Chemical supporting form Packaging substance .
slow
synaptic cleft 0.2 nm > 20 nm Astrocytes oligodendrocytes microgliaaytes
Absent Present ectodermal in origin origin mesodermal
neurotransmitter origin ectodermal
- -
function -
Brain is the central information processing organ of body and acts as the command and control system .
Brain is protected by
a three membrane
of connective tissue called meninges or menix
covering v
,
.
.
.
v Iv
mammals In front Cvs 6 4- 5
Arachnoid thin delicate middle of layer exclusively found in years years
very Lyeare
-
.
it have folds called Arachnoid villi These villi absorb cerebrospinal fluid ESF] from .
, ,
→
mid Brain [ mesencephalon] -
forebrain
mm
213 rd part 2 cerebral hemisphere connected via corpus callosum specific character
brain ; consist mammalian Brain Divided into 4 lobes
> cerebrum
of of of
- -
.
temporal lobe separated from frontal lobe and parietal lobe is incompleted by lateral sulcus Posterior lobe ouci petal lobe separated from frontal lobe by parieto occipital -
.
-
Stukas
Ridges :(most developed i. e human]
gyri ; grooves
sulcus in most
intelligent being
-
-
-
.
:÷:::*É
analysis
motor Area frontal lobe of all type of voluntary muscle Primary,.m¥rIÉif¥¥ somatosensory
¥÷÷÷FÉÉ¥IEÉ¥¥¥÷÷÷÷÷÷
frontal lobe speech centre
auditory area temporal lobe
analysis or sound
M
C speech )
m•" " " - occipital lobe
Area Temporal lobe
Olfactory Analysis
visual cortex
for smell
parietal lobe for taste
Gustatory Analysis Area olfactory bulb . . . .. .
Occipital / Visual
" '
7T¥
wpy÷iptMb
medulla oblongata
Analysis for visi a. •
ing
an involuntary action
-
all
* cerebrum
.
Pons
-
area -
>
Diencephalon small g posterior part of forebrain covered
-
cerebrum made up .
by .
of thalamus
hypothalamus
.
epithalamia ,
.
cells to secrete
Hypothalamus forms lower ventral part of Diencephalon Controls temperature , body urge for eating and
drinking Also have neuro
secretory
-
.
.
hypothalamic hormone .
of master
gland .
robe
MYTHE
or
:&
or
- -
. .
limbs
muscles
of .
oindtorainm
3 main Parts
> cerebellum -
3 lobes [ Hate rat 9 vermis (divided lotto 9 segment I ] i Both lateral lobes forms cerebellar
1 hemisphere regulation 9 → coordination
of voluntary
Arborvitae white matter Cerebellum convoluted 4 provides space for
muscle tree
of cerebellum
projected by many neurons Cerebellum is related with fine
- -
. . .
> Pons varolii small Projection Have transverse fibres [connects cerebellum] A longitudinal fibre [ connect medulla oblongata] It has
pneurnotaxic centre
-
. . .
> medulla
oblongata -
posterior tubular a
cylindrical part of brain the medulla of the brain is connected to the spinal cord Midbrain + pom -1
.
.
sneering , salvation ,
coughing , swallowing ,
vomiting 4
yawning reflex .
spinal cord
strake of spinal Corda
medulla
oblongata comes out of foramen magnum and continues in neural canal
spinal cord of vertebral column [ 4. reigon] -
this extended cord is Kla .
Ienght 45cm : weight 35 medullar is narrow lower part found upto Li vertebrae and forms a thread like structure made up of fibrous [length FT 20cm]
gm Conan of
-
: -
- =
connective tissue → filum terminate [non nervous part] spinal cord is also protected by meninges space btw vertebrae ✗ dura mater epidural space matter is bound
.
.
Gray .
-
.
inside white matter matter has dorsal and ventral horn these horns divide White mater into a Klas funiculus In dorsal root pseudounipolar
.
Grey segment .
-
neuron found which stimulus to spinal cord In ventral root multipolar neuron[motor ] found whose denarius nylon are embedded in gray matter whereas
carry
-
.
axons are
projected Ramus communicant lateral horn nerve fibre of ventral root sensory 1- motor forms intravertebral foramen a spinal nerve [mixed nerve]
.
- -
.
11 provides relay path for the impulse from brain It also regulates body organ coming .
controlled
by brain ✗ spinal cord -
Pathway ojwmplelionojreflexactionisklasreflexarc .
>
reflex arc
stimulus Receptor sensory / afferent Efferent nerve fibres Effector
> >
nerves
> CNS →
motor or > >
Response
external / tell /tissues takes impulse to spinal Wral carries impulse from organ / cell /tissue movement ,
Peripheral Nervous
system motor - 111 , will 1×1 ,
✗ 11
cranial
> nerves nerves
arising from brain Origin : -
-
.
* Fishes 10 Md →
from Retina
Mixed -
"""""
-
spinal
cord .
i.
olfactory enters
leads
olfactory lobe
lobe
smell are mixed .
ii.
optic to occipital sight Types
of eyeball
oculomotor muscle movement nooseopinalnervelinpair)
III.
of eyes
iv. Trochlear (Pathetic ) Eye muscles movement of eyeball
v.
Trigeminal ]
cervical s
iiom-naimiiumiuiiua.ea.ymaig.am .
www.niernmrtiumnar .
in
maxillary mucous membrane
of cheeks sacral 5
an
Auditory internal ear and
Hearing equilibrium
vestibular cochlear which
nerve )
> niitonomic Nervous system system
-
automatically are
regulates activity of smooth muscle, cardiac musileagdands which
ilwuhelar not voluntary . maintains constant internal environment [homeostasis]
invertible division →
sympathetic Nsg parasympathetic NS.thesebotnare
taste [Posterior 1159 Party
IX
Glossopharyngeal nerve muscle and mucous membrane
of antagonist to eachother 9h11min maintaining homeostasis
] and salivation
pharynx and tongue tongue .
property symaptnelic NS
Parasympathetic Ms
stomach visceral sensations and
✗
vagus larynx lungs heart
, , , ,
muscle
salivary glands Inhibition stimulation
✗ 11
Hypoglossal of tongue shoulder a neon . movement
Blood Pressure Increases Decrease
of tongue .
Secretion ( ACh)
sympatnetino Ach Acetylcholine
MYA
"
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