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Neural Control and Coordination

The nervous system is the body's control and coordination system. It is composed of neurons, which are specialized cells that detect, transmit, and relieve stimuli. The nervous system is divided into the central nervous system, which includes the brain and spinal cord, and the peripheral nervous system, which relays impulses between the central nervous system and other parts of the body.
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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
85 views4 pages

Neural Control and Coordination

The nervous system is the body's control and coordination system. It is composed of neurons, which are specialized cells that detect, transmit, and relieve stimuli. The nervous system is divided into the central nervous system, which includes the brain and spinal cord, and the peripheral nervous system, which relays impulses between the central nervous system and other parts of the body.
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Nervous

NeNerrvvoouuss SySystStem
em
Its main function is control and coordination
system regulates various
activity of body via impulse of various activities of organ It
nerve .
.
is

ectodermal in
origin
This .

system is composed of highly advanced and specialised cell known as neuron which detects , relieves and transmits stimuli .

nervous system Nerve cell / Neuron


structural and functional unit neural system Neuron is composed
of 3 major parts
:
of
: uninucleated centriole absent small
.

→ cell body or
Ayton granules klasnissl 's granule are
. .

central Nervoussystem peripheral Nervous system found which are formed by rough endoplasmic reticulum These granules are chemically ribonulleo .
.

Brain spinal cord protein and help in protein synthesis Neuro fibrils are small fibrils found in cytoplasm which
-
-

site of information somatic autonomic helps in internal conduction .

processing and control


nervous
hfstem nervous system > dendron -

branches
ofdendron are KIM dendrites These . are projected out of the cell
body and
Relays impulse also have nissl 's Transmits impulse towards Ayton
from the CNS.to
sympathetic parasympathetic granules .
.

skeletal muscle
nervous system nervous system → Axon -

long processmind -_nerve ; fibre functional part of


nerve cell
Cytoplasm
.

of nerve cell is
* nerve impulse membrane
is unidirectional -

relays impulse from auto


Klas
granule
axoplasm
involuntary axoplasmnasneurofibriband
.
's are absent in axotplasm .
Plasma is Klas axolemma
velocity mitochondria Transmits impulse from body them" "
"
10010130ms
away
=

organ and
smooth muscle to
body
. -

distal end is branched and have a bulb like structure Klas


affected by pressure , cold , heat , chloroform tether synaptic knob which have synaptic
chemicals Klas neurotransmitter

?;÷ i i÷ ¥¥¥¥÷¥ ¥
" """
vessel
containing .

g §↳ff§d
terminal
"'m
axon ☐ Eamon cylon
myelin sheath
Gperikaryon

eo.q.ro#.Q odeo r-ranvieraxonsonwannceu


r⑧•ce
"
¥☒
body electrical number
always single dendrites

¥¥y¥É4%M☒§µ☒••?;☒•
one or more
sign""
neurofibrils
0
present Present taxon
""""
nibsilgranule Absent Present -
- neurite

produce myelin sheath size long small Process
of
impulse transmission away from Afton towards the Upton neuron .

myetinogenesis
Axon are protected
by a
layer of phospholipid ( sphingomyelin) which is called myelin sheath or medullary sheath The process of formation
,
.

between myelin
myelinsheath
ofsheath is kwnown
are called node
myelinogenesis Basically
as there are 2
types of axon
namely.

myelinated and
nonmiyetinated The
gaps and prevents
, .

of Ranvier Neurilemma orsheatngsehwanncdb are also found around the axon Myelin sheath acts as an insulator
.
.

of ions myelinated nerve fibre are found in spinal and cranial nerves unmyelinated nerve fibre enclosed by neurilemma is found in antone
leakage somatic .
.

moeand nervous system .

myelinogenesis in CNS
by oligodendrocytes
-

in PNS bysehwann cells


- .

Histology of nervous tissue r


>
grey matter
white matter
matter composed
Gray medullated >
and fibres ;
of upton non nerve
-

white matter composed white matter


of myelinated axon
grey
matter
- → >

type found in cerebrum and cerebellum


1-

typed found in spinal cord Dom medulla oblongata


/ , .

type ① typed
collection
collection
of Cylon
→ in one nuclei in DNS
ganglia ; of axon → in aus tract in PNS nerve ;
-
- -
-

, ,

classification of Neuron

1) on basis of structure
APOLAR UNIPOLAR BIPOLAR MULTIPOLAR PSEUDO UNIPOLAR
14
⑥ ¥;¥
Diagram •

If ¥ "

process Absent single two one


many
axon Absent one one one one

demotion Absent Assent one many absent


example hydra , Amacrine lmbYM" """" olfactory epithelium most of the neurons dorsal root
ganglia of
qnorizontalcelloj Retina Retina inourbodyeejlerbrallortex spinal cord

260h basis Association


of function area
large reign that are neither clearly
-

nor motor in these are responsible


sensory function .

for complex
function like
interserisory association ,
memory and communication .

international
sensory or motor nor
afferent neuron efferent neuron interconnecting neuron
CNS CNS effector organ Intervention
sensory organ
→ →
neuron
Generation and conduction
of
Nerve impulse 10W KYON
outside 2kt -

high at concentration

① ①
There are so different conduction :
1 Polarisation [
stages] of nerve cell surtax name

Resting stage ]
2 Depolarization [excited
membrane
or axon
pump

stage
3 Repo/ Atisatin [
again resting stage]
inside 3N at
Nat, K+ high Kt channel

concentration " w "" content " " "
aufragteidfffusionq.im
active tianya.it ATPase
Atp a + pi

passive diffusion through ion channel Protein ( facilitated diffusion ) .

Polarisation :

The membrane potential in


resting Phase In this state the axon membrane is
resting more.

permeable to potassium ionlkt ) and impermeable comparatively


to sodium ions INat) Inside the axoplasm there is +we
charge and outside we charge Na -19kt pimp functional hence it pumps 3Nat outside and 2kt inside
.
: -

as a result the outer membrane becomes tree 9 inner becomes ne : here the
voltage gate channels are closed and Nat 9kt ion channels are open The potential resting
-

is
equal
to 70mV -
.

Depolarisation :
Action potential iin excited gated channel opens and pumps Nat inside Therehold stimulus stimuli
stage Voltage it opens because
of coition provided to
generate
-
.
, .

action potential → -110mi, action is potential [30-1045] Inner surface becomes true Router but Nat inside Kt outside
to equal -130mV ve
-
.
.

Repolarization :
potential 1- 70mV) is called refractory period this period the membrane
Influx of Kt ion
is
via K-14 Nat pump The time taken for restoration
.

another impulse This whole process takes


of resting
about 1 to to millisecond 1ms)
and
during
incapable of relieving
.
.

conduction
Saltary
Ocaurs
only node
in
myelinated axon . As
myelin sheath is an insulator
of electricity it inhibits
exchange of ,
ionic transportation hence
exchange only takes
Place at Ranvier
of .
Here the impulse jumps from one node ranvier to other
of .

synapse and Transmission of Nerve impulse


dendron
synapse Presynaptic membrane + synaptic cleft + Post synaptic membrane ; telodendria of one neuron forms synapse with of next neuron synapse is the
=
.

junctional reigon btw true neurons where information is transferred from one neuron to another neuron . Telodendria membrane -

Presynaptic membrane and membrane


of dendron of other neuron Postsynaptic cleft Between these synaptic cleft is found
-
.
.

There are d
types of synapse
1) Electric synapse the post and pre synaptic membrane are very close to each other itransi mission of impulse is very similar to that of axon Electric synapse are
-
.

rare in human
body and impulse travel much faster in this .

24 chemical [neurotransmitters ] are involved When Nh developer .cat-1 ion becomes more permeable and enters presynaptic membrane and vesicle
synapse here chemicals
-

burst due to stimulation


of Catt and releases neurotransmitter (Ach) which travels to postsynaptic cleft and binds to its receptor It developers excitatory postsynaptic .

Potential [EMP] It developer due to of Nat gated channel cholinesterase enzyme in synapse decomposes the Acth into choline and acetic acid Inhibitory Post
.

opening .
.

Synaptic Potential LIMB developed due to increased permeability of postsynaptic membrane In this case kt from postsynaptic Kieft efflux out and a- influx occurs leading .

hyperpolarisation of postsynaptic membrane Neuro inhibitory transmitter 14 ABA binds to post synaptic cleft and opens a- gated channel & this Klas Ipsp :
) .

Types of neurotransmitters / neurohumors / neurohormone :

stimulatory leniitalory inhibits stimulates


synapse ; eg : Acetylcholine [Acht norepinephrine glutamate
impulse at
:
> neuron , , .

impulse at synapse ; eg: glycine dopamine , serotonin Gamma Amino Butyric Acid [GABA]
>
inhibitory neuron : . .

synapse cells
Neurogliacells which the
conduction
Electrical
fast
Chemical supporting form Packaging substance .

slow
synaptic cleft 0.2 nm > 20 nm Astrocytes oligodendrocytes microgliaaytes
Absent Present ectodermal in origin origin mesodermal
neurotransmitter origin ectodermal
- -

synaptic delay Absent Present function forms blood -

function -

formation of myelin scavenger cells of CNS


Blocking cannot be controlled via neurotransmitter brain barrier sheath in CNS phagocytic in nature

central nervous system


consists Brain and spinal formed from nerve cord anterior part forms the brain while
cord these the caudal part into spinal
of .
are ,
cord .

Brain is the central information processing organ of body and acts as the command and control system .

CNS [der elopement]


Human Brain
in skull surrounded
> Position
by 7 bones
-

Brain spinal cord



weight in male Moo gm : in female 1290 gm ;
-
- -
-

Brain is protected by
a three membrane
of connective tissue called meninges or menix
covering v

Duramater outermost thick and nonelastic membrane of Approx loot


strong collagen fibre 1001
-

,
.
.
.

It is double membrane with


layered sinus [cranial venous sinus c. v51
bulges having 70-80.1 .

v Iv
mammals In front Cvs 6 4- 5
Arachnoid thin delicate middle of layer exclusively found in years years
very Lyeare
-
.

it have folds called Arachnoid villi These villi absorb cerebrospinal fluid ESF] from .

subarachnoid space 4 pour it into CVS .

→ cranial venous sinus


Piamater innermost thin and transparent membrane It is vascular and
-
.

highly firmly run nun Duramater

adheres to the brain [into Suki]


arachnoid villi
Ater.k_ arachnoid
space btw dura mater & arachnoid is subdural space filled by serous fluid space
at"
.
uuu-E.io
btw pia mater 11 arachnoid is called subarachnoid space filled with est .
cavities Brain [ventricles]
of
4 brain cavities are found in brain .

> Paracod or lateral ventricle or I and I ventricles )


largest
-

found in cerebral hemisphere [these .


2 open in foramen
of Monro]
> It ventricle or Diocoel found in diencephalon -
.

[ canal metacoeli canal of spinal central canal]


> II ventricle
found between Pons , cerebellum and medulla oblongata of Mo cord neurowell
- - -
.

Human Brain is divided into 3 parts


→ fore Brain [Pros encephalon ] Cerebrum Diencephalon olfactory lobes [Rhinencephalon] I
-

, ,


mid Brain [ mesencephalon] -

optic lobes [corpus quadrigemina] , lrura cerebra i i


Hind Brain (Rhombencephalon) Pons , cerebellum , medulla

oblongata :
-

forebrain
mm

213 rd part 2 cerebral hemisphere connected via corpus callosum specific character
brain ; consist mammalian Brain Divided into 4 lobes
> cerebrum
of of of
- -
.

anterior posterior , middle of lateral ; anterior to be frontal lobe


Hargett lobe ] ; Parietal Kobe middle lobe both these lobes are separated by central sulcus lateral lobe

- -
, .

temporal lobe separated from frontal lobe and parietal lobe is incompleted by lateral sulcus Posterior lobe ouci petal lobe separated from frontal lobe by parieto occipital -

.
-

Stukas
Ridges :(most developed i. e human]
gyri ; grooves
sulcus in most
intelligent being
-
-
-
.

part of cerebral hemisphere and a


inner structures like
amygdala Hippocampus etc form the limbic lobe
Along with
hypothalamus it helps in the
group of
-

.

regulation of sexual behaviour , expression emotion of motivation , . It also concerns with


of lection autonomic response .

ÉmkñW central sulcus parietal lobe

:÷:::*É
analysis
motor Area frontal lobe of all type of voluntary muscle Primary,.m¥rIÉif¥¥ somatosensory

¥÷÷÷FÉÉ¥IEÉ¥¥¥÷÷÷÷÷÷
frontal lobe speech centre
auditory area temporal lobe
analysis or sound
M
C speech )
m•" " " - occipital lobe
Area Temporal lobe
Olfactory Analysis
visual cortex

for smell
parietal lobe for taste
Gustatory Analysis Area olfactory bulb . . . .. .

Occipital / Visual
" '
7T¥
wpy÷iptMb
medulla oblongata
Analysis for visi a. •
ing
an involuntary action
-

all
* cerebrum
.

Pons
-

and olfactory voluntary action


varoli spinal cord
.

area -

>
Diencephalon small g posterior part of forebrain covered
-
cerebrum made up .

by .

of thalamus
hypothalamus
.
epithalamia ,
.

Thalamus -80% diencephalon It acts as a centre 9 coordinates for


the
of .

a motor relay sensory signaling . Fume the lateral wall


upper of diencephalon .

cells to secrete
Hypothalamus forms lower ventral part of Diencephalon Controls temperature , body urge for eating and
drinking Also have neuro
secretory
-

.
.

hypothalamic hormone .

Pituitary gland attached to the infundibulum of hypothalamus .


corpus mammalare -

posterior part of hypothalamus [Chr of mammals]


aka master
-

of master
gland .

robe
MYTHE
or

F-pithalamus Forms root of diencephalon Pineal


body
is found in epithalamia
- .
.
cokuii

:&

Olfactory lobes Rhinencephalon smell


power Small in size
> Centre in mammals
of Iof aqueduct
-
>
or .
.

or

Crura Yer ebrai or


Iter lblw
sylvius
3rd 9
true cerebriai ytnven )
thhidbpainm
small a contracted part of Brain located btw thalamus / hypothalamus forebrain 9 pans hindbrain In anterior part →
a
myelinated long fibres ; posterior
of of
.
.

part 4 optic lobes or four round sweating 12 upper a Mower )


-

Function u optic lobes / corpus


quadri gemina main centre of pupillary light reflex Interior omit lobe acoustic Ground) reflex action Wwa cerebral controls
-

- -
. .

limbs
muscles
of .

oindtorainm
3 main Parts
> cerebellum -
3 lobes [ Hate rat 9 vermis (divided lotto 9 segment I ] i Both lateral lobes forms cerebellar
1 hemisphere regulation 9 → coordination
of voluntary
Arborvitae white matter Cerebellum convoluted 4 provides space for
muscle tree
of cerebellum
projected by many neurons Cerebellum is related with fine
- -
. . .

9 skill full voluntary movement In .


a drunk person →
cerebellum is affected hence cannot maintain balance a walking is disturbed .

> Pons varolii small Projection Have transverse fibres [connects cerebellum] A longitudinal fibre [ connect medulla oblongata] It has
pneurnotaxic centre
-

. . .

> medulla
oblongata -

posterior tubular a
cylindrical part of brain the medulla of the brain is connected to the spinal cord Midbrain + pom -1
.
.

medulla lies in an axis hence medulla regulates respiration , cardiovascular reflex a


forms brain stem
gastric secretion metabolism It is also
.
.

concerned with reflex -

sneering , salvation ,
coughing , swallowing ,
vomiting 4
yawning reflex .

spinal cord
strake of spinal Corda
medulla
oblongata comes out of foramen magnum and continues in neural canal
spinal cord of vertebral column [ 4. reigon] -
this extended cord is Kla .

Ienght 45cm : weight 35 medullar is narrow lower part found upto Li vertebrae and forms a thread like structure made up of fibrous [length FT 20cm]
gm Conan of
-
: -
- =

connective tissue → filum terminate [non nervous part] spinal cord is also protected by meninges space btw vertebrae ✗ dura mater epidural space matter is bound
.
.

Gray .
-
.

inside white matter matter has dorsal and ventral horn these horns divide White mater into a Klas funiculus In dorsal root pseudounipolar
.

Grey segment .
-

neuron found which stimulus to spinal cord In ventral root multipolar neuron[motor ] found whose denarius nylon are embedded in gray matter whereas
carry
-
.

axons are
projected Ramus communicant lateral horn nerve fibre of ventral root sensory 1- motor forms intravertebral foramen a spinal nerve [mixed nerve]
.
- -
.

spinal nerve 31 Pairs spinal cord acts as a bridge btw brainy


= .

11 provides relay path for the impulse from brain It also regulates body organ coming .

and conducts the reflex action .


Reflex
mm
action
mm

marshal hall ! These action which normal action a


involuntary
-
First observed
by spontaneous autonomic,
are ,
are
completed very fast aswmparedto
mechanical response produced stimulating specific receptor
by .

controlled
by brain ✗ spinal cord -

Pathway ojwmplelionojreflexactionisklasreflexarc .

>
reflex arc
stimulus Receptor sensory / afferent Efferent nerve fibres Effector
> >
nerves
> CNS →
motor or > >
Response
external / tell /tissues takes impulse to spinal Wral carries impulse from organ / cell /tissue movement ,

internal stimuli brain which responses secretion


organ which insta effector
,
CNS
relievesstimuli to stimuli behavior .

Peripheral Nervous
system motor - 111 , will 1×1 ,
✗ 11

cranial
> nerves nerves
arising from brain Origin : -
-
.

cranial nerve sensory -1,11


it
category of Animals no
gcranialnerveslinpairs] Types of vill →
from olfactory epithelium
.
,

* Fishes 10 Md →
from Retina
Mixed -

" ✓" ' " ' ✗


* Amphibians 10 111 -
Iv → from midbrain
* Aplites 12
longest cranial nerves →
vagus nerve ; r -
v11 →
from Bns
cranial
* tree 12
largest nerves →
Trigeminal nerve ; v1 " →
from internal ears
* mammals 12 Smallest cranial nerve → Abducent nerve : Ix -
✗ it →
from medulla
thinnest cranial nerve → Trochlear nerve ; oblongata .

"""""
-

> spinal nerve arises from -

spinal
cord .

"" "" """ " """" " """


"" "
"""

i.
olfactory enters
leads
olfactory lobe
lobe
smell are mixed .

ii.
optic to occipital sight Types
of eyeball
oculomotor muscle movement nooseopinalnervelinpair)
III.
of eyes
iv. Trochlear (Pathetic ) Eye muscles movement of eyeball
v.
Trigeminal ]
cervical s

[Dentist nerve Thoracic 12

iiom-naimiiumiuiiua.ea.ymaig.am .

www.niernmrtiumnar .

in
maxillary mucous membrane
of cheeks sacral 5

iii. mandibular muscle mastication


lower jaw of coccygeal 1
vi. Abducent
Eye muscles
movemementoj eyeball
VII. Facial
r-auinech.tastebuds.salivaryglandstasteifau.at expression baliuaiion ,

an
Auditory internal ear and
Hearing equilibrium
vestibular cochlear which
nerve )
> niitonomic Nervous system system
-

automatically are
regulates activity of smooth muscle, cardiac musileagdands which
ilwuhelar not voluntary . maintains constant internal environment [homeostasis]
invertible division →
sympathetic Nsg parasympathetic NS.thesebotnare
taste [Posterior 1159 Party
IX
Glossopharyngeal nerve muscle and mucous membrane
of antagonist to eachother 9h11min maintaining homeostasis
] and salivation
pharynx and tongue tongue .

property symaptnelic NS
Parasympathetic Ms
stomach visceral sensations and

vagus larynx lungs heart
, , , ,

intestine movement Pupil Dilate constrict


Heartbeat Matt
✗1
Alimony spinal Muscles
of pharynx larynx movement
of Maryhill larynx Increases decrease
.
, .

muscle
salivary glands Inhibition stimulation
✗ 11
Hypoglossal of tongue shoulder a neon . movement
Blood Pressure Increases Decrease
of tongue .

Secretion ( ACh)
sympatnetino Ach Acetylcholine

MYA
"
?⃝

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