DENTISTRY COURSE

2 YEAR, 2ND SEMESTER

ND

Associate Prof. PhD. Stancuta Dima-Laza

LESSON 1.

Read and translate into Romanian the following text:

History of Dentistry

Each science has its own history. Dentistry is not very old branch of medicine but its
roots came from the early years of existing of the human being. It is known that prehistoric man
suffered from the same dental diseases as people do nowadays. The first mention about
toothache was found in Mesopotamia. Some inhabitants of Mesopotamia stated that the cause of
tooth decay (caries) was the worm. This is logical, as the holes created by cavities are somewhat
similar to those bored by worms into wood. The ancient Hindus inserted gold into holes. They
used extraction tools and other dental instruments; they also treated gum diseases. In ancient
China toothache was treated by acupuncture. In Egypt lost teeth were replaced with extracted
ones from slaves and they were held by gold wire.
Ancient Greek scholars Hippocrates and Aristotle wrote about dentistry, including the
eruption pattern of teeth, treating decayed teeth and gum disease, extracting teeth with forceps,
and using wires to stabilize loose teeth and fractured jaws. Galen was the founder of theory that
decay was caused by disturbance in the blood.
Historically, dental extractions have been used to treat a variety of illnesses. During the
Middle Ages and throughout the 19th century, dentistry was not a profession in itself, and often
dental procedures were performed by barbers or general physicians. Barbers usually limited their
practice to extracting teeth which alleviated pain and associated chronic tooth infection.
The first dental textbook written in English was called "Operator for the Teeth" by
Charles Allen in 1685. It was between 1650 and 1800 that the science of modern dentistry
developed. It is said that the 17th century French physician Pierre Fauchard started dentistry
science as we know it today, and he has been named "the father of modern dentistry" because his
book “The Surgeon Dentist, A Treatise on Teeth” was the first to describe a comprehensive
system for caring for and treating the teeth. Among many of his developments were the extensive
use of dental prosthesis, the introduction of dental fillings as a treatment for dental caries.
The first dental foot engine was built in 1790 by John Greenwood and one of George
Washington’s dentists. It was made from an adapted foot-powered spinning wheel. In 1871,
George F. Green invented the first electrical dental engine. 1790 was a big year for dentistry, as
this was also the year the first specialized dental chair was invented. It was made from a wooden
chair with a headrest attached. The First Dental School was founded in 1840. Chapin Harris and
Horace Hayden founded the Baltimore College of Dental Surgery, the first school dedicated
solely to dentistry. The college merged with the University of Maryland School of Dentistry in
1923, which still exists today.
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 Dentistry has seen a great deal of innovation over the past 100 years. In 1903 Charles
Land devised the porcelain jacket crown. In 1905, Alfred Einhord, a German chemist, discovered
Novocain. In 1938, the first tooth brush with synthetic nylon bristles hit the market. In 1945, the
water fluoridation era began when the cities of Newburgh, NY and Grand Rapid decided to add
fluoride to the public water supply. In 1950, the first fluoride toothpastes are marketed. In 1957,
John Borden invented the first high speed electric hand drill. In the 1960s, the first dental lasers
are developed and used for soft tissue procedures. The 1960s also saw the invention of the first
electric toothbrush. The 1990s marks the beginning of the era of cosmetic dentistry, with the
increased popularity of veneers, bleaching, and dental implants. With the advent of the 20th
century dentistry continued to progress on many fronts including technology, oral hygiene,
preventive dentistry and dental education.

Answer the following questions:

1. Is dentistry a new branch of medicine?
______________________________________________________________________________
2. What did the ancient Hindus insert into holes?
______________________________________________________________________________
3. How were lost teeth replaced in ancient Egypt?
______________________________________________________________________________
4. What was the idea of tooth worm hypothesis?
______________________________________________________________________________
5. What did ancient Greek scholars Hippocrates and Aristotle write about dentistry?
______________________________________________________________________________
6. When was the science of modern dentistry developed?
______________________________________________________________________________
7. Who is said to be the father of modern dentistry?
______________________________________________________________________________
8. When was the first dental foot engine built?
______________________________________________________________________________
9. What was the first school dedicated solely to dentistry?
______________________________________________________________________________
10. What are dental inventions of the XX century?
______________________________________________________________________________

Insert the missing words:

1. Dentistry has seen a great deal of ______________ over the past 100 years. 2. The first dental
foot _________ was built in 1790 by John Greenwood. 3. Barbers usually limited their practice
to extracting teeth which alleviated ______ and associated chronic tooth infection.
4. Prehistoric man suffered from the same dental ____________ as people do nowadays.
5. Galen was the founder of theory that _______ was caused by disturbance in the blood. 6. John
Borden invented the first high speed electric hand _______. 7. The 1990s marks the beginning of
the era of ___________ dentistry. 8. The first tooth brush with synthetic nylon __________ hit
the market.
LESSON 2.

Read the following text and translate it into Romanian

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 Careers in Dentistry

Dentistry is the branch of medical science that deals with the prevention, diagnosis and
treatment of the teeth, gums, jaws and other related structures of the mouth. The field of dentistry
is constantly growing to meet the increasing demand for dental care and there are many
opportunities in this field for dentists, dental hygienists, dental assistants, and dental laboratory
technicians.
Dentists are healthcare professionals who provide preventive and restorative treatments
for problems that affect the mouth and teeth. Dentists diagnose and treat problems with a
patient’s teeth, gums, and related parts of the mouth. They provide advice and instruction on
taking care of teeth and gums and on diet choices that affect oral health.
Dentists typically do the following:
- Remove decay from teeth and fill cavities
- Repair cracked or fractured teeth and remove teeth
- Straighten teeth to correct bite
- Place sealants or whitening agents on teeth
- Give anesthetics to keep patients from feeling pain during procedures
- Write prescriptions for antibiotics or other medications
- Examine x-rays of teeth, gums, the jaw, and nearby areas for problems
- Make models and measurements for dental appliances, such as dentures, to fit patients
- Teach patients about diet, flossing, use of fluoride, and other aspects of dental care
Most dentists are general practitioners and handle a variety of dental needs. Other dentists
practice in one of nine specialty areas:
- Dental public health specialists promote good dental health and the prevention of dental
diseases in specific communities.
- Endodontists, also called pulp specialists, perform root-canal therapy, by which they
remove the nerves and blood supply from injured or infected teeth.
- Oral and maxillofacial radiologists diagnose diseases in the head and neck through the
use of imaging technologies.
- Oral and maxillofacial surgeons operate on the mouth, jaws, teeth, gums, neck, and head,
including procedures such as surgically repairing a cleft lip and palate or removing
impacted teeth.
- Oral pathologists diagnose oral diseases, such as oral cancer or oral lesions.
- Orthodontists straighten teeth by applying pressure to the teeth with braces or other
appliances.
- Pediatric dentists are specialists in the field of dentistry, which includes oral healthcare
for children from infancy through the teenage years. In guiding children and teens
through their dental growth and development, pediatric dentists often work closely with
pediatricians, family physicians, and other dental specialists in providing comprehensive
medical and dental care.
- Periodontists treat the gums and bone supporting the teeth.

Answer the following questions:

1. What is Dentistry?

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______________________________________________________________________________
2. What dental specialties do you know?
_____________________________________________________________________________
3. What are dentist’s duties?
______________________________________________________________________________
4. What are orthodontists primarily concerned with?
______________________________________________________________________________
5. How may teeth irregularities be corrected?
______________________________________________________________________________
6. What procedures do oral surgeons perform?
______________________________________________________________________________
7. What kind of dentist is pediatric dentist?
______________________________________________________________________________
8. What specialist deals with the prevention and treatment of gum diseases?
______________________________________________________________________________
9. What do dental public health specialists promote?
______________________________________________________________________________

LESSON 3.

Read the following text and translate it into Romanian:

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 Head

The head is divided into the cranial and the facial parts. The skull is composed of 28
separate bones organized into the following groups: the cranial vault, the auditory ossicles, and
the facial bones. The cranial vault consists of 8 bones that surround and protect the brain. They
include the parietal, temporal, frontal, occipital, sphenoid, and ethmoid bones. The six auditory
ossicles, which function in the hearing, are located inside cavities of the temporal bones and
cannot be observed unless the temporal bones are cut open. The facial bones form the structure
of the face in the anterior skull but do not contribute to the cranial vault. They are the maxilla
(two), mandible (one), zygomatic (two), palatine (two), nasal (two), lacrimal (two), vomer (one),
and inferior nasal concha (two) bones. The frontal and ethmoid bones, which are the part of the
cranial vault, also contribute to the face. The forehead, the temples, eyes, eyebrows, the cheeks,
the cheekbones, nose, oral cavity and chin compose the face.
The oral cavity is bounded by the lips anteriorly, the fauces posteriorly, the cheeks
laterally, the palate superiorly, and a muscular floor inferiorly. In the oral cavity of an adult there
are 32 permanent teeth, hard and soft palates, palatine tonsils, salivary glands, and a tongue. The
types of the teeth are incisors, canines, premolars, and molars. Every tooth consists of a crown, a
neck, and a root. The root is composed of dentine. Within the dentine of the root is the pulp
cavity, which is filled with blood vessels and nerves. The crown is dentine covered by enamel.
The hard and soft palates are the roofs of the oral cavity. Salivary glands produce serous and
mucous secretions. The three pairs of large salivary glands are the parotid, submandibular, and
sublingual.
The facial bones provide protection for major sensory organs located in the face such as
the eyes, nose, and tongue. The person sees with eyes, breathes and smells with nose, taste with
tongue, and hear with ears. The skeletal muscles of the face are cutaneous muscles attached to
the skin. In humans in whom facial expressions are important components of nonverbal
communication, cutaneous muscles are confined primarily to the face and neck. Several muscles
act on the skin around the eyes and eyebrows and furrow the skin of the forehead. They are: the
occipitofrontal muscles, the The Skull From the front orbicular muscles of eyes, the elevator
muscles of the upper eyelids, the corrugator muscles and others. Several muscles function in
moving the lips and the skin surrounding the mouth. The muscles of mastication (the masseter,
temporal, medial pterygoid, and lateral pterygoid muscles) and the hyoid muscles move the
mandible. The tongue consists of a mass of intrinsic muscles and extrinsic muscles, which
change the shape of the tongue and move it. Hyoid muscles can depress the jaw and assist in
swallowing. Six muscles with their origins on the orbital bones insert on the eyeball and cause it
to move within the orbit.

Answer the questions:

1. How many bones does the skull consist of?
______________________________________________________________________________
2. What groups are the bones of the skull organized into?
______________________________________________________________________________
3. Where are the auditory ossicles located?
______________________________________________________________________________
4. How many parts are the bones of the skull divided into? What are they?

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______________________________________________________________________________
5. How many bones does the cranial vault consist of? What are they?
______________________________________________________________________________
6. What do the facial bones form?
______________________________________________________________________________
7. What facial bones do you know?
______________________________________________________________________________
8. What bones which are the parts of the cranial vault also contribute to the face?
______________________________________________________________________________
9. What do the facial bones provide?
______________________________________________________________________________
10. What are there in the oral cavity?
______________________________________________________________________________
11. What skeletal muscles of the face do you know?
______________________________________________________________________________

Insert the missing words:

1. Bones of the skull are organized into the following groups: the auditory _, the cranial vault,
and the facial bones. 2. The bones of cranial vault include the parietal, _, frontal, occipital,
sphenoid, and ethmoid bones. 3. The facial bones form the structure of the face in the _ skull. 4.
The facial bones are the _, mandible, zygomatic, _, nasal, lacrimal, vomer, and inferior nasal
concha bones. 5. The frontal and ethmoid bones also _ to the face. 6. The forehead, the temples,
eyes, _, the cheeks, the _, nose, oral cavity and chin compose the face.

Answer the questions:

1.What bones of the cranial vault are paired?
______________________________________________________________________________
2. What bones of the cranial vault are unpaired?
______________________________________________________________________________
3. What bones of the face are unpaired?
______________________________________________________________________________
4. What bones of the face are paired?
______________________________________________________________________________
5. What groups are the bones of the skull divided into?
______________________________________________________________________________
6. What bones of the cranial vault do you know?
______________________________________________________________________________
7. What are the auditory ossicles?
______________________________________________________________________________

LESSON 4.

Read and translate the following text into Romanian:

Oral cavity
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 The oral cavity (mouth) is sometimes called the buccal cavity. It contains both primary
and accessory organs of digestion. The mouth is designed to support chewing, swallowing and
speech. Two rows of teeth are supported by facial bones of the skull, the maxilla above and the
mandible below. Teeth are surrounded by gingiva, or gums. The gums are made of fleshy tissue
and surround the sockets in which the teeth are found. In addition to the teeth, other structures
that aid chewing are the lips, cheeks, tongue, hard palate, soft palate, and floor of the mouth.

Insert the missing words:

1. The oral cavity is sometimes called the _______ cavity. 2. The teeth are supported by _____
bones of the skull. 3. The lips form the _______ to the oral cavity. 4. The hard palate forms the
________ portion of the roof of the mouth. 5. The soft palate separates the _______ from the
_______. 6. The tongue is attached by _______ to the mandible. 7. There are three sets of
salivary glands: the parotid, the ______________ and the sublingual glands.

Answer the questions:

1. What organs compose the oral cavity?
______________________________________________________________________________
2. What bones are the teeth supported by?
______________________________________________________________________________
3. What is the hard palate?
______________________________________________________________________________
4. What does the soft palate separate?
______________________________________________________________________________
5. What is uvula?
______________________________________________________________________________
6. What is uvula composed of?
______________________________________________________________________________
7. What is the tongue covered with?
______________________________________________________________________________
8. What are the functions of the tongue?
______________________________________________________________________________
9. What salivary glands do you know?
______________________________________________________________________________
10. What is the function of saliva?
______________________________________________________________________________
11. What is the protective tissue of the oral cavity?
______________________________________________________________________________

Insert prepositions or adverbs where necessary:

Soft tissues
The skin … the mouth, i.e. the red tissue covering the cheeks, floor of the mouth, palate and
tongue etc., is called mucous membrane. It contains many tiny glands which contribute … the
lubricating and cleansing functions … saliva. The space between the teeth and mucous
membrane lining the cheeks and lips is called the buccal sulcus.
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The soft palate is a flap … soft tissue attached … the back of the hard palate. Its function is to
seal off the oral cavity … the nasal cavity during swallowing in order to prevent food passing up
… the nose.

LESSON 5.

Read and translate the following text into Romanian:

Tooth Anatomy

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 Each tooth consists of three main parts – the crown, the neck and root.The crown is the
visible part of the tooth; it is the portion that lies above the gum tissue. A protective layer called
enamel covers the crown. The neck is the area of the tooth between the crown and the root. The
root is the portion of the tooth that extends through the gum and into the bone of the jaw. Every
tooth consists of hard and soft tissues. The hard tissues are enamel, dentin, cementum. The soft
tissue is the pulp. Enamel is the hardest material in your body and makes up the outside of your
teeth, above the gum line. Dentin is the tissue that makes up the core of each tooth. Pulp is the
living part of the tooth, located inside the dentin. It contains the nerve tissue and blood vessels
that supply nutrients to the tooth. Cementum is located at the root of the tooth. Enamel is the
substance that covers the crown of the tooth. It is very hard and quite resistant to mechanical and
chemical attack. The enamel is made up of microscopic enamel rods. Each enamel rod is
attached to the dentin underneath it.

Answer the following questions:

1.What main parts does each tooth consist of?
______________________________________________________________________________
2. What is the crown?
______________________________________________________________________________
3. What is enamel?
______________________________________________________________________________
4. Where is the neck located?
______________________________________________________________________________
5. What is the root?
______________________________________________________________________________
6. What is the hardest material in your body?
______________________________________________________________________________
7. What is located inside the dentin?
______________________________________________________________________________
8. What does the pulp contain?
_____________________________________________________________________________
9. Where is cementum located?
______________________________________________________________________________
10. What is the enamel made up of?
______________________________________________________________________________
11. What does dentine consist of?
______________________________________________________________________________
12. What is apex?
______________________________________________________________________________
13. What is apical foramen?
______________________________________________________________________________
14. What is the main function of cementum?
______________________________________________________________________________

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LESSON 6.

Read and translate the following text into Romanian:

Deciduous teeth

Deciduous teeth, otherwise known as milk teeth, baby teeth, temporary teeth, primary teeth are
the first set of teeth in the growth development of humans and many other mammals. They
10
develop during the embryonic stage of development and erupt during infancy. They are usually
lost and replaced by permanent teeth. Deciduous teeth start to form during the embryo phase of
pregnancy. The development of deciduous teeth starts at the sixth week of development. This
process starts at the midline and then spreads back into the posterior region. The eruption of
these teeth begins at the age of six months and continues until twenty-five to thirty-three months
of age. The first teeth seen in the mouth are the mandibular centrals and the last are the maxillary
second molars. The deciduous dentition is made up of central incisors, lateral incisors, canines,
first molars, and secondary molars. All of these are replaced with a permanent counterpart except
for the first and second molars; they are replaced by premolars. The deciduous teeth will remain
until the age of six. At that time, the permanent teeth start to appear in the mouth. The eruption
of permanent teeth causes root resorption, where the permanent teeth push down on the roots of
the deciduous teeth causing the roots to be dissolved and become absorbed by the forming
permanent teeth. The process of shedding deciduous teeth and the replacement by permanent
teeth is called exfoliation. This may last from age six to age twelve. By age twelve there usually
are only permanent teeth remaining. Teething age of deciduous teeth:
Central incisors : 6-12 months
Lateral incisors : 9-16 months
Canine teeth : 16-23 months
First molars : 13-19 months
Second molars : 22-33 months
Deciduous teeth are considered essential in the development of the oral cavity by dental
researchers and dentists.

Answer the questions:

1. What are deciduous teeth?
______________________________________________________________________________
2. What synonyms for “deciduous teeth” can you name?
______________________________________________________________________________
3. When do the baby teeth develop?
______________________________________________________________________________
4. When do deciduous teeth start to form?
______________________________________________________________________________
5. When does the development of deciduous teeth start?
______________________________________________________________________________
6. When does the eruption of temporary teeth begin?
______________________________________________________________________________
7. What are the first teeth seen in the mouth?
______________________________________________________________________________
8. What is the deciduous dentition made up of?
______________________________________________________________________________
9. What does the eruption of permanent teeth cause?
______________________________________________________________________________
10. What is exfoliation?
______________________________________________________________________________

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Insert prepositions or adverbs where necessary (between, of, for, around, until, before, into,
about).
For an infant, the mouth is a sensitive portal connecting the world .... him to his developing mind
and body. He uses his mouth to meet his mother, to sate his constant hunger, to comfort
himself ... feedings, and to explore objects in the widening world around him. When hard teeth
begin protruding ... this soft, sensitive orifice, it is a major event in the life ... an infant.
Many parents worry ... the timing of the appearance of their children's teeth. While the average
time ... the appearance of the first teeth is between five and seven months of age, there is a wide
normal variation of timing. The teeth might come in as early as one month of age, or they might
wait ... a child is almost one-and-a-half-years old. Anywhere in this range can be normal.
Generally lower teeth come in ... upper teeth, and generally girls' teeth erupt earlier than those of
boys . Delayed eruption of all teeth may be the result of a nutritional problem or a systemic
condition.

LESSON 7.

Read and translate the following text:

DENTAL FACILITIES

The dentist's offices are designed to be comfortable, private, and relaxing for all of the patients.
Each and every room in it is carefully planned out in order to provide patients with the best care
and service possible. After your name is called in the waiting room, you'll go into an exam room
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and sit down in a big, comfortable armchair. The armchair will have a place to rest your head and
lots of room for you to stretch out your legs. Next to the chair may be a little sink with a cup that
you can use to rinse out your mouth as your teeth are being cleaned. The typical dental operatory
or dental unit system contains armchairs with hydraulic lifts, sterilizers, x-ray equipment, an
instrument holder, and hand pieces used for drilling and cleaning. Some of them may be
equipped with intra-oral cameras and wireless video imaging. Proper illumination is required to
detect any changes in oral cavity, so dental lamp can be focused to show all parts of the mouth.
Next to the chair there is a small table for the trays with all sorts of the tools.

Answer the following questions:

1. What do you have to say about the design of dental rooms, dental surgeries?
______________________________________________________________________________
2. What can one see in the dental surgery?
______________________________________________________________________________
3. What does the typical dental operatory or dental unit system contain?
______________________________________________________________________________
4. Is proper illumination required to detect any changes in oral cavity?
______________________________________________________________________________
5. How can dentists protect themselves form various infections and foreign bodies while
performing any dental work?
______________________________________________________________________________
6. What instruments are required for the oral examination?
______________________________________________________________________________
7. What tools are used for tooth extraction and for restorative works?
______________________________________________________________________________
8. What is required for endodontics and orthopaedic work?
______________________________________________________________________________
9. What is used for the disinfection of the dental instruments?
______________________________________________________________________________

LESSON 8.

Read the text and translate it into Romanian:

Dental tools

There are many reasons people fear a visit to the dentist's office. Most commonly, they fear the
discomfort and occasional pain that can accompany dental work. Some are uncomfortable with
the inherently invasive nature of dental procedures. A lack of understanding about dentistry and
the unusual-looking tools that are used can play a part too. Patients benefit from understanding
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the work dentists perform and the tools they use to do it. When a patient goes for a general dental
checkup, the dentist uses a number of different types of hand-held stainless steel probes or sharp-
pointed tools. The most common ones are called the sickle or contra-angled probes. By softly
poking the sharp end of these instruments into the patient's teeth and gums, the dentist can
measure the depth of the gum pockets and look for holes in the enamel to determine gum and
tooth decay. The probes can also locate fissures and problems that are developing with a crown
or bridge.

Translate into Romanian:

The father of modern dentistry

Pierre Fauchard (1678 –1761) was a significant French physician, credited as being the
"father of modern dentistry". He is widely known for his book, "The Surgeon Dentist" 1728,
where he described the basic oral anatomy and function, signs and symptoms of oral pathology,
operative methods for removing decay and restoring teeth, periodontal disease, orthodontics,
replacement of missing teeth, and tooth transplantation. His book is said to be the first complete
scientific description of dentistry. Fauchard's text was followed by others who continued to
expand the knowledge of the dental profession throughout Europe.
 Pierre suggested that the German tooth worm theory was mistaken in its explanation of dental
decay. His observations through the microscope showed there was no evidence of worms.
 Fauchard also said the cause of dental caries was sugar, and people should limit it from their
daily food.
 Pierre disproved theories of spontaneous tooth generation, arguing that the first teeth, which
are called milk teeth, separate themselves from their roots. Some dentists at Fauchard's time
believed they didn't have roots.
 Fauchard introduced dental fillings as treatment for dental cavities, and he suggested
amalgams like lead, tin and sometimes gold. He also said that teeth should be cleaned
periodically by a dentist.
 Pierre said that braces should be used to correct the position of teeth, and that children's teeth
could be moved more easily and quickly than adults', a result of the size of the teeth roots,
according to Fauchard.
 Fauchard was ahead of his time in medical practice and he described the way how the patient
should be greeted by the doctor and in what particular position the patient should sit.
 Pierre recommended that the dentist should stand behind the patient to help them relax, and
he introduced the concept of dentist's chair light.

Translate into Romanian:

Who invented the toothbrush and when was it invented?

The toothbrush as we know it today was not invented until 1938. However, early forms
of the toothbrush have been in existence since 3000 BC. Ancient civilizations used a "chew
stick," which was a thin twig with a frayed end. These 'chew sticks' were rubbed against the
teeth. The bristle toothbrush, similar to the type used today, was not invented until 1498 in
China. The bristles were actually the stiff, coarse hairs taken from the back of a hog's neck and
14
attached to handles made of bone or bamboo. Boar bristles were used until 1938, when nylon
bristles were introduced by Dupont de Nemours. The first nylon toothbrush was called Doctor
West's Miracle Toothbrush. Later, Americans were influenced by the disciplined hygiene habits
of soldiers from World War II. They became increasingly concerned with the practice of good
oral hygiene and quickly adopted the nylon toothbrush.
Some other interesting toothbrush facts:
The first mass-produced toothbrush was made by William Addis of Clerkenwald, England,
around 1780. The first American to patent a toothbrush was H. N. Wadsworth on Nov. 7, 1857.
Mass production of toothbrushes began in America around 1885.
Dentistry is not very old branch of medicine bit its roots came from the early years of
existing of the human being. It is known that prehistoric man suffered from the same dental
diseases as people do nowadays. The first mention about toothache was found in Mesopotamia.
Ancient Greek scholars Hippocrates and Aristotle wrote about dental diseases and their
treatment. During the Middle Ages and throughout the 19th century, dentistry was not a
profession in itself. In the 17th century French physician Pierre Fauchard started dentistry
science as we know it today, and he has been named "the father of modern dentistry". Dentistry
has seen a great deal of innovation over the past 100 years, such as porcelain jacket crown,
Novocain discovery, tooth brush with synthetic nylon bristles, water fluoridation and many
others. With the advent of the 20th century dentistry continued to progress on many fronts
including technology, oral hygiene, preventive dentistry and dental education.

Translate into Romanian:

Dentistry jobs

A dentist’s training enables him to undertake, without assistance, all of the treatment
necessary for his patients, including construction of their dentures, crowns, gold inlays, etc.
Except for the actual treatment performed within the mouth, however, much of the work, which a
dentist is qualified to do, can be performed by others.
Dental hygienist. Dental hygienists (sometimes also known as oral health practitioners) are
dental care professionals and work as part of the dental team. While dentists concentrate on
treating tooth and gum conditions, the dental hygienist has a vital role in helping to prevent
problems from arising. Dental hygienists carry out procedures such as scaling and polishing
teeth, and applying topical fluoride and fissure sealants. The dental hygienist assesses the
patient's oral tissues and overall health determining the presence or absence of disease, other
abnormalities and disease risks; develops a dental hygiene diagnosis based on clinical findings;
formulates treatment care plans; educates patients regarding oral hygiene and preventive oral
care.
Dental laboratory technician is generally a highly skilled person who constructs artificial
dentures, bridges and other dental appliances. Some of technicians perform all types of
laboratory work, but others specialize in one aspect of constructing dentures.
Dental assistants greatly increase the efficiency of the dentist in the delivery of quality oral
health care and are valuable members of the dental care team. The duties of a dental assistant are
among the most comprehensive and varied in the dental office. The dental assistant’s
responsibilities may include:
assisting the dentist during a variety of treatment procedures
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taking and developing dental radiographs (x-rays)
asking about the patient's medical history and taking blood pressure and pulse
preparing and sterilizing instruments and equipment
helping patients feel comfortable before, during and after dental treatment
providing patients with instructions for oral care following surgery or other dental treatment
procedures, such as the placement of a restoration (filling)
teaching patients appropriate oral hygiene strategies to maintain oral health (e.g.,
toothbrushing, flossing and nutritional counseling)
taking impressions of patients' teeth for study casts (models of teeth)
performing office management tasks that often require the use of a personal computer
communicating with patients (e.g., scheduling appointments, answering the telephone)
helping to provide direct patient care in all dental specialties, including orthodontics,
pediatric dentistry, periodontics and oral surgery

LESSON 9.

Read the text and translate it into Romanian:

The skull

The lower jaw has its own separate bone which is called 'the mandible', which is U-shaped and
stretches from one ear, down to the chin area and then back up again to the other ear. It is joined
to the upper part of the head around the ear region by two jaw joints (called 'temperomandibular
joints'). If your rest your fingers on the skin just in front of your ears, and then open and close
your mouth, you can feel the jaw joints moving. The mandible has names for its different parts,
as follows: The body of the mandible is the middle section of the U-shape which supports the
lower teeth. The condyle is the rounded end of bone that fits into the movable joint between the
mandible and the cranium (the part of the skull which encloses the brain). There is one on each
16
side of the mandible. The coronoid process is the name for a triangular projection from the
mandible which joins one of the chewing muscles to the cranium. There is one on each side of
the mandible. The ascending ramus is the flatter, straighter part on the sides of the lower jaw
which joins the body of the mandible to the coronoid processes and the condyles.

Translate into Romanian:

Oral glands

All mammals are well supplied with oral glands. There are labial glands of the lips,
buccal glands of the cheeks, lingual glands of the tongue, and palatine glands of the palate.
Besides these, there are larger paired salivary glands. The parotid gland, near each ear, the
submaxillary or submandibular gland lies along the posterior part of the lower jaw; its duct opens
well forward under the tongue. The sublingual gland lies in the floor of the mouth. Saliva is a
fluid containing a mixture of all the oral secretions. It contains mucus, proteins, salts, and the
enzymes. Tonsils are spongy lymphoid tissues at the back of the throat, composed mainly of
lymphocytic cells held together by fibrous connective tissue. There are three types of tonsils. The
palatine tonsils, usually referred to as «the tonsils», are visible between the arches that extend
from the uvula to the floor of the mouth. The pharyngeal tonsils, usually referred to as the
adenoids, lie at the back of the throat. The lingual tonsils are on the upper surface of each side of
the back of the tongue. The tonsils function to protect the pharynx and the remainder of the body
from infectious organisms.

Translate into Romanian:

The structures that support the teeth

Healthy teeth are, of course, embedded in bone. The bone is covered with gums, and the
gums attach not only to the bone, but also to the tooth itself. The gingiva is that portion of the
gums that surrounds the teeth and lies above the level of the bone. The part of the gingiva below
the crest but above the attachment is called the free gingival margin. The potential space between
the free gingival margin and the tooth is called the gingival sulcus.
The periodontal Ligament (PDL)
The periodontal ligament is the soft tissue that lies between the tooth and its bony socket.
It is a continuation of the connective tissue associated with the gingivo-dental fibers, and it
continues around the entire tooth. In a healthy situation, there is never a direct attachment
between the bone and the tooth itself. The PDL is composed of fibrous connective tissue. The
bone that supports the teeth is called alveolar bone. It's only purpose in life is to support the
teeth. The part of the alveolar bone that lines the socket is a thin layer of dense cortical bone
called the lamina dura. The bone that underlies the lamina dura is cancellous bone (sometimes
called medullary bone). Cancellous bone looks spongy and contains blood producing "organ"
called bone marrow.

Translate into Romanian:

17
 At birth, baby’s 20 primary teeth are present in the baby's jawbones and the crowns of these
primary teeth are almost complete. Usually, the front four teeth will begin to "erupt" between age
6 months and one year. By age three, most children have a full set of 20 primary teeth. The
primary teeth play an important role in the child's ability to chew and speak and in the child's
appearance. Also, the primary teeth are useful in holding space in the jaws for the permanent
teeth. As a child approaches age six, the jaw is growing to make room for the permanent teeth.
As this happens, the roots of the permanent teeth are beginning to be absorbed by the
surrounding tissue and the permanent teeth prepare to erupt. Between ages five and six, the first
permanent molars usually erupt. These molars are also called, "six-year" molars.
These molars do not replace any primary teeth and are especially important because they help
determine the lower part of a child's face and affect the position of the other permanent teeth. By
age 21, all 32 permanent teeth usually will have erupted.

Translate into Romanian:

Permanent teeth

Permanent teeth are the second set of teeth formed in humans. There are thirty-two
permanent teeth, consisting of six maxillary and six mandibular molars, four maxillary and four
mandibular premolars, two maxillary and two mandibular canines, four maxillary and four
mandibular incisors.
The first permanent tooth usually appears in the mouth at around six years of age. The first adult
teeth are the permanent first molars that come through the gums at the back, right behind the last
'milk' molars. These first permanent molars are the most important teeth for the correct
development of an adult dentition. Up to the age of thirteen years twenty-eight of the thirty-two
permanent teeth will appear. Grown-ups have a set of 32 permanent teeth, of four different teeth
types. Sixteen at the top and sixteen at the bottom jaw : 8 incisors, 4 canines, 8 premolars and 12
molars. The full permanent dentition is completed much later. The four last adult teeth, one at
the back of every arch will appear between the ages of seventeen and twenty-one years. This is
the reason they are named wisdom teeth. Wisdom teeth, officially referred to as third molars, are
usually the last teeth to develop. They are located in the very back of your mouth, next to your
second (or twelve year) molars and near the entrance to your throat. Third molars are usually
completely developed between the ages of 15 and 18, a time traditionally associated with the
onset of maturity and the attainment of “wisdom”.

18
LESSON 10.

Read and translate into Romanian the following text:

Dental examination

Dental examination, also called intraoral examination, is an inspection of the teeth and
surrounding soft tissues of the oral cavity. A dental examination is complete if it allows
identification of all active factors that are capable of causing or contributing to the deterioration
of oral health or function. It is incomplete if it does not provide enough information to develop a
total treatment plan aimed at optimum restoration of the teeth and their supporting structures.
Usually a dental examination is followed by the taking of x-rays, but this depends on a number
of issues including clinical needs and medical history. Every examination is different, simply
because every patient is different.
When you are in the chair, the dentist will move you into a reclining position so that your
mouth can be more easily examined. The dentist then examines the soft tissues including the

19
cheeks, palate, throat, tongue, floor of the mouth, and your lips. The purpose of the soft tissue
examination is to detect pathological changes in the tissues that line the inside of the mouth.
The teeth are evaluated for cracks, decay, malformations and malocclusions. The dentist
will also look for problems such as food traps and bleeding gums. The dentist will also ask about
issues that concern the patient: previous dental experiences, problems with taste and breath, as
well as issues with appearance and comfort. The examiner generally uses an explorer, a slender
steel instrument with a flexible, sharp point, to probe the minute indentations on tooth surfaces
for signs of demineralization and caries development. Fillings are also inspected, and a
radiographic record of the teeth is usually made. The examiner may also insert a periodontal
probe into the soft-tissue sulcus around each tooth, to measure the depth of each sulcus and to
explore for calculus and root defects.

Answer the following questions:

1. What is dental examination?
______________________________________________________________________________
2. In what cases is dental examination complete?
______________________________________________________________________________
3. When is dental examination incomplete?
______________________________________________________________________________
4. Is it necessary to take x-rays before examination?
______________________________________________________________________________
5. What kinds of soft tissues does the dentist examine and why?
______________________________________________________________________________
6. What instruments are used by the dentist during dental examination?
______________________________________________________________________________
7. What is the final stage of dental examination?
______________________________________________________________________________
8. How often should you consult your dentist?
______________________________________________________________________________
LESSON 11.

Translate into Romanian:

How often should I go to the dentist?

The standard recommendation is to visit your dentist twice a year for check-ups and
cleanings. This frequency level works well for most people, although some people with gum
disease, a genetic predisposition for plaque build-up or cavities, or a weakened immune system
might need to visit the dentist more frequently for optimal care. Comprehensive dental exams not
only check for tooth decay and gum health but also examine your entire mouth, head, and neck
area. This type of exam is generally given if you are a first-time patient to a new dentist, but
should also be given periodically by any dentist you’ve been visiting for years. The
comprehensive exam will likely include these evaluations:
Head and neck — Your dentist will look for any problems on the exterior surface of your head
and neck, as well as feel for any swelling or tenderness (which are signs of an infection or

20
disease) in your lymph nodes and salivary glands in your neck area. Your dentist will also
examine your temporomandibular joint to determine if it is working properly.
Soft tissue — The soft tissues of your mouth include the tongue, inside of the lips and
cheeks, and the floor and roof of the mouth. Your dentist will examine these areas for spots,
lesions, cuts, swellings, or growths that could indicate an oral health problem. Your dentist will
also inspect the back of your throat and tonsil area.
Gum tissue—. Your dentist will examine your gums and supporting structures of the
teeth. Your dentist will look for signs of gum disease, which include red or puffy gum tissue and
tissue that easily bleeds when gently poked. If your dentist determines you have gum disease, he
or she might send you to a periodontist.
Occlusion —Your dentist will check how well your upper and lower teeth come together.
Your dentist might simply look at how your teeth meet, or he or she might take wax impressions
of your teeth if a more careful exam of "your bite" is necessary.
Clinical examination of teeth — Your dentist will check for signs of tooth decay by
examining the surface of every tooth. He or she will likely poke your teeth with a dental
instrument, called an explorer, to look for cavities. (Decayed enamel feels softer when poked
compared to healthy enamel.) Your dentist will also check for any problems with fillings, braces,
bridges, dentures, crowns, or other restorations.
X-rays — Your dentist will take X-rays to look for signs of tooth decay, as well as for
gum disease and other oral health problems.

Translate into Romanian:

At the Dentist’s

Alex Brown is a dentist. He works in the Ukrainian-British dental clinic Dentstar. He does shift
work. When he is on an early shift he starts at 8 a.m. and finishes at 2 p.m. Late shifts start at 3
p.m. and finish at 9 p.m.
That is what Alex says about his work as a dentist:
When a patient comes to me for the first time, I ask him some questions about his dental history
and his health in general. I examine his teeth and surrounding tissues. I check his bite. Are there
any gum diseases? This is the most common cause of tooth loss. Plaque contains millions of
bacteria. They irritate the gums causing bleeding. If we ignore these warning signs, teeth can
become loose. To reveal any areas of decay dentists take X-rays. By the way, dentists are the
only medical professionals who interpret their own radiographs! Then I must decide what type of
restoration is the most suitable for the case. Restorations can be by fillings, inlays, onlays,
crowns or by replacement of a gap by fitting a bridge. We use local to reduce discomfort. An
injection is a routine procedure for a dentist, but is often an unpleasant for a patient. I always try
to support those patients who are afraid of treatment. Sometimes we send our patients to
consultants in orthodontics for correction of malocclusion.
I think that our job requires not only good professional knowledge. A dentist must be able to get
on with different kinds of people. Our patients are often nervous, frightened and sometimes even
aggressive. They can make unreasonable demands, but we must be quiet, understanding and
friendly. A good dentist can explain things and reassure his patients. He usually manifests a
sympathetic and caring attitude. A good dentist never stops learning. And, of course, a good
dentist must be able to work as part of a team!
Now Doctor Alex Brown is talking with a patient:
21
Patient (entering): Good morning, doctor.
Alex: Good morning. Sit here, please. What’s the problem with you?
Patient: I have a terrible toothache. It seems that all my teeth on the left side are aching. I’m
afraid I can’t even locate the pain. It kept me awake the whole night.
Alex: Let’s have a look at it. (to a nurse: Will you check the head-rest, please? Make it
confortable for the patient). Could you open your mouth a bit wider, please? Does the pain get
worse when I tap this tooth?
Patient : Oh, yes, its unbearable. Even opening the mouth wider causes pain.
Alex: Spit out, please. Rinse your mouth with this disinfectant solution. Does the pain extend into
the temple or the ear?
Patient: Yes, it seems so.
Alex: Let’s make an X-ray of this tooth.
(some minutes later, after examining the X-ray).
I’m afraid you’ve come too late. Nothing can be done. This tooth must be extracted.
Patient: Are you going to extract it now?
Alex: No, not me. This extraction won’t be so easy, so I’ll send you to our surgeon. He starts
today, so you’ll have to wait for half an hour.

LESSON 12.

Read the following text

Dental hygiene

Dental hygiene or oral hygiene is the process of maintaining proper dental care to avoid oral
health problems. It includes brushing the teeth, flossing, cleaning the tongue, and visiting the
dentist regularly. Maintaining good oral hygiene is one of the most important things you can do
for your teeth and gums. Healthy teeth not only enable you to look and feel good, they make it
possible to eat and speak properly. Good oral health is important to your overall well-being. It
is recommended that you see your dentist and dental hygienist at least twice a year however the
dental care that you provide on your own in-house is an integral part of maintaining good oral
health. A good in-house regimen supplemented by regular dentist check-ups and cleanings is
the best way to prevent dental emergencies.
Brushing with fluoride toothpaste is recommended at least twice a day to remove plaque and the
remnants of food and drink from our teeth and gums. Flossing once a day is an essential
practice to avoid gum disease and preventing tooth decay. An oral rinse also helps promote
good oral hygiene as it will reduce oral discomfort, provide moisture to oral tissues and help
22
with bad breath.
Good oral hygiene helps to prevent dental problems - mainly plaque and calculus which are the
main causes of gum disease and caries (tooth decay). Dental plaque is a soft whitish deposit that
forms on the surface of teeth. It forms when bacteria combine with food and saliva. Plaque
contains many types of bacteria. You can remove plaque by good oral hygiene. Calculus,
sometimes calledtartar, is hardened calcified plaque. It sticks firmly to teeth. Generally, it can
only be removed with special instruments by a dentist or dental hygienist.
Practicing the oral hygiene habits are great ways to maintain proper oral health however good
habits alone will not remove all the plaque that builds up over time. This is why it is necessary
to see your dentist and dental hygienist regularly to remove the plaque to lower your risk of
toothaches, cavities, periodontal disease or even the loss of all your teeth. By removing plaque
you reduce your chances of needing root canals, tooth extractions, dental bridges, crowns and
more. Your dentist and dental hygienist will ensure that you will receive the necessary
treatment to maintain good oral health of your teeth, mouth and gums and keep you smiling.

Answer the following questions:

1.What does dental hygiene include?
_____________________________________________________________________________
2. How often is it recommended to see the dentist and dental hygienist?
_____________________________________________________________________________
3. What is the best way to prevent dental emergencies?
_____________________________________________________________________________
4. What is the purpose of brushing with fluoride toothpaste?
_____________________________________________________________________________
5. Why is flossing recommended?
_____________________________________________________________________________
6. What is the benefit of oral rinse?
_____________________________________________________________________________
7. What dental problems can good oral hygiene help to prevent?
_____________________________________________________________________________

Translate into Romanian:

Some common dental problems related to poor oral hygiene include caries (tooth decay), gum
diseases, tooth erosion. Caries is when holes form in parts of the enamel of a tooth. A main
cause of caries is due to a build-up of plaque. If you have tooth decay you may need fillings,
crowns or inlays. Gum disease means infection or inflammation of the tissues that surround the
teeth. Most cases of gum disease are plaque-related. Plaque contains many different types of
bacteria and a build-up of some types of bacteria is associated with developing gum disease.
Tooth erosion is a common problem. It is the gradual erosion of tooth enamel by the action of
acid on the teeth. This is different to damage caused by bacteria resulting in tooth decay and
caries. Tooth erosion affects the entire surface of the tooth.

Translate into Romanian:

It is important to get into a regular habit of good oral hygiene, in particular, regular teeth
brushing and cleaning between teeth. Brush your teeth at least twice a day. Use a soft-tufted
brush and a toothpaste that contains fluoride. The head of the brush should be small enough to
23
get into all the areas of the mouth. Spend at least two minutes brushing, covering all areas (the
inside, outside, and biting areas of each tooth). Pay particular attention to where the teeth meet
the gum. Get a new toothbrush every 3-4 months.
Ideally, brush your teeth either just before eating, or at least an hour after eating. The reason for
this is to help prevent tooth erosion. Many foods contain acids. After your teeth are exposed to
acid, the enamel is a little softened. But, the action of calcium and other mineral salts in the
saliva can help to counteract and reverse this softening. Therefore, do not brush teeth
immediately after eating when the enamel tends to be at its softest. In particular, after eating or
drinking acid foods and drinks. It is best to wait at least an hour after eating or drinking
anything before brushing.
Clean between your teeth after brushing once a day, but ideally twice a day. This is to remove
plaque from between teeth. Dental floss is commonly used to do this. However, some studies
suggest that small interdental brushes may do a better job than floss. The aim is to clean the
sides of the teeth where a toothbrush cannot get to, and clear the spaces between teeth (the
interdental spaces) of debris. The gums may bleed a little when you first begin to clean between
your teeth. This should settle in a few days. If it persists then see a dentist, as regular bleeding
may indicate gum disease.
Sugars and sugary foods in the mouth are the main foods that bacteria thrive on to make acid
which can contribute to tooth decay. Acid foods and drinks are also a main factor in tooth
erosion. So, limit the amount of sugary foods and drinks that you have. In particular, don't
snack on sugary foods. Try to reduce the amount of acid in contact with your teeth. So, limit
fizzy drinks (including fizzy water) and fruit juices as these tend to be acidic. Brush your teeth
at least an hour after eating or drinking anything.
Many people also use an antiseptic mouthwash each day to help prevent gum disease. In
particular, for those who are unable to use a toothbrush, regular rinsing with an antiseptic
mouthwash will help to clean the teeth. Many people also clean their tongue after cleaning their
teeth. You can do this with a toothbrush. You can also buy a special plastic tongue scraper from
pharmacies. If you smoke, you should aim to stop smoking. Smoking is a major risk factor for
developing gum disease. If children need medicines, wherever possible use sugar-free
medicines.
Some people chew sugar-free gum after each meal. Chewing gum increases the flow of saliva.
Saliva helps to flush the mouth to help clear any debris and acid remaining from the meal.
Children should be taught good oral hygiene as young as possible.

24
LESSON 13.

Read the text and answer the questions:

Dietary supplements: vitamins and minerals for healthy teeth and gums

Deficient vitamin intake can cause problems for healthy teeth. Teeth and gums move through
many changes as we age and often become diseased or distressed without us knowing.
Preventing disease and easing the typical effects of aging can be accomplished by ingesting the
right vitamins and minerals along with caring properly for your teeth and gums. Normal
metabolism, balanced cell function and reinforced health affects the whole of the body and its
processes and this includes your mouth.
Each vitamin has a purpose and a function to fulfill within the body. If a vitamin is not found in
the body in a balanced state then a deficiency disease can take hold. At this point the body will
need help and not only with the vitamin that is deficient. When a body is out of balance it
attempts to right it self and can often pull heavily on other systems as well as other vitamins and
minerals. Healthy teeth and gums require a balanced diet and vitamin intake, however, there are
several specific vitamins that are vital to healthy teeth and gums. These are A, C and D.
Vitamins A and D are fat-soluble vitamins. This means they are stored in the liver and adipose
tissue of your body and are not easily excreted. Ingesting toxic levels of these vitamins is
possible so do not add these as additional supplements to your daily vitamin intake without
25
consulting a physician. Vitamin A has a lot to do with the healthy formation of teeth and skin. It
also aids in the formation and maintenance of mucous membranes and soft tissue, not to
mention good vision. Vitamin A has a precursor called beta-carotene that has antioxidant
properties. Antioxidant properties aid the body in dealing with chemicals called free radicals.
Free radicals cause the body, in general, to decay. Eating foods rich in beta-carotene will help
your teeth stay healthy.
Vitamin D is created in the body after exposure to sunshine. It only takes ten to fifteen minutes
of exposure about three times a week to get enough sunshine to produce what your body needs
in the way of Vitamin D. Vitamin D promotes calcium absorption and calcium absorption is
necessary to develop and maintain healthy teeth and bones. Vitamin D also maintains healthy
levels of the minerals calcium and phosphorous in the blood stream. It is essential for children
to getadequate Vitamin D because it helps them to form strong bones and teeth. Vitamin D is
often added to milk because children need so much more of it than an adults do.
Vitamin C is a water-soluble vitamin. It is a vitamin that should be ingested daily. Water-
soluble vitamins are washed out of the body once the body has what it needs. Vitamin C, also
known as ascorbic acid, promotes healthy teeth and gums, assists the absorption of iron and
maintains healthy connective tissue. If you cut or scrape your skin, Vitamin C aids in the
healing of those wounds. It also is an antioxidant. Of course, maintaining adequate levels of all
vitamins in the body is ultimately necessary to the maintenance of a healthy mouth. The body
functions as a whole so any deficiency will tax the other systems requiring the deficient
vitamin. Supplements, together with good oral hygiene, can aid in decreasing the incidence of
dental cavities, bad breath and gum disease. Vitamin C also promotes healthy capillaries, which
aids oral tissue in staying healthy. Insufficient consumption of Vitamin C may lead to oral
health problems like swollen and bleeding gums and loss of teeth can result.

Answer the following questions:

1. What are vitamins?
_____________________________________________________________________________
2. What is the function of the vitamin in dentistry?
_____________________________________________________________________________
3. What vitamins have you known from the text?
_____________________________________________________________________________
4. What classes are the vitamins divided into?
_____________________________________________________________________________
5. What do you know about vitamin A?
_____________________________________________________________________________
6. What is the importance of vitamin D for teeth and gums?
_____________________________________________________________________________
7. What is the necessity of vitamin C for gums and teeth?
_____________________________________________________________________________

Translate into Romanian:

What to eat

26
All bodies need vitamins to promote growth and health. Some vitamins are needed because the
body cannot make them at all or makes them in insufficient amounts so food intake must supply
them. To get your Vitamin A, eat dark green and yellow fruits and vegetables, eggs, low-fat
dairy products, and liver. Vitamin D is taken into the body by eating egg yolks, fatty fish (like
tuna and salmon, sardines and herring), and drinking fortified milk. Getting your daily Vitamin C
can be accomplished by eating citrus fruits, tomatoes, melons, berries, red peppers, green
peppers, and broccoli. Proper calcium in your diet can be provided by including yogurt or other
dairy products, cheese, tofu, vegetables such as broccoli and peas, beans, enriched grains as well
as seeds and nuts.
What not to eat
Stay away from foods that are high in calories, salt, sugar, and the wrong kinds of fat such as fast
foods or processed and pre-packaged foods. Most meals that fall into this category are deficient
in essential nutrients and can pack on the pounds quickly. Salt and sugar interfere with the
body’s metabolism by altering insulin processes and blood pressure among other destructive
behaviors. Tooth decay and gum disease should be watched carefully if you fill your diet with
fast foods or processed foods. The sugars included in these foods can cause tooth decay to
increase rapidly.

Translate into Romanian:

Minerals
Just like vitamins, minerals help your body grow, develop, and stay healthy. The body uses
minerals to perform many different functions — from building strong bones to transmitting
nerve impulses. Some minerals are even used to make hormones or maintain a normal heartbeat.
The two kinds of minerals are: macrominerals and trace minerals. Macro means "large" in Greek
(and your body needs larger amounts of macrominerals than trace minerals). The macromineral
group is made up of calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, sodium, potassium, chloride, and sulfur.
A trace of something means that there is only a little of it. So even though your body needs trace
minerals, it needs just a tiny bit of each one. Scientists aren't even sure how much of these
minerals you need each day. Trace minerals includes iron, manganese, copper, iodine, zinc,
cobalt, fluoride, and selenium. Calcium is the top macromineral when it comes to your bones.
This mineral helps build strong bones and it also helps build strong, healthy teeth. Such food are
enriched with calcium: dairy products, such as milk, cheese, and yogurt, canned salmon and
sardines with bones, leafy green vegetables, such as broccoli, calcium-fortified foods — from
orange juice to cereals and crackers.

27
LESSON 14.

Read the following text:

Analgesics or Pain Relievers

An analgesic is a pain relieving substance. It does not cure the problem that causes the pain, but
reduces the feeling of the pain.
Conventional analgesics are classified as opioids and nonopioids, but the older terms ‘‘narcotic’’
and ‘‘non-narcotic’’ continue to be used interchangeably. Current researches have shown that
both classes have varying degrees of central and peripheral action. The primary feature that
distinguishes these 2 classes of analgesics is their mechanisms of action. Nonopioids include
acetaminophen and the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Opioids are represented
by morphine. It is rational for the practitioner to combine drugs from these classes when
managing moderate to severe pain. To select combination regimens wisely, it is necessary to
understand the significant pharmacological features of each category alone.
Analgesics are used as short term measures to ease pain before, during and after dental treatment.
Some dental procedures can result in pain and discomfort after treatment. Pain relievers play a
part in making the treatment more comfortable. An analgesic taken before a dental appointment
can relieve minor discomfort or stress.
Severe dental pain is usually caused by the inflammation of the nerves and blood vessels in and
around the tooth. This is usually associated with tooth decay.
Inflammation is the cause of most dental pain. Anti-inflammatory drugs are effective against
such pain. Aspirin and Ibuprofen are anti-inflammatory in their action.
28
The most commonly used analgesics are:
Acetaminophen, also known as Paracetamol or Tylenol
Aspirin
Codeine
Ibuprofen

Acetaminophen or Paracetamol:
 It reduces pain and fevers.
 It has no blood-thinning side effects.
 It does not cause gastric irritation.
 Children from two months of age can be given a
liquid preparation.
 There is an appropriate dose for all age groups.

Aspirin
 It reduces fevers and pain.
 It has anti-inflammatory properties.
 It acts as a blood-thinner.
 It can cause stomach irritation.
 It is not recommended for children under twelve
years.
 People with stomach ulcers, or on blood thinning
drugs, should not take aspirin for pain.

Codeine
Codeine is a very powerful pain reliever.
 Strong doses can control very severe pain.
 It is often combined with other analgesics to boost their effectiveness for pain relief.
 It is constipating.
Ibuprofen

Ibuprofen is a pain reliever and an anti-inflammatory drug.

 It is available for all age groups.
 It is not constipating, and there are no adverse gastric side effects.
Many analgesic preparations can be bought without a prescription. Caution is nevertheless
necessary. Several analgesics are very often combined in a single tablet or capsule. You may not
be aware of the ingredients of your pain-relieving tablets or capsules. It is therefore most
important that they should only be taken with the knowledge and approval of your doctor or
dentist. This is particularly true if you are taking other medications as well.

Answer the following questions:

1. What is an analgesic?
______________________________________________________________________________
2. What part do analgesics play in reducing dental pain?
______________________________________________________________________________
3. What is the main cause of severe dental pain?
29
______________________________________________________________________________
4. What is an anti-inflammatory drug?
______________________________________________________________________________
5. Which are the anti-inflammatory drugs?
______________________________________________________________________________
6. What are the most commonly used analgesics?
______________________________________________________________________________
7. Is it safe to take analgesics without dental or medical advice?
______________________________________________________________________________

Translate into Romanian:

Oral analgesics for acute dental pain

Acute pain is the most common complaint that causes patients to seek help from healthcare
professionals. Pain management remains an important consideration in dental care and patient
management. Although utilized for acute pain control, analgesics provide significant anti-
inflammatory effects. Anti-inflammatory analgesics are available both over-the-counter (OTC)
and by prescription. Since analgesics are widely used in dentistry and by patients for other
medical indications, the dentist should be knowledgeable in their pharmacology.
Pain, as defined by the International Association for the Study of Pain, is “an unpleasant sensory
and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage or described in terms
of such damage.” Pain is not a single entity; it is part of the entire inflammatory process and one
of the clinical signs of inflammation. Pain can be described as (1) acute, (2) chronic and
associated with malignant disease, or (3) chronic and not associated with malignant disease. The
duration of acute pain is usually hours to days, while chronic pain can last months to years and
have associated problems of depression and anxiety. Oral pain is associated with pulpitis,
periodontitis, pericoronitis, abscesses (endodontic/periodontal), trauma, and other conditions
including temporomandibular disorders (TMDs) and masticatory muscle disorders. Dental
procedures also can have pain as a sequela with more invasive procedures increasing this
likelihood. Pain is provoked when a variety of inflammatory mediators are released into the
tissues. These pain-inducing substances can be produced and released from cell membranes by
trauma (eg, mechanical trauma to the soft tissues and bone during periodontal surgery), infection,
and allergenic reactions. Therefore, part of the successful management of pain requires blocking
or managing the development of inflammation.
The majority of dental pain is an acute response to inflammation. The acute pain associated with
dental trauma, infection, or surgery is usually managed pharmacologically. The key to
pharmacologically managing pain is to provide a sufficient dose of a particular drug to minimize
pain onset and give the patient comfort. The drug should be administered frequently to prevent
the pain from becoming severe. The most effective way to maintain analgesia is to administer
doses on a regularly scheduled basis for a specified period after the trauma. For example, after
periodontal surgery, inflammation and pain usually peak 48 hours later. Thus, postoperative
analgesic medication can be administered on a regular schedule, depending on the half-life of the
drug (eg, every 4 hours), for 48 hours, then given as necessary.

Translate into Romanian:

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Dental anesthesia
Pain is the most common manifestation of dental disease and as such the advent of anesthesia
may be regarded as a cornerstone in the development of modern dentistry.
Anesthesia is the administration of medication to allow medical procedures to be done without
pain, and in some cases, without the patient being aware during the procedure.
There are four types of anesthesia:
 General Anesthesia
 Regional Anesthesia
 Local Anesthesia
 Monitored Anesthesia Care (Twilight Sleep)
General anesthesia is a type of sedation that uses several medications to render the patient
unconscious and unable to move. The medications are given both through an IV and mixed with
oxygen and inhaled.
Regional anesthesia is a method of pain prevention for surgeries and procedures. Instead of
making the patient sleep through surgery, the area of the body that would feel pain is numbed,
allowing the patient to have the procedure while awake. Local anesthesia is a type of pain
prevention used during minor procedures to numb a small site where pain is likely to occur
without changing the patient's awareness.
A numbing medication is either applied to or injected into the area, sometimes with several small
injections, and after a few minutes the area should be completely numb. If the area still has
sensation, additional injections or applications may be given to insure total numbness.
Local anesthesia is most commonly associated with dental procedures, where the gum is numbed
with an injection of medication.
Monitored Anesthesia Care is a type of sedation that is administered through an IV to make a
patient sleepy and calm during a procedure. The patient is typically awake, but groggy, and is
able to follow instructions as needed.
The type of anesthesia required for any dental procedure depends on the needs or preferences of
the patient. You and your dentist will decide what level of anesthesia is right for you. Some
patients prefer a higher level of anesthesia than others. Children, people with special needs, such
as mental retardation, and those with a condition, such as a dental phobia may require a higher
level of anesthesia. The type of anesthesia administered by your dentist is more dependent on
individual patient preferences than specific dental procedures.
Lidocaine is the most common local anesthetic that dentists use. There are many others. They all
have names ending in "-caine." Many people think of Novocain as the classic numbing drug. But
Novocain actually is not used anymore. Other drugs last longer and work better than Novocain.
These drugs also are less likely to cause allergic reactions.
There are two kinds of numbing injections. A block injection numbs an entire region of your
mouth, such as one side of your lower jaw. An infiltration injection numbs a smaller area. This is
the area near where the injection was given.
Your dentist needs to know about all the medications that you are taking, any allergic reactions
you've had to medicines in the past, and your past and present health conditions. It's important
that you answer your dentist's questions completely and ask about your concerns. This way your
dentist will be sure to tell you everything you need to know before receiving treatment.
Insert the missing prepositions(by, of, for, as, down, in) and translate the abstract:
Anesthesia is a controlled condition of unconsciousness induced ____ medication. Nowadays,
dentists use a local anesthetic called Lidocaine, the modern replacement ___ Novocaine and
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procaine, which where discovered ___ 1905 ____ the German chemist Alfred Einhorn. Local
anesthesia induces the absence ___ sensation ___ a part of the body, and general anesthesia
induces a state of total unconsciousness. Anesthesia shuts _____ body functions such as
consciousness, pain sensibility, defensive reflexes and muscle tension. Anesthetics also
temporarily close down important protective reflexes such ___ breathing and coughing reflexes.

LESSON 15.

Translate into Romanian:

To make your dental visit as comfortable as possible, your dentist may suggest anesthesia to
reduce or eliminate any pain or anxiety that may be related to your dental treatment. The type of
anesthesia required for any dental procedure depends on the needs or preferences of the patient.
Local anesthesia is produced by the application or injection of a drug to eliminate pain in a
specific area in the mouth. Topical anesthetics are frequently used by your dentist to numb an
area in preparation for administering an injectable local anesthetic. Injectable local anesthetics,
such as Lidocaine, numb mouth tissues in a specific area of your mouth for a short period of
time. Your dentist will probably inject a local anesthetic before filling cavities, preparing your
teeth for crowns, or for any surgical procedure. Local anesthesia is the most commonly used
form of anesthesia in the dental office.
Conscious sedation can be used to help you relax during a dental procedure. Your dentist may
administer an anti-anxiety agent, such as nitrous oxide, or a sedative, in combination with a local
anesthetic for pain. During conscious sedation, you will remain calm during treatment, yet
rational and responsive to speech and touch. Anti-anxiety agents and sedatives can be
administered by mouth, inhalation or injection.
Deep sedation and general anesthesia is used for complex procedures and for patients who have
trouble controlling their movements or need a deeper level of anesthesia during treatment.
During deep sedation you will be unable to respond appropriately to verbal commands. During
general anesthesia you will be unconscious. Although taking any medication involves a certain
amount of risk, the drugs that produce anesthesia are entirely safe when administered by a
trained anesthesia provider. The best thing to do is ask questions about any procedure that you
are not familiar with. Ask about alternatives, training, the doctor's commitment to continuing
education and the credentials of other personnel in the dental office who might be assisting with
your treatment. Good communication between the dentist and the patient is the best way of
insuring safety.
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Read the following text and translate it into Romanian:

Antimicrobial drugs

Antimicrobial drug is a drug used to treat a microbial infection. "Antimicrobial" is a

general term that refers to a group of drugs that includes antibiotics, antifungals, antiprotozoals,
and antivirals. An anti-microbial is a substance that kills or inhibits the growth of
microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi, or protozoans. Antimicrobial drugs either kill microbes
(microbiocidal) or prevent the growth of microbes (microbiostatic). Disinfectants are
antimicrobial substances used on non-living objects or outside the body.
Technically, antibiotics are only those substances that are produced by one
microorganism that kill, or prevent the growth, of another microorganism. Of course, in today's
common usage, the term antibiotic is used to refer to almost any drug that attempts to rid your
body of a bacterial infection. Antimicrobials include not just antibiotics, but synthetically formed
compounds as well.
Prophylactic antibiotics
The goal of antibiotic prophylaxis in Odontology is to prevent the onset of infections through the
entrance way provided by the therapeutic action, therefore it is indicated provided there is a
considerable risk of infection, either because of the characteristics of the operation itself or the
patient’s local or general condition. The physician’s criterion for choosing antibiotic prophylaxis
or not must be based on the benefit and the cost of the risk. In the last instance, the prophylaxis
decision is the choice of the physician.
To that aim, patients could be classified as:
a) healthy patients,
b) patients with local or systemic infection risk factors
c) patients with post-bacteraemia focal infection risk factors.
In healthy subjects, prophylaxis is based exclusively on the risk of the procedure.
Topical Antibiotics
Some topical antibiotics are available without a prescription and are sold in many forms,
including creams, ointments, powders, and sprays. Some widely used topical antibiotics are
bacitracin, neomycin, polymyxin B.
Among the products that contain one or more of these ingredients are Bactroban (a prescription
item), Neosporin, Polysporin, and Triple Antibiotic, Ointment or Cream.
Antibiotic mouthwash can be prepared by the patient by dissolving the contents of 250 mg
tetracycline capsule in 10 ml of water to give a 2% solution. It may be more effective to add
glycerol to the solution as a demulcent, this must be done by pharmacist.
The value of topical antibiotics overweighs such risks in some cases. Tetracycline is a useful
topical antibiotics. As at 2% solution it’s often effective in reducing secondary infection (and
thus the discomfort) in cases of aphtous stomaitis, primary herpetic stomaitis, and all oral
ulcerative conditions.
Use of topical antibiotics is also seen to be helpful in acute chronic gingivitis treatment.
There are inherent disadvantages associated with the use of topical antibiotics because of the
possibilities of selection for resistant strains and inducing hypersensitivity reaction at the patient.

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Topical antibiotics help prevent infections caused by bacteria that get into minor cuts, scrapes,
and burns. Treating minor wounds with antibiotics allows quicker healing. They are always used
to prevent secondary infection (ulcers).
The use of topical antibiotics cannot normally be practiced as long- term treatment, it is better to
be reserved for acute episodes. Otherwise, there will be the risk of overgrowth of resistant
organisms, although a candidal infection may occur. However, in some rare cases a prolonged
topical antibiotic treatment is justified (Patients with severe and persistent oral lesions), in that
case a tetracycline with triamcinolone combination is preferred.

Answer the following questions:

1.What is antibiotic?
______________________________________________________________________________
2. What is an antimicrobial drug?
______________________________________________________________________________
3. How long are antibiotics used?
______________________________________________________________________________
4. What groups of antibiotics have you learned from the previous info?
______________________________________________________________________________
5. What are bactericidal antibiotics?
______________________________________________________________________________
6. What are bacteriostatic antibiotics?
______________________________________________________________________________
7. What side effect can antibiotic have?
______________________________________________________________________________
8. What routs of antibiotics' administration are there?
______________________________________________________________________________
9. What are topical antibiotics?
______________________________________________________________________________
10. What are topical antiseptics?
______________________________________________________________________________
11. What helps to determine the optimal antibiotic therapy?
_____________________________________________________________________________

Translate into Romanian:

Topical antifungal treatment

The polyene antifungal agents, nystatin and amphotericin B, are well established and
relatively free from side-effects when used locally. They are available in various forms, such as
lozenges, pastilles, creams, and suspensions. Unfortunately, patient compliance is often poor
with these preparations, which may take a while to dissolve in the mouth (for example, pastilles
and lozenges) and have a a distinctive taste. The newer azoles have very useful properties,
although resistance is rather more commonly met and may be problematic in the future,
particularly in the immunocompromised patient. The locally active agent, miconazole is
available as an oral gel or cream.
Pharmaceutical Forms
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 In order to assure topic application of antifungal agents, conventional lozenge,
mouthwash, or gel would be the simplest dosage forms for the delivery of drugs in the buccal
cavity, but these conventional dosage forms had the disadvantage of an initial burst of salivary
concentration followed by a rapid decrease. A lozenge produced effective salivary drug levels for
more than one hour but repeated administration was restricted due to systemic toxicity coming
from the large quantity of ingested drug. The action of mouthwashes was even more transient
than that of lozenges, and gels/pastes were difficult to retain in the mouth. In case of oral fungal
infections, a prolonged therapy with antifungal agent was required, and some papers documented
prolonged release of antifungal agent from buccal devices in the form of an adhesive tablets.

Translate into Romanian

Medical education in the USA

In the USA Universities and medical colleges train doctors. The doctors’ training takes
from 8 to 13 years to become a doctor. The medical students have three or four years of pre-
clinical training at the University. During this course students learn the basic subjects. They must
have deep knowledge in Anatomy, Biology, Chemistry and others. Medical students may work
as nurses after pre-clinical training. Students who have made top grades are chosen candidates
for a medical school or medical faculty of the University. This course lasts 4 years. At the time
of the clinical training students learn the basic sciences, such as Biological Chemistry,
Pharmacology, Physiology, Pathologic Physiology and others. Besides they have Psychology,
which teaches the students to deal with patients. The students come in touch with patients in their
third and fourth years. During this course the students learn Anesthesiology, Dermatology,
Internal Medicine, Surgery, Preventive Medicine, Pediatrics, Gynaecology, Obstetrics and
others. After graduation they may improve their qualification at postgraduate or special courses.
As a rule after graduation from the University young doctors must work for 3-5 years under the
supervision of experienced specialists in a certain field of medicine. After that they may work
independently and have private practice. In the USA there is a system of control and valuation of
students’ knowledge levels. The system of test is determined by means of test units. It is used for
counting study hours, definition of academic progress and number of studied courses. For
receiving the degree of Bachelor it is necessary to get 120-140 units during 4 years of study. The
most Universities are not state. They are private institutions. Each University has its own
independent government and syllabuses. Medical education in the USA is very expensive and
only the best students receive grants. The students pay additional fees for the using of
laboratories, clinics and others.

The physical examination

When the patient comes for advice or treatment, the dentist must make a diagnosis,
prescribe proper treatment, and may form a prognosis of the case. Diagnosis is the recognition of
a disease. In order to make a correct diagnosis it is necessary to collect all available information,
by questioning and by physical examination of the patient, to determine etiology and
pathogenesis of the disease as well as the symptoms by which it can be revealed.
History taking is the first step helping to establish the patient's immediate complaints. It
may indicate a particular dental problem or neglect dental care. The dentist looks through the
past records in a patient’s card. During the interview the doctor puts appropriate questions to
help him/her to reach a diagnosis: "What seems to be the problem?", "Where does it hurt?",
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"What tooth troubles you?", "What kind of paіn is it?", "How long does the pain last?", "Does
anything make it worse?", "Is there anything else you feel at the same time?". Important dental
symptoms include bleeding, pain, malocclusion, new growths, malodor of exhaled breath, and
chewing problems.
Attention should be paid to the past dental history which may reveal factors of general or
immediate importance. Information on oral hygiene and dietary habits must be included at this
stage. A thorough general inspection of the face, neck and mouth, and the affected areas in detail,
precedes the examination with the instruments. The examiner should pay attention to the face
symmetry, skin, complexion, speech, masticatory movements of the patients, the cervical lymph
nodes should be also palpated. Teeth are inspected for shape, defects, mobility, color, and
presence of adherent plaque (dead bacteria, food debris, desquamated epithelial cells), and
calculus. They are gently tapped with a tongue depressor or mirror handle to assess tenderness
(percussion sensitivity). The visual examination of the oral cavity can be carried out with the
simplest aids: a good light, a dental mirror, probes, and carrying forceps for cotton wool. In
many conditions of dental origin such an examination may allow to make a correct final
diagnosis. Occasionally this is not enough and the dentist may use special methods of
examination of greater complexity and requiring much more equipment and facilities. These
procedures include the following: X-ray examination, bitewing or periapical techniques; pulp
vitality tests by thermal or electrical stimulation; transillumination of the teeth, alveoli, and nasal
sinuses; occlusal registration and analysis; bacteriological examination, by culture and bacterial
counts; serology, blood chemistry; biochemical analysis of saliva; biopsy and histopathological
examination. Of the above tests, X-ray and vitality tests are commonly used, while the last four
require hospital conditions. Oral findings may be the first signs of the systemic diseases and may
be rather helpful for other clinicians. Results of an examination should be entered into a patient’s
medical record which serves for preparing a treatment plan.

The Tongue
The tongue is a muscular organ in the mouth. The tongue is covered with moist, pink
tissue called mucosa. Tiny bumps called papillae give the tongue its rough texture. Thousands of
taste buds cover the surfaces of the papillae. Taste buds are collections of nerve-like cells that
connect to nerves running into the brain. The tongue is anchored to the mouth by webs of tough
tissue and mucosa. The tether holding down the front of the tongue is called the frenum. In the
back of the mouth, the tongue is anchored into the hyoid bone. The tongue is vital for chewing
and swallowing food, as well as for speech. The four common tastes are sweet, sour, bitter, and
salty. The tongue has many nerves that help detect and transmit taste signals to the brain.
Because of this, all parts of the tongue can detect these four common tastes; the commonly
described “taste map” of the tongue doesn’t really exist. The eight muscles of the human tongue
are classified as either intrinsic or extrinsic. The four intrinsic muscles act to change the shape of
the tongue, and are not attached to any bone. The four extrinsic muscles act to change the
position the tongue, and are anchored to bone. The tongue receives its blood supply primarily
from the lingual artery, a branch of the external carotid artery. The floor of the mouth also
receives its blood supply from the lingual artery. The triangle formed by the intermediate tendon
of the digastric muscle, the posterior border of the mylohyoid muscle, and the hypoglossal nerve
is sometimes called Pirogov's, Pirogoff's, or Pirogov-Belclard's triangle. The lingual artery is a
good place to stop severe hemorrage from the tongue.There is also secondary blood supply to the
tongue from the tonsillar branch of the facial artery and the ascending pharyngeal artery.
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Wisdom Teeth
Wisdom Teeth are called the upper and lower third molars. They are the last of the molar
teeth, which are the large grinding teeth at the back of each side of the jaws.
Human permanent teeth start to erupt from the age of six. Up to the age of 17, the permanent
dentition will consist of only twenty-eight teeth. The four remaining teeth, the wisdom teeth, will
come in later, usually during late teen years or early twenties. In many people, wisdom teeth
come in with no problems. If the teeth are healthy and they come in straight, then most of people
do not even realize the teeth are there. Unfortunately, in some cases, they cause problems that
require the wisdom teeth removal (extraction) by the dentist. Since wisdom teeth are the last
permanent teeth to erupt, there is often not enough room left in the mouth for them to erupt
properly. If the jaw is not large enough to accommodate all the teeth that are growing in, the
teeth will not be able to come through the gums as they get stuck, most often against the tooth in
front, and so they remain below the jawline. Those teeth that are unable to erupt properly,
trapped beneath the gum tissue by other teeth or bone, are called impacted wisdom teeth.
The impacted wisdom teeth may cause pain as they press the other teeth, but in some
cases you may feel nothing at all for years or not even be aware that you have an impacted
wisdom tooth. In other cases the impacted tooth may damage the tooth next to it, or the gums
around the wisdom tooth can become infected and quite painful. Swelling and tenderness may
also occur. A wisdom tooth might also erupt only partially, if it gets stuck just when going
through the gumline. In this case, food, plaque and bacteria can become trapped under the flap of
gum covering part of the tooth, causing infections. Inflammation of this flap is called
pericoronitis and is the most common symptom among people who need a wisdom tooth
extraction. Wisdom teeth that only partially emerge or come in crooked can also lead to painful
crowding and gum disease.
Wisdom teeth problems also occur when they do not come in straight. Sometimes they
erupt crooked, facing the wrong direction and causing irritation on the cheek, tongue, or other
parts of the mouth. This can make it difficult to keep the wisdom teeth clean. Since the area
between the tooth and gums becomes hard to reach and be cleaned very well, there is increased
risk of irritation or infection of that area due to dental plaque accumulation.

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