Republic of the Philippines

Department of Education
REGION VIII – EASTERN VISAYAS
SCHOOLS DIVISION OF CATBALOGAN CITY
Office of the Schools Division Superintendent

LEARNER’S ACTIVITY SHEET FOR QUARTER 4, WEEK 2

STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY
Formulating Null and Alternative Hypotheses and Identifying Appropriate
Form of Statistic
Competencies:
1) Formulates the appropriate null and alternative hypotheses on a population mean.
(M11/12SP-IVb -1)
2) Identifies the appropriate form of t-statistic when the population variance is assumed to
be known; the population variance is assumed to be unknown; and the Central Limit Theorem is
to be used. (M11/12SP-IVb-2)
cGeneral Reminders: Use this activity sheet with care. Do not put unnecessary mark/sn any part
of the activity sheet. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises. Read the directions
carefully before doing each task. Return this activity sheet to your teacher/facilitator once you are
through with it.

Explore (Review and Motivation)

In statistics, hypothesis testing is the process of using statistical tests to
determine whether an observed difference between two or more samples is statistically
significant or not. In a practical point of view, hypothesis testing allows you to collect
samples and make decision based on facts, not on how you feel or what you think is
right. To be able to prove your assumptions, you must state first the null and
alternative hypotheses.
This module will start by recalling your knowledge on the equality/inequality
symbols. This concept will help you understand how to formulate hypothesis.

Directions: Which of the given equality/inequality expressions describes each

situation?

1. The survey shows that the number of students (n) who have parents with a house
of their own is less than 20.
A. 𝑛 < 20 B. 𝑛 > 20 C. 𝑛 ≤ 20 D. 𝑛 ≥ 20

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 2. Mother gives me at most P200 allowance (n) in a week.
A. 𝑛 ≥ 200 B. 𝑛 ≤ 200 C. 𝑛 > 200 D. 𝑛 < 200

3. Larry is an industrious appliance salesman. His average sales (n) in a week is at

least P10, 000.
A. 𝑛 < 10, 000 B. 𝑛 > 10, 000 C. 𝑛 ≤ 10, 000 D. 𝑛 ≥ 10, 000

4. A son’s savings (n) is greater than P1,500.

A. 𝑛 = 1,500 B. 𝑛 ≠ 1,500 C. 𝑛 > 1,500 D. 𝑛 ≥ 1,500

5. Marco’s salary (n) is equal to P20, 000.

A. 𝑛 = 20,000 B. 𝑛 ≠ 20,000 C. 𝑛 ≤ 20,000 D. 𝑛 < 20,000

Answers: 1. A 2.B 3. D 4.C 5. A

Learn (What is it/Discussion of the Topic)

A statistical hypothesis is a statement about a parameter and deals with

evaluating the value of parameter.
In statistical hypothesis testing, there are always two hypotheses: the null and
alternative hypotheses. Below is a comparison between the two.

Null Hypothesis (𝑯𝒐) Alternative Hypothesis (𝑯𝒂)

- It states that there is no - It states that the population

difference between population parameter has some
parameters (such as mean, statistical significance
standard deviation, and so on) (smaller, greater, or different
and the hypothesized value. than) with the hypothesized
value.
There is no observed effect.
-
The null hypothesis is often an - There is an observed effect.
- initial claim that is based on
previous analyses or specialized - The alternative hypothesis is
knowledge. what you might believe to be
true or hope to prove true.

To state the null and alternative hypotheses correctly:

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 1. Identify the parameter in a given problem.
2. Identify the claim to be tested that may show up in null or alternative hypothesis.
3. Translate the claim into mathematical symbols/notations.
4. Formulate first the null hypothesis (𝐻𝑜) then alternative hypothesis (𝐻𝑎) based on
the three different ways in writing hypothesis as illustrated below:

𝑯𝒐: µ = 𝒌 𝑯𝒐: µ ≤ 𝒌 𝑯𝒐: µ ≥ 𝒌

𝑯𝒂: µ ≠ 𝒌 𝑯𝒂: µ > 𝒌 𝑯𝒂: µ < 𝒌

Hypothesis-Testing Common Phrases

= is equal to is the ≠ is not equal to is
same as is exactly not the same is
the same as has not different from has
changed from changed from
> is increased < is decreased
is greater is less than is
than is higher lower than is
than is above below
is bigger than is smaller than is decreased
is longer than or reduced from is not more
is more than than
≥ is at least is not less than ≤ is at most is not more
is greater than or equal than is less than or
to equal to

Note:
𝐻𝑜 always has = symbol in it. 𝐻𝑎 never has an = symbol in it. The choice of
symbol depends on the wording of the hypothesis test. However, be
aware that many researchers use = (equal sign) in the null hypothesis,
even with > or < as the symbol in the alternative hypothesis. Notice also
that the notation of alternative hypothesis complements the null
hypothesis.

Illustrative Examples:

1. The average weight of all Grade 11 students in Senior High School is 169cm.
Is this claim true?

Solution: First, identify the parameter which is the mean height of all

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 Grade 11 students. Since it is a population mean, use the notation 𝝁. The claim in
this example is that the average weight is 169 cm which translates to 𝝁 = 𝟏𝟔𝟗
and is considered as null hypothesis. To formulate the alternative hypothesis, write
the complement/opposite of the null hypothesis which is the average weight is
not equal to 169 cm.

𝑯𝒐: The average weight of all Grade 11 students is 169 cm. / 𝑯𝑶:𝝁 = 𝟏𝟔𝟗 (claim)
𝑯𝒂: The average weight of all Grade 11 students is not 169 cm./ 𝑯𝒂: 𝝁 ≠ 𝟏𝟔𝟗

2. The average price per square meter of residential lot in an exclusive

subdivision is above ₱15,000. A buyer wants to test the agent’s claim.

Solution: In this hypothesis, the parameter is the average. Therefore, you will use
the symbol µ. The claim is above ₱15,000 can be written as µ > ₱15,000 and
greater than falls at alternative hypothesis, 𝑯𝒂: 𝝁 > ₱𝟏𝟓, 𝟎𝟎𝟎. Since you have
already formulated the alternative, the null hypothesis will be 𝑯𝒐: 𝝁 ≤ ₱𝟏𝟓, 𝟎𝟎𝟎 as
complement of >. You can also write your null hypothesis as 𝑯𝒐:𝝁 = ₱𝟏𝟓, 𝟎𝟎𝟎.
𝑯𝒐: 𝝁 ≤ ₱𝟏𝟓, 𝟎𝟎𝟎or 𝑯𝒐: 𝝁 = ₱𝟏𝟓, 𝟎𝟎𝟎
𝑯𝒂: 𝝁 > ₱𝟏𝟓, 𝟎𝟎𝟎 (claim)

3. Holistic Fitness Center claims that their members reduced an average of 13

pounds after joining the center. An independent agency wanted to check this
claim took sample of 40 members and found that they reduced an average of
12 pounds with the standard deviation of 4 pounds. Determine the null and
alternative hypothesis.

Solution: In this example, the parameter to be tested is the average and the claim
is reduced of 13 pounds. The claim that pertains to the parameter has the
notation of (<). Therefore, the claim is found at the alternative hypothesis and can
be written as 𝑯𝒂: 𝝁 < 𝟏𝟑. The null hypothesis would be 𝑯𝒐: 𝝁 ≥ 𝟏𝟑 or 𝑯𝒐: 𝝁 = 𝟏𝟑
𝑯𝒐: 𝝁 ≥ 𝟏𝟑 or 𝑯𝒐: 𝝁 = 𝟏𝟑.
𝑯𝒂: 𝝁 < 𝟏𝟑 (claim)

4. The treasurer of a municipality claims that the average net worth of families
in the municipality is at least ₱730,000. A random sample of 50 families from
this area produced a mean net worth of ₱860,000 with standard deviation of
₱65,000. What are the null and alternative hypotheses?

Solution: In this example, the parameter is the average and the claim is that the
average is at least ₱730,000. The word at least has the notation of (≥) which
means that the claim is at the null hypothesis. In the alternative hypothesis, you
will use (<) as its complement. Therefore:
𝑯𝑶: µ ≥ ₱𝟕𝟑𝟎, 𝟎𝟎𝟎 or 𝑯𝑶: µ = ₱𝟕𝟑𝟎, 𝟎𝟎𝟎 (claim)

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 𝑯𝒂:µ < ₱𝟕𝟑𝟎, 𝟎𝟎𝟎

5. An academic organization claimed that Grade 11 students’ study time is at

most 240 minutes per day, on average. Another survey was conducted to find
whether the claim is true. The group took a random sample of 30 students
and found a mean study time of 300 minutes with standard deviation of 90
minutes. What are the null and alternative hypotheses?

Solution: The parameter used in this example is average (µ) and the claim is that
average is at most 240 minutes. The word ‘at most’ has the notation of (≤) which
means that claim is at the null hypothesis. The null hypothesis would be 𝑯𝟎:µ ≤
𝟐𝟒𝟎. To formulate the alternative, use the notation (>) as the complement of (≤).
Therefore, alternative hypothesis is 𝑯𝒂: µ > 𝟐𝟒𝟎.
𝑯𝑶: µ ≤ 𝟐𝟒𝟎 or 𝑯𝑶: µ = 𝟐𝟒𝟎 (claim)
𝑯𝒂:µ > 𝟐𝟒𝟎

One-Tailed and Two-Tailed Test

The alternative hypothesis can take another form depending on the value of the
parameter. The parameter may increase, decrease, or changed from the null value. An
alternative hypothesis predicts not only the difference of sample mean from the
population mean but also how it would be different in a specific direction - lower or
higher. This test is called a directional or one-tailed test because the rejection region
is entirely within one tail of the distribution.
On the other hand, some hypotheses predict only that one value will be different
from another, without additionally predicting which will be higher. The test of such a
hypothesis is nondirectional or two-tailed because an extreme test statistic in either
tail of the distribution (positive or negative) will lead to the rejection of the null
hypothesis of no difference.
One-Tailed Two-Tailed

 Alternative hypothesis contains  Alternative contains the

the greater than (>) or less than inequality (≠) symbol.
(<) symbols
It is directional (either right- It has no direction.
 tailed or left-tailed) 

The table below shows the null and alternative hypotheses stated together with
the directional test.
Two-Tailed Test Right-Tailed Test Left-Tailed Test
Null 𝐻𝑜:𝜇 = 𝜇𝑜 or 𝐻𝑜:𝜇 = 𝜇𝑜 or 𝐻𝑜: 𝜇 ≥
Hypothesis 𝐻𝑜: 𝜇 = 𝜇𝑜
𝐻𝑜:𝜇 ≤ 𝜇𝑜 𝜇𝑜
Alternative 𝐻 𝑎: 𝜇 ≠ 𝜇 𝑜 𝐻 𝑎: 𝜇 > 𝜇 𝑜 𝐻𝑎:𝜇 < 𝜇𝑜

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 Hypothesis

Illustrative Examples:
Determine the hypotheses and the hypothesis test.
1. Teacher A wants to know if mathematical games affect the performance of the
students in learning Mathematics. A class of 45 students was used in the
study. The mean score was 90 and the standard deviation was 3. A previous
study revealed that 𝝁 = 𝟖𝟓 and the standard deviation 𝝈 = 𝟓.

The parameter is the population mean = 85. You can write the hypotheses
into symbols: 𝐻𝑂 ∶ 𝜇 = 85 and 𝐻𝑎 ∶ 𝜇 ≠ 85. The phrase ‘affects performance’ has no
clue of the direction of the study, so it implies either increase or decrease in
performance. This tells you that the test is two-tailed test.
𝑯𝑶 ∶ 𝝁 = 𝟖𝟓 and 𝑯𝒂 ∶ 𝝁 ≠ 𝟖𝟓 (two-tailed test)

2. A piggery owner believes that using organic feeds on his pigs will yield greater
income. His average income from the previous year was ₱120, 000. State the
hypothesis and identify the directional test.

In this example, the null hypothesis is 𝑯𝑶 ∶ 𝝁 = 𝟏𝟐𝟎, 𝟎𝟎𝟎. You may notice that
the hypothesis used the phrase ‘greater income’ that is associated with greater
than. Therefore, 𝑯𝒂 ∶ 𝝁 > 𝟏𝟐𝟎, 𝟎𝟎𝟎. This hypothesis uses inequality symbol (>) so it
is one-tailed test and it uses greater than which specifically called for the right-
tailed test.
𝑯𝑶 ∶ 𝝁 = 𝟏𝟐𝟎, 𝟎𝟎𝟎 and 𝑯𝒂 ∶ 𝝁 > 𝟏𝟐𝟎,𝟎𝟎𝟎 (right-tailed test)

3. The average waiting time of all costumers in a restaurant before being served
is less than 20 minutes. Determine the hypotheses and the directional test.
You may notice that the hypothesis used the phrase ‘less than’ which
denotes that the alternative hypothesis is 𝑯𝒂 ∶ 𝝁 < 𝟐𝟎. This hypothesis uses
inequality symbol (<) so it is one-tailed test and it used less than which
specifically called for the left-tailed test. In this example, the null hypothesis is 𝑯𝑶
∶ 𝝁 ≥ 𝟐𝟎.
𝑯𝑶 ∶ 𝝁 ≥ 𝟐𝟎 and 𝑯𝒂 ∶ 𝝁 < 𝟐𝟎 (left-tailed test)

Identifying Appropriate Test- statistics Involving Population Mean

Before we move forward to the different test statistics, it is important to define

the following terms:

• A population includes all of the elements from a set of data.

• A sample consists of one or more observations drawn from the population.

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• Sample mean (̅𝒙) is the mean of sample values collected.
• Population mean (µ) is the mean of all the values in the population. If the sample is
randomly selected and sample size is large, then the sample mean would be a good
estimate of the population mean.
• Population standard deviation (𝝈) is a parameter which is a measure of variability
with fixed value calculated from every individual in the population.
• Sample standard deviation (𝒔) is a statistic which means that this measure of
variability is calculated from only some of the individuals in a population.
• Population variance (𝝈𝟐), in the same sense, indicates how the population data
points are spread out. It is the average of the distances from each data point in the
population to the mean, squared.

A test statistic is a random variable that is calculated from sample data and
used in a hypothesis test. You can use test statistics to determine whether to reject or
accept the null hypothesis. The test statistic compares your data with what is expected
under the null hypothesis.

To identify the test statistic, you must consider whether the population standard
deviation/variance is known or unknown. If the population standard deviation σ is
known, then the mean has a normal distribution. Use z-test. If the population standard
deviation σ is unknown, then the mean has a t- distribution. Use t-test. Instead of the
population standard deviation, use the sample standard deviation.

z-test
In a z-test, the sample is assumed to be normally distributed. A z-score is
calculated with population parameters such as “population mean” and “population
standard deviation”. It is used to validate a hypothesis that the sample drawn belongs
to the same population. When the variance is known and either the distribution is
normal or sample size is large, use a z-test statistic.

t-test
Like a z-test, a t-test also assumes a normal distribution of the sample. A t-test is
used when the population variance or standard deviation are not known. When the
variance is unknown and a sample size is less than 30, use a t-test statistic
assuming that the population is normal or approximately normal.

Central Limit Theorem

In Central Limit Theorem, if the population is normally distributed or the sample size
is large and the true population mean µ = µ𝑜 , then z has a standard normal
distribution.
When population standard deviation σ is not known, we may still use z-score by
replacing the population standard deviation σ by its estimate, sample standard

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deviation s. Since the sample is large the resulting test statistic still has a distribution
that is approximately standard normal.
Historically, this was very useful, as most statisticians before did not have access
to the t-table of quantities for very large number of degrees of freedom. But with
modern computers today, using t-test with a very large sample size is not a problem at
all.
However, since you will be using a t-table with only limited number of degrees of
freedom, you will use z-test when the sample size is large even though the population
standard deviation is unknown.
When sample sizes are small, the Central Limit Theorem does not apply. You must
then impose stricter assumptions on the population to give statistical validity to the test
procedure. One common assumption is that the population from which the sample is
taken has a normal probability distribution to begin with. Under such circumstances, if

the population standard deviation is known, then the test statistic still has the
standard normal distribution.

The table shows what test statistic is appropriate when:

Population Variance Population Variance Central Limit

Is Known Is Unknown Theorem (CLT)
Population is normal or Population may not be
Population is normally normally distributed.
nearly normally
distributed.
distributed.
𝑛 ≥ 30 or considered
𝑛 ≥ 30 𝑛 < 30
sufficiently large
Population standard Sample standard
deviation (𝜎) is known. deviation (s) is known. Variance is known/
Population standard unknown.
deviation (𝜎) is
unknown.
Use z-test by replacing
population standard
z-test t-test deviation (𝜎) by sample
standard deviation (𝑠)
in the formula.

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 When the value of sample size (n)…

𝒏 ≥ 𝟑𝟎 𝒏 < 𝟑𝟎

σ is known σ is not known σ is known σ is not known

z-test z-test z-test t-test

Illustrative Examples:

1. A manufacturer claimed that the average life of batteries used in their electronic
games is 150 hours. It is known that the standard deviation of this type of battery is
20 hours. A consumer wished to test the manufacturer’s claim and accordingly
tested 100 electronic games using the battery. It was found out that the mean is
equal to 144 hours. Here, the sample size (n) is 100 (extremely large) and
population standard deviation (20 hours) is known, then the appropriate test
statistic to be used is z-test.

2. An English teacher wanted to test whether the mean reading speed of students is
550 words per minute. A sample of 12 students revealed a sample mean of 540
words per minute with a standard deviation of 5 words per minute. At 0.05
significance level, is the reading speed different from 550 words per minute?
The sample size (n) is 12 which is less than 30 and sample standard
deviation (5 words per minute) was given. Therefore, the appropriate test is t-
test.

3. A study was conducted to look at the average time students exercise. A researcher
claimed that in average, students exercise less than 15 hours per month. In a
random sample size n=115, it was found that the mean time students exercise is 𝑥̅ =
11.3 hours per month with s = 6.43 hours per month.
Since n=115, the sample size is large and variance is unknown.
Hence, z-test is the appropriate tool. (Central Limit Theorem)

Practice Exercises/Activity

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 I. Formulate the null and alternative hypotheses. Identify whether it is one-tailed or
two-tailed. If the hypothesis is one tailed, identify its direction whether it is left or
right. Write your answer on a separate sheet of paper.

1. The average salary of an accountant is ₱24,620 per month in the Philippines.

𝐻𝑜: ________________ 𝐻𝑎: __________________ _______-tailed test
2. A normal smartphone battery manufacturer claims that the mean life of a certain
type of battery is more than 650 hours.
𝐻𝑜: ________________ 𝐻𝑎: __________________ _______-tailed test
3. According to an international shipping company, a package from US can arrive to
Manila in an average of less than 8 business days.
𝐻𝑜: ________________ 𝐻𝑎: _________________ _______- tailed test
4. The average price of a certain type of car is greater than ₱600,000.
𝐻𝑜: _________________ 𝐻𝑎: _________________ _______- tailed test
5. A research organization reports that the mean of adult grocery shoppers who never
buy the store brand in Metro Manila is 300.
𝐻𝑜: _________________ 𝐻𝑎: _________________ _______- tailed test

II. Identify the appropriate test statistic to be used in each problem. Write z-test or t-test
on a separate sheet of paper.

___________1. A sample of n=25 is selected from a normal population, 𝑥̅ = 56 and s= 12.

___________2. Based on the report of the school nurse, the average height of Grade 11
students has increased. Five years ago, the average height of Grade 11 students was
170cm with standard deviation of 38cm. She took a random sample of 150 students
and derived the average height of 165cm.

___________3. Knowing from a previous study that the average of athletes is 80, an
athletic adviser asked how his soccer players are academically doing as compared to
other student athletes. After an initiative to help improve the average of student
athletes, the adviser randomly selected 15 soccer players and found 85 as the average
with standard deviation of 1.25.

___________4. The CEO of a battery manufacturing company claimed that their batteries
would last an average of 280 hours under normal use. A researcher randomly selected
20 batteries from the production line and tested them. The tested batteries had a mean
life span of 250 hours with a standard deviation of 40 hours. Do we have enough
evidence to suggest that the claim of an average of 280 hours is false?

___________5. It was known that the number of tickets purchased by students at the
ticket window for the volleyball match of two popular universities followed a distribution
that has mean of 500 and standard deviation of 8.9. Suppose that a few hours before
the start of one of these matches, there are 100 eager students standing in line to

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 purchase tickets. If there are 250 tickets remaining, what is the probability that all 100
students will be able to purchase the tickets they want?

Engage (What I Learned/Generalizations)

This activity will enable you to reflect about the topic and activities you underwent. Reflect on the
activities you have done by wring a short paragraph. Write your answers on your journal
notebook. The beginning sentences are as follows:
I learned that _____________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________.
I discovered that __________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________.
I was surprised that I _____________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________.
I was pleased that I _______________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________.

Apply (What I Can Do)

I. Cite three (3) research questions used in real life and formulate your null and
alternative hypotheses.
Example: Is it true that turmeric can prevent viruses?
𝐻𝑜: Drinking turmeric cannot prevent viruses.
𝐻𝑎: Drinking turmeric can prevent viruses.
II. Make a comics strip on how to determine the appropriate tool when the variance is
known, variance is unknown, and when Central Limit Theorem is used. Your work will
be evaluated using the following rubric.

Clear Understanding of Mathematical Concept 30

Organization and Accuracy of Solution(s) 30
Clear Understanding of Vocabulary 10

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 Post Test

Directions: Choose the best answer to the given questions or statements. Write
the letter of your answer on a separate sheet of paper.

1. This hypothesis states that there is no difference between population parameters

and the hypothesized value.
A. hypothesis C. alternative hypothesis
B. null hypothesis D. two-tailed hypothesis

2. When the value of parameter has significant difference with the hypothesized
value, then it is called ________________.
A. one-tailed test C. null hypothesis
B. two-tailed test D. alternative hypothesis

3. The sign of the alternative hypothesis in a left-tailed test is always_________.

A. equal B. less than C. not equal D. greater than

4. If the researcher wishes to test the claim that the mean of the population is 75,
the appropriate null hypothesis is:
A. 𝜇 ≤ 75 B. 𝜇 ≥ 75 C. 𝜇 ≠ 75 D. 𝜇 = 75

5. A researcher thinks that if expectant mothers use vitamins, the birth weight of the
babies will increase. The average birth weight of the population is 3.9 kgs. What is
the alternative hypothesis?
A. 𝐻𝑎: 𝜇 > 3.9 B. 𝐻𝑎: 𝜇 < 3.9 C. 𝐻𝑎: 𝜇 = 3.9 D. 𝐻𝑎:𝜇 ≠ 3.9

6. If the variance is known, what test statistic is appropriate?

A. t-test C. two-tailed test
B. z-test D. one-tailed test

7.One-sample t-statistic is used instead of one-sample z-statistic when

___________________.
A. μ is known. B. μ is unknown. C. σ is known. D. σ is
unknown.

8. Based on the Central Limit Theorem, when the sample (n) is extremely large and the
variance is unknown, what is the statistical test to be used?
A. t-test C. two-tailed test
B. z-test D. one- tailed test

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9. Which of the following is NOT a consideration in using z-test/statistic?
A. Variance is known.
B. Sample standard deviation is known.
C. The population mean is less than 30.
D. Population standard deviation is known.

10. What appropriate tool is applicable if the population is normal, sample standard
deviation is known, and sample is less than 30?
A. t-test C. normal test
B. z-test D. Central Limit Theorem

11. Which of the following symbols is NOT needed when t-test is used in computing
values?
A. 𝑛 B. µ C. 𝜎 D. 𝑠

12. If in a sample n=16 selected from a normal population, 𝑥̅ = 56 and 𝑠 = 12, what
statistical test is applicable to be used?
A. f-test B. z-test C. t-test D. Central Limit
13. According to the report, the average weight of Filipino newborn baby is 2. 8 kgs.
Mellissa wants to perform a significance test to see if this holds true in her nation. She
takes a random sample of babies and observes that the average weight of newborns is
3kgs. What is the null hypothesis?
B. 𝐻𝑎: 𝜇 > 2.8 B. 𝐻𝑎: 𝜇 < 2.8 C. 𝐻𝑎: 𝜇 = 2.8 D. 𝐻𝑎:𝜇 ≠ 2.8

14. What kind of hypothesis is illustrated below?

The mean score of all Grade 11 students is higher than 75.
C. one-tailed test C. null hypothesis
D. two-tailed test D. alternative hypothesis

15. “A modern approach in advertisement will not increase the demand for a product.”
This is an example of _______________ hypothesis.
A. Null B. alternative C. left-tailed D. right-tailed

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ANSWERS KEY:

PRACTICE EXERCISES

Post-Test
II.
1. B 6. B 11. C
1. t-test
2. D 7. D 12. B
2. z-test
3. B 8. B 13. C
3. t-test
4. D 9. C 14. D
4. t-test
5. A 10. A 15. A
5. z-test

I.

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