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RESEARCH 1
Quarter 1 – Module 4:
Hypothesis Formulation
 What I Need to Know

In this module, you will learn about hypothesis and how it is formulated. You will
also learn about the characteristics of a good hypothesis which will guide you to
easily formulate a tentative solution to the identified research problem.

At the end of this module, you should be able to:

1. describe hypothesis;
2. identify the characteristics of a good hypothesis and its forms; and
3. formulate hypothesis;

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 What I Know

Encircle the letter of the correct answer. Write your answers on your Research 1
activity notebook.

1. It serves as a tentative solution to a problem.

A. Conclusion C. Hypothesis
B. Experiment D. Objectives

2. A hypothesis is validated by conducting an actual _________________.

A. experimentation C. observation
B. investigation D. understanding

3. A_____ hypothesis must be based on a _____ research question.

A. bad, good C. good, good
B. bad, bad D. good, bad

4. A_____ hypothesis can be proven right or wrong depending upon the

outcome of the experiment.
A. specific C. simple
B. clear D. testable

5. The language used must not have double meaning, describes that the
hypothesis should be _________________.
A. testable C. specific
B. simple D. measurable

6. After identifying the research problem, a researcher proceeds to

_________________.
A. experimentation C. collecting data
B. formulating hypothesis D. formulating conclusion

7. The statement of the problem provides a basis for the formulation of

_________________.
A. objectives C. data
B. hypothesis D. conclusion

8. In scientific experiments, a hypothesis proposes and examines the

relationship between _________________.
A. data C. variables
B. observation D. questions

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 9. For a hypothesis to be considered a scientific hypothesis, it must be proven
through the _________________.
A. scientific method C. research method
B. deductive method D. methodology

For question10-15 refer to the following choices

A. Null hypothesis
B. Alternative hypothesis
C. Cause and effect hypothesis

10. It shows that there is a significant difference between the results of the
condition being tested.

11. A hypothesis of no difference;

12. A hypothesis which states that if a certain condition is true, then a

supporting observation occurs.

13. The number of lectures attended by Grade 9 students has no effect on their
final exam score. This is an example of;

14. Daily exercise and good nutrition lead to fewer doctor’s visit.

15. Grade 7 and Grade 8 students differ significantly on their level of

assertiveness.

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Lesson
Hypothesis Formulation
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What’s In

In the previous module, you were able to learn ways of formulating a research
question as well as the important components of an appropriate research
question.
To check your understanding on the important components of an appropriate
research question, you have to go over the following activity.

Profile of a Research Question

Task: Answer the questions given in the Profile of a Research

Question.

Basic Facts

1. What is a research question?

2. What are different features or characteristics of a good

research question?

3. What are the components of an appropriate research

question?

4. Cite at least five guidelines in the formulation of an

appropriate research question.

A. Write a short essay or article about the research problem.

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 What’s New

Direction. Circle the words from the word bank in the puzzle.
They maybe up, down, horizontal, vertical and diagonal. Write
your answers on your Research1 activity notebook.

 Hypothesis  Accepted
 Null  Educated guess
 Alternative  Rejected
 Problem  Testable
 Cause and effect  Clear
 Simple  Experiment
 Variables
A DRF T HS P E CI F I C

U L F Y G C I T N MG C Q A

E X P E R I ME N T A E P U

MG C Q O P P F C G L H S S

G V P R O B L E MB O Y C E

V R Z T P Q E WA E R P I A

A E T C Y UI T OP A OS N

R J DF L GS HJ K L T Z D

I E A C CE P T E DX HC E

A C V B T N A MA V E E F F

BT CP L E Y R T GOS CF

L E G L C O WU A L P I T E

E DUCA T E GUE S S OC

SNAL T ERNAT I VET

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 What is It

The Research Hypothesis

 After you have identified your research problem,

you as the researcher should proceed to formulate a
hypothesis
 The hypothesis is an “educated guess” that serves
as a tentative solution or answer to the research problem.
It is an integral part of the scientific method that forms
the basis of a scientific experiment. It also proposes a
relationship between two or more variables (the
independent and dependent variables).
 A good hypothesis should be simple so that it is
easily understood. It has to be clear, specific and precise so that the
inference drawn could be considered reliable. It should also be capable of
being tested; that is it can be proven right or wrong. To be considered
testable, the following has to be met:
1. Prove that the hypothesis is true.
2. Prove that the hypothesis is false.
3. Results of the hypothesis is reproducible.
 You may consider the following procedure or steps when formulating a
hypothesis;
1. Read the literature and existing research
2. Identify the variables
3. Determine the relationship between variables
4. Determine how can they be measured
5. What are your theories
6. Formulate into hypothesis (phrase your hypothesis in 3 ways:
null, alternative or in the cause and effect form (if -then form)
 When formulating a hypothesis, the statement offers a clear introduction to
a scientific experiment, its intention and the possible outcomes. These are
some important things to consider when formulating a hypothesis;
1. Make sure that the hypothesis clearly defines the topic and focus
at the experiment.
2. Write the hypothesis as an if-then statement by following the
template: “If a specific is taken, then a certain outcome is expected.”
3. The hypothesis proposes the relationship between an independent
variable and a dependent variable. The independent variable is the factor
that you will change. This is the cause. The dependent variable is the factor

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 that will change in response to changing the independent variable. It will be
measured and this is the effect.
4. Create null and alternative hypothesis to indicate exactly what is
intended to be tested. In general;
 Null hypothesis (Ho) states that
there is no significant difference
between the results of variables
being tested. It is usually the
hypothesis the researcher will try
to disprove. It is the formal basis
for testing statistical significance.
(Ho)
 Alternative hypothesis (Ha) states
that there is a significant difference
between the results of 2 variables
being tested. This is simply the
opposite of the null hypothesis
(Ha).
 Cause and effect hypothesis states that in a certain
condition (cause) is true, then the supporting observation
(effect) occurs.

Examples:

Ho: There is no significant difference between the effects of animal

manure and urea on the growth of plants.

Ha: There is significant difference between the effects of animal

manure and urea on the growth of plants.

Cause and Effect: If there is a difference between the effects of animal

manure and urea, then the growth of plants will differ.

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 What’s More

Give what is asked for. Write your answers on your Research 1 activity
notebook.

1. If the null hypothesis states that; “Attitude of children is not

dependent on his /her birth order.”; alternative hypothesis states
that:
_____________________________________________________________.

2. State the cause and effect hypothesis of the problem: Does an

electric motor turn faster if you increase the current?

_____________________________________________________________.

3. If the alternative hypothesis states that; “The outdoor recreation

program affects the behavior of youth at risk.”; null hypothesis
states that:
_____________________________________________________________.

4. State the cause and effect hypothesis of the problem: Does the
temperature of water affect the time it takes a sugar cube to be
dissolved?
_____________________________________________________________.

5. If the null hypothesis states that;” Changing the intensity of light

does not affect the growth rate of plants.”; alternative hypothesis
states that:
_____________________________________________________________.

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 What I Have Learned

Copy and fill up the frames with the concepts that you
have learned in hypothesis on your Research 1 activity
notebook.

HYPOTHESIS FRAMES

My chosen word is hypothesis.

I know that I know ___________________________.

First, I know _________________________________.

In addition, I know ___________________________.

Finally, I know _______________________________.

Now you know, something I Know ____________.

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 What I Can Do

Hypothesis
Formulation

Formulate the hypothesis indicated in each of the following study. Write your
answers on your Research 1activity notebook.

1. BCNHS research students subjected the sweet potato noodles they

formulated to a sensory evaluation test. The acceptability of the taste of the
experimental and control noodles was evaluated by 30 panelists using a
rating scale
Ho:
Ha:
2. Watching your grandmother bake breads, you learned that the dough of the
bread rises because yeast acts on the sugar and releases gas. You wander
whether the amount of sugar used will affect the size of the bread.
Ho:
Ha:
Cause and effect:
3. The helper noticed that when preparing instant coffee, he had difficulty
dissolving the granules in water which was not hot enough. The helper
wanders if increasing the hotness of the water will also increase its ability to
dissolve the granules.
Ho:
Ha
Cause and effect :
4. The ability of a particular kind of fertilizer to increase the yield of yellow corn
is under investigation. Four plots of yellow corn for experimentation are
prepared.
Ho:
Ha:
5. Ten rabbits were used in investigating the effect of Dila-Dila wound
ointment. Wounds from the hind legs of experimental and control rabbits
were examined.
Ho:
Ha:

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 Assessment

Identify what is being described in each item. Write your answers on your Research
1 activity notebook.

1. An educated prediction that provides an explanation for an observed event.

2. A hypothesis that says that there is no statistical significance between the
two variables.

3. It provides the basis for the formulation of a hypothesis.

4. A type of hypothesis which follows the if -then form.

5. It is known as the hypothesis of significance or inequality.

6. It is conducted to test the hypothesis.
7. A hypothesis which only shows a relationship between one independent
variable and one dependent variable

8. Proving your hypothesis as accepted or rejected using specific statistical

tools only shows that the hypothesis is _________.

9. A hypothesis which is formulated based on specific questions.

For numbers 10-15 identify whether the hypothesis is null, alternative or cause
and effect.

10. Children who play violent video games does not behave aggressively.
11. Increasing the temperature of water affects the time it takes a sugar cube to
dissolve.

12. If the number of hours spent by students playing video games is longer, then
their academic performance in school is affected.

13. School bullying affects the students’ academic performance.

14. If people are exposed to high levels of ultra violet light, then they are most
likely to have skin cancer.

15. Sleep deprivation shows no significant effect on work performance.

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 Additional Activities

Part A: Alternative or Null

Identify whether the hypothesis is null or alternative. Write Ho for null and
Ha for alternative. Write your answers on your Research 1 activity notebook.

1. The number of hours spent by students playing computer games affect their
academic performance in school.

2. Exposure to different temperature does not affect the germination of mango

seeds
3. High school sex education has no effect on teenage pregnancy rates.

4. Daily use of social media affects the attention span of those under 16 years
of age
5. School bullying does not affect the students’ academic performance.

Part B: Formulation of Hypothesis

Task: To formulate hypothesis based on the given problem.

Problem: To determine the effect of auxin, a plant hormone on the growth

of eggplants

Hypothesis:
A Null Hypothesis
___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

B Alternative Hypothesis
___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

C Cause and Effect Hypothesis

___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

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