Refinery engineering/2nd year Engineering Mathematics' lecture#3

Assist. Lect. Sara Ali

Double integral in polar coordinates

Polar coordinates represent by the pair (r, ) where( r) is a ray from the origin
to a fixed point (p), and  is the directed angle between initial ray to ray OP.

The angel () is positive when measured counter clockwise and negative when
measured clockwise.

In polar coordinates the function will be f(r, ) and if f is continuous on a polar

region given by 0  h1()  r  h2 (),     ,

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Refinery engineering/2nd year Engineering Mathematics' lecture#3
Assist. Lect. Sara Ali

Ex 2: find the area bounded by the curve r = 2 + cos , and the line  = 0,  =
/2

Ex 3: find the area inside the cardioid r = a (1+cos) and outside the circle r=a

Sol: here we have r1 and r2 in which r1= a (1+cos) and r2 = a to determine the
limits of integration for  and, let r1 =r2 so a= a (1+cos), cos = 0→=cos-1
0=/2.

Ex. 4

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Refinery engineering/2nd year Engineering Mathematics' lecture#3
Assist. Lect. Sara Ali

Finding limits of integration in polar coordinates

EXAMPLE 1 Changing Cartesian Integrals to Polar Integrals

Find the polar moment of inertia about the origin of a thin plate of density(x,
y) =1, bounded by the quarter circle x2 + y2 =1 in the first quadrant.

Solution We sketch the plate to determine the limits of integration (Figure

below). In Cartesian coordinates, the polar moment is the value of the integral.

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Refinery engineering/2nd year Engineering Mathematics' lecture#3
Assist. Lect. Sara Ali

EXAMPLE 2 Evaluate

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Refinery engineering/2nd year Engineering Mathematics' lecture#3
Assist. Lect. Sara Ali

EXAMPLE 3 Determine the volume of the solid below the surface f(x, y) = 4-x2-
y2, above the xy- plane over the region bounded by x2+ y2 =1 and x2+ y2 = 4.

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Refinery engineering/2nd year Engineering Mathematics' lecture#3
Assist. Lect. Sara Ali

Ex 6: integration by using polar coordinate

2𝑥
1
Evaluate the integral ∬ 3 dy dx ;x2+ y2= r2
(𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 )2
10

2
𝑟1 =
1
cos 
↔ r1= sec  and r2= →r2= 2 sec 
cos 𝜃
𝜋
 From lowest value of = 0 to highest value of =
4
π 𝜋
2secθ 2𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃
4 4
1 1
= ∬ r dr d = ∬ dr d
𝑟3 𝑟2
0 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃 0 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃
𝜋/4
1 2 sec 𝜃
=∫ − ] d
0 𝑟 sec 𝜃
𝜋/4
1
= ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 − cos 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
0 2
1 1
= (sin 𝜃 − sin 𝜃 𝜋/4
0
)=
2 2√2

Ex 7: change the Cartesian integral in an equivalent polar integral, then

evaluate the polar integral for
𝟐 √𝟒−𝑦 2

∬ (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒚
𝟎𝟎

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Assist. Lect. Sara Ali

𝒙 = √𝟒 − 𝒚𝟐 , x2+y2 = 4, x2+y2 =r2  r2= 4  r= 2 so r from 0 to 2

𝝅
𝟐
𝟐

= ∬ 𝒓𝟐 . 𝒓 𝒅𝒓 𝒅𝜽
𝟎 𝟎
𝝅 𝟒 𝝅
𝒓 𝟐 𝝅/𝟐 
∫𝟎 𝟒 ] 𝟎 𝒅
𝟐 = 𝟒 ∫𝟎 𝒅𝜽 = 4] 𝟎 = 4( ) = 2
𝟐
𝟐

Ex 8: find the area of the region on common to the interiors of the

cardioids r= 1+ cos  and r= 1- cos 

Sol.:
𝝅 𝝅
𝟏−𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝜽
𝟐 𝟐
𝒓𝟐 (𝟏 − 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝜽)
𝐚𝐫𝐞𝐚 = 𝟒 ∬ 𝒓 𝒅𝒓 𝒅𝜽 = 𝟒 ∫ ] 𝒅𝜽
𝟐 𝟎
𝟎𝟎 𝟎
𝝅
𝟐 𝝅/𝟐

= 𝟐 ∫(𝟏 − 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝜽)𝟐 𝒅𝜽 = 𝟐 ∫ (𝟏 − 𝟐𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽 + 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐 𝜽)𝒅𝜽

𝟎 𝟎
𝝅/𝟐
𝟏 𝟏
= 𝟐 ∫ (𝟏 − 𝟐𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽 + + 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟐𝜽) 𝒅𝜽
𝟐 𝟐
𝟎
𝝅
𝟑 𝟏 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟐𝜽 𝟐
= 𝟐 [ 𝜽 − 𝟐 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝜽 + ]
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟎
𝝅 𝟑 𝝅−𝟖
= 3 -4 =
𝟐 𝟐

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Refinery engineering/2nd year Engineering Mathematics' lecture#3
Assist. Lect. Sara Ali

Ex 9: find the area enclosed by the one leaf of the rose r= 12 cos 3

Sol.: area =
𝝅 𝝅 𝝅
𝟏𝟐𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟑 𝜽
𝟔 𝟔 𝟔
𝒓𝟐 𝟏𝟐 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟑𝜽
∬ 𝒓 𝒅𝒓 𝒅𝜽 = ∫ ] 𝒅𝜽 = 𝟕𝟐 ∫ 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟐 𝟑𝜽 𝒅𝜽
𝟐 𝟎
𝟎 𝟎 𝟎 𝟎
𝝅
𝟔 𝝅
𝟏 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟔𝜽 𝟔
= 𝟕𝟐 ( ) ∫(𝟏 + 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟔𝜽)𝒅𝜽 = 𝟑𝟔[ 𝜽 + ]
𝟐 𝟔 𝟎
𝟎
= 6 for half leaf so for one leaf is = 12

Examples: Find the integrals of the polar coordinates,

1.

2.

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Refinery engineering/2nd year Engineering Mathematics' lecture#3
Assist. Lect. Sara Ali

Examples change the Cartesian integral into an equivalent polar integral. Then
evaluate the polar integral.
1.

2.

Extra examples on the double integral:

2
1. ∬𝑅 𝑥 𝑦 𝑒 𝑥𝑦 𝑑 𝐴 R: 0  x 2

0  y 1

Sol.
21
2
= ∬ 𝑥 𝑦 𝑒 𝑥𝑦 𝑑 𝐴
00

Let t= y2  dt = 2y dy  dy = dt/ 2 y
21 2 2
1 𝑥𝑡
1 𝑒 𝑥𝑡 1 1
= ∬ 𝑥 𝑒 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑥 ] dx = ∫(𝑒 𝑥 − 1)𝑑𝑥
2 2 𝑥 0 2
00 0 0
1 2 1 1
= [ 𝑒 𝑥 − 1 ] = [ 𝑒 2 − 2 − 1 + 0] = (𝑒 2 − 3)
2 0 2 2

𝑥 𝑦3
2. ∬ 2 𝑑𝐴
𝑥 +1
𝑅

R: 0  x 1, 0  y 2

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Refinery engineering/2nd year Engineering Mathematics' lecture#3
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12 1 1
𝑥 𝑦3 𝑥 𝑦4 2 4𝑥
=∬ 2 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ ] 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 +1 4(𝑥 2 + 1) 0 𝑥2 + 1
00 0 0

4𝑥 ln(𝑥 2 + 1) 1 1 1
] = 2 ln( 𝑥 2 + 1)] = ln( 𝑥 2 + 1)2 ]
2𝑥 0 0 0
= ln(12 + 1)2 − ln(0 + 1)2 = ln 4

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