19

Chapter 4
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

Macrofungi Composition

The summary of macrofungi that found within the vicinity of PUP main

campus is shown in Table 1.There were thirty nine (39) total species that were

collected, identified and classified according to their highest taxa. These species

were distributed into six (6) orders. Order Xylariales was the only Order that

belongs to Phylum Ascomycota while five (5) Orders belong to Phylum

Basidiomycota namely, Auriculariales, Agaricales, Dacrymycetes, Polyporales

and Tremellales. Figure 3 shows that the highest value of taxa is the Order

Agaricales (66%) which is composed of nine (9) families, fifteen (15) genera and

29 species followed by Order Polyporales (8%).

Phylum Ascomycota

Phylum Ascomycota is composed of a variety of fungi ranging from

unicellular to the most highly organized macroscopic species. Ascomycota is

characterized by their reproductive structure, the microscopic, saclike ascus.

Order Xylariales

Family Xylariaceae

1. Daldinia concentrica (Figure 4A)

 20

Fruitbody 2-8 cm across, subglobose or hemispherical, at first

reddish brown, soon becoming black, shiny, smooth. Flesh

rather fibrous, dark purplish brown or grey-brown, with

conspicuous darker concentric zones.

Phylum Basidiomycota

All fungi belonging to Basidiomycota form a structure called basidium

where karyogamy takes place. Usually club-shaped and located at the tip of a

hyphal strand, this basidium forms the basidiospores after meiosis of the diploid

nucleus. The spores are formed perched on the tips of the four sterigmata or

small pointed outgrowths at the top of the basidium.

Order Agaricales

Family Agaricaceae

2. Agaricus augustus (Figure 4B)

Cap 10-20 cm in diameter, almost spherical then expanding,

retaining flattened top, covered with small tawny brown, fibrous

scales in concentric rings on a white to yellowish background,

bruising deep yellow. Gills free, pinkish to blackish brown, crowded.

Stipe hollow, white, bruising yellow, smooth above the ring, soft-

scaly below the ring. Ring large, membranous, white, attached

towards the top of the stem. Flesh white, with a pleasant smell of

bitter almonds.
 21

Table1. Species Composition of macrofungi in PUP main Campus during November 2010,
December 2010 and January 2011 collections.
November December J anuary

Site1 Site2 Site3 Site4 Site5 Rf Site1 Site2 Site3 Site4 Site5 Rf Site1 Site2 Site3 Site4 Site5 Rf

OrderAgaricales

1
.    Agaricus angustus 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 20 0 0 0 0 0 0

2.     Agaricussp. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 20

3. Collybiasp. 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 20 0 0 0 0 0 0

4.     Coprinusdisseminatus 0 9 0 0 0 20 0 91 0 0 0 20 0 1
2 0 0 0 20

5.     Coprinussp. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
4 0 0 0 20 0 0 0 0 0 0

6.     Crepidotusherbarum 0 63 0 0 0 20 0 42 0 0 0 20 0 8 0 0 0 20

7.     Entolomaincanum 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 20 0 0 0 9 0 20

8.     Galerinasp. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 20 0 0 0 0 0 0

9.     Lepiotasp. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

1
0.     Mycenaacicula 0 0 2 0 0 20 5 0 0 0 0 20 0 1 0 0 0 20

1
1.   Mycenaalcalina 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 20 0 0 5 0 0 20

1
2.   Mycenaepipterygia 0 0 3 0 0 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

1
3.   Mycenafibula 0 0 0 0 5 20 0 0 0 3 0 20 0 0 0 0 0 0

1
4.   Mycenagalopus 0 0 1
2 0 0 20 0 0 1
4 0 0 20 5 0 3 0 0 40

1
5.   Mycenavulgaris 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
1 20 0 0 0 0 0 0

1
6.   Mycenasp.1 0 0 5 0 0 20 0 0 3 0 0 20 0 0 0 0 0 0

1
7.   Mycenasp.2 0 0 0 8 0 20 0 0 0 5 0 20 0 0 0 0 0 0

1
8.   Mycenasp.3 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 0 0 0 0 20 0 0 0 0 0 0

1
9.   Omphalinacanarii 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 20 0 0 0 0 0 0

20.   Panaeloussp. 0 0 1 0 0 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

21
.   Pholiotasp. 0 0 0 0 1
5 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

22.   Pluteuscervinus 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 20 0 0 0 0 0 0

23.   Pluteussp. 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 20 0 0 0 0 0 0

24.   Schizophyllum commune 0 0 0 0 1

9 20 20 0 0 0 0 20 0 0 0 0 0 0

25.   Stropharia-rugosoannulata 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 20 0 0 0 0 0 0

26.   Trametesaspera 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 20

27.   Tricholomasp. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

OrderAuriculariales

28.   Auriculariaauricula 1
3 29 3 0 1
1 80 1
4 1
2 0 6 0 60 7 5 0 0 0 40

OrderDacrymycetales

29.   Dacryopinaxspathularia 0 0 0 1
8 0 20 1
0 0 0 25 0 40 0 0 0 0 0 0

OrderPolyporales

30.   Ganodermalucidum 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 0 20

31
.  D aedaleaquercina 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 20

32.   Polyporuspicipes 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 20 0 0 0 0 0 0

33.   Polyporusroseus 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
4 0 20

34.   Polyporussanguineus 0 0 0 1
8 0 20 0 0 0 8 0 20 0 0 0 1
3 0 20

35.   Polyporussp.1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 20

36.   Polyporussp.2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 20

OrderTramellales

37.   Tremellasp.1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

38.   Tremellasp.2 2 0 0 0 0 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

OrderXylariales

39.   Daldiniaconcentrica 5 2 3 6 0 80 3 2 0 4 4 80 0 0 0 0 3 20
 22

Figure 3. Distribution of different taxa of Macrofungi found in PUP main Campus during
November 2010, December 2010 and January 2011 collections.

3. Agaricus sp. (Figure 4C)

Pileus cuticle fibrillose to squamulose, annulus present,

lamellae pink when mature. Spores smooth and ovoid.

4. Lepiota sp. (Figure 4D)

Cap with scale-like structures; hymenophore not separating

readily from context; ring often movable.

Family Coprinaceae

5. Coprinus disseminatus (Figure 4E)

Cap 0.5-1 cm in diameter, convex, pale yellowish brown

slowly becoming grayish, finey grooved, bearing minute hairs.

Gills adnate, at first white then progressively grey to black from

the edge, broad, moderately spaced. Stipe slender and brittle,

fragile, hollow, white, smooth. Flesh thin and watery.

 23

6. Coprinus sp. (Figure 4F)

Pileus conical when closed, mostly with scales on surface,

expanding to almost flat when mature; gills white at first then

dark, deliquese into black ink.

7. Panaeolus sp.

Cap conical; lamellae autodigested; Gills deliquescing at

maturity.

A B

C D

E F
 24

Figure 4. Species of Phylum Ascomycota (A) Daldinia concentrica; and of Phylum Basidiomycota
(B) Agaricus augustus; (C) Agaricus sp.; (D) Lepiota sp.; (E) Coprinus
disseminatus.; (F) Coprinus sp.

Family Cortinariaceae

8. Galerina sp. (Figure 5A)

Stipe slender and brittle, long and cartilaginous; ring present;

Lamellae separating easily from pileus.

Family Crepidotaceae

9. Crepidotus herbarum (Figure 5B)

Fruiting body shelf-like, soft, smooth. Spores brown, stem is

short lateral, trama is regular, no veil and volva.

Family Entolomataceae

10. Entoloma incanum (Figure 5C)

Cap is 1-3 cm in diameter, convex, with slightly depressed

center, slender stem is hollow, is green or green-brown.

 25

Family Pluteaceae

11. Pluteus cervinus (Figure 5D)

Cap 3-12 cm in diameter, convex soon becoming flattened,

grayish brown or darker, smooth but with radiating, darker

striations, dry. Gills free, white but becoming salmon-pink as the

spores develop, thin, very crowded. Stipe cylindrical, solid,

white, with fine, blackish brown fibers. Flesh thin, white.

12. Pluteus sp. (Figure 5E)

Cap smooth with no dark striations; no volva and ring

present; gills free.

Family Schizophyllaceae

13. Schizophyllum commune (Figure 5F)

Cap 1-4 cm in diameter, shell-shaped and laterally attached,

pale grey or pure white in very dry conditions, densely hairy-

scaly. Gills radiating from a lateral attachment point, appearing

to split lengthwise along their edges in dry weather and the

sides curling upwards, narrow, grey. Flesh thin, grey, leathery.

Family Strophariaceae

14. Pholiota sp. (Figure 6A)

 26

Cap is scaly and viscid including the stalk, yellowish to

orange brown in color. Gills attached. Veils present as rings on

the stalk which may be present and persistent. Spore print rusty

brown or yellow-brown.

15. Stropharia rugoso-annulata (Figure 6B)

Cap 5-15 cm in diameter, bell-shaped, becoming convex to

flat with age, red to tan, smooth, dry. Stipe white, has a ring with

dark lines above and cog-like structures below. Stipe base

widened or bulbous, has a conspicuous, cord-like white

mycelium.

Family Tricholomataceae

16. Collybia sp. (Figure 6C)

Pileus typically broadly convex and the margin in rolled at

first, lamellae uncinate to adnexed to adnate, pileus thin to

thickish, fragile, stipe thin.

17. Mycena acicula (Figure 6D)

Cap is 0.3-1 cm in diameter, convex to bell-shaped, orange,

yellow at the striate, semi-transparent margin. Gills adnexed,

pale yellow, medium spaced. Stem long, slender, translucent

yellow.

18. Mycena alcalina (Figure 6E)

 27

Cap 1-3 cm in diameter, small, browny-grey, bell-shaped

often has olive tint. Margin is paler when wet, showing darker

lines. Gills adnate, pale grey with white margin. Stem thin,

smooth.

A B

C D

E F
 28

Figure 5. Different species of Phylum Basidiomycota (A) Galerina sp. ; (B) Crepidotus herbarum.;
(C) Entoloma incanum.; (D) Pluteus cervinus.; (E) Pluteus sp.; (F) Schizophyllum
commune.

19. Mycena epipterygia (Figure 6F)

Cap 0.5-2.5 cm in diameter, convex, yellow-brown, semi-

transparent with striations almost to its center, smooth, slimy

when moist. Gills adnate to slightly decurrent. Stem long,

slender, bright lemon-yellow and sticky to the touch.

20. Mycena fibula (Figure 7A)

Cap bell-shaped. Gills white, deeply decurrent, grooved and

often wavy-edged. Stipe thin, smooth. Spores white.

21. Mycena galopus (Figure 7B)

Cap 0.5-2 cm in diameter, conical, brown central, umbo, the

remainder is paler and striated. Gills adnate, ascending grey-

white, well-spaced. Stipe grey, darker at the base.

22. Mycena vulgaris (Figure 7C)

 29

Cap 0.6-1.5 cm in diameter, bell-shaped to conical, pale grey

to lead-grey cap, striate when moist, smell similar to nitric acid

or chlorinated water.

23. Mycena sp. 1 (Figure 7D)

24. Mycena sp. 2 (Figure 7E)

25. Mycena sp. 3 (Figure 7F)

26. Omphalina canarii

Cap white, conical. Gills decurrent on stem; Stipe often pliant

or tough, cartilaginous rind.

27. Tricholoma sp.

Gills notched; stalk fleshy.

Order Auriculariales

Family Auriculariaceae

28. Auricularia auricula (Figure 8A)

Fruitbody 3-10 cm across, irregular cup-shaped or ear-

shaped, reddish brown or grayish-brown, gelatinous, drying

hard; laterally attached without a stalk, the outer surface

covered with short, grayish hairs.

Order Dacrymycetales
 30

Family Dacryomycetaceae

29. Dacryopinax spathularia (Figure 8B)

Fruitbodies 0.5 to 2.5 cm tall, stipitate, spatulate with

unilateral inferior hymenium, gelatinous, yellow-orange to

orange, rounded stalks at base, flattened upward.

A B

C D

E F
 31

Figure 6. Different species of Phylum Basidiomycota (A) Pholiota sp; (B) Stropharia
rugosoannulata; (C) Collybia sp.; (D) Mycena acicula; (E) Mycena alcalina; (F) Mycena
epipterygia.

A B

C D

E F
 32

Figure 7. Different species of Phylum Basidiomycota (A) Mycena fibula; (B) Mycena galopus;
(C) Mycena vulgaris; (D) Mycena sp. 1. (E) Mycena sp. 2 (F) Mycena sp. 3

A B

C D
Figure 8. Different species of Phylum Basidiomycota (A) Auricularia auricula (B) Dacryopinax
spathularia (C) Trametes aspera (D) Ganoderma lucidum
 33

Order Polyporales

Family Coriolaceae

30. Trametes aspera (Figure 8C)

Basidiocarps annual with pores or tubes almost similar to

Polyporus except tubes, when cut lengthwise are of different

lengths.

Family Ganodermataceae

31. Ganoderma lucidum (Figure 8D)

Basidiocarp woody, 10-30 cm, annual, fan-shaped brackets,

shiny, red and purple-black with concentric ridges, paler margin,

distinct lacquered, dark brown stem to one side. Tube layer

brown with off-white pores, 3-4 per mm.

Family Polyporaceae

32. Daedalea quercina (Figure 9A)

 34

Fruitbody 3–20 cm, semi-circular perennial bracket with

smooth but uneven surface, creamy yellow or dull ochre-brown

to pale grey, zonate. Pore surface white to tan, initially porous,

but as the fruit body matures, pore walls break down, forming

slits with blunt partitions.

33. Polyporus picipes (Figure 9B)

Cap is 3-12 cm across, wavy-margined, smooth, golden

yellow to cinnamon-brown. Stipe is off-center, becomes black

with age. Tube layer less than 1 mm thick, decurrent, white to

pale cream.

34. Polyporus roseus (Figure 9C)

Cap 12 cm across, shell-shaped to hoof-shaped, finely hairy

when young, becoming bald; with age becoming cracked and

wrinkled. Pore surface pink when fresh, becoming brownish pink

to brownish. Tube layers distinct, up to 5 mm deep.

35. Polyporus sanguineus (Figure 9D)

Fruitbody 3 to 12 centimeters in diameter, kidney-shaped to

shell-shaped, blood-red to orange, shiny with furrows that have

a common center, porous, and the pores are barely visible to

the naked eye. Stipe 4 to 6 millimeters long.

 35

36. Polyporus sp. 1 (Figure 9E)

Basidiocarps annual, stipitate, sessile or effused-reflexed,

fleshy to tough, leathery or woody, tubes in distinct layer of

equal depths so their bases form a straight line, pore circular to

slightly angular.

37. Polyporus sp. 2 (Figure 9F)

Basidiocarps white to brownish white, annual, stipitate,

sessile, tough, leathery or woody, tubes in distinct layer of equal

depths so their bases form a straight line, pore circular.

Order Tremellales

Family Tremellaceae

38. Tremella sp.

Basidiocarp lobate, cerebriform; spores round; basidia

transversely to longitudinally divided into separate chambers.

Taxonomic Key for Macrofungi Identification

Taxonomic key for Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, and Species

levels were composed using the different morphological characteristics of

 36

macrofungi. In this study, the key is aimed to identify and classify the different

macrofungi present in the sites within campus at its mature stage. The following

is the taxonomic key developed for the collected macrofungi identification and

classification.

A B

C D

E F
 37

Figure 9. Different species of the Family Polyporaceae. (A) Daedalea quercina (B) Polyporus
picipes (C) Polyporus roseus (D) Polyporus sanguineus (E) Polyporus sp. 1 (F)
Polyporus sp. 2

Key to the Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, and Species

1 Spores borne on asci…………….….(Phylum Ascomycota)……………………2

Spores borne on basidia…………...(Phylum Basidiomycota)……………...….7

2 Flask-shaped fruiting bodies………....(Class Sordariomycetes)……..………..3

Disk-shaped fruiting bodies……………..............................Class Pezizomycetes

3 Perithecial ascomata………………….(Order Xylariales)………………………..4

Cleistothecial ascomata…………………………………………..Order Sordariales

4 Asci in a tiny containers (perithecia)…….(Family Xylariaceae)………………...5

Asci in a hymenium…………………………………..…..Family Sarcoscyphaceae

5 Perithecia mostly aborted ones………….(Genus Daldinia)………………..……6

Perithecia embedded…………………………………………..…Genus Hypoxylon

6 Hemispherical stromata with

zoned concentric circles when cut……………….…...Daldinia concentrica

7 Jelly fungi…………………………………………………………….…………..…..64
 38

Non-jelly fungi………………………..(Class Agaricomycetes)………………….8

8 Gilled mushroom………………….….(Order Agaricales)………………………..9

Non-gilled mushroom…………………………………………………………….....48

9 Hymenophore not separating readily from context…(Family Agaricaceae)…10

Hymenophore usually separately readily from context………………………….13

10 Cap without scales………………..…(Genus Agaricus)………………………11

Cap with scale-like structures……….(Genus Lepiota)…………………..……12

11 Spores smooth and ellipsoid…………………………………Agaricus

augustus

Spores smooth and ovoid…………………………………………….Agaricus sp.

12 Ring often movable………….………………………………………….Lepiota sp.

13 Gills deliquescing at maturity……….(Family Coprinaceae)………………….14

Gills not deliquescing………………………………………………………………17

14 Lamellae autodigested………………(Genus Coprinus)…………………..….15

Lamellae not autodigested…………..(Genus Panaeolus)………………....…16

15 Cap conical……………………………………………………………Coprinus sp.

Cap convex………………………………………………Coprinus disseminatus

16 Cap not striate……………………………………………………….Panaeolus sp.

17 Fruiting body typically membranous……(Family Tricholomataceae)………18

Fruiting body typically rather tough……………………………………………....30

18 Fruiting body fleshy………………………………………………………………..19

 39

Fruiting body tough…………………......(Genus Mycena)………………….…21

19 Stalk fleshy……………………….….(Genus Tricholoma)…………………....27

Stalk with cartilaginous rind…………………………………………………….…20

20 Gills decurrent on stem……………..(Genus Omphalina)………………….....28

Gills free to being attached to the stem………(Genus Collybia)………….....29

21 Gills adnate…………………………………………………………………………22

Gills adnexed………………………………………..…………..…Mycena acicula

22 Cap bell-shaped……………………………………………………………………23

Cap convex………………………………………………..….Mycena epipterygia

23 Gills adnate…………………………………………………………………………24

Gills decurrent……………………………………………………..Mycena vulgaris

24 Gills pale-grey……………………………………………………………………...25

Gills white………………………………………………………...…...Mycena
fibula

25 Gills equal………………………………………………………………………..…26

Gills well-spaced…………………………………………………..Mycena
galopus

26 Cap striate…………………………………………………………Mycena alcalina

Cap smooth………………………………………………………………Mycena sp.

27 Gills notched………………………………………………………..Tricholoma sp.

 40

28 Stalk often pliant or tough……………………………………..Omphalina

canarii

29 Pileus broadly convex…………………………………………………Collybia sp.

30 Lamellae splitting along the edges……(Family Schizophyllaceae)………...31

Lamellae not splitting along the edges…………………………………………...33

31 Hymenium consists of thick gills……...(Genus Schizophyllum)………….…32

32 Cap shell-shaped……………………………………..Schizophyllum commune

33 Lamellae not splitting easily from pileus……...(Family Crepidotaceae)…....34

Lamellae separating easily from pileus…………………………………………..36

34 Convex to fan-shaped sessile caps…………(Genus Crepidotus)……….....35

35 Fruiting body shelf-like………………………………….....Crepidotus

herbarum

36 Fruiting body often brittle………..(Family Entolomataceae)……………..…..37

Fruiting body brittle to tough……………………………………………………….39

37 Gills pink……………………………..(Genus Entoloma)………………………38

Gills brownish-pink………………………………………….......Genus Rhodocybe

38 Cap convex with slightly depressed center……….………..Entoloma incanum

39 Ring present……………...(Family Cortinariaceae)………………………..….40

Ring absent……………………………………………………………………..…...42

40 Stem slender and brittle…………….(Genus Galerina)………………………..41

41 Stalk long and cartilaginous…………………………………………..Galerina

sp.
 41

42 Gills attached………………..(Family Strophariaceae)……..……………...…43

Gills free…………………………(Family Pluteaceae)………………..……..…46

43 Spore print medium to dark purple-brown….(Genus Stropharia)……...…....44

Spore print dull brown to cinnamon brown…(Genus Pholiota)…………..…..45

44 Cap is bell-shaped………………………………….Stropharia rugosoannulata

45 Cap scaly and viscid………………………………………………...Pholiota sp. 1

Cap not scaly and viscid……………………………………………..Pholiota sp.

2

46 With no prominent volva………………….(Genus Pluteus)…………………..47

With prominent volva………………………………………….….Genus Volvariella

47 Cap smooth with dark striations………………………………..Pluteus

cervinus

Cap smooth with no dark striations……………………………………Pluteus sp.

48 Basidiocarp gelatinous…………………………………………………………….49

Basidiocarp non-gelatinous………..(Order Polyporales)……………………..53

49 Basidiocarp not hairy…………………………………………….…Order Boletales

Basidiocarp hairy……………………(Order Auriculariales)…………………..50

50 Basidia septate…………………….(Family Auriculariaceae)………………..51

Basidia not septate……………………………………………....Family Phallaceae

51 Fruiting body ear-shaped…………..(Genus Auricularia)………………….....52

Fruiting body button-shaped………………………………………….Genus Exidia

 42

52 Fruiting body reddish brown or grayish-brown …………...Auricularia

auricula

53 Basidiocarp zoned………………(Family Coriolaceae)…………………….…54

Basidiocarp cartilaginous to leathery……………………………………………..56

54 Tubes not forming a distinct layer………(Genus Trametes)……………..…..55

Tubes forming a distinct layer……………………………………...Genus Coriolus

55 Pileus radially striate……………….……………………………Trametes aspera

56 Pores or tubes not so deep……..(Family Ganodermataceae)……………....57

Pores or tubes deep, or if shallow, sterile or ridges...(Family Polyporaceae)...59

57 Spores broadly ellipsoid with apical thickening…(Genus Ganoderma)….....58

Spores globose, not apically differentiated…………….….Genus Amauroderma

58 Basidiocarp circular or irregularly semi-circular……….…Ganoderma lucidum

59 Cap stipitate to dimidiate……………(Genus Daedalea)……………..……….60

Cap resupinate to sessile…………….(Genus Polyporus)………………...….61

60 Gills with so many cross-connections that the whole of the hymenial surface

appears porous or labyrinthiform………………………..Daedalea quercina

61 Cap margin smooth………………………………………………………………..62

Cap margin wavy……………………………………………………………………63

62 Cap blood-red to orange………………………………...Polyporus sanguineus

Cap white to brownish……………………………………………….Polyporus sp.

 43

63 Tube layer decurrent…………………………………………..Polyporus picipes

Tube layer distinct……………………………………………….Polyporus

roseus

64 Fruiting body cerebriform……………(Class Tremellomycetes)……………..65

Fruiting body ladle-shape…………….(Class Dacrymycetes)…………….…..69

65 Globose to ellipsoid with vertical or diagonal septa....(Order Tremellales)…66

66 Basidia transversely to longitudinally

divided into separate chambers..............(Family Tremellaceae)……..…67

Basidia undivided………………………………………..……Family Clavariaceae

67 Spores round to elliptical…………….(Genus Tremella)…………………..….68

Spores cylindrical, somewhat curved………………………………..Genus Exidia

68 Basidiocarp lobate…………………………………………………….Tremella sp.

69 Fruiting body antler-shaped…………..(Order Dacrymycetales)…………….70

Fruiting body cylindrical or tapering…………………………….…Order Calocera

70 Basidia cylindric-clavate……………...(Family Dacrymycetaceae)………….71

71 Basidiocarp spatulate with

unilateral inferior hymnium……………..(Genus Dacryopinax)………….72

72 Basidiocarp yellowish to orange……………………...Dacryopinax

spathularia

Environmental Parameters of PUP Main Campus

 44

Temperature

The temperature measured from the first week of observation up to the

ninth week was shown in Figure 11. This graph presents that the temperature in

the week 5 has the lowest temperature with a 27.050C and obtained at site 4

while the highest temperature is obtained at site 2 with 29.640C for the 1st week.

As temperature progress above the optimum temperature, the chemical reactions

occur less efficiently, and the growth of fungi slows (Lee et al., 2009). Because of

lower temperature for the month of December and the highest was obtained from

the month of November, it was observed in this study that the number of taxa of

15 for the month of November has the lowest taxa obtained. While the highest

number was from the month of December wherein 26 taxa was found.

In hot dry climates, fewer species of fungi are present, both because of

the lack of water and the high temperatures which can damage the cell

components as it reach to a point where growth stops (Burge, 2006).

In tropical and subtropical places where both heat and moisture are

present, thermophilic and thermotolerant fungi requiring a minimum temperature

of 200C and a maximum temperature of 60 to 620C (Maheshwari et al., 2000)

with mesophilic water requirements tend to be abundant. Moreover, some fungi

spores can survive extreme temperature and germinates when conditions

acquire to its favorable parameters (Burge, 2006).

Temperature also has a major impact on macrofungi fruiting, an effect that

may not be limited to the fruiting season (Lodge et al., 2002).

Humidity
 45

The humidity measured from the month of November up to January was

shown in Figure 12. This graph presents that the humidity for the week 3 is the

highest which found to be at site 5. While the lowest humidity was measured at

site 2 for the week 9. The development of fungus depends on humidity and

temperature. At ambient relative humidity conditions fungus development is

considerable. By lowering the relative humidity, current fungus growth can be

destroyed and future fungus growth is prevented completely.

It was also observed that at low humidity, there is also a low value of

presence of macrofungi especially the fleshy fungi such as Coprinus

disseminatus, Coprinus sp., Mycena vulgaris, Agaricus sp. frequently related to

the presence of moisture substrates. Indeed the fact that the fleshy mushroom

come up after the rains, grow in or very near in a moistly related to substrates

suggest that they may be adapted to humid habits. Although humidity was a very

important factor influencing transpiration and growth, the size and shape of the

mushroom were also important in water relations (Badham, 1985).

 46

Figure 11. Average temperature of each site per week from November 2010, December 2010 and
January 2011.

Soil pH

The soil pH measured from each site from the month of November 2010,

December 2010 and January 2011 was shown in Figure 13. It was shown that

the average of the highest value soil pH was obtained at site 2 week 9 while the
 47

lowest condition of soil pH was obtained at site 2 for the 1st week. Species such

as Mycena vulgaris, Mycena fibula, Pholiota sp., Pluteus sp. and Agaricus sp.

were the only taxa found in soil substrate which ranges from 6.5 up to 7.8.

Fungi generally grow well in acidic conditions (Dix and Webster 1995), but

some species favor neutral to slightly alkaline conditions. Many of the

saprotrophic species grew well at pH 7 or 8 (Yamanaka, 2002 and Lee et al.,

2009). Although the soil pH is in favorable for the growth of fungi, when the

substratum is dehydrated because of high temperature, there will be no

macrofungi formation. It is also well known that the mycelial growth of

mushrooms is enhanced by different environmental and nutritional factors (Geon

Woo Lee et al., 2009).

 48

Figure 12. Average humidity of each site per week from November 2010, December 2010 and
January 2011.
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Figure 13. Average soil pH of each site from November 2010, December 2010 and January 2011.