Senior High School

Physical Science
Quarter 2 – Module 4:
Phenomena of Light

Department of Education • Republic of the Philippines

Science – Grade 12
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 2 – Module 4: Phenomena of Light
First Edition, 2020

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Published by the Department of Education

Secretary: Leonor Magtolis Briones
Undersecretary: Diosdado M. San Antonio

Development Team of the Module

Authors: Abigael M. Manzano

Editors: Joey H. Villanueva, Arlene C. Malaybalay
Reviewers: Tommy R. Rico, Emiterio D. Macarubbo, Maricris N. Surigao
Illustrator: Abigael M. Manzano
Layout Artist: Justine C. Montoya
Management Team: Wilfredo E. Cabral, Director IV
Jennifer F. Vivas, CLMD Chief
Dennis M. Mendoza, Regional EPS in-charge of LRMS
Micah S. Pacheco, Regional ADM Coordinator
Jocelyn M. Aliñab, CID Chief
Tommy R. Rico, Division in-charge of LRMS
and Division ADM Coordinator

Department of Education – National Capital Region

Office Address: Misamis St., Bago Bantay, Quezon City

Telefax: 02-929-0153
E-mail Address: [email protected]
 Physical Science
Quarter 2 – Module 4:
Phenomena of Light

cators from public and private schools, colleges, and or/universities. We encourage teachers and other education stakeholders to email th

We value your feedback and recommendations.

Department of Education • Republic of the Philippines

Introductory Message
For the facilitator:

Welcome to Physical Science Grade 11/12 Alternative Delivery Mode (ADM) Module on
the Phenomena of Light!

This module was collaboratively designed, developed, and reviewed to assist the
teachers/facilitators in helping the learners meet the standards set by the K to 12
Curriculum while overcoming their personal, social, and economic constraints in
schooling.

This learning resource hopes to engage the learners in guided and independent
learning activities at their own pace and time. Furthermore, this also aims to help
learners acquire the needed 21st - century skills while taking into consideration their
needs.

In addition to the material in the main text, you will also see this box in the body of the
module:

Notes to the Teacher

This contains helpful tips or strategies that will help you in guiding the learners.

As a facilitator, you are expected to orient the learners on how to use this module. You
also need to keep track of the learners' progress while allowing them to manage their
learning. Furthermore, you are expected to encourage and assist the learners as they
do the tasks included in the module.

For the learner:

4
 Welcome to Physical Science 11/12 Alternative Delivery Mode (ADM) Module on the
Phenomena of Light!

Our hands are the most represented parts of the human body. It is often used to depict
skill, action, and purpose. With our hands, we create, accomplish and learn. Hence, you
are capable and empowered to successfully achieve the relevant competencies and skills
at your own pace and time. Your academic success lies in your own hands!

This module was designed to provide you with fun and meaningful opportunities for
guided and independent learning at your own pace and time. You will be able to process
the contents of the learning resource while being an active learner.

This module has the following parts:

What I Need to Know This will give you an idea of the skills or
competencies you are expected to learn in the
module.
This part includes
What activity
I Know that will check what you already know about the lesson. If
you get all the correct answer (100%), you may decide to skip this module.
This is a brief drill or review to help you link the current lesson with the previous one.
In this portion, the new lesson will be introduced to you in various ways such as a
story, a song,What’s Ina problem opener, an activity, or a situation.
a poem,
This section provides a brief discussion of the lesson. This aims to help you discover
What’s
and understand newNew
concepts and skills.
What
This comprises is It
activities for independent practice to solidify your understanding
and skills ofWhat’s
the topic.
MoreYou may check the answers to the exercises using the Answer
Key at the end of the module.
This includes questions or blank sentences/paragraphs to be filled in to process
what you learned from the lesson.
This section What I Have
provides Learned
an activity that will help you transfer your new knowledge or
skills into real-life
What situations.
I Can Do
This is a task which aims to evaluate your level of mastery in achieving the learning
competency.Assessment
In this portion, another Activities
Additional activity will be given to you to enrich your knowledge or skill
of the lesson learned.
This contains answers to all activities in the module.
Answer Key

At the end of this module you will also find:

References This is a list of all sources used in developing

this module.

The following are some reminders in using this module:

1. Use the module with care. Do not put unnecessary mark/s on any part of the
module. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises.
2. Don’t forget to answer What I Know before moving on to the other activities in the
module.
3. Read the instruction carefully before doing each task.
4. Observe honesty and integrity in doing the tasks and in checking your answers.
5. Finish the task at hand before proceeding to the next activity.
6. Return this module to your teacher/facilitator once done.
If you encounter any difficulty in answering the tasks in this module, do not hesitate
to consult your teacher or facilitator. Always bear in mind that you are not alone.

We hope that through this material, you will experience meaningful learning and
gain a deep understanding of the relevant competencies. You can do it!
 What I Need to Know

After going through the previous module, you gained a more profound
understanding of the nature of light. In this module you will appreciate how light plays
a vital role in different fascinating phenomena observable in nature. No doubt that you
are captivated whenever you look at the fiery red horizon as the sun is setting down.
Or you might marvel how the arrays of colors is arranged in a rainbow. When you
look in a mirror, you maybe puzzled why at times you look upright, other times you
look inverted. You can name countless of these phenomena you can observe in nature
that can be attributed to the properties of light. This module will help you understand
the properties of reflection, refraction, absorption, transmission and scattering of light
as seen on the things around us. You will be provided with different activities to
understand each. Use this module along with your Physical Science textbook or other
learning resources to help you master the concepts and deepen your love for science!

This module has a single lesson:

● Lesson 1 – Phenomena of light (S11/12PS-IVh-66)
After going through this module, you are expected to:
1. Describe different light phenomena
2. Explain how different light phenomena occurs
3. Relate properties of light to different natural phenomena
 What I Know

Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a separate sheet of
paper.
1. What can be said of the image formed in the bulging reflecting surface of a spoon?
a. Virtual upright, and larger than the object
b. Virtual, inverted, and larger than the object
c. Virtual, upright and smaller than the object
d. Virtual, inverted, and smaller than the object
2. Where should the object be positioned to have a smaller and inverted image in a
concave mirror?
a. At the focus
b. At the center of curvature
c. Beyond the center of curvature
d. Between the curvature and focus
3. When you see a “wet spot” mirage on the road in front of you, what are you most
likely seeing?
a. Sky c. Water
b. Hot air d. Fragment of your imagination
4. White light goes through a filter that can absorb blue light; what color of light can pass
through as perceived by an observer?
a. Blue b. Green c. Red d. Yellow
5. When green light shines on a red rose, why do the petals look black?
a. It absorbs green light c. It reflects green light
b. It reflects the color black d. It absorbs all the colors of light.
6. For you to see a rainbow, where should the sun be positioned?
a. In front of you c. Behind you
b. On your left side d. On your right side
7. Which is scattered by very small particles present in the atmosphere?
a. All wavelengths of light c. Smaller wavelength of light
b. Medium wavelength of light d. Larger wavelength of light
8. Which explains why the sky is blue?
a. Blue light is not easily scattered by the atmosphere
b. Blue light is not easily absorbed by the atmosphere
c. Air molecules scatter blue light more readily than other colors
d. Blue light is reflected off the world’s oceans into the atmosphere
9. Which explains why sunsets are red?
a. Air molecules scatter red light more readily than others
b. Red light is of shorter wavelength than other colors of light
c. Red light survives the absorption of the particles in the atmosphere
d. Red light is scattered the least and is transmitted the most in the atmosphere
10. What do you call the colored spots of light that developed due to the refraction of light
through ice crystals?
a. Halo c. Sunspot
b. Sundog d. Rainbow
 Lesson
Phenomena of light
1
Light have different properties and characteristics. It can be reflected or refracted.
It can be transmitted, absorbed or dispersed. You can observe these properties one at a
time, or two or more of these properties can be exhibited at once. Whenever these
properties of light are demonstrated in nature, we can observe various phenomena that
can be a feast not only for our sight but also for our curious mind.

Here are some of light phenomena that we are going to investigate:

 Your reflection on the concave and convex sides of a spoon looks different
 Mirages
 Light from a red laser passes more easily through red cellophane than
green cellophane
 Clothing of certain colors appear different in artificial light in sunlight.
 Haloes, sundogs, primary rainbows, secondary rainbows, and
supernumerary bows
 Why clouds are usually white and rainclouds dark
 Why the sky is blue, and sunsets are reddish
Do not be overwhelmed by these phenomena. The concepts behind these are
not new concepts. You have learned it already from your previous lessons. You just
need to integrate your previous understanding of light to these phenomena to get a
deeper insight.

What’s In

Light plays a role in the interesting processes in nature. When light coming from
the sun enters the atmosphere, it exhibits behavior that demonstrates its wave nature
or particle nature. Light could be reflected, transmitted or absorbed. Reflection plays a
vital role in our ability to see things and appreciation of colors. Transmission paved a
way on the use of filters. Absorption of light can help sustain life supporting cycles in
our environment.

Aside from these, light can also refract as it enters varying medium. This results
to a display of spectrum of colors. At times it could also create optical illusions. There
is so much to learn about light. Let us begin by understanding phenomena related to it.
 What’s New

Activity 1: My mirror spoon.

You will need a very useful dining tool in our activity, a spoon. No, we are not
going to eat, but yes, we will use it as a mirror. So, put on your best pose, hold a spoon
in front of you and look at yourself in your “mirror spoon”.

Try to look for an image of yourself both in the inner and outer side of the spoon.
Adjust the distance of the spoon from your face to see a clearer image. Observe what
happens as you move the spoon closer or farther from your face.

By A. Manzano - Own work

Figure 1

Guide questions:

1. Can you see an image of yourself in your mirror spoon? Describe the image.

2. In which side of the spoon can you see an upright image of yourself? An
inverted image of yourself?

3. Will adjusting the distance of the spoon from yourself varies the image formed in
the spoon? Why? Why not?

4. What do you think is the kind of reflecting surface demonstrated by the inner
side of the spoon? By the outer side of the spoon?
Activity 2: Can you believe your eyes?
Examine the two figures. Are the squares in Figure 2 of the same size? Or are
they not? How about the squares in Figure 3? Do the squares have the same colors? Or
are they not?

CC BY-SA 3.0,
https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=236151

Figure 2 Figure 3
Sometimes, our brain interprets the things our Byeyes Ironnailare seeing
- Own work, differently.
CC BY-SA 4.0, It is
called optical illusion. There are number of illusions in nature and one of them is mirage.
https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=90498692

Analyze Figure 4 and label the numbered parts to understand how mirage occurs.
You can select from the given words inside the box.

Direct sunlight Bent light from the sky Cool air Observer

Hot air Mirage Hot ground apparent path of light

1
6

2 7
4 5

3
8
By A. Manzano - Own work
Figure 4
Guide questions:

1. How can you describe the temperature of the air above the ground?
2. What happens to light as it passes through air with varying temperature?
3. What do you call the bending of light?
4. Apparently, where does the light that reaches the eye of the observer originates?
5. In your own words, how can you explain the occurrence of mirage?
 Activity 3: Color me beautiful!
Whether you are an artist, a photographer or just an ordinary student who is
appreciative of nature’s beauty, you are surely fascinated with colors! Let us see the
magic of it in this activity.
Analyze and study Figure 5 and Table 1. Both shows how the colors of light are
added. Familiarize yourself with it and use it as a reference in answering the activity.

Primary Colors Complementary Adding colors of

Result
of Light colors of light light
Yellow Red + Blue + green White
Green Red
Red + Blue Magenta
White Red Magent Red + Green Yellow
Cyan Magenta
Gree a Yellow Blue + Green Cyan
Magenta + Green White
Blue n Cyan
Yellow + Blue White
By A. Manzano - Own work Blue Cyan + Red White
Figure 5
Table 1

Using Figure 6 as reference, complete Table 2 and determine what color will pass
through the filter and what color will the object reflect.

Color that can

pass through
Incoming light

Colored Color of the object as it

appears to the eye
Colored Filter
By A. Manzano - Own work
Figure 6

Color
Color of the object as it
Incoming Light Colored Filter that can Colored object
appears to the eye
pass
through
White Absorbs blue light Blue
Yellow Absorbs green light Red
White Absorbs red light Yellow
Magenta Absorbs yellow light Cyan
White Absorbs cyan Magenta
Cyan Absorbs magenta Green
White Absorbs blue White
Table 2
 Activity 4: Rainbow connections
Another amazing optical illusion in nature is the formation of rainbow. How we
see a rainbow depends on how light behaves as it interacts to the water droplets in the
sky. In this activity, try to determine the processes that take place for a rainbow to
form. Use Figure 7 as your reference in completing Table 3.

Processes in rainbow Corresponding

formation letter in the
diagram
A
Light is refracted as it
B C exits the water droplet
The white light is
dispersed into array of
D colors
Water droplet Light is refracted as it
`
enters the water droplet
White light coming from
E the sun strikes the
surface of a water droplet
Total internal reflection
occurs in the inner
By A. Manzano - Own work
surface of the water
Figure 7 droplet
Table 3

Sometimes light entering a raindrop undergoes two internal reflections and

refractions. This will result to secondary rainbow. In Figure 8 label which is the
primary or secondary rainbow and determine the arrangement of colors in each. You
can use any coloring material.
By A. Manzano - Own work

Observers
Figure 8
 What is It

Phenomena of light
Smooth reflecting surfaces are often associated with mirrors. There are two
kinds of mirror, a plane mirror and a spherical mirror. In our activity we used a spoon.
It is an example of a spherical mirror because it has a curved reflecting surface.
There are two types of spherical mirror, the convex and the concave mirror.
Convex mirror is the one that bulges outward. It usually shows things the right way up
and smaller. The concave mirror on the other hand is hallowed inwards. The
appearance of the image depends on how close the object is to it. If the object is close
to a concave mirror, the image appears bigger and right way up. If the object is further
away it may look smaller and inverted.

When you look at the reflecting surface of a spoon, the outer bulging part acts
like a convex mirror. You will see an upright and smaller image of yourself. Figure 9
demonstrates how the image is formed in a convex mirror like your observations
when you look in the bulging part of the spoon.

The inner hallowed part of the spoon acts like a concave mirror. You saw an
inverted, smaller image of yourself because you are located beyond the curvature of
the spoon. Figure 10 demonstrates how the image is formed in a concave mirror like
your observations when you look at the caving part of the spoon.

By A. Manzano - Own CC BY-SA 3.0,

work https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=1817
Figure 10
Figure 9
Another phenomenon associated with reflection is our seeing of colors. The colors
of the object we see depends on its ability to reflect or to transmit the light incident to it.
It is dependent on the object’s natural vibrating frequencies.
If the object is opaque, some of the frequency of the visible light is absorbed,
while others reflected. If the object is transparent, some of the frequencies of light are
also absorbed while allowing some to pass through. This tells us the color of the object
whether it is opaque or transparent. This is called selective reflection and selective
transmission. It is inherent to the object.

For example, a red laser shines on a transparent red cellophane. The red
cellophane is capable of absorbing other frequencies of light except red. As a result, the
red cellophane can transmit the red frequency of light, allowing it to pass through. If we
use instead a green laser on a red cellophane, it cannot pass through. The green light
will be absorbed.
Sometimes you might also wonder why your clothes of a certain color appears
differently under artificial light and natural sunlight. Your clothes will absorb and
reflect frequency of light depending on the source. Natural sunlight, the visible light is
composed of the complete range of frequencies. Artificial lights on the other hand
sometimes have a limited range of frequencies. This will affect what the object can
absorb and reflect.
For example, your light source is an incandescent bulb. It is yellowish in color.
It emits more light in the lower than in the higher frequencies. If it shines on a blue
object, the object will not appear blue. Instead it will appear black. The object is not
capable of reflecting yellow light or its constituent color of red and green. It will be
absorbed by the object. As a result, nothing is reflected, and the object will appear
black.

It is important to note that the primary colors of light are red, blue and green.
Adding all of this will give us white light. The complimentary colors on the other hand
are magenta, yellow and cyan. Remembering this will help you identify colors of objects
when selective reflection and transmission takes place.
Refraction too plays a role in different light phenomena. It explains optical
illusions found in nature like mirage and rainbow. It is also the reason behind the halos
around the sun or moon.

Refraction as you already learned is the bending of light as it passes through

mediums of varying density. The bending occurs because of light speeding up or
slowing down. This is illustrated in the formation of mirage.
Mirage is a natural optical illusion. A common
example is when a desert wanderer thought he or she saw
a vast body of water or an oasis, only to realize later that it
doesn’t exists. Figure 11 shows an example of a desert
mirage. Another common experience is when you are
driving or seated in front of a car during a sunny day. You
may think there is a puddle of water some distance in
By Ashabot - Own work, CC BY-SA 4.0,
front of the car. But as you approach it, you realized https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=850926
that it was just an illusion. Figure 11
The heating of the ground during hot sunny days results to atmospheric
refraction. As the ground absorbs energy form the sun, its temperature increases. The
energy is then transferred to the air molecules near the ground. Which in turn are also
heated, creating temperature gradient. The air molecules near the ground are warmer
than the air molecules higher above. The difference in temperature results to a varying
optical density. As a result, light coming from the sun is bent. However, our brain
perceives light as traveling in a straight path. Instead of seeing the bent light because
of refraction, we see a straight light path coming from the ground reflecting the sky.
This what appears like puddle of water!

Mirage is not the only observable phenomenon of light due to refraction.

Another interesting optical illusion is the rainbow. It can be seen around fog, sea spray,
waterfalls or during a drizzle.
 A rainbow is a mosaic of light sent to you by plenty of raindrops in a seemingly
concert-like synchrony. To understand it, you must look at what happens in each
water droplets or raindrops.
As light enters a water droplet, it is refracted. As a result, the visible light is
dispersed into spectrum of colors. It then reaches the back of the water droplet at a
certain angle and it will be reflected. Total internal reflection occurs. It will then head
back out exiting the water-air interface, where refraction will take place once more. Light
is dispersed into an array of colors we see as rainbow.
To see a rainbow, there must be suspended water droplets in the sky. You
should also consider your position relative to the source of light. The light should be
shining behind you and angle must be considered. Only those water droplets before
you that are on 42˚ circle centered about the antisolar point can give you a
concentrated rainbow light. An interesting thing to note is that when you are admiring
a rainbow with a friend, you are both seeing different rainbows! Each of you receives
scattered light from different set of water droplets. Isn’t it amazing!

Sometimes when light enters a water

droplet, two total internal reflection and refraction
occurs. This will result to the formation of a
secondary rainbow. It is the one that appears
outside and higher than the primary rainbow as
shown in Figure 12. This rainbow is fainter, and its
color sequence is opposite of the primary. Red is
on
the inside of the arc while violet is on the outside. By Double-alaskan-rainbow.jpg: Eric Rolphderivative work: ed
g2s • talk - Double-alaskan-rainbow.jpg, CC BY-SA 2.5,
This is due to the light rays exiting the water https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=1087346
droplets at a higher angle. Figure 12
Aside from secondary rainbows, at times you could
also see supernumeraries. These are thin, pastel colored
bands or fringes appearing below the primary rainbow
adjacent to the violet band as shown on Figure 13. This
is due to the interference of light. Sometimes the slightly
different path of light through a water droplet yields a
slightly different path lengths and larger exit angles.
This difference will result to constructive or destructive
By Mika-Pekka Markkanen - Own work, CC BY-SA 4.0, interference of each color in the spectrum. This is
https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=4
displayed as band of colors called supernumeraries.
Figure 13
Refraction also plays a role in the formation of haloes or
ring of light around the sun or moon. This takes place as light refracts from hexagonal
ice crystals present in cirrus clouds acting like prism with a cross-section of an
equilateral triangle. These prism-like crystals can produce haloes of various size, but
most commonly has an angular radius of 22 degrees. If the hexagonal crystals are
oriented with their flat faces horizontal, then a sundog is observed.

A sundog or a mock sun are white or colored patches of light to one or both
sides of the sun. It is also known as parhelia which means with the sun. It typically
appears when the sun is low like sunrise and sunset.
 What’s More

Activity 1: Now you see me, now you don’t

Why are the skies blue? Why are sunsets red? Why are clouds white? You can
answer these questions when you understand how light is scattered. This experiment
will demonstrate the effect of scattering light. All you need here are 3 clear glasses of
water, spoonful of sugar and milk and a laser pointer. If laser light is not available, you
can use an ordinary flashlight.

Laser light ABC

By A. Manzano - Own work

Figure 14
What you need to do:

1. Prepare the materials and set it up like Figure 14.

2. Fill each glass with distilled water.
3. Turn on the laser pointer and observe the path of light as it passes through
each glass.
4. Put a spoonful of sugar to the glass labelled B. Stir until all the sugar granules
are dissolved completely.
5. Turn on the laser pointer and again observe the path of light as it passes
through each glass.
6. Put two spoonsful of liquid milk to the glass labelled C. Stir until there is
consistency in the liquid.
7. Again, turn on the laser pointer and observe the path of light as is passes
through each glass.
Guide questions:

1. Describe what happens as the laser light passes through each glass with only
distilled water in it.
2. What happens when a spoonful of sugar was dissolved in glass B and the laser
light passes through it? When milk is added in glass C and laser light passes
through it?
3. Do you think the particles present in each glass plays a role in how the laser
light behaves?
4. How does the size of the particles affect the behavior of light as it interacts with
it?
5. Do you think the size of the particles affects how certain frequencies of light are
scattered?
 What I Have Learned

 The outer bulging reflecting surface of a spoon acts like a convex mirror.
 Convex mirror produces an image that is virtual, upright and smaller than the
object.
 The hallowed reflecting surface of the spoon acts like concave mirror.
 The appearance of the image in a concave mirror depends on how close the object
is to it.
 The colors of the object we see depends on its ability to reflect or to transmit the
light incident to it.
 Selective reflection takes place on opaque objects when light is incident to it.
 Selective transmission takes place on transparent objects when light is incident
to it.
 Refraction plays a role in optical illusions like mirages and rainbows.
 Mirage is an optical phenomenon that creates illusion of water that results
from the bending of light because of the gradient in the air temperature.
 Rainbows are formed because of refraction, reflection and dispersion of light as
it passes through water droplets acting as tiny prisms. It appears in the section
of the sky directly opposite from the sun.
 A secondary rainbow is formed when two total internal reflections and refraction
occur in the water droplets. It appears outside and higher than the primary
rainbow with an opposite color sequence.
 Supernumeraries are thin, pastel colored bands or fringes appearing below the
primary rainbow adjacent to the violet band due to the interference of light.
 A halo is a ring of light that forms around the sun or moon due to the refraction
of light in the suspended ice crystals in the atmosphere.
 Sundogs are bright white or colored patches of light developed because of
refraction of light through ice crystals. They are also known as mock suns or
parhelia which means “with the sun”
 Small gas particles in the atmosphere scatters blue light because of Rayleigh
scattering resulting to blue sky.
 Clouds are made up of water droplets which are larger than air molecules, thus
all colors are scattered equally. All colors combined to make white light.
 Sunlight must travel through more of the atmosphere during sunset. More blue
light is scattered, leaving red light transmitted. Only light of lower frequencies
survives, producing red sunsets.
 What I Can Do

Now that you have learned how properties of light can explain various optical
phenomena, it’s your turn to apply what you learned. Answer the following questions
using the concepts you learned.

1. What kind of mirror should be used in the rearview mirror of a car? In the side
view mirror of the car?

2. What is the use of colored photography filters?

3. Using the concept of scattering of light, how can you answer the questions: “Why
is the sky blue?” or “Why are clouds white?” or “Why are sunsets red?”?

4. Why do you think the colors red, green and yellow are the one used for traffic
lights?

5. An archer fish can prey on land-based insect and other small animals by spitting
water from their specialized mouths. Explain how refraction occurs in the
water- air boundary of the fish. Draw a diagram.
 Assessment

Multiple Choice. Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a
separate sheet of paper.
1. What can be said of the image formed in the bulging reflecting surface of a spoon?
a. Virtual upright, and larger than the object
b. Virtual, inverted, and larger than the object
c. Virtual, upright and smaller than the object
d. Virtual, inverted, and smaller than the object
2. Where should the object be positioned to have a smaller and inverted image in a
concave mirror?
a. At the focus
b. At the center of curvature
c. Beyond the center of curvature
d. Between the curvature and focus
3. When you see a “wet spot” mirage on the road in front of you, what are you most likely
seeing?
a. Sky c. Water
b. Hot air d. Fragment of your imagination
4. White light goes through a filter that can absorb blue light; what color of light can pass
through as perceived by an observer?
a. Blue b. Green c. Red d. Yellow
5. When green light shines on a red rose, why do the petals look black?
a. It absorbs green light c. It reflects green light
b. It reflects the color black d. It absorbs all the colors of light.
6. For you to see a rainbow, where should the sun be positioned?
a. In front of you c. Behind you
b. On your left side d. On your right side
7. Which is scattered by very small particles present in the atmosphere?
a. All wavelengths of light c. Smaller wavelength of light
b. Medium wavelength of light d. Larger wavelength of light
8. Which explains why the sky is blue?
a. Blue light is not easily scattered by the atmosphere
b. Blue light is not easily absorbed by the atmosphere
c. Air molecules scatter blue light more readily than other colors
d. Blue light is reflected off the world’s oceans into the atmosphere
9. Which explains why sunsets are red?
a. Air molecules scatter red light more readily than others
b. Red light is of shorter wavelength than other colors of light
c. Red light survives the absorption of the particles in the atmosphere
d. Red light is scattered the least and is transmitted the most in the atmosphere
10. What do you call the colored spots of light that developed due to the refraction of light
through ice crystals?
a. Halo c. Sunspot
b. Sundog d. Rainbow
 Additional Activities

A. Color Vision
Explore more about colors of light. Visit https://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulation/color-
vision to master the skills of color addition and subtraction. Use the simulation to see
how colors can be perceived under different filters or sources.

https://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulation/color-vision https://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulation/color-vision
Figure 15 Figure 16

B. Can you reverse the arrow?

Are you ready for a magic trick? You can amaze yourself and even your peers by
performing a simple experiment involving refraction of light.
Draw two straight arrows pointing to the right in a white cardboard or bond paper.
Place it behind a clear drinking glass. Position the bond paper enough to see the arrow
at the center of the glass. Refer to Figure 17.

By A. Manzano - Own work

Figure 17

Slowly pour water inside the glass. Observe how the arrow’s direction will change.

C. Create your own rainbow!

You can create your own rainbow. Remember you just need water droplets to act
as prisms and a light source behind you. Try this in your backyard, maybe while you
are watering your plants. Position yourself in a source of light, connect a water hose to
a faucet, turn it on and aim it in front of you. You maybe lucky to see your rainbow!
You can be more successful if you will try this early in the morning or late in the
afternoon when the sun is not on its highest position.
 Answer Key

References
“The Science of Mirages.” RSS, February 16, 2016. https://sciencemadefun.net/blog/smoke-mirrors-day-2/.

“Atmospheric Refraction.” Mirages and other atomospheric optic phenomena. Accessed May 12, 2020.
http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/atmos/mirage.html.

Harris, Tom. “How Mirages Work.” HowStuffWorks Science. HowStuffWorks, January 27, 2020.
https://science.howstuffworks.com/mirage2.htm.

The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica. “Halo.” Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica, inc., February 9,
2018. https://www.britannica.com/science/halo-atmospheric-phenomenon.

Dö mé ny, Ibolya Sá gody. “Atmospheric Phenomena in Physics Teaching.” Physics Competitions 12, no. 2. Accessed May
14, 2020. http://csodafizika.hu/fiztan/english/student/atm_phen.pdf.

“Atmospheric Halos.” Encyclopedia of the Environment. Institut de France, July 16, 2019. https://www.encyclopedie-
environnement.org/en/air-en/atmospheric-halos/.

Kher, Aparna. “Halos, Sundogs, and Light Pillars.” timeanddate.com. Accessed May 14, 2020.
https://www.timeanddate.com/astronomy/optical-phenomenon.html.

“Solar Halos, Sun Dogs, Sun Spokes, Rainbows.” Crystalinks. Accessed May 14, 2020.
https://www.crystalinks.com/sundogs.html.

“What Causes a Double Rainbow?” The Weather Guys, July 3,

2017. https://wxguys.ssec.wisc.edu/2017/07/03/double-
rainbow/.

Volpi, Federica. “On the Physics of Rainbow.” Interdisciplinary Encyclopaedia of Religion and Science . Accessed May
15, 2020. http://inters.org/physics-of-rainbow.

OpenStax. “Dispersions: The Rainbow and Prisms.” Lumen. Accessed May 15, 2020.
https://courses.lumenlearning.com/physics/chapter/25-5-dispersion-the-rainbow-and-prisms/.

National Geographic Society. “Rainbow.” National Geographic Society, October 9, 2012.

https://www.nationalgeographic.org/encyclopedia/rainbow/.

ACEPT Group. “Blue Skies and White Clouds.” Patterns in Nature. Department of Physics and Astronomy, Arizona
State University. Accessed May 15, 2020. https://www.asu.edu/courses/phs208/patternsbb/PiN/rdg/sky/sky.shtml.

“Spherical Mirror.” Spherical Mirror (Learn) : Physics : Class 7 : Amrita Vidyalayam eLearning Network. Accessed May
16, 2020. http://aven.amritalearning.com/index.php?sub=100&brch=295&sim=1487&cnt=3429.
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